Zithunzi Zolaula monga "Kusankha ‑ Chiwonetsero": Lolani, Lolani II (2021) lolembedwa ndi Paul J. Wright

Wright, PJ Arch Sex Behav 50, 393–399 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01922-z

“Asiyeni, zipiteni

Sindingathe kuzibweza

Zisiyeni zizipita, zilekeni

Tembenukani ndi kutseka chitseko” (Elsa – Disney’s Frozen )

Mu Kalata ina m'magazini ino, ndinalemba mwachidule za zoopsa zambiri za njira yomwe ilipo panopa yopezera zinthu zosinthika zachitatu mu kafukufuku wa zotsatira za zolaula (Wright, 2021 ). Ndikukhulupirira kuti owerenga Kalata iyi adzawerenga zomwe zatchulidwa kale, koma mfundo yake ndi yakuti ofufuza zolaula ayenera kuwona zinthu zosinthika zachitatu ngati zoneneratu (monga zinthu zomwe zimasiyanitsa kuchuluka ndi mtundu wa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito), oyimira pakati (monga njira zonyamulira zotsatira za zolaula), kapena oyang'anira (zinthu za anthu ndi zochitika zomwe zimaletsa kapena kupangitsa kuti zolaula zichitike),

Patatha zaka pafupifupi khumi kuchokera ku Frozen party, popeza mwana wanga wamkazi anali ndi zaka zofanana ndi za Abraham, ndinagwira mawu a Elsa popempha anzanga kuti "asiye" lingaliro la "kusokonezeka komwe kungachitike" ndikuyamba lingaliro la "zolosera, njira, ndi zochitika zosayembekezereka". Monga ndanenera, chilimbikitso ichi chinali cha zaka zingapo chikuchitika ndipo ndinamva bwino kuti pomaliza pake, mwalamulo, ndachifotokoza.

Komabe, m'masiku otsatira, lingaliro la "ntchito yosatha" linali lomveka bwino. Ndinkadziwa kuti pali uthenga wina wofunikira kuufotokoza. Tsopano ndikuyang'ana Frozen II kuti ndipeze chilimbikitso (pamene mwana wanga wamkazi wapita ku ulendo wotsatira wa Elsa ndi Anna), ndikutchula mawu a Anna ndikulimbikitsa anzanga kuti aone kupusa kwa mawu ake chifukwa pakadali pano akugwiritsidwa ntchito pamwambo wa "kusankha-kulongosola ngati njira ina" mu kafukufuku wa zolaula.

Njira Yovuta Yamakono

“Zinthu zina zimakhala zowona nthawi zonse; Zinthu zina sizisintha ”

(Anna - Disney's Frozen II)

Monga momwe owerenga aliyense, ngakhale wodziwa bwino magawo okambirana za zotsatira za zolaula pogwiritsa ntchito deta yodutsa, akudziwa kuti ndi chitsimikizo chenicheni kuti olembawo achenjeza kuti kugwirizana kulikonse komwe adapeza pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ( X ) ndi chikhulupiriro, malingaliro, kapena khalidwe lomwe likuphunziridwa ( Y ) kungakhale chifukwa cha "kusankha" (monga anthu omwe ali kale ndi chikhulupiriro, malingaliro, kapena machitidwe omwe amakokedwa ndi zomwe zili pa intaneti zomwe zimawonetsa izi) osati kuyanjana ndi anthu ogonana (monga anthu omwe akukhudzidwa ndi zomwe zili pa intaneti zokhudzana ndi kugonana motsatira chikhulupiriro, malingaliro, kapena khalidwe). Mwanjira ina, olembawo adzatenga lingaliro lakuti ngakhale masamba a mfundo zamalingaliro ndi zamaganizo zomwe adapereka potsimikizira mphamvu ya X → Y mu gawo lawo lowunikira mabuku, ndizotheka kuti Y → X. Wolembayo adzapempha "kafukufuku wa nthawi yayitali" kuti "athetse" momwe ubalewu ulili. Kuwunikanso magawo okambirana kuyambira zaka zambiri zapitazo mpaka masiku ano kukuwonetsa kuti "ndi zoona nthawi zonse" kuti zolaula zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zotsatira zake zimakhala chifukwa cha kusankhana mitundu monga momwe zimakhalira ndi anthu ogonana; izi "sizisintha," malinga ndi Anna.

Izi, ndithudi, n’zosemphana ndi sayansi. Palibe chomwe “nthawi zonse chimakhala choona” mu sayansi, chifukwa chidziwitso cha sayansi “chimasintha” pamene chidziwitso chatsopano chikupangidwa. Malinga ndi Arendt ndi Matthes ( 2017 ), “Sayansi imasonkhana m’njira yakuti kafukufuku aliyense amamanga pa ntchito yakale” (tsamba 2). Malinga ndi Hocking ndi Miller ( 1974 ), “Asayansi sayenera kuyamba kufufuza kuyambira pachiyambi. Akhoza kumanga pa chidziwitso chakale” (tsamba 1). Malinga ndi Sparks ( 2013 ), sayansi “ndi yotseguka kuti isinthidwe—pamene nthawi ikupita, umboni watsopano ungayembekezeredwe kusintha njira zomwe zilipo zoganizira za chochitika” (tsamba 14).

Monga momwe owerenga aliyense, ngakhale wodziwa bwino magawo okambirana za zotsatira za zolaula pogwiritsa ntchito deta yodutsa, akudziwa kuti ndi chitsimikizo chenicheni kuti olembawo achenjeza kuti kugwirizana kulikonse komwe adapeza pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ( X ) ndi chikhulupiriro, malingaliro, kapena khalidwe lomwe likuphunziridwa ( Y ) kungakhale chifukwa cha "kusankha" (monga anthu omwe ali kale ndi chikhulupiriro, malingaliro, kapena machitidwe omwe amakokedwa ndi zomwe zili pa intaneti zomwe zimawonetsa izi) osati kuyanjana ndi anthu ogonana (monga anthu omwe akukhudzidwa ndi zomwe zili pa intaneti zokhudzana ndi kugonana motsatira chikhulupiriro, malingaliro, kapena khalidwe). Mwanjira ina, olembawo adzatenga lingaliro lakuti ngakhale masamba a mfundo zamalingaliro ndi zamaganizo zomwe adapereka potsimikizira mphamvu ya X → Y mu gawo lawo lowunikira mabuku, ndizotheka kuti Y → X. Wolembayo adzapempha "kafukufuku wa nthawi yayitali" kuti "athetse" momwe ubalewu ulili. Kuwunikanso magawo okambirana kuyambira zaka zambiri zapitazo mpaka masiku ano kukuwonetsa kuti "ndi zoona nthawi zonse" kuti zolaula zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zotsatira zake zimakhala chifukwa cha kusankhana mitundu monga momwe zimakhalira ndi anthu ogonana; izi "sizisintha," malinga ndi Anna.

Izi, ndithudi, n’zosemphana ndi sayansi. Palibe chomwe “nthawi zonse chimakhala choona” mu sayansi, chifukwa chidziwitso cha sayansi “chimasintha” pamene chidziwitso chatsopano chikupangidwa. Malinga ndi Arendt ndi Matthes ( 2017 ), “Sayansi imasonkhana m’njira yakuti kafukufuku aliyense amamanga pa ntchito yakale” (tsamba 2). Malinga ndi Hocking ndi Miller ( 1974 ), “Asayansi sayenera kuyamba kufufuza kuyambira pachiyambi. Akhoza kumanga pa chidziwitso chakale” (tsamba 1). Malinga ndi Sparks ( 2013 ), sayansi “ndi yotseguka kuti isinthidwe—pamene nthawi ikupita, umboni watsopano ungayembekezeredwe kusintha njira zomwe zilipo zoganizira za chochitika” (tsamba 14).

Ngati panalibe maphunziro a nthawi yayitali poyerekeza kuyanjana kwa kugonana ndi mafotokozedwe osankha, zingakhale zomveka kuti maphunziro a zotsatira za zolaula agwiritse ntchito izi ngati kufotokozera koyenera kwa mgwirizano wofunikira womwe adapeza pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi zotsatira zomwe adaphunzira. Popeza ndafalitsa mapepala angapo a nthawi yayitali omwe akupeza umboni wa kuyanjana kwa kugonana koma osati kuyanjana kosankha, ndikudziwa kuti pali maphunziro otere, komabe. Kafukufuku wa nthawi yayitali wophatikizana umagwiritsa ntchito deta ya gulu kuti ayerekeze mwachindunji mafotokozedwe a X → Y ndi Y → X a momwe ubale wa XY ulili. Chifukwa chakuti magawo oyambirira a muyezowo akuphatikizidwa ngati covariate, mgwirizano wofunikira umasonyeza kuti cholosera chikugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa pakati pa munthu payekha mu muyezo pakapita nthawi.

Kuti ndione ngati panali maphunziro ena opitilira anga, ndinafufuza za Google Scholar pogwiritsa ntchito mawu awa: (1) “zolaula” “selective-exposure” “cross-lagged” ndi (2) “zolaula” “reverse causality” “cross-lagged.” Chifukwa chakuti zonse ziwirizi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito (Slater, 2015 ), ndinafufuzanso “zolaula” “reciprocal” “cross-lagged.”

Zotsatira za kusaka kumeneku zafotokozedwa mwachidule mu Gome 1. Mwa maphunziro 25, ambiri (14) adapeza umboni wa kugonana kokha; kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula koyambirira kunaneneratu zotsatira chimodzi kapena zingapo zomwe zidaphunziridwa, koma mosiyana sizinali choncho (mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa zotsatira kapena zotsatira sizinaneneretu kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pambuyo pake). Maphunziro khumi adapeza umboni wa mphamvu yobwezera (mwachitsanzo, zizolowezi zakale zimapangitsa kuti anthu ena azionera zolaula kuposa ena ndipo anthuwa adakhudzidwa pambuyo pake ndi kuwonetsedwa kwawo). Kafukufuku mmodzi yekha adapeza umboni wa kuwonetsedwa kosankha kokha. Komabe, monga momwe zafotokozedwera m'mawu am'munsi patebulo, mawonekedwe a mgwirizano wonse adawonetsa chitsanzo cha mphamvu yobwezera kapena kusakhudzidwa mbali iliyonse.

Komanso mfundo yofunika kuiganizira ndi maphunziro a gulu la nthawi yayitali omwe apeza zolaula zazikulu → kugwirizana kwa zotsatira, pambuyo powerengera kuchuluka kwa zotsatira zake koyambirira. Zitsanzo za maphunziro otere zalembedwa mu Gome 2. Monga momwe Collins et al. ( 2004 ) adanenera mu imodzi mwa maphunziro oyamba a gulu la nthawi yayitali okhudza zotsatira za kugonana kwa atolankhani, "kusanthula kwathu kunayang'anira kuchuluka kwa zochita zogonana kwa achinyamata poyambira, kupereka kufotokozera kwa zomwe zachitika chifukwa cha zomwe tapeza sizingatheke" (tsamba 287).

Mwachidule, lingaliro loti kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pazogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi zikhulupiriro, malingaliro, ndi machitidwe pamaphunziro apazigawo zitha kukhala chifukwa chakuwonekera posankha ndikutsutsana ndi umboni womwe udapeza ndipo zitha kuthandizidwa ndi filosofi (yotsutsana ndi mawu Arendt & Matthes, 2017; Hocking & Miller, 1974; Sparks, 2013) kutsimikizira kuti sayansi siyokwera ndipo kafukufuku aliyense ndi chidutswa chayokha chodziyimira chokha; kuti asayansi akuyenera kuyambira pomwepo ndi kafukufuku aliyense - sangathe kuwonjezera chidziwitso chawo; ndikuti sayansi siyotsegulidwa kuti isinthidwe-ngakhale kutha kwa nthawi komanso umboni watsopano, njira zoganizira chodabwitsa siziyenera kukonzedwanso.

Malangizo kwa Olemba, Okonza, ndi Openda

Malinga ndi zomwe tafotokozazi, ndikupangira zotsatirazi kwa olemba, olemba, komanso owunikira zolaula zomwe zimafufuza zomwe zanenedweratu kuti zikugwirizana pakati pa zolaula ndi zikhulupiriro, malingaliro, ndi machitidwe.

Olemba: Musanene kuti kusankha-kutulutsa nkhani ndi njira ina yomveka bwino yofotokozera zomwe mwapeza. Ngati owunikira ndi akonzi akufuna kuti muchite, apatseni Kalata iyi. Ngati akufunabe, lembani mawu ofunikira oti "malire" afalitsidwe mwanjira yomwe ingakuchotsereni ku maganizo osadziwa bwino awa ndikugwiritsa ntchito Kalata iyi.

Owunikira: Musafunse olemba kuti anene kuti kuonera zithunzi mosankha ndi njira ina yomveka bwino yofotokozera zotsatira zawo pokhapokha ngati mungathe kufotokoza momveka bwino chifukwa chake deta yawo ndi zomwe apeza ndi nkhani yapadera komanso yatsopano kotero kuti umboni wosonkhanitsidwa wotsutsana ndi womwe sungagwiritsidwe ntchito. Poganizira momwe mabukuwa alili, udindo uli pa inu kufotokoza chifukwa chake kuyanjana kwa zithunzi zolaula zomwe olembawo akufotokoza ndi kungowonetsa zithunzi mosankha. Ngati olembawo apereka mawuwo okha, alangizeni kuti achotse ndikuwatsogolera ku Kalata iyi.

Olemba: Otsutsa owunikira osadziwa bwino nkhani omwe amafuna kuti olemba achenjeze za kusankha nkhani. Dziwitsani olemba a Kalata iyi ndipo munene kuti ngakhale kuti pali nkhani yokhudza kusintha kwa nkhani, nkhani yokhudza kusankha nkhani yokha ndi yosavomerezeka chifukwa cha momwe mabuku alili panopa.

Gulu 1 - Zithunzi zolaula zazitali kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu azichita zolaula amafanizira kuyerekezera zakugonana komanso mafotokozedwe osankha

Gulu 2 - Zolemba zolaula zokhudzana ndi kugonana zosasintha

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