Kuwongolera mopitilira muyeso pakufufuza zolaula: zilekeni, zizipitilira ... (2021) wolemba Paul J. Wright

Wright, PJ Zokambirana Zogonana Behav 50, 387-392 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01902-9

“Asiyeni, zipiteni

Sindingathe kuzibweza

Zisiyeni zizipita, zilekeni

Tembenuka ndi kumenyetsa chitseko ”(Elsa - Disney's achisanu)

Nzeru zodzilimbikitsira kwa Elsa kuti asiye kuyesayesa kwake zidandigwira ngati phunziro lofunikira nthawi yoyamba yomwe ndimayang'ana achisanu ndi adzukulu anga. Ndikuyembekeza mwana wanga wamkazi wachichepere (wopitilira chaka chimodzi, komanso womvera koyamba achisanu nyimbo sabata ino) amathanso kuphunzira mfundo yofunikira pakusiya.

Nkhani yaposachedwa ya Kohut, Landripet, ndi Stulhofer's (2020) yokhudza zolaula komanso zachiwerewere zidandikumbutsa kuti ndakhala ndikufuna kunena chimodzimodzi kwa anzanga omwe adafufuza zolaula kwazaka zingapo tsopano pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito "control" zosintha (S. Perry, kulankhulana kwaumwini, June 26, 2018). Makamaka, cholinga cha kalatayi ndikulimbikitsa anzanga kuti "asiye" ndi "kumenyetsa chitseko" njira yomwe ikuthandizira pochiza zinthu zina zitatu pakufufuza zolaula (mwachitsanzo, kulingalira kwakukulu kwa zinthu zina zitatu monga zosokoneza zomwe zingachitike, m'malo mongolosera, oyimira pakati, kapena oyang'anira).

Ndimalongosola zovuta zingapo ndi njirayi. Ndikutsutsa ntchito yanga monga fanizo lenileni, m'malo mongotchula mayina a ena, popeza inenso ndakhala ndikulamulira mopitirira muyeso. Chifukwa ndine bwenzi, mnzake wa Kinsey Institute, komanso wogwira nawo ntchito ku Stulhofer (Milas, Wright, & Stulhofer, 2020; Wright & Stulhofer, 2019), komanso chifukwa nkhani yake inali yomaliza yomwe idalimbikitsa kalatayo, ndimagwiritsanso ntchito Kohut et al . (2020) monga chitsanzo chapadera chofotokozera mfundo zanga. Cholinga changa ndikulimbikitsa njira zofufuzira zomwe zingatithandizire kumvetsetsa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zolaula, osati kukopa kapena kulimbikitsa. Ndikukhulupirira kuti izi zimakwaniritsidwa bwino podzipenda nokha komanso anzanu, m'malo mongodziwikira ena.

Njira Zamakono ndi Mavuto Ake

Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zolaula ndi gawo la kafukufuku wofalitsa nkhani, momwe asayansi amagwiritsira ntchito njira zochulukirapo pofufuza momwe zolaula zimakhudzira zikhulupiriro, malingaliro, ndi machitidwe a ogwiritsa ntchito (Wright, 2020a). Ndikanakhala wolimbika kuti ndilandire njira yothandiza kwambiri yotopetsera (komanso yotopetsa, mwakuthupi ndi m'maganizo) yodziwika ndi gulu lofufuzira kuposa kuchita ndemanga zanthawi zonse (mwachitsanzo, Wright, 2019, 2020a; Wright & Bae, 2016) ndikuwunika meta (mwachitsanzo, Wright & Tokunaga, 2018; Wright, Tokunaga, & Kraus, 2016; Wright, Tokunaga, Kraus, & Klann, 2017). Kudzera pakupanga zolemba izi, ndawona kuti (1) zolaula zambiri zomwe zimachitika kuchokera ku 1990s zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira zofufuzira komanso (2) mawonekedwe ofufuza omwe ali mgululi amafunsa ngati zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (X) imagwirizananso ndi zikhulupiriro, malingaliro, kapena machitidwe ena (Y) atasinthidwa powerengera kuti pakhale mndandanda wowonjezeka komanso wachilendo wazosintha za "control" (Zmalonda).

Nazi zitsanzo zochepa chabe zomwe ofufuza awona kuti ndi zofunika kuziphatikiza monga zowongolera: zochitika zogonana, zaka zapakati, zaka, ubale, malingaliro azakugonana, jenda, maphunziro, chikhalidwe cha anthu, mtundu, malingaliro amalemba achipembedzo, kulumikizana kwam'mtima ndi wowasamalira , kuwonetseredwa ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, maukwati, kuyanjana pandale, kugwira ntchito kwa sabata limodzi, maukwati a makolo, kugonana, mtundu, kusagwirizana, zizindikiro zakukhumudwa, zizindikiro za PTSD, kukhutira ndi ubale, kukondana ndi anzawo, nkhani zogonana anzawo, kukonda makolo, kuwonera wailesi yakanema, kuwongolera makolo, kudziwona zogonana kwa anzawo, kufunafuna chidwi, kufunafuna chilakolako chogonana, kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo, banja, kudzidalira, kudzipereka pakugonana, malingaliro okakamiza kugonana, zaka za abwenzi, mgwirizano pagulu , kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kuwonera makanema anyimbo, kuyanjana kwachipembedzo, kutalika kwa maubwenzi, osamukira kudziko lina, akukhala pachilumba chachikulu y, ntchito za makolo, kusuta fodya, mbiri yakuba, kusowa tulo, mavuto kusukulu, zaka zoyambira zogonana, kuchita zibwenzi, kunama, kunyenga mayeso, kuyerekezera anzawo, komwe amakhala, kuchuluka kwa maliseche, kupezeka pamisonkhano yachipembedzo, kugonana Kukhutira, kukhutira ndikupanga zisankho, kuchuluka kwa ana, osudzulidwa, ntchito, kuchuluka kwa abwenzi achipembedzo, kugonana pafupipafupi sabata yatha, ndikulembetsa pasukulu yasekondale.

Apanso – izi ndi zitsanzo zochepa chabe.

Lingaliro (lowoneka) lomwe likugwirizana ndi njira yomwe ilipo ndikuti zolaula sizingakhale magwero azomwe zimakhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu; M'malo mwake, kusiyanasiyana kwachitatu kumatha kupangitsa kuti onse awonere zolaula ndikuwonetsa / kukhulupirira, malingaliro, kapena machitidwe omwe akufunsidwa. Olemba ochepa, komabe, amafotokoza momveka bwino momwe kusinthasintha kulikonse komwe angasankhe ngati chiwongolero kumatha kuyambitsa zolaula komanso zotsatira zake zikuwerengedwa. Nthawi zina, mawu amafotokozedwa (nthawi zina amatchulidwa, nthawi zina popanda) kuti kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wazindikira zosintha ngati zomwe zingasokoneze ndichifukwa chake amaphatikizidwa. Nthawi zina, palibe malongosoledwe omwe amaperekedwa kupatula kuti adalemba mndandanda wazowongolera zingapo. Ndizovuta kwambiri kupeza kafukufuku yemwe amadziwika ndi malingaliro ena monga olungamitsa kusankha kwa zowongolera (zambiri pamfundoyi pambuyo pake). Ndizosowa kwenikweni kuti mupeze kafukufuku yemwe akuwonetsa chifukwa chake zosinthazi zidasinthidwa monga zowongolera m'malo olosera, oyimira pakati, kapena oyang'anira (sindikukhulupirira kuti ndidaziwonapo izi).

Monga ndinalonjezera, ndikuvomereza kuti inenso ndaphatikiza zowongolera zopanda pake m'maphunziro angapo. Monga chitsanzo chimodzi, mu Wright and Funk (2014), ndidaphatikizanso mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yolamulira popanda chifukwa chomveka kuposa mawu oti "kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu" adawonetsa "kufunika koyang'anira" kwa iwo (tsamba 211). Monga chitsanzo china, ku Tokunaga, Wright, and McKinley (2015) Ndidaphatikizanso mitundu khumi yolamulira ndikungolungamitsidwa kokha poti anali "zinthu zomwe zingasokoneze" zomwe zanenedwa "pakafukufuku wakale" (tsamba 10). Podziteteza, ndinanenapo za "kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu / wakale" yemwe akuti izi ...

Mwachidule, zolaula zikamakhudza malo owerengera akuwonedwa kwathunthu, ndikutsimikiza kuti kuphatikizidwa kwa zowongolera ndizopanda tanthauzo, zosagwirizana, zosakhulupirira Mulungu, komanso zochulukirapo. Zomwe ndikuganiza ndikuti ochita kafukufuku amaphatikizanso zowongolera chifukwa omwe adafufuza kale, amakhulupirira kuti akonzi kapena owunikiranso akuyembekeza (Bernerth & Aguinis, 2016), kapena chifukwa choti agwidwa ndi "nthano zamatawuni" zomwe "maubale ndi zowongolera zowongolera pafupi ndi chowonadi kuposa zopanda malire "(Spector & Brannick, 2011, tsamba 296). Ndikudziwa kuti koyambirira kwa ntchito yanga zonsezi zidandigwira.

Mavuto ndi izi "zonse kupatula njira yokhazikitsira kukhitchini" yowongolera kuphatikiza kosakanikirana (Becker, 2005, tsamba 285) ndi ochulukirapo. Koma ziwiri zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pazomwe amazigwiritsa ntchito pazolemba zolaula ndi izi:

  1. Mpata wa cholakwika cha Type II ukukula chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kochokera pazochitika zolaula - zotsatira zamalumikizidwe (Becker, 2005). Becker ananenanso kuti zolakwika za mtundu wa I zitha kukulirakulira ngati zowongolera zimalumikizidwa ndi wolosera koma osati muyeso. Komabe, sindikudziwa izi ngati vuto pazolemba zolaula. Funso nthawi zonse limakhala ngati kuwonetsa zolaula-zomwe zimachitika pambuyo pake zimachitika pambuyo poyang'anira Zmalonda
  2. Mwayi wakusowa kwathunthu komanso / kapena kusamvetsetsa zenizeni za "zotsutsana-ndizomwe zimachitika" mu zolaula- zotsatira zake zikuwonjezeka kwambiri (Campbell & Kohut, 2017, p. 8). Kupita patsogolo kwa chidziwitso sikungokhala kokha koma kumangowoneka nthawi zonse kusiyanasiyana kumanenedwa molakwika "kusokoneza" pomwe chosinthika chachitatu, kwenikweni, kulosera, mkhalapakati, kapena oyang'anira pantchito zowonera anthu (Spector & Brannick, 2011). Pachifukwa ichi Meehl (1971) adazindikira njira zomwe zilipo pakadali pano pazithunzi zolaula (mwachitsanzo, zoyeserera modzidzimutsa, osati olosera zamtsogolo, oyimira pakati, kapena oyang'anira) ngati "njira zoyeserera" zomwe zimabweretsa "kwakukulu zolakwitsa ”(tsamba 147).

Mavutowa nthawi zina amatha kuphatikiza. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mkhalapakati yemwe akuwonetsedwa ngati chiwongolero, kusamvetsetsa kwakuchulukirachulukira kumawonjezereka monga mwayi wa cholakwika cha Type II chokhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe zikuwonjezeka kwambiri - zotsatira zake ndizolumikizana pang'ono.

Chikhulupiriro ndi kufunafuna chidwi ndi zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri. Izi zimangotengedwa ngati zisokonezo zomwe ziyenera "kulamulidwa" pomwe pali umboni woti ndi gawo limodzi lazomwe zimawonetsa zolaula. Perry (2017, 2019; onaninso Perry & Hayward, 2017) wapeza m'maphunziro angapo azitali pamitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti zolaula zomwe zimawonetseratu zimaneneratu kuchepa kwachipembedzo kwa achinyamata ndi achikulire. Chifukwa chake, m'malo mokhala zipembedzo zomwe zingasokoneze mayanjano pakati, mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso malingaliro azisangalalo pankhani zogonana (mwachitsanzo, Peter & Valkenburg, 2006), atha kukhala mkhalapakati (zolaula → zimachepetsa kupembedza → malingaliro abwino okonda zachiwerewere).

Kufunafuna chidwi kwamalingaliridwanso ngati mkhalidwe wosasinthika womwe ungangododometsa zolaula-malumikizidwe azotsatira. Nkhani yomwe yatengedwa ndikuti kufunafuna chidwi kumatha kukhudza kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula komanso (ikani zotsatira zoyipa zakugonana pano) motero kukhala osokonezeka, koma sizingakhudzidwe ndi zolaula. Zolemba zamphamvu zikuwonetsa mwina, komabe. M'malo okhudzana ndi zachiwerewere, Stoolmiller, Gerrard, Sargent, Worth, ndi Gibbons (2010) adapezeka m'mayendedwe awo azaka zinayi za achinyamata omwe R-adavotera kuwonera makanema ananeneratu za kutengeka kwamtsogolo, pomwe kufunafuna kwakanthawi koyambirira sananeneratu zowonerera zowonera pambuyo pake za R. Stoolmiller neri Al. onaninso kuti zotsatira zawo "zimapereka umboni wowoneka bwino wazomwe zingachitike pazofunsa za chilengedwe" (tsamba 1). Zotsatira zakusanthula izi zokhudzana ndi kugonana zidapeza kuti kuwonetsa zakugonana kunaneneratu za kuchuluka kwa chidwi, komwe kunaneneratu zakugonana koopsa (O'Hara, Gibbons, Gerrard, Li, & Sargent, 2012). M'malo moonera zolaula, kafukufuku wathu waposachedwa pa zolaula komanso kugonana kosagonana mosavomerezeka adayesedwa ngati kufunafuna kwamalingaliro kumalingaliridwa bwino ngati chosokoneza kapena mkhalapakati (Tokunaga, Wright, & Vangeel, 2020). Detayi idathandizira kulingalira kwa kuyimira pakati, osati malingaliro osokoneza.

Maganizo "okhalapo kale" akuganiziridwanso kuti asokoneza zolaula - mayanjano azikhalidwe zakugonana. Komabe, pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu inayi yazikhalidwe za akulu, njira ziwiri zakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, njira ziwiri zakugonana, ndi njira ziwiri zakugonana, ndidapeza kafukufuku waposachedwa kuti malingaliro azakugonana sanasokoneze zolaula - mayanjano azikhalidwe; adawatengera (zolaula → malingaliro ogonana → machitidwe ogonana) (Wright, 2020b). Momwemonso, kusanthula kwathu zolaula komanso zolemba zaumunthu zosagwirizana ndi anthu ena zidapeza kuti zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito kuneneratu zamakhalidwe ogonana kudzera pamalingaliro amiseche (mwachitsanzo, malingaliro azakugonana omwe anali mkhalapakati). Palibe umboni womwe udapezeka woneneratu kuti mayanjano pakati pa zolaula komanso machitidwe osagonana adasokonezedwa ndi malingaliro azakugonana (Tokunaga, Wright, & Roskos, 2019).

Koma zosintha zina - mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa anthu - ziyenera kusokonezedwa kokha, wina akhoza kuyankha. Ndikulangiza kuti ngakhale "kuchuluka kwa anthu" kuyesedwa mosamala. Ganizirani zamakhalidwe azakugonana, zosinthika zomwe zimangotengedwa ngati zowongolera zolaula. Zambiri pazofunsidwa zikuwonekeratu kuti zolaula zimatha kukhudza kuzindikira komanso kuwonetsa kuti anthu amagonana. Mwachitsanzo, bambo wina mu kafukufuku wa Giano (2019) wamomwe agonana pa intaneti amapangira mawonekedwe a amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adati:

Ndikukumbukira nthawi yoyamba yomwe ndinapita pamalo oonera zolaula ndikuwona amuna awiri akugonana. Ndimakumbukira ndikuganiza kuti sindiyenera kutsegulidwa ngati sindinali gay, koma ndinali. Inali nthawi imeneyo pamene ndinazindikira kuti izi ndi zenizeni - Ndine gay. Zinali zosangalatsa komanso zowopsa. (tsamba 8)

Mofananamo, Bond, Hefner, and Drogos (2009) adanenanso kuti "anyamata achichepere omwe anali asanabadwe kale adagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti kuti amvetsetse ndikukhala ndi malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" (tsamba 34).

Mwachidule, momwe njira zowonera zolaula zikugwirira ntchito pano, (1) "mphamvu ikhoza kuchepetsedwa [yomwe] ingayambitse vuto lachiwiri II (Becker, 2005, tsamba 287) ndi (2)" ndizotheka kuti [zosintha zachitatu zojambulidwa mozungulira monga zowongolera] zimathandizira m'malo mokhala kunja kwa maubale amacheza omwe wofufuzirayo akuphunzira, "koma mwatsoka sitikudziwa izi (Becker et al., 2016, p. 160).

Kohut et al. (2020) adanenanso zotsatira zakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso zachiwerewere kuchokera kwa zitsanzo za anyamata achichepere. Kusankhidwa kwawo ndi kulungamitsidwa kwa kuwongolera kumatsata zomwe zimachitika kwambiri pazosangalatsa zolaula sizomwe ndimatsindika. Monga ena ambiri, kuphatikiza inemwini (onani Tokunaga et al., 2019 ndi Wright, 2020b, kupatula ena), sanazindikire lingaliro lililonse lotsogolera kuwazindikira kwawo. Amangotchula maliro awo am'mbuyomu (Baer, ​​Kohut, & Fisher, 2015) zamaphunziro am'mbuyomu "osalephera kuyankha zomwe zingachitike" (p. 2) ndipo adayamba kutchula zingapo zomwe maphunziro am'mbuyomu adapeza kuti zikugwirizana ndi zolaula kapena zachiwerewere (mwachitsanzo, kufunafuna chidwi, kutengeka, kuyendetsa kugonana). Popeza kuchuluka kwa zomwe maphunziro am'mbuyomu adapeza kuti zikugwirizana ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena zachiwerewere zimangowerengeka mazana, sizikudziwikiratu momwe mitundu isanu yoyendetsera zomwe zidatchulidwazo zidadziwika m'nyanja yazotheka.

Pamapeto pake, Kohut et al. adamaliza gawo lawo pazoyang'anira ndikunena kuti kuphatikizidwa kwawo kunapereka mayeso ovuta kuposa momwe akanakhalira osaphatikizidwa: "Kulephera kuwongolera zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zolaula zizigwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zachiwerewere zitha kukhudza kwambiri kuyerekezera zomwe zingayambitse zolaula kugwiritsa ntchito zachiwawa ”(tsamba 3). Palibe zomwe zanenedwa zakuti mwina "zododometsa" izi zitha kukhala oyimira pakati (mwachitsanzo, kufunafuna chidwi - kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuwonjezeka kufuna chidwi, komwe kumawonjezera nkhanza zachiwerewere) kapena oyang'anira (mwachitsanzo, kupupuluma - kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuneneratu zachiwawa, koma chifukwa cha amuna opupuluma). Komanso sipanatchulidwepo za Bernerth and Aguinis '(2016) "zoyeserera zoyeserera kugwiritsa ntchito kosiyanasiyana," zomwe ndi "Lekani" ndi osati gwiritsani ntchito zowongolera ngati njira zokhazokha zophatikizira mwina ndi (1) "kupereka mayeso osamalitsa kapena okhwima pamaganizidwe anga" kapena (2) "chifukwa kafukufuku wakale amapeza ubale wamphamvu pakati pazosinthazi ndi zomwe ndimaphunzira" (p. 273).

Komabe, ngakhale zinali zovuta, sizinawongoleredwe kapena malingaliro ake ophatikizika omwe adanditsogolera (pomaliza) kulemba kalatayo. Monga ndavomerezera, inenso ndakhala wolakwa. Ayi, mfundo yofunikira inali yonena za a Kohut et al.zokhudza kusanthula meta zathu zolaula komanso zachiwerewere (Wright et al., 2016) pokhudzana ndi kuwunika kwaposachedwa kwa Ferguson ndi Hartley (2020). Popeza kuti kukopa ndi kufunikira kwa kusanthula kwa meta ndikokulirapo kuposa kafukufuku m'modzi, izi ndizomwe zidalimbikitsa kwambiri kulemba.

Kohut et al. (2020, p. 15) idati kuwunika kwathu kwa meta-kusinthanitsa kwa ma bivariate (m'malo mosintha kosinthika kwachitatu) kudapangitsa kuti "kukokomeze [kwa] mabungwe oyang'ana kwambiri" [tidapeza kuti zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito zinali zolosera zamphamvu onse amwano komanso okakamiza]. Akupitiliza kunena kuti "zomwe a Wright et al adachita chifukwa chodalira kwambiri kukula kwamphamvu zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zomwe zapezedwa posachedwa zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kamodzi kuwongolera kosiyanasiyana kumachitika, zolaula zosagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri sizimagwirizana ndi zachiwerewere (Ferguson & Hartley, 2020) ”(tsamba 16).

Zinthu ziwiri mwamawu atsokawa zikufunika kukonzedwa.

Choyamba, lingaliro loti kulumikizana kwamitundumitundu ndi "okokomeza" pomwe kulumikizana kosintha kwa covariate kumawonetsa mkhalidwe weniweni waubwenzi womwe ukufunsidwa ndichitsanzo chabodza chabodza chomwe Spector ndi Brannick (2011) adatcha "mfundo yoyeretsa":

Kukhulupirira kwathunthu kuti ziwerengero zowerengera zitha kupereka zowerengera zolondola za ubale pakati pazosangalatsa, zomwe tizitcha "mfundo yoyeretsera," ndizofala kwambiri, ndipo zimavomerezedwa pochita, kotero kuti timati zimayenerera kukhala nthano zamatawuni - china adavomereza popanda kukayika chifukwa ofufuza ndi owunikira ntchito yawo awona kuti imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri kotero kuti sakayikira kutsimikizika kwa njirayi. (tsamba 288)

Meehl (1971) adanena izi za lingaliro lolakwika kuti kuphatikizidwa kwa zinthu zowongolera kumabweretsa chidziwitso chomveka bwino chokhudza X → Y mgwirizano womwe ukukambidwa:

Wina sangatchule lamulo lamachitidwe ngati kusewera mosamala pomwe zingapangitse zabodza, pokhapokha titakhala ndi malingaliro achilendo asayansi omwe akuti tikufuna kusiya molakwika malingaliro abwino. (tsamba 147)

Ndimalimbikira kunena kuti malingaliro omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito kuneneratu kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumawonjezera mwayi wakugonana (mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe achikale, kuphunzira mwakhama, kachitidwe kazikhalidwe, zolemba zogonana, kukhazikitsa mphamvu, mphamvu yamwamuna) ndi zabwino zomwe sitiyenera kusiya molakwika chifukwa chomvetsa chisoni kuti anthu ambiri agwiritsa ntchito njira yoyeretsera zolaula.

Izi zimalumikizana mwachindunji ndi chinthu chachiwiri chomvetsa chisoni cha izi. Malinga ndi a Kohut et al. (2020), "zowongolera zowerengera zimawerengedwa moyenera" ndi Ferguson ndi Hartley (2020). Monga Kohut et al. Osalongosola chifukwa chomwe akuwona kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Ferguson ndi Hartley ngati "koyenera," tiyenera kupita kumene gwero linachokera. Pochita izi, amasokonezeka momwe Kohut et al. adawunika mndandanda wazoyang'anira za Ferguson ndi Hartley ngati "woyenera," popeza palibe mndandanda womwewo. Kutchulidwa kokhako kwamalamulo pamndandanda wa "kusanthula kozama" momwe maphunziro omwe adasinthira "thanzi lamaganizidwe," "malo okhala mabanja," ndi "jenda" amapatsidwa "1 point" (tsamba 4). Zomwe zimapezeka ndikulimbikitsidwa mobwerezabwereza kochokera kwa Ferguson ndi Hartley kuti kuwongolera kwawo kosadziwika komanso kosamveka bwino "ndikofunikira." Zomwe zikupezekanso ndikuti "standardised regression coefficients (βs)" omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza meta yawo "adawerengedwa kuchokera pamtengo wosamala kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, wokhudzana ndi kuwongolera koyenera kwambiri kwa malingaliro)" (p. 3).

Asanabwerere ku funso lalingaliro kapena malingaliro ati Ferguson ndi Hartley (2020) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira zowongolera "zongopeka" (popeza palibe chiphunzitso chodziwikiratu chomwe chidatchulidwa papepala lawo), nazi ziganizo zochepa kuchokera kwa akatswiri amachitidwe okhudzana ndi kusankha okha "Mtengo wokhazikika kwambiri" kuti uwunikidwe:

Timasiyanitsa ndi malingaliro wamba akuti ma CV ambiri [zowongolera zowongolera] amapanga njira yabwinoko, yolimba kwambiri kuposa kuphatikiza ma CV ochepa kapena opanda. Lingaliro ili limakhazikika pamalingaliro olakwika akuti kuwonjezera ma CV kumatulutsa zoyeserera zowoneka bwino ndikuwulula ubale weniweni pakati pazosangalatsa. (Becker et al., 2016, tsamba 159)

Ofufuza ambiri… amaganiza kuti kuwonjezera zowongolera ndizosamala ndipo kumatha kubweretsa lingaliro lomwe lili pafupi kwambiri ndi chowonadi kuposa kulisiya. Monga Meehl (1971) akunenera, mchitidwewu suli wokhazikika. M'malo mwake nthawi zambiri ndizosasamala. (Spector & Brannick, 2011, tsamba 296)

Yankho lachiwiri lomwe liyeneranso kuyimitsa kulamulira likuzungulira lingaliro la mayesero osamala, okhwima, kapena okhwima ”ofufuza. Izi ndizabodza zomwe zidasokedwa zaka zapitazo (Meehl, 1971; Spector & Brannick, 2011) wokhala ndi umboni wokwanira pakadali pano womaliza kuti palibe chowonetsetsa kapena chokhwima kuphatikiza zowerengera (Carlson & Wu, 2012). (Bernerth & Aguinis, 2016, tsamba 275)

Mwachidule, ndizovuta kudziwa kuti mndandanda wazomwe Ferguson ndi Hartley sanapezekepo adatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi "oyenera" pokhapokha atatsogoleredwa ndi malingaliro abwinobwino akuti "zowongolera zambiri = zotsatira zolondola."

Ndipo potsiriza, kubwerera ku funso loti ngati tiyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi chitsimikiziro cha Ferguson ndi Hartley (2020) kuti zowongolera zomwe adaphatikiza pakuwunika kwawo zidachokera mwamaganizidwe. Popeza, monga ndidanenera, samapereka mndandanda wazowongolera kapena malingaliro kapena malingaliro omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira maulamulirowa m'maphunziro oyambira omwe adasanthula, ndidasanthula maphunziro omwe amafufuza meta (Wright et al. , 2016) pamawu oti "kuwongolera," "kusokoneza," "covariate," ndi "chiphunzitso" kuti awone ngati chiphunzitso chilichonse chidatchulidwa kuti chitsogolere kusankha kwa oyang'anira m'maphunziro oyambirawa. Sindinapeze umboni uliwonse woti maphunzirowa adagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro owongolera kusankha kwawo (mitundu yachitatu pakufufuza kwamalingaliro a confluence [mwachitsanzo, Malamuth, Addison, & Koss, 2000] nthawi zina amakhala oyang'anira komanso nthawi zina ngati oyang'anira). Njira yofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zimafala kwa onse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zatchulidwazi ndizowunikira. Popanda izi, kugwiritsa ntchito zowongolera kumatha kubweretsa zolakwika zamtundu wa II komanso / kapena kusowa kwachitsanzo.

malangizo

Kupita kuti? Pali zotheka ziwiri. Ndiyamba ndi zokonda zanga zachiwiri.

Kuthekera kwina ndikuti ofufuza zotsatira za zolaula apitilize kuwongolera "zisokonezo zomwe zingakhalepo," koma kuti achite izi kutsatira malangizo oyenera ochokera kwa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, Becker et al., 2016; Bernerth & Aguinis, 2016; Spector & Brannick , 2011). Izi zikuphatikiza zotsatira zakufotokozera popanda kuwongolera, kuphatikiza zowongolera pamaganizidwe ndi mafunso ofufuza, ndikuwongolera zowongolera zomwezo zodalirika komanso zovomerezeka zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa. Ndikuwona, komabe, kuti lingaliro # 1 la Becker et al. (2016) ndi "Ngati mukukaikira, asiye iwo!"

Chokonda changa choyamba ndichoti ofufuza zotsatira za zolaula asiyiretu "zomwe zingasokoneze" ndikusunthira mu zomwe zitha kutchedwa "zoneneratu, machitidwe, ndi zosayembekezereka" paradigm. Mwanjira ina, m'malo mongoganiza zosintha zina zitatu monga zosakhudzana ndi zoyipitsa za zolaula pazikhulupiriro, malingaliro, ndi machitidwe, ndingakonde ngati ofufuza zolaula aphatikizira mitundu itatu yazinthu zofananira, zoyimira pakati, ndi oyang'anira. Izi zikugwirizana ndi Slater's (2015) Reinforcing Spirals Model (RSM) yogwiritsa ntchito media ndi zotsatirapo zake:

Zotsatira zamanema atolankhani zimayesa kuyesa kuyesa kuyanjana ndi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chowongolera zosintha zina zambiri zomwe zitha kuchitidwa, kuti muchepetse kuopseza kwamitundu isanu ndi itatu. RSM, mosiyana ndi izi, ikuwonetsa kuti kuzindikira kwina kungapezeke pakuphatikiza zosintha, monga kusiyanasiyana kwamomwe anthu amakhudzira chikhalidwe chawo monga olosera zamomwe azigwiritsa ntchito m'malo mowerengera. Wina atha kulingalira zotsatira zonse zakugwiritsa ntchito media monga zidafotokozedwera pazotsatira zonse komanso zosalunjika. Mwanjira ina, RSM ikuwonetsa kuti kusanthula kwachikhalidwe pazoyeserera, poyesa kuwongolera zosintha zomwe ndi gawo la zomwe zimayambitsa ndipo sizomwe zili zitatu zomwe zimafotokozera zotsutsana, makamaka zitha kuchepetsa zomwe zikuyenera kuchitidwa ndi udindo wogwiritsa ntchito media. (tsamba 376)

Ngakhale sayansi yazachikhalidwe imangokhala ndi malingaliro ochepa osatsimikizika kuposa njira zina zodziwira zamakhalidwe amunthu, ngati tili oona mtima kwa ife eni, tiyenera kuvomereza kuti maphunziro athu amachokera pazongoganiza zomwe sizingatsimikiziridwe kapena kunamizidwa kukhutiritsa akatswiri 100% . Ndinabadwa mu 1979. Panali akatswiri azachikhalidwe omwe amakhulupirira kuti zolaula sizingakhudze omwe adazigwiritsa ntchito ndisanabadwe ndipo ndikukutsimikizirani kuti padzakhala asayansi ndikakhala kuti ndapita (ndikukhulupirira, mwina zaka zina makumi anayi kapena zinayi) amene akhulupirire chimodzimodzi.

Ngakhale ndizotheka kuti zolaula ndiye njira yolumikizirana yomwe mauthenga ndi tanthauzo lake sizimakhudza chilichonse, ndikuti kulumikizana kulikonse pakati pa zolaula kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zikhulupiriro, malingaliro, ndi machitidwe nthawi zonse kumakhala kopanda tanthauzo komanso chifukwa chazomwe zimayimira palokha komanso zosasintha, Ndikukhulupirira kuti pali malingaliro okwanira komanso umboni wokwanira woganiza kuti sizomwe zili choncho. Chifukwa chake, ndikubwereza Elsa pofunsa anzanga kuti "atembenuke ndikumenyetsa chitseko" pa "kodi zolaula zimaneneratu (zotulukapo) poyang'anira kuzama kwa khitchini?" kuyandikira. M'malo mwake, ndikufunsani kuti tiwunikire zinthu zitatu zomwe zimasiyanitsa kuchuluka ndi zolaula zomwe zimadyedwa, njira zomwe zimabweretsa zotsatira zina, komanso anthu ndi zochitika zomwe zotsatirazi sizingachitike.

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