Kudalirika
Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu akuwonetsa kuti zachiwerewere zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso zochitika zina kuphatikiza kusakhulupirika, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ndi kusakhulupirika pa intaneti zimawerengedwa kuti ndi njira zachinyengo. Komabe, malingaliro okhudzana ndi kusakhulupirika omwe amachitika kudzera pama TV ndi maubwenzi achikondi (mbali imodzi yachikondi yomwe amapanga ndi ziwerengero zamanyuzipepala) sanafufuzidwe bwino. M'maphunziro awiri owunikira, ndidasanthula a) momwe omwe otenga nawo mbali adaganizira zachiwerewere, zachiwerewere, zamalingaliro, komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu wamba ngati kusakhulupirika, ndi b) zikhalidwe izi zimakhala zowawa bwanji ngati wokondedwa awalakwira. Ndinaonanso kangati omwe ophunzira adakumana ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi zibwenzi za wokondedwa wawo. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti zinthu monga kutumizirana mameseji ndi kutumizirana zithunzi zolaula kumadziwika chimodzimodzi pa zolakwika za pakompyuta komanso kusakhulupirika kwa kugonana, komanso kuti kusakhulupirika kwa parata kumawonedwanso chimodzimodzi ndi zithunzi zolaula. Zofanana izi zimagwira ntchito ngati zochitikazo zikuwoneka ngati kusakhulupirika, komanso ponena za kupweteketsa mtima komwe mchitidwewo ungayambitse. Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kuti ma media azikhalidwe ndi zochitika zina za parasocial zitha kuzindikiridwa molakwika, ndipo zitha kusokoneza maubwenzi achikondi zenizeni.
Keywords: kusakhulupirika, mgwirizano wa parasocial, extradyadic, kuperekana
Zamkatimu
ZamkatimuInterpersona, 2019, Vol. 13 (2), https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v13i2.376
Zalandiridwa: 2019-07-08. Zavomerezedwa: 2019-11-06. Yosindikizidwa (VoR): 2019-12-20.
* Wolemba wofanana ndi: 4201 Grant Line Rd, New Albany, IN 47150. Foni: 812-941-2163. Imelo: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
Ichi ndi cholembera chotseguka chomwe chimagawidwa pansi pa lamulo la Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), zomwe zimaloleza ntchito, zogawidwa, ndi kubwezeretsa mwachinthu chilichonse, zimapereka ntchito yoyambirira yomwe imatchulidwa bwino.
Kusakhulupirika kumatha kufotokozedwa ngati kuphwanya malamulo a ubale mokhudzana ndi malingaliro kapena kukondana ndi ena omwe si pachibwenzi ndi ena (Drigotas & Barta, 2001). Kusakhulupirika kumatha kukhala ndi zowononga pamaubwenzi, popanga kapena kukulitsa mavuto aubwenzi ndi ubale, ndipo ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe zimatchulidwira kusudzulana (Amato & Previti, 2003). Ngakhale kafukufuku wambiri wayang'ana pa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogonana mosakhulupirika Kalipentala, 2012, powunikira meta), komanso kusakhulupirika pa intaneti (Guadagno & Sagarin, 2010; Wati, 2003; 2005), Kafukufuku wocheperako adasanthula momwe machitidwe ena amawonedwera pokhudzana ndi kusakhulupirika, monga omwe amachitidwira kudzera muma social media (mwachitsanzo, Facebook kapena Snapchat) kapena ma parasocial. Maubwenzi a Parasocial (PSRs) ndi ubale amodzi womwe umadziwika ndi otchulidwa pazolankhula (Horton & Wohl, 1956), yomwe imatha kukhala achikondi mwachilengedwe (Adam & Sizemore, 2013; Tukachinsky, 2011). Zikuwoneka kuti njira zatsopano zolumikizirana ndi ena omwe siabwenzi ndi anzawo kudzera pa TV zikuwoneka chimodzimodzi ndi mitundu ina ya kusakhulupirika kwapakati. Komabe, chifukwa ma PSR amakhala mbali imodzi, sizikudziwika ngati anthu amawona ma PSR achikondi ngati njira yosakhulupirika. Zolinga zikuluzikulu za maphunziro aposachedwa anali kuwunika ngati omwe sanatengepo gawo pakuwona kapena kuchita zomwe zikuchitika mu njira zankhani kukhala zachinyengo, kuwona momwe owonera omwe akuwonera akuwonera machitidwewa, ndikufanizira malingaliro amakhalidwe awa ndi omwe kugonana, malingaliro, komanso kusakhulupirika pa intaneti.
Malingaliro Amachitidwe Osiyanasiyana Monga Kusakhulupirika [TOP]
Mwa zina, kaya kapena machitidwe amawonedwa ngati osakhulupirika zimatengera mtundu wamakhalidwe omwe mukufunsidwa, komanso machitidwe a omwe ali pachibwenzi. Kafukufuku wambiri amakambirana za kusakhulupirika pamiyeso iwiri: kuperekera amuna kapena akazi ndi malingaliro (Mphepo & Hartnett, 2005), kutanthauza kulumikizana ndi munthu wina yemwe si mnzake wa mnzake. Komabe, ochita kafukufuku ena adayesa kusiyana kwa malingaliro pa machitidwe ena pokhudzana ndi kuperekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, Wilson ndi anzawo (Wilson, Mattingly, Clark, Weidler, & Bequette, 2011) anakulitsa kuwunika kwamalingaliro azikhalidwe zopusitsa komanso zachinyengo, monga kuvina ndi munthu wina kapena kunamizira mnzake, komanso machitidwe amodzi, monga kugonana pakamwa ndi munthu wina. Zotsatira zawo zikusonyeza kuti mitundu iyi itatu yamakhalidwe (yodutsa, yopusitsa, komanso yowonekera) zonse zimawoneka ngati kusakhulupirika, koma mosiyana ndi anthu osiyanasiyana. M'mbuyomu, Zolemba (2003) adapeza kuti omwe adachita nawo gawo la kusakhulupirika amakhala mitundu itatu yayikulu, kuphatikizapo kusakhulupilika, kusakhulupirika mu mtima komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Ponseponse, Whitty adawona kuti zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zimawonedwa ngati zochepa kwambiri zachinyengo, koma zochitika zapakhompyuta monga cybersex zimawonedwa chimodzimodzi ndi machitidwe akugonana pamaso, osati ngati njira yabodza. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti kusakhulupirika kwakuthupi kapena kwamalingaliro sikuyenera kuti kuchitike pamaso pa nkhope kuti tiwonekere kuti ndikupereka. Zowonadi, osachepera 80% ya anthu omwe apatsidwa mawonekedwe okhudzana ndi kusakhulupirika pa intaneti adawonetsa kuti izi zitha kuoneka ngati zachinyengo (Schnarre & Adam, 2017; Wati, 2005). Phunziro limodzi, Schneider ndi anzawo (2012) anapeza kuti mwa ophunzira 34 omwe adakumana ndi kusakhulupirika pa intaneti, 30 adawona kuti izi zidasokoneza ubale wawo weniweni. Ophunzira ambiri adanenanso zakusokonekera, chifukwa ambiri a iwo adakhudzidwa ndi chinyengo cha mnzawo. Kuphatikiza apo, pamafunso omwe anthu omwe abwenzi awo adachita zachinyengo pa intaneti, Schneider (2000) anapeza kuti pafupifupi kotala la omwe anali atapatukana ndi banja lawo.
Kodi Ma Media a Behaviors Akusakhulupirika? [TOP]
Kuyambira pomwe Whitty adachita kafukufuku wazakusakhulupirika wapakompyutaWati, 2003), njira zomwe anthu amatha kuyendetsera ubale wamayiko ena, zawonjezeka, chifukwa cha masamba azithunzi monga Facebook ndi Snapchat. Mawebusayiti azachikhalidwe ndi malo omwe amalola ogwiritsa ntchito kupanga ndi kutumizira zomwe zawo ndikupanga ndikusunga ubale pafupifupi (Obar & Wildman, 2015). Mapulatawa ndiwotchuka kwambiri: Posachedwa Facebook inalemba ogwiritsa ntchito 2.45 biliyoni omwe amagwira ntchito pamwezi (Facebook, 2019), ndipo Snapchat inati ogwiritsa ntchito 210 miliyoni amagwira mwezi pamwezi (Zosintha, 2019). Komabe, ndi mwayi wowonjezereka wa kulumikizana kwanu kumabwera mwayi wowonjezerera kusakhulupirika. Kafukufuku wina adapeza kuti pafupifupi 10% ya omwe anali pachibwenzi zenizeni adachitapo nawo zikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi kusakhulupirika kudzera pa media media (McDaniel, Drouin, & Cravens, 2017). Kafukufuku wina adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook kochulukirapo kumalumikizidwa ndikuwoneka bwino kwa zotsatira zoyipa zaubwenzi weniweni, kuphatikizapo kubera mnzake ndi munthu wochokera ku Facebook (Clayton, Nagurney, & Smith, 2013). Zikuwoneka kuti zikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi kusakhulupirika zomwe zimachitika kudzera muma media azizindikirika chimodzimodzi ndi mitundu ina ya kusakhulupirika pa intaneti. Cholinga chimodzi cha maphunziro aposachedwa chinali kuwona momwe khalidwe limakhudzirana ndi kusakhulupirika kudzera pa media media poyerekeza ndi chikhalidwe china chamakompyuta komanso kusakhulupirika.
Kodi Ku parasocial Behaviors Kusakhulupirika? [TOP]
Kaya ma PSR okondana ndi anzawo kapena amawonedwa kuti ndi osakhulupirika sanalandire nawo chidwi chachikulu. Zovuta za parasocial zikuwoneka kuti ndizofala kwambiri. Pakafukufuku waposachedwa, azimayi opitilira 90% azaka zakomweko adakumbukira kuti adakondana ndi munthu wina wotchuka kapena wotchuka adakali achinyamata. Ngakhale pagulu la PSR sitha kuwoneka ngati extradyadic, litha kugwira ntchito mofananirana ndi zibwenzi zenizeni zenizeni, popereka zibwenzi ndikuwonjezera zovuta, mwachitsanzo, tili ndi ndalama zochepa (Adam & Sizemore, 2013). Zitha kukhala kuti maubwenzi a parasocial, ndiye, akhoza kuonedwa ngati owopsa ku maubale enieni. Kafukufuku wina yemwe adawunika zomwe zimachitika kunja kwa gawo la intradyadic, pa intaneti komanso pamachitidwe okhudzana ndi anthu ena, pafupifupi onse atawonetsa kuti maubwenzi achikondi anali machitidwe opereka ndalama (76%) monga kusakhulupirika pa intaneti (80%), ngakhale pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana (Schnarre & Adam, 2017). Zonse zomwe zili paliponse pa intaneti komanso pa intaneti zimawoneka ngati zachinyengo, pomwe machitidwe amtunduwu adawoneka achinyengo chifukwa cha udindo wawo wopangitsa kuti mnzawo azimva kuti ndi wosagwirizana mu chiyanjano. Izi zikusonyeza kuti anthu amatha kuzindikira kuti maRRS amakondana ndi kuphwanya miyambo yaubwenzi, komanso ngati kusakhulupirika.
Gawo la kusakhulupirika lofanana ndi ubale wama parasocial lingakhale kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, momwe kulumikizana kumathandizidwira mbali imodzi. Ofufuza ena amati zopindulitsa pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, monga kukhutitsidwa ndi kulumikizana pakugonana ngakhale atakwatirana.Harkness, 2014). Komabe, kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula payekhapayekha sikuphatikizana ndi kudzipereka kwaubwenzi (Lambert, Negash, Stillman, Olmstead, & Fincham, 2012) ndi chikondi (Harkness, 2014), ndikuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa mnzanu kumayenderana ndi kukhulupirika komanso kukondana ndikugwirizana bwino ndi zovuta zamaganizidwe (Szymanski, Feltman, & Dunn, 2015). Pakhoza kukhalanso zotsatirapo zopindulitsa za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngati banja, koma kugwiritsa ntchito mwayekha ndi mnzake kumawoneka kuti ndi njira yachinyengo (Bergner & Bridges, 2002), komanso mukakhala kunja kwa zibwenzi, zitha kuwononga ubalewo. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi wokondedwa wanu kumatha kubweretsa zovuta komanso kumachepetsa kudziona kuti ndinu wofunika (Bergner & Bridges, 2002). Ndizotheka kuti maubale othandizirana amawonekera chimodzimodzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito zolaula molingana ndi kusakhulupirika, ngati ma PSR achitika kunja kwa chikhalidwe, ndikukhala ndi kuperekana komwe kungasokoneze malingaliro a mnzanu mzofunika muubwenzi (Schnarre & Adam, 2017). Cholinga china cha maphunziro aposachedwa chinali kufufuza momwe machitidwe a parasocal amawonedwera poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya kusakhulupirika.
Kusiyana Komwe Akukhulupirira Zinthu Zosakhulupirika [TOP]
Malingaliro a kusakhulupirika amadaliranso pamakhalidwe. Kafukufuku wina wapeza kuti, chonsecho, amuna amakonda kuwona kuti kusakhulupirika ndikovomerezeka kuposa azimayi, koma kuti amuna ndi akazi amawona kukhala osakhulupirika pa kugonana komanso mwamalingaliro chimodzimodzi (Sheppard, Nelson, & Andreoli-Mathie, 1995). Komabe, ochita kafukufuku ena apeza kuti abambo ndi amai amawona mosiyanasiyana makhalidwe osakhulupirika, mwakuti amuna amakonda kuwona kusakhulupirika kwa kugonana komwe kumadzetsa nkhawa kwambiri, pomwe azimayi amawona kuti kusakhulupirika kumabweretsa mavuto akulu (Brase, Adair, & Monk, 2014; Basi et al., 1992; Cann, Mangum, & Wells, 2001; Kruger et al., 2015; Shackelford, Buss, & Bennett, 2002; Treger & Sprecher, 2011). Zolemba (2003) anapeza kuti jenda komanso zaka zidayambitsa malingaliro akuti ngati machitidwe amadziwika kuti ndi chigololo. Pazonse, achichepere, azimayi omwe amatenga nawo mbali amatha kuwona zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana (kuphatikizapo makompyuta apakati pakompyuta) ngati kusakhulupirika. Mu maphunziro apano, kusiyana kwa zaka ndi jenda pamaganizidwe amitundu yosakhulupirika kunasanthulidwa.
Munkhani yapano, ndapereka lipoti pa kafukufuku awiri omwe ndidawunikira kuti ndidziwe zambiri za kusakhulupirika. Cholinga cha Phunziro 1 chinali kuyerekezera momwe anthu omwe akutenga nawo mbali atha kuchita zachiwerewere komanso kuchita zinthu zina mosaganizira ena (monga kusuta kwa zolaula ndi kutumizirana zolaula) ndi zachiwerewere, zamalingaliro, komanso kusakhulupirika pa intaneti (Wati, 2003).
Phunzirani 1 [TOP]
njira [TOP]
ophunzira [TOP]
Ophunzira ku koleji ochokera ku yunivesite yakumadzulo kwamkati ku United States (N = 114) ndi osewera 101 ochokera ku Amazon's Mechanical Turk atenga nawo mbali pa kafukufukuyu. Ophunzira nawo anali ndi azimayi 94 ndi amuna 20 azaka zapakati pa 18 mpaka 44 (M = 19.33, SD = 3.24). Ophunzira adalembedwapo njira ya SONA ya ku yunivesite, njira yoyendetsera kafukufuku pa intaneti, ndipo adalipidwa ngongole zofufuzira zomwe atengapo gawo, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazofunsira maphunziro kapena ngongole zowonjezera. Ophunzira nawo pa MTurk adaphatikizira amayi 48 ndi abambo 52 okhala ku US azaka zapakati pa 20 mpaka 61 (M = 33.34, SD = Zaka 9.06), ndipo adalipidwa $ 2.00 ya nthawi yawo. Ambiri omwe atenga nawo gawo pazitsanzo za MTurk (N = 73) adanenedwa kuti ali pachibwenzi chodzipereka, pomwe 58 omwe adachita nawo koleji anali muubwenzi wodzipereka.
Kupanga / Njira [TOP]
Ndinkachita kafukufuku pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito SurveyMonkey. Kuphatikiza pa mafunso oyambira, ophunzira adavotera mikhalidwe 10 yomwe idachitidwa kafukufuku wakale posonyeza kusakhulupirika (Wati, 2003). Chiwopsezo choyambirira cha Whitty cha Scitty chidaphatikizanso zinthu zitatu ndi zinthu 15, zokhudzana ndi kusakhulupirika kwa kugonana, kusakhulupirika mu mtima, ndi kusakhulupirika kwa zolaula. Ndinathetsa mafunso okhudza “macheza otentha” ngati mawu omwe sagwiritsidwanso ntchito masiku ano, ndipo ndinangofunsa funso limodzi lokha logwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Ndidakulitsa mbali zokhudzana ndi kusakhulupirika kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndikuwona momwe kutumizirana mameseji, kutumizirana zolaula, komanso kutumiza kapena kulandira zithunzi zamwano, zomwe zidavomerezeka pamalingaliro osakhulupirika. Ndidafunanso kudziwa momwe machitidwe awa akufanizira ndi machitidwe ena owona padziko lapansi omwe amawaganizira, nthawi zina, kukhala osakhulupirika, kotero ndidafunsanso zamakhalidwe khumi ndi awiri kuchokera ku Perceptions of Dating infidelity Scale (PDIS: Wilson et al., 2011). Mosangalatsa, zinthu za PDIS (Zowonetsera ndi Zachinyengo) zimadutsana ndi magawo a kugonana ndi a Emitty a Whitty's infidelity, koma ndimakondanso ndi momwe chikhalidwe chazomwe zikuyendera poyerekeza ndi chikhalidwe chokhudzana ndi Ambiguous subscale ya PDIS, monga kukumbatirana kapena kuvina ndi winawake. Pomaliza, ndidafunsa achinyamata kuti awunikenso machitidwe asanu ndi awiri okhudzana ndi kusakhulupirika kwa parasocial (mwachitsanzo, kugula / kutumiza mphatso kwa munthu wotchuka, ndikulingalira za kuthyolako, kuyang'ana zolaula zamtunduwu), ndikuyika zofunikira zenizeni pamakhalidwewo (kulingalira za winawake, akugula / kulandira mphatso kuchokera kwa wina), pazinthu 34 zonse. Monga mu kafukufuku wakale wa Whitty (komanso mu Phunziro 1 la Wilson et al.), Otenga nawo mbali adavotera chilichonse pamalingaliro asanu kuchokera posakhulupirika mpaka kusakhulupirika kwakukulu. Dongosolo la momwe amakhaliridwe adasinthidwa mwachisawawa aliyense.
Results [TOP]
Kuti ndione momwe zinthu 34 izi zimalumikizirana ndi mitundu yosakhulupirika, Ndidapereka malingaliro a omwe akhala akuchita pamakhalidwe 34 pamasewera olimbitsa thupi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zigawo zikuluzikulu za SPSS (ziwerengero zofotokozera zili mu Gulu 1).
Gulu 1
Tanthauzirani Zoyimira Kumalingaliro Omwe Amakhala Osakhulupirika
| katunduyo | M | SD |
|---|---|---|
| Kugonana pakamwa ndi munthu wina | 4.91 | 0.53 |
| Kugonana ndi munthu wina | 4.90 | 0.54 |
| Kukhala pachibwenzi ndi winawake | 4.79 | 0.71 |
| Kutumiza miseche yamwano kwa munthu wina | 4.74 | 0.68 |
| Cybersex pafupipafupi ndi anthu angapo | 4.73 | 0.72 |
| Kuzonda kwambiri / kukondana ndi munthu wina | 4.71 | 0.71 |
| zolaula | 4.70 | 0.76 |
| Kupsopsona munthu wina | 4.62 | 0.79 |
| Cybersex ndi mlendo - kamodzi | 4.62 | 0.87 |
| Kusintha Kwamasewera | 4.60 | 0.80 |
| Cybersex pafupipafupi ndi munthu yemweyo | 4.56 | 0.94 |
| Kulandila uchi wamanyazi kuchokera kwa munthu wina | 4.43 | 0.94 |
| Kukopana ndi munthu wina | 3.61 | 1.18 |
| Kugawana chidziwitso chozama cha intaneti | 3.42 | 1.26 |
| Kugawana zidziwitso zakuya mwatsatanetsatane | 3.42 | 1.24 |
| kunama | 3.33 | 1.18 |
| Gulani / landirani mphatso kuchokera kwa munthu wina | 3.30 | 1.26 |
| Kupita kukalanda mabungwe popanda iwe | 3.20 | 1.30 |
| Kubisa chidziwitso kwa inu | 3.15 | 1.13 |
| Kukhala ndi chibwenzi chosagonana popanda chilolezo | 3.03 | 1.37 |
| Kulingalira za munthu wina | 3.01 | 1.44 |
| Kukhala ndi chibwenzi chosagonana pa intaneti | 3.00 | 1.42 |
| Kupita kukadya / kukamwa ndi munthu wina | 2.84 | 1.23 |
| Gulani / tumizani mphatso zophwanya mbiri | 2.79 | 1.34 |
| Onani zolaula za otchuka | 2.69 | 1.42 |
| Kuvina ndi winawake | 2.65 | 1.17 |
| Kuwona zolaula popanda inu | 2.44 | 1.46 |
| Kupita kwinakwake ndi winawake | 2.37 | 1.22 |
| Kuyesera kukumana ndi mbiri yoponderezedwa | 2.17 | 1.17 |
| Kuyesera kulumikizana ndi otchuka | 2.11 | 1.18 |
| Kusunga chikumbutso cha otchuka kuphwanya | 2.03 | 1.13 |
| Kukhala ndi mbiri yotchuka yayitali | 2.03 | 1.16 |
| Kumangirira winawake | 2.00 | 1.06 |
| Kulingalira za kuphwanya mbiri | 1.76 | 1.04 |
Ngakhale zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zinali ndi Eigenvalues pamtunda umodzi, kuneneratu 71% ya kusiyana, conceptually, yankho la zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi silinali labwino. Njira yothetsera zinayi idalosera 63 peresenti ya kusiyanasiyana, ndi zinthu za parasocial zomwe zimagawidwa muzikhalidwe zenizeni zapadziko lonse lapansi (Parasocial Behaviour) ndi machitidwe amodzi payekha (Kulingalira kwa Parasocial), kusiya zikhalidwe zina zomwe zikutsamira pazinthu ziwiri - Kugonana ndi Emotional. Makhalidwe ochititsa chidwi kuchokera ku PDIS omwe amagwirizana ndi Emotional (Chinyengo). Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunaphatikizidwa mu Parasocial Fantasy factor, ngakhale potumiza or kulandira machitidwe oyandikana nawo adadzigawanitsa gulu lachigololo (onani Gulu 2 za zinthu zodzaza). Pakatikati pazinthu chilichonse amawerengedwa.
Gulu 2
Factor Pattern Matrix Phunziro 1
| Kanthu Kosakhulupirika | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| emoticon | kugonana | PB | PF | |
| Zoyeserera | 12.79 | 5.48 | 2.14 | 1.48 |
| Kufotokozera kosiyanasiyana | 37.64 | 16.10 | 6.29 | 4.36 |
| Kupita kwinakwake ndi winawake | 0.789 | 0.116 | 0.089 | 0.096 |
| Gulani / landirani mphatso za / kwa wina | 0.776 | -0.006 | 0.069 | 0.058 |
| Kugawana zidziwitso zakuya ndi munthu pa intaneti | 0.767 | -0.050 | -0.161 | -0.070 |
| Kugawana zidziwitso zakuya ndi munthu wosachita nawo intaneti | 0.763 | -0.073 | -0.081 | -0.003 |
| Kupita kukadya kapena kukamwa ndi munthu wina | 0.688 | -0.010 | 0.106 | -0.034 |
| Kubisa chidziwitso kwa inu | 0.683 | -0.033 | 0.070 | 0.023 |
| Amakunamizani | 0.680 | -0.075 | 0.129 | 0.098 |
| Kukhala ndi zibwenzi pa intaneti zosagonana | 0.526 | -0.070 | -0.002 | -0.084 |
| Kukhala ndi zibwenzi zopanda kugonana | 0.505 | -0.027 | 0.038 | -0.046 |
| Kumangirira winawake | 0.448 | 0.072 | -0.020 | -0.281 |
| Kuvina ndi winawake | 0.433 | -0.066 | -0.081 | -0.309 |
| Kukopana ndi munthu wina | 0.397 | -0.223 | -0.051 | -0.296 |
| Cybersex pafupipafupi ndi anthu angapo | -0.042 | -0.907 | -0.012 | -0.006 |
| Kutumiza miseche yamwano kwa munthu wina | -0.037 | -0.905 | -0.005 | -0.069 |
| Kugonana pakamwa ndi munthu wina | -0.057 | -0.868 | 0.075 | 0.154 |
| Kugonana ndi munthu wina | -0.035 | -0.858 | 0.077 | 0.159 |
| zolaula | 0.021 | -0.845 | 0.056 | 0.029 |
| Kuyendetsa katundu mwamphamvu / kukondweretsa | -0.009 | -0.809 | 0.091 | 0.135 |
| Kusintha Kwamasewera | 0.079 | -0.803 | 0.052 | -0.035 |
| Kukhala pachibwenzi ndi winawake | 0.010 | -0.790 | 0.000 | -0.032 |
| Cybersex ndi mlendo - kamodzi | 0.013 | -0.764 | -0.079 | -0.168 |
| Kupsopsona munthu wina | 0.100 | -0.725 | -0.046 | -0.041 |
| Cybersex pafupipafupi ndi munthu yemweyo | 0.033 | -0.640 | -0.067 | -0.092 |
| Kulandila uchi wamanyazi kuchokera kwa munthu wina | 0.073 | -0.567 | -0.144 | -0.210 |
| Kuyesera kulumikizana ndi otchuka | 0.081 | -0.056 | 0.787 | -0.047 |
| Kuyesa kukumana ndi otchuka ophwanya | 0.084 | -0.028 | 0.772 | -0.086 |
| Kugula / kutumiza mphatso zotchuka | 0.232 | -0.073 | 0.550 | -0.091 |
| Kuwona zolaula za otchuka aphwanya | 0.057 | -0.067 | 0.154 | -0.764 |
| Kuwona zolaula popanda inu | 0.081 | -0.061 | 0.054 | -0.736 |
| Kulingalira za munthu wina | 0.239 | -0.082 | -0.084 | -0.647 |
| Kulingalira za mbiri / mbiri yophwanya | -0.109 | -0.003 | 0.406 | -0.609 |
| Kusunga zikumbutso za otchuka / maphwando | 0.073 | 0.048 | 0.380 | -0.581 |
| Kukhala ndi nthawi yayitali yodziwika pa mbiri / chikhalidwe | 0.047 | 0.066 | 0.455 | -0.539 |
| Kupita kukalanda mabungwe popanda iwe | 0.308 | -0.089 | 0.009 | -0.460 |
Zindikirani. Boldface imawonetsa zolemba zapamwamba kwambiri.
Monga momwe Whitty's (2003) kuphunzira, Kugonana kwa munthu wogonana kumaphatikizaponso zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso kusakhulupirika kwa kugonana. Monga kunanenedweratu, chikhalidwe cha media monga kutumizirana mameseji, kutumiza mafoni olaula, kutumiza kapena kulandira zithunzi zoyipa zamalingaliro zimaphatikizidwanso mu chiwerewere cha kugonana, pazikhalidwe zonse khumi ndi ziwiri (α = .12). Monga tikuwonera Gulu 1, zokhudzana ndi kugonana zomwe zimapangidwa kudzera pama media azisangalalo zofanana kwambiri ndi zochitika zenizeni zakugonana pokhudzana ndi kusakhulupirika. Kusakhulupirika m'maganizo kunaphatikizapo mayendedwe khumi ndi awiri, omwe amakhalanso osasinthika mkati (α = .12). Kulingalira kwa Parasocial kunaphatikizapo machitidwe asanu ndi awiri (α = .908), kuphatikizapo zikhalidwe zina zokhudzana ndi zolaula, ndipo Parasocial Behaeve inaphatikizanso mikhalidwe itatu yomwe imakhudza kuyeserera kucheza ndi munthu wamoyo weniweni (kuwagulira mphatso, kuyesa kulumikizana kapena kukumana nawo; α = .908).
Kuti muwone ngati panali zovuta za jenda pamalingaliro amitundu yosakhulupirika, ndinayendetsa ANVOA yosakanizika ndi SpSS, ndi mitundu inayi ya kusakhulupirika ngati magawanidwe osadziimira, amuna ndi akazi (amuna kapena akazi) monga pakati pa maphunziro pawokha, ndi kusakhulupirika pamlingo wosiyana. Panali zotsatira zazikulu za mtundu wa kusakhulupirika pamiyeso ya kusakhulupirika, F(3, 639) = 510.46, p <.001, η2 = .706. Kuyerekeza kwa Pairwise kunawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwapakati pa Kusakhulupirika Kwa Kugonana kunali kwakukulu kwambiri (M = 4.69, SD = 0.60) kuposa kwa Emotional Kusakhulupirika (M = 2.98, SD = 0.87), Zodabwitsa Zosangalatsa (M = 2.45, SD = 1.04) kapena Parasocial Behavior (M = 2.35, SD = 1.06). Kuphatikiza apo, Emotional infidelity idawerengedwa kwambiri mokhudzana ndi kusakhulupirika kuposa gawo lililonse la parasocial.
Panalinso zotsatira zazikulu za jenda pazolingalira zakusakhulupirika, F(1, 213) = 8.42, p Nambala = .0042 = .038. Ponseponse, akazi adavala zamakhalidwe monga kuwonetsa kusakhulupirika (M = 3.22, SD = 0.74) kuposa amuna (M = 2.93, SD = 0.58). Komabe, kulumikizana kwa mtundu wamakhalidwe ndi jenda kunalinso kofunika, F(3, 624) = 2.46, p Nambala = .0622 = .012. Zodziimira payokha t mayeso adawonetsa kuti, makamaka, azimayi amatha kuwerengera zachiphamaso cha Parasocial ndi Emotional infidelity ngati kusakhulupirika (onani. Gulu 3).
Gulu 3
Kufanizira kwa Defidelity Scores mwa Type ndi Gender, Phunziro 1
| Mtundu Wosakhulupirika | Women M (SD) | Men M (SD) | t | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khalidwe La Parasocial | 2.36 (1.13) | 2.35 (0.93) | 0.07 | 0.01 |
| Zolingalira za Parasocial | 2.60 (1.06) | 2.17 (0.93) | 2.92 ** | 0.43 |
| kugonana | 4.76 (0.62) | 4.56 (0.55) | 2.29 * | 0.34 |
| Zamalingaliro | 3.16 (0.88) | 2.65 (0.74) | 4.27 *** | 0.63 |
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
ANOVA yina yosakanikirana idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'ana zaka zakukhudzana ndi malingaliro a mitundu yosakhulupirika. Age idaphatikizidwa ngati gawo lapakati pa maphunziro. Panali zotsatira zazikulu za zaka pazaka zakusakhulupirika, F(1, 209) = 5.41, p Nambala = .0212 = .025. Age adaneneratu za momwe ophunzira adavotera zodabwitsa za Parasocial, β = -.026, t = -3.59, p <.001, ndi kusakhulupirika Kwamtima, β = -.023, t = -3.73, p <.001. Kukula kwa msinkhu, ophunzira anali ocheperako pamakhalidwe awa osonyeza kusakhulupirika.
Pomaliza, zoyeserera za ubale pamalingaliro amitundu yosakhulupirika zinafufuzidwa. Zotsatira za ANOVA yina yosakanikirana idawonetsa kuti panali zotsatira zakukhudzana kwa ubale (muubwenzi wodzipereka vs.) pa malingaliro a kusakhulupirika, F(1, 213) = 6.33, p Nambala = .0132 = .029. Zodziimira payokha t kuyezetsa kunawonetsa kuti onse omwe ali pachiyanjano chovomerezeka pamakhalidwe azikhalidwe komanso mwamalingaliro kwambiri kuposa osakhulupirika omwe ali pachiyanjano (onani. Gulu 4).
Gulu 4
Kufanizira kwa Defidelity Scores ndi Mtundu ndi Chibwenzi, Phunziro 1
| Mtundu Wosakhulupirika | Single M (SD) | ubwenzi M (SD) | t | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khalidwe La Parasocial | 2.12 (0.95) | 2.51 (1.11) | -2.68 ** | 0.38 |
| Zolingalira za Parasocial | 2.33 (0.88) | 2.53 (1.13) | -1.43 | 0.20 |
| kugonana | 4.65 (0.75) | 4.72 (0.48) | -0.82 | 0.11 |
| Zamalingaliro | 2.80 (0.78) | 3.10 (0.90) | -2.54 * | 0.36 |
Zindikirani. Para. Beh. = Kusintha kwa Parasocial; Para. Fumbo. = Zolingalira za Parasocial.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Kukambirana [TOP]
Kafukufuku wowonjezerawa akupitiliza zomwe zimadziwika za momwe anthu amazindikirira machitidwe amtundu wina wakunja. Ponseponse, zoyeserera zokhudzana ndi kusakhulupirika zomwe zimachitika kudzera pama media media (ngati ma Snapchatting) zimawonedwa chimodzimodzi ndi zomwe zidaphunziridwa kale pazakuchita za ukazitape (monga kukhala ndi cybersex ndi mlendo; Wati, 2003), komanso zosewerera komanso zikhalidwe za pa intaneti zidagawidwa m'gulu la Chiwerewere pakugonana. Zowonadi, poyerekeza ndi kafukufuku wakale wa Whitty, anthu adavotera kutumiza ndikulandila zithunzi zamaliseche kudzera pa malo ochezera a pa TV kapena malo ena amagetsi kwa anthu ena ngati osakhulupirika kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale zikhalidwe za parasocally sizidaoneke zachinyengo kwambiri poyerekeza ndi anzawo omwe amagwirira nawo ntchito, anali, monga ananenedweratu, anazindikira chimodzimodzi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pazokhudza kusakhulupirika. Chifukwa chake, zikuwoneka kuti ngati wina awona kuti zolaula za mnzake ndizosakhulupirika, angathenso kuwona maubwenzi achikondi kukhala osakhulupirika, ndipo nawonso akhoza kupsinjika ndi izi.
Panali zosiyana zina momwe anthu amazindikira kuti ndi osakhulupirika. Pafupifupi, azimayi amawona ngati amuna ndi akazi amakhala osakhulupirika kwambiri, koma sizinatanthauze zaka kapena maubwenzi pazomwe zimadziwika. Amayi ndi achinyamata omwe atenga nawo mbali amatha kusinthasintha zochitika zokhudzana ndi malingaliro amwano monga kusakhulupirika, chimodzimodzi ndi zotsatira za Zolemba (2003). Kuti achichepere omwe adachita nawo zachiwerewere adawona mavutowa kukhala okwera kwambiri chifukwa cha kusakhulupirika kungachitike chifukwa chosadziwa zambiri ndi maubale, kapena chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chosintha chokhudza ubale wabwino wakunja. Nthawi zina, machitidwe amisala kwa mnzake amatha kuwoneka kuti ndiwopereka, ndipo mwakutero, atha kusokoneza ubalewo, makamaka kwa amayi achichepere. Njira zothandizira kulumikizana zikukula, momwemonso zokambirana ziyenera kuzungulira zomwe zili zovomerezeka mu maubale. Zomwe zimawonedwa ngati zopanda vuto ndi mnzake zitha kuonedwa ngati kusakhulupirika kwa mnzake.
Ngakhale ochita nawo mbali adawoneka kuti akuwona zikhalidwe ndi njira zachiwerewere monga njira za kusakhulupirika zofanana ndi kusakhulupirika kwa kugonana komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ndizotheka kuti zovuta zomwe tikuwona zikucheperachepera, makamaka paubwenzi wamgwirizano. Ophunzira atha kuganiza kuti machitidwe ena a parasocal amatha kuphwanya malamulo aubwenzi weniweni, koma akhoza kukhala osakhudzidwa ndi kuphwanyidwa kotereku kuposa zochita zina, kapena angaganize kuti sangakhale ndi ufulu wopweteketsedwa chifukwa chakuphwanya kumene. Kafukufuku wachiwiri udachitika kuti zitsimikizire kuti zomwe zidachitidwa kale, makamaka zamakhalidwe, zimawonedwa ngati kusakhulupirika ndipo zimasokoneza maubwenzi, ndikufanizira zomwe zachitika pakugonana, Emotional, ndi Parasocial, ndikuwonetsetsa kuchuluka ndi zotulukapo. kusakhulupirika kwa parasocial.
Phunzirani 2 [TOP]
njira [TOP]
ophunzira [TOP]
Ophunzirawo adalembedwa kudzera pa MTurk komanso kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Midwestern ku United States. Ophunzira nawo ku koleji adaphatikizapo azimayi 68 ndi abambo 29 azaka zoyambira 18 mpaka 28 (M = 18.91, SD = 1.69). Ophunzira adalembedwapo njira ya SONA ya ku yunivesite, njira yoyendetsera kafukufuku pa intaneti, ndipo adalipidwa ngongole zofufuzira zomwe atengapo gawo, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazofunsira maphunziro kapena ngongole zowonjezera. Ophunzira nawo pa MTurk adaphatikizira amayi 34 ndi amuna 66 azaka zapakati pa 19 mpaka 59 azaka (M = 31.60, SD = Zaka 8.15), ndipo adalipidwa $ 1.00 ya nthawi yawo. Ambiri omwe atenga nawo gawo pazitsanzo za MTurk (N = 62) adanenedwa kuti ali pachibwenzi chodzipereka, pomwe 43 omwe adachita nawo koleji anali muubwenzi wodzipereka.
Kupanga / Njira [TOP]
Ndinachitanso kafukufuku wa pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito SurveyMonkey. Kuphatikiza pa kufunsa kwa chiwerengero, njira zinaphatikizanso machitidwe omwe omwe adawerengera kale adagwirizana pankhani ya kusakhulupirika. Zina zomwe zidaphatikizidwa ndi zomwe zidapangidwa, kuphatikiza mnzake atalemba zithunzi za Facebook zomwe zimawonetsa kukopeka ndi munthu wina, kukhala ndi akaunti yakanema yolankhulirana, ndikuwuza wokondedwa wawo kuti akufuna awoneke ngati gulu lawo lodziwika. Khalidwe lirilonse lidavoteledwa kudzera bala yotsika kuchoka pa 0 mpaka 100 molingana ndi momwe zopweteka mchitidwe ukakhala kuti mnzake atenga nawo mbali pazowonjezera zonse zomwe akuchita. Dongosolo momwe makhalitsidwe adapangidwira lidasinthidwa mwachisawawa aliyense. Ophunzirawo adafunsidwanso ngati adakhalapo pachibwenzi chomwe wokondedwa wawo amakhala ndi chikondi cha parasocial, ndi momwe izi zimakhudzira ubale wawo.
Results [TOP]
Ndidatumiza malingaliro a omwe ali nawo mbali pazowopsa za mayendedwewo kuti awunike poyang'ana zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito kusinthana kwachindunji mu SPSS (ziwerengero zofotokozera zili mu Gulu 5). Ngakhale zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zinali ndi Eigenvalues pamtunda umodzi, zinthu zinayi zinaneneranso 64 peresenti ya kusiyana. Komabe, yankho la zifukwa zinayi silidafotokozere zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu - machitidwe omwe kale amadziwika kuti ndi osakhulupirika amakhudzidwa ndi zinthu ziwiri popanda kusiyanitsa bwino kwa ziphunzitso, ndipo machitidwe amtunduwu adasungidwa pazinthu chimodzi. Chifukwa chake, njira yothetsera mavuto atatu idawunikidwa, yomwe idalongosola 60 peresenti ya kusiyana (onani Gulu 6), ndi zinthu zomwe zimafanana kwambiri ndi Kugonana, Emotional, and Parasocial infidelity, posagawa kusiyana pakati pamakhalidwe ndi parasocial zongopeka. Chifukwa chake, pakuwunika kwotsatira, Parasocial infidelity idawerengedwa ngati chinthu chimodzi.
Gulu 5
Ziwerengero Zofotokozera za Kuvulala kwa Behaviors, Phunziro 2
| katunduyo | M | SD |
|---|---|---|
| Kugonana ndi munthu wina | 95.09 | 13.37 |
| Kupereka kugonana mkamwa | 93.01 | 16.55 |
| Kulandila kugonana mkamwa | 92.75 | 15.98 |
| Kutumiza miseche yamwano kwa munthu wina | 88.79 | 21.24 |
| Kukhala pachibwenzi ndi winawake | 88.10 | 23.69 |
| Cybersex pafupipafupi ndi munthu yemweyo | 87.44 | 21.43 |
| Kupsopsona munthu wina | 86.22 | 19.10 |
| Cybersex pafupipafupi ndi anthu angapo | 86.04 | 23.53 |
| zolaula | 85.54 | 21.11 |
| Kuzonda kwambiri / kukondana ndi munthu wina | 85.02 | 19.42 |
| Zithunzi Zithunzi Za Facebook Zogwira munthu wina | 79.86 | 23.26 |
| Kusintha Kwamasewera | 78.73 | 25.32 |
| kunama | 74.69 | 21.77 |
| Cybersex ndi mlendo - kamodzi | 73.83 | 30.19 |
| Kulandila uchi wamanyazi kuchokera kwa munthu wina | 72.37 | 32.40 |
| Ali ndi Tinder / Bumble / akaunti yofananira | 72.31 | 31.08 |
| Kubisa chidziwitso kwa inu | 69.84 | 26.20 |
| Kukopana ndi munthu wina | 67.91 | 28.69 |
| Kugawana chidziwitso chozama mwakuya | 64.62 | 30.47 |
| Tandiuza kuti mumawoneka ngati wosweka mbiri | 63.06 | 30.50 |
| Kugawana chidziwitso chozama cha intaneti | 58.71 | 30.99 |
| Kulingalira za munthu wina | 57.07 | 34.09 |
| Kupita kukalanda mabungwe popanda iwe | 50.24 | 36.00 |
| Gulani / landirani mphatso kuchokera kwa munthu wina | 50.08 | 35.16 |
| Kukhala ndi chibwenzi chosagonana pa intaneti | 47.31 | 35.74 |
| Kukhala ndi chibwenzi chosagonana popanda chilolezo | 44.07 | 35.27 |
| Gulani / tumizani mphatso zophwanya mbiri | 39.08 | 31.87 |
| Kuvina ndi winawake | 38.72 | 29.58 |
| Kupita kukadya / kukamwa ndi munthu wina | 37.93 | 32.42 |
| Kuyesera kulumikizana ndi otchuka | 34.15 | 31.42 |
| Kuyesera kukumana ndi mbiri yoponderezedwa | 32.16 | 30.88 |
| Onani zolaula za otchuka | 29.75 | 32.69 |
| Kuwona zolaula popanda inu | 25.34 | 33.59 |
| Kukhala ndi mbiri yotchuka yayitali | 21.78 | 26.56 |
| Kulingalira za kuphwanya mbiri | 20.87 | 25.43 |
| Kumangirira winawake | 18.87 | 23.66 |
| Kusunga chikumbutso cha otchuka kuphwanya | 18.69 | 25.43 |
Gulu 6
Factor Pattern Matrix Phunziro 2
| Kanthu Kosakhulupirika | F1 | F2 | F3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| kugonana | Parasoc. | Zamalingaliro | |
| Zoyeserera | 14.90 | 5.85 | 1.92 |
| Kufotokozera kosiyanasiyana | 39.22 | 15.38 | 5.05 |
| Adapereka kugonana pakamwa ndi munthu wina | 0.928 | -0.097 | -0.120 |
| Cybersex nthawi zonse munthu yemweyo | 0.909 | -0.061 | 0.011 |
| Talandilidwa pakamwa kuchokera kwa munthu wina | 0.907 | -0.080 | -0.099 |
| Cybersex pafupipafupi ndi anthu angapo | 0.906 | 0.035 | -0.033 |
| Kutumizidwa wamiseche kudzikondera munthu wina | 0.895 | -0.005 | -0.045 |
| Yatumiza munthu wina | 0.882 | 0.051 | -0.021 |
| Kugonana ndi munthu wina | 0.856 | -0.180 | -0.067 |
| Sexy Wokhazikika | 0.830 | 0.106 | 0.051 |
| Amupsompsone winawake | 0.723 | -0.081 | 0.170 |
| Cybersex ndi mlendo - kamodzi | 0.680 | 0.205 | 0.013 |
| Kuchita zozunza / kukondana kwambiri | 0.676 | 0.020 | 0.049 |
| Talandira selfie yamanyazi kudzera pa imelo / macheza / uthenga | 0.540 | 0.127 | 0.247 |
| Yatumiza zithunzi zachinyengo ndi winawake pa Facebook | 0.530 | 0.087 | 0.281 |
| Kukopeka ndi winawake | 0.502 | 0.092 | 0.340 |
| Tinder / Bumble / akaunti yofananira | 0.501 | 0.221 | 0.122 |
| Kondani ndi munthu wina | 0.497 | 0.008 | 0.020 |
| Sungani zinthu zokumbukira za mbiri yabwino / mbiri | -0.144 | 0.827 | 0.038 |
| Anayesa kukumana ndi mbiri yoponda | 0.116 | 0.812 | -0.124 |
| Kuponderezedwa kwanthawi yayitali pa mbiri / chikhalidwe | -0.103 | 0.775 | 0.118 |
| Anayesa kulumikizana ndi kuphwanya | 0.109 | 0.759 | -0.173 |
| Ndimaganiza za kuphwanya | -0.054 | 0.753 | 0.061 |
| Kugula / kutumiza mphatso zophwanya | 0.116 | 0.735 | -0.007 |
| Amawona zolaula zamtopola | -0.014 | 0.628 | 0.201 |
| Wawonera zolaula popanda iwe | -0.051 | 0.462 | 0.177 |
| Kumenya wina | -0.117 | 0.448 | 0.410 |
| Mukufuna kuvula zibonga popanda inu | 0.096 | 0.389 | 0.274 |
| Takuuzani kuti akufuna mutawoneka ngati woponderezedwa | 0.289 | 0.359 | 0.153 |
| Adagawana zachidziwitso ndi munthu wina pa intaneti | 0.003 | -0.045 | 0.767 |
| Adagawana zachidziwitso ndi munthu wina wosachita nawo intaneti | -0.070 | -0.022 | 0.702 |
| Adapita kukadya ndi munthu wina | -0.005 | 0.194 | 0.669 |
| Zosabisika kwa inu | 0.035 | -0.020 | 0.613 |
| Kugula / kulandira mphatso za / kuchokera kwa wina | 0.090 | 0.170 | 0.601 |
| Chibwenzi chosagonana pa intaneti | 0.122 | 0.153 | 0.498 |
| Amakunamizani | 0.258 | -0.156 | 0.494 |
| Kuvina ndi winawake | 0.059 | 0.266 | 0.445 |
| Ndimalingalira za winawake | 0.333 | 0.224 | 0.380 |
| Chibwenzi chosagonana popanda chilolezo | 0.093 | 0.230 | 0.348 |
Zindikirani. Boldface imawonetsa zolemba zapamwamba kwambiri.
Kugonana pachiwerewere kunaphatikizaponso zoyeserera pa intaneti, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook kapena malo ochezera azikhalidwe, pazikhalidwe zonse 16 (α = .952). Kusakhulupirika kwa Emotional kunaphatikizapo machitidwe 10, omwe analinso osasinthika mkati (α = .882). Kusakhulupirika kwa Parasocial kunaphatikizapo machitidwe 10, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (α = .905). Hugging adalumikizana ndi zonse zamtundu komanso zamavuto ndipo idatsitsidwa pakuwunika kwina.
Ndidapanga ANOVA yosakanikirana ndi mitundu itatu ya kusakhulupirika monga momwe zimakhalira mkati mwa mitu yoyimira payokha, yaimuna (yaimuna kapena yaikazi) monga zotengera zapakati pa zomwe zimasinthasintha, ndipo ndinazindikira kuvulaza ngati kusinthasintha. Panali zotsatira zazikulu za mtundu wa kusakhulupirika pamilingo yopweteketsa, F(2, 344) = 590.27, p <.001, η2 = .774. Kufanizira kwapawiri kumawonetsa kuti, zowerengera zambiri zakugonana zinali zazikulu kwambiri (M = 82.56, SD = 18.29) kuposa kwa Emotional Kusakhulupirika (M = 53.64, SD = 21.52) kapena Kusakhulupirika kwa Parasocial (M = 32.20, SD = 21.37), ndikuti kusakhulupirika kwa Emotional kudawoneka kukhala kowopsa kwambiri kuposa kusakhulupirika kwa Parasocial.
Panalinso zotsatira zazikulu za jenda pazomwe anthu omwe amapwetekedwa mtima adawona mitundu yonse ya kusakhulupirika, F(1, 172) = 42.91, p <.001, η2 = .200. Pazonse, azimayi amawona kuti kusakhulupirika ndikupweteka kwambiri (M = 63.82, SD = 15.29) kuposa amuna (M = 48.62, SD = 15.30). Kuphatikiza apo, panali mgwirizano wawung'ono koma wofunikira pakati pa kusakhulupirika ndi jenda pazomwe zimawonongeka. F(2, 344) = 3.45, p Nambala = .0332 = .02. Zodziimira payokha t kuyezetsa kunawonetsa kuti ngakhale azimayi amawona kuti kusakhulupirika nkwapweteketsa kwambiri, kusiyana kwake sikunatchulidwe pamakhalidwe a parasocal (onani. Gulu 7).
Gulu 7
Kuyerekezera kwa Score Zowononga Zoopsa mwa Type ndi Gender, Phunziro 2
| Mtundu Wosakhulupirika | Women M (SD) | Men M (SD) | t | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zosakanikirana | 37.94 (21.14) | 26.59 (20.17) | 3.63 *** | 0.55 |
| Zamalingaliro | 63.29 (19.10) | 44.21 (19.55) | 6.51 *** | 0.99 |
| kugonana | 90.22 (11.73) | 75.07 (20.39) | 5.99 *** | 0.91 |
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
ANOVA yina yosakanikirana idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'ana zaka zakukhumudwitsa kwa mitundu yosakhulupirika. Age idaphatikizidwa ngati gawo lapakati pa maphunziro. Panali zotsatira zazikulu za zaka pazaka zakusakhulupirika, F(1, 172) = 6.88, p = .010, η2 = .038. Age adaneneratu momwe ochita nawo zachiwerewere adagonera, β = -.578, t = -3.84, p <.001, ndi Kusakhulupirika Kwamtima, β = -.397, t = -2.18, p = .030. Pamene zaka zinkakula, otenga nawo mbali sangaone kuti kuchita zachiwerewere komanso kuvutikira kumakhala kopweteka.
Zotsatira za ANOVA yomaliza zidawonetsa kuti panali zotsatira zazikulu zakugwirizana kwa maubwenzi (mchiyanjano chotsimikizika osati.) Pazolingalira zovulaza, F(1, 172) = 8.88, p = .003, η2 = .049. Zodziimira payokha t kuyezetsa kwawonetsa kuti onse omwe ali pachibwenzi chodziwikiratu amatha kusakhulupilira mitundu itatu yonse ya kusakhulupirika kukhala yowawa kuposa omwe sanachite nawo zibwenzi Gulu 8).
Gulu 8
Kufanizira kwa zotsatira zowononga za Score zoopsa ndi Type ndi Ubale, Phunziro 2
| Mtundu Wosakhulupirika | Single M (SD) | ubwenzi M (SD) | t | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zosakanikirana | 27.95 (18.99) | 35.89 (22.70) | 2.48 * | 0.55 |
| Zamalingaliro | 49.59 (19.95) | 57.17 (22.31) | 2.35 * | 0.38 |
| kugonana | 78.75 (17.28) | 85.88 (18.58) | 2.61 * | 0.36 |
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Kukambirana [TOP]
Zambiri, izi zidatsimikizira ndikuwonjezera zotsatira za Phunziro 1, ndipo zikuwonetsa kuti zofananira ndi zamtopola, zachiwerewere kapena zonyansa zomwe zimachitika kudzera pama media ochezera amadziwika kuti ndizovulaza monga kusakhulupirika kwa kugonana. Chifukwa choti machitidwe awa sakuchitika kumaso sikuwapangitsa kuti asakhale ndi vuto pa maubale, ndikofunikira kuti machitidwe awa aphunziridwe mopitilira kukula ndi momwe amawonongera ubale.
Kuphatikiza apo, mikhalidwe yokhudzana ndi kusakhulupirika kwa parasocial idadziwikanso yovulaza chimodzimodzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Monga tanena kale, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito mopitilira muyeso, kumatha kuwononga zibwenzi zenizeni (Schneider et al., 2012), ndipo imagwirizana kwambiri ndikudzipereka kwa wokondedwa wanu ndikugwirizana ndi kusakhulupirika (Lambert et al., 2012). Zotsatira za kafukufuku wachiwiri zikutsimikizira kuti ngakhale mbali imodzi, machitidwe a parasochu amathanso kusokoneza maubwenzi achikondi, makamaka kwa azimayi ndi iwo omwe ali pachibwenzi.
Kukambirana Kwambiri [TOP]
Pali mfundo ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zakufufuza kwaposachedwa. Choyamba, zachiwerewere kapena zamasewera zomwe zimachitika kudzera pazosewerera zimadziwikanso chimodzimodzi osati machitidwe achiwerewere okha komanso chiwerewere, ndipo zimawonedwa monga zovulaza maubwenzi achikondi. Zotsatira izi zikufanana ndi za Zovuta (2003; 2005,, ndikuwuzanso kuti machitidwe a extradyadic sayenera kukhala akuthupi kuti awoneke ngati osakhulupirika.
Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale maubwenzi a parasocial sangaganizidwe kuti ndi achibale enieni chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo, zotsatira za kafukufuku waposachedwa zikuwonetsa kuti maubwenzi a parasocial amakonderedwa chimodzimodzi komanso zowawa monga kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pokhudzana ndi kuperekedwa kwa chikondi ziyembekezo pachibwenzi. Kuchita izi m'mabanjawa kumatha kuphwanya miyambo yokhazikika kapena yoyenera, ndipo kutha kuwononga maubale. Zotsatira za kafukufuku waposachedwa zikuwonetsa kuti kuphwanya izi kungawonedwe makamaka ndi kuthandiza atsikana. Tsoka ilo, pamene anthu amathera nthawi yochulukirapo pama foni awo anzeru komanso m'malo otetezedwa, mwayi wokhudzana ndi kusakhulupirika kwa anthu wamba ndi kusakhulupirika kwa parasuro zimakulirakulira, monganso momwe ubalewo ungawononge. Gawo limodzi lazofufuza zamtsogolo liyenera kuwunika momwe ogwiritsira ntchito anzawo akuwonetsera pokhudzana ndi machitidwe amtundu wa extradyadic weniweni ndi parasocial. Sizikudziwikanso ngati anthu omwe akukambirana akukambirana za kusakhulupirika. Ofufuza apitawo adawona kuti kulumikizana pakati pa okwatirana kumalumikizana bwino ndi kukhutitsidwa kwa ubale (Litzinger & Gordon, 2005). Monga momwe amagwirira ntchito zolaula, kulumikizana zokhudzana ndi malingaliro omwe ali ovomerezeka kapena ogonana, kuphatikiza pa TV kapena pa intaneti, kumatha kubweretsa kukhutitsidwa kwa ubale. Ofufuzawo amtsogolo angafune kuti asangowona zomwe anthu amawona kuti ndi osakhulupirika, komanso zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azikhala osakhulupirika kwa anzawo.
Chifukwa chiyani anthu amachita kusakhulupirika? Kafukufuku wokhudza kusakhulupirika akuwonetsa kuti kusakhutira kwa ubale (makamaka kwa azimayi) ndi kukhutitsidwa pogonana (makamaka kwa abambo) kumayenderana ndi kusakhulupirika kwakukulu (Mphepo & Hartnett, 2005). Zitha kuti anthu amathanso kuchita zikhalidwe zowoneka bwino kudzera pa media kapena kumachita zosangalatsa zofanananso ndi zifukwa zina. Zowonadi zake, maubwino omwe amalandidwa chifukwa cha maubwenzi achikondi amawoneka ofanana ndi omwe amapeza zibwenzi zenizeni zenizeni (Adam & Sizemore, 2013). Komabe, pakhoza kukhala kusiyana kwakukulu osati chifukwa chokha anthu amakhalira motere, komanso amene amachititsa mitundu iyi ya kusakhulupirika. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuyenera kuyankha mafunso awa.
sitingathe [TOP]
Pali malire ofunikira kumaphunziro awa. Maphunziro onsewa anali owunika mwachilengedwe, ndipo adachitidwa kuti awone ngati machitidwe amtundu wa extradyadic angaonedwe ngati mitundu ya kusakhulupirika. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuyenera kuwunikiranso zomwe zapezeka kuti njira zachiwerewere zimawonekera chimodzimodzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ndikuti machitidwe azinthu zapa media akuwoneka chimodzimodzi ndi kusakhulupirika kwa kugonana kwa pa intaneti komanso kugonana. Kuphatikiza apo, zitsanzo zazing'onozi sizinalole kuti kuyesedwa kwa mitundu yayikulu pakati pa maphunziro apakati pazisinthidwe. Atha kukhala kuti amuna achichepere, mwachitsanzo, amatha kuwona zomwe amaphunzira mosiyana ndi zomwe titha kuyerekezera ndi zomwe taphunzira pakalipano. Chitsanzo chokulirapo chingapangitse kuti kuwunikiridwa kwakukulu kwa zochitika zogwirira ntchito kuwona kuti ndi mitundu yanji ya anthu yomwe imakonda kuzindikira zomwe zimachita parasocial, makamaka, monga kusakhulupirika.
Zinalepheretsa maphunziro awa kuti momwe mtundu uliwonse umayesedwa munjira imodzi yokha. Ngakhale izi zidapangidwa kuti muchepetse kutalika kwa kafukufukuyu, kafukufuku wamtsogolo atha kuyang'ana pa chikhalidwe cha anthu kapena zikhalidwe zina komanso kuwunika malingaliro osiyanasiyana pamakhalidwewo.
Pomaliza, maonedwe azinthu zosiyanasiyana za anthu azisangalalo zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe chamtunduwu komanso zochitika zina zachikhalidwe zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Ndiwowoneka kuti kuwonjezereka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito makanema ndi makanema atolankhani kumaonjezera zomwe zimachitika mwanjira imeneyi, ndikukhudza miyambo yomwe tikuwona mozungulira zizolowazi. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akhoza kuonanso kupezeka kwama media ndi kusakhulupirika kwa parasocial poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito media, komanso magulu osiyanasiyana azikhalidwe.
ndalama [TOP]
Wolemba alibe ndalama zoti afotokozere.
Zosangalatsa Zovuta [TOP]
Wolemba walengeza kuti palibe zopikisana zomwe zilipo.
Kuvomereza [TOP]
Wolemba alibe chilichonse choti anganene.
Kuvomerezeka kwa Makhalidwe [TOP]
Njira zonse zochitidwa m'maphunziro okhudzira anthu omwe adatenga nawo gawo molingana ndi mfundo zoyenera kutsata pa Institutional Review Board komanso chilengezo cha Helsinki cha 1964 ndi kusintha kwake kwamtsogolo kapena miyezo yofananira.
Chidziwitso chodziwika chinaperekedwa kwa onse omwe anali nawo mu phunziroli.
Zothandizira [TOP]
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