1 Zolemba Zakale za Makhalidwe Ogonana (ulalo wophunzirira)
Kudalirika
Zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti ndizofala kwambiri pa intaneti. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mapulogalamu ena a pa intaneti, nthawi zina kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumatha kukhala kovuta. Zizindikiro zoyamba zikuwonetsa kulumikizana pakati pazovuta kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndi kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe komanso kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito. Komabe, mpaka pano, palibe njira zovomerezeka zowunika kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti movutikira. Mu phunziro ili, tinagwiritsa ntchito Mafunso Okhudza Pornography Disorder Questionnaire (OPDQ) -chida chomwe chinasintha njira zovomerezeka za Internet Gaming Disorder kukhala zolaula pa intaneti - kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta ndikufufuza kuti ogula amadziona kuti ndi ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti. amasiyana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito wamba potengera kupsinjika kwawo m'malingaliro. Chitsanzo cha pa intaneti cha alendo akuluakulu aku Germany omwe amapita kumalo otchuka ochezera a pa Intaneti adamaliza OPDQ, Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), ndipo anapereka zambiri zokhudza zolaula zawo pa intaneti (n = 1539; 72.6% amuna; 31.43 ± 11.96 zaka). T-mbiri za BSI zidawerengedwa komanso zodziyimira pawokha t-mayesero adachitidwa kuti afanizire ogwiritsa ntchito wamba ndi ogula omwe amadziona kuti ndi ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti. Mwa ogwiritsa ntchito, 5.9% adakwaniritsa njira zogwiritsira ntchito zovuta. Gululi lidagwiritsa ntchito zolaula za pa intaneti kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo lidawonetsa kupsinjika kwakukulu kwamaganizidwe (Hedges ' g kuyambira 0.75 mpaka 1.21). The T-anthu ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti omwe amadziwona kuti ndi ovuta, adafika pamiyezo yoyenera pamagulu onse. Ponseponse, zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kuti amadziona okha kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti movutikira kumawoneka kuti kumalumikizidwa ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu kwamalingaliro komwe kungafunike chisamaliro chachipatala..
Introduction
Popeza kuphatikizidwa kwa Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) mu mtundu wachisanu wa Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) ngati "chofunikira kuti mupitirize kuphunzira" (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), pakhala chidwi chochulukirachulukira m'malo osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti omwe angakhale ofunikira pazachipatala. Chimodzi mwa maderawa ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zolaula za pa intaneti (OP). Zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa intaneti ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake ndizochitika zofala kwambiri ku Western (Short et al., 2012). Izi zikuwonekera ndi mfundo yakuti imodzi mwamasamba otchuka kwambiri a OP - Pornhub - ili pa tsamba lachisanu ndi chitatu lomwe lachezeredwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndi maulendo 33.5 biliyoni mu 2018 (Pornhub, 2018; SimilarWeb, 2018). Mwa fanizo, izi zikufanana ndi kugunda pafupifupi 92 miliyoni patsiku, zomwe zikufanana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Australia, Canada, ndi Venezuela. Ponseponse, pali masamba anayi olaula pa intaneti omwe ali pamwamba pa masamba 20 omwe adachezera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi (SimilarWeb, 2018).
Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito OP sikuli kovutirapo ndipo ngakhale zotsatira zabwino zawonedwa (Litras et al., 2015; McKee, 2007; Short et al., 2012). Komabe, kwa anthu ochepa ogwiritsa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito OP kumawoneka kuti kumakhala kovuta (Short et al., 2012; Zolemba & Billieux, 2017). Popeza palibe njira yokhazikika yofotokozera zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito, pakadali pano palibe mgwirizano pakati pa ofufuza kuti ndi chiyani chomwe chimagwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta (Duffy et al., 2016; Sniewski et al., 2018). Pali, komabe, kuvomereza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri OP kumatha kukhala vuto ndipo, pakuwunika kwawo mwadongosolo, Duffy et al. (2016) adazindikira zinthu zitatu zobwerezabwereza pamatanthauzidwe akugwiritsa ntchito zovuta: kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri OP, zotsatira zoyipa kapena kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito, ndikuchepetsa kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito OP.
Chifukwa cha njira zodziwikiratu zosagwirizana komanso kuchuluka kwa zida zowunikira zosiyanasiyana, zimakhala zovuta kupereka chidziwitso cholondola pakukula kwa zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito OP. Kuphatikiza apo, ambiri mwa maphunzirowa adagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zosavuta kuti afufuze kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta (de Alarcón et al., 2019). Chifukwa chake, ziwerengero zomwe zanenedwa zimasiyanasiyana pakati pa 0.7 ndi 9.8% (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2017; Bzo et al., 2018; Najavits et al., 2014; Ross et al., 2012). Pakalipano, kafukufuku yekha wa Rissel et al. (2017) adasanthula chitsanzo choyimira dziko lonse (Australia: n = 20,094). Adapeza kuchuluka kwa 1.2% kwa amayi ndi 4.4% kwa amuna. M'maphunziro ambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta kumachitika katatu kapena kasanu mwa amuna kuposa akazi (Wéry & Billieux, 2017). Komanso, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti movutikira kumawoneka ngati kofala pakati pa anyamata osakwatiwa, ophunzira bwino (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2014; de Alarcón et al., 2019; Zolemba & Billieux, 2017). Komabe, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti zomwe zapezazi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha zitsanzo (= zitsanzo za ophunzira) zomwe zidawunikidwa ndipo sizingafanane ndi zonse (Wéry & Billieux, 2017).
Kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta kwa OP kwalumikizidwa ndi zovuta zingapo. Ogwiritsa ntchito movutikira a OP amafotokoza zovuta zamalingaliro (Allen et al., 2017; Short et al., 2012), monga kudzimva manyazi ndi kudziimba mlandu, komanso kudzimva kukhala wosakwanira, kuda nkhawa, ndi nkhanza (Duffy et al., 2016; Kingston et al., 2008; Sniewski et al., 2018). Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito movutikira kumagwirizana ndi ubale komanso mavuto a anthu, monga mikangano, kunama, kapena kudzipatula (Allen et al., 2017; Duffy et al., 2016; Levin et al., 2012; Zolemba & Billieux, 2017). Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito kovuta kwa OP kumalumikizidwanso ndi zovuta zamaphunziro kapena zaukadaulo (Duffy et al., 2016; Ross et al., 2012; Zolemba & Billieux, 2017). Kuphatikiza apo, zikuwoneka kuti pali mgwirizano pakati pazovuta kugwiritsa ntchito OP ndi zizindikiro za psychopathological. Izi zikuphatikizapo zizindikiro za kupsinjika maganizo, nkhawa, kupsinjika maganizo, kutaya mtima, kudzikayikira, komanso kuchepa kwa thanzi ndi maganizo (Duffy et al., 2016; Kor et al., 2014; Sniewski et al., 2018; Young, 2008). Izi zimatsimikizidwanso ndi kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kugonana mokakamiza komwe kumayang'ana kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti movutikira: Adanenanso kuti ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira pakugonana mokakamiza nthawi zambiri amadwala matenda amisala monga kukhumudwa, nkhawa, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. , kuwongolera mokakamiza, kapena kusokonezeka kwa umunthu (Kraus et al., 2015, 2016; Raymond et al., 2003). Grubbs et al., (2015a) adachita kafukufuku wanthawi yayitali ndikutsata kwa chaka chimodzi momwe adawunikira ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta kwa OP ndi kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe. Zomwe apeza zikuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito OP movutikira ndikulosera kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe. Ulalo uwu ukugogomezera kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito zovuta kwa OP. Komabe, zolepheretsa zazikulu ziwiri ziyenera kuganiziridwa pomasulira zomwe zapezeka m'mbuyomu. Choyamba, maphunzirowa ali-ndipo chimodzi chokha-maphunziro ophatikizana, kotero sikoyenera kufotokoza malingaliro aliwonse okhudzana ndi maubwenzi oyambitsa. OP ikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha vuto lomwe likugwirizana nalo, koma ndithudi ndizotheka kuti kugwiritsa ntchito OP kwamavuto ndi njira yothanirana ndi kupsinjika kwamalingaliro komanso / kapena kuti ubale pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta kwa OP ndi kupsinjika kwamalingaliro kumalumikizidwa ndi mitundu ina. Wéry et al., 2020) kapena kubwereranso ku zomwe wamba. Perry (2018) adatha kusonyeza kuti ngakhale nthawi yochepa yogwiritsira ntchito OP imagwirizanitsidwa ndi zizindikiro zachisoni ngati ogwiritsa ntchito akukumana ndi kusagwirizana kwa makhalidwe. Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe samakumana ndi zolakwika zamakhalidwe, nthawi yayitali kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito ndiyomwe imalumikizidwa ndi zizindikiro zachisoni, zomwe zitha kuwonetsa kubweza, mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito movutikira kwa OP ngati njira yothanirana ndi vutoli. Chachiwiri, kuchuluka kwa maphunziro omwe adafufuza za ubale wogwiritsa ntchito movutikira kwa OP ndi kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe akadali ochepa kwambiri ndipo maphunziro ogwiritsira ntchito kuwunika koyenera kwambiri amafunikira.
Chifukwa chake, cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndikuwunika mwatsatanetsatane kuti ogula omwe amadziona kuti ndi ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito OP amasiyana bwanji ndi ogwiritsa ntchito wamba, makamaka pokhudzana ndi kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, palibe njira yokhazikika yomwe ilipo kuti izindikire kugwiritsa ntchito OP movutikira. Chifukwa chake, mu kafukufukuyu timagwiritsa ntchito mafunso omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira yovomerezeka ya DSM-5 ya IGD kuti iwunike zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zapaintaneti - Mafunso a Pornography Disorder Questionnaire (OPDQ; Mennig et al., 2020; Petry et al., 2014). Popeza kuti mafunsowa ndi chida chodzipangira okha komanso kuwunika kukula kwa vuto lomwe lasiyidwa kwa omwe adafunsidwa, timawona mawu oti "kugwiritsa ntchito OP movutikira" (kugwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP) kukhala oyenera kuposa "OP yovuta". gwiritsani ntchito” motero tigwiritsa ntchito mawuwa pophunzira. Pakadali pano, zitha kutsutsidwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito IGD ndi SPP-OP sizofanana ndipo, chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo sikugwira ntchito. Ili ndi funso lalikulu lomwe likufunika kufufuza kwina. Tikupangira kugwiritsa ntchito njira za IGD ngati poyambira pa kafukufuku wotere pazifukwa zotsatirazi. Ofufuza ambiri amadzudzula kuti matenda a DSM-5 "Internet Gaming Disorder" ndiwotsimikizika kwambiri ndipo m'malo mwake amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la "zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti" lomwe limakhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta pa intaneti (kuphatikiza OP) (Block, 2008; Potenza, 2014; Chikondi et al., 2015). Komabe, pankhani ya vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito OP movutikira, ofufuza ambiri amatsutsa kuti iyenera kutchulidwa ngati vuto linalake logwiritsa ntchito intaneti (Brand et al., 2016; Garcia ndi Thibaut, 2010; Kuss et al., 2014; Laier & Brand, 2014). Malingalirowa akuwoneka ngati omveka, chifukwa pali kufanana kwakukulu pakati pazovuta zamasewera apakompyuta (IGD) ndi zolaula zapaintaneti. Makhalidwe onsewa nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa ngati zizolowezi zamakhalidwe komanso mu mtundu wawo wa I-PACE Brand et al. (2016) postulate, kuti njira zomwe zimakhudzidwa pakuwonekera ndi kukonza zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a pa intaneti-ngakhale masewera apakompyuta kapena zolaula za pa intaneti-ndizofanana kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, zikuwoneka ngati zomveka kulingalira kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta kwa OP munjira yazovuta kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso njira zogwiritsira ntchito zomwe zafufuzidwa kale bwino pankhani ya vuto lina la kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (IGD). Kuphatikiza apo, mfundo yoti njira za IGD zimagwirizananso bwino ndi mawonekedwe omwe amafotokozera zovuta za OP yotengedwa ndi Duffy ndi ogwira nawo ntchito pakuwunika kwawo mwadongosolo (2016) imathandiziranso kugwiritsa ntchito njira za IGD.
njira
Ophunzira ndi Ndondomeko
Zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa kudzera pa kafukufuku wapa intaneti (October 2017–Januwale 2018). Ulalo wa mafunsowa udatumizidwa kumabwalo osiyanasiyana a pa intaneti (mwachitsanzo, reddit), magulu a Facebook, mindandanda yamakalata, ndi tsamba lodziwika bwino lachijeremani lochita zibwenzi wamba (poppen.de). Otenga nawo mbali atha kupambana imodzi mwa ma voucha asanu pasitolo yotchuka yapaintaneti (mtengo wake: €20 iliyonse). Otenga nawo mbali adaphatikizidwa ngati atapereka chilolezo chodziwitsidwa, anali azaka 18 kapena kupitilira apo, adanenanso kuti chilankhulo chawo ndi Chijeremani, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo OP kunali 1% ya nthawi yawo yonse yapa intaneti.
Njira zophatikizira zidakwaniritsidwa ndi otenga nawo gawo 2443. Mwa awa, 904 (36.27%) anayenera kuchotsedwa: 839 chifukwa anali ndi deta yosowa kwa OPDQ, 9 chifukwa analibe deta ya Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; zosakwana 40 za 53 zinthu), 37 chifukwa analephera perekani zidziwitso zazikulu (mwachitsanzo, kutanthauza gawo logwiritsa ntchito OP: 72 h), eyiti chifukwa cha ndemanga zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti deta yawo idakondera (mwachitsanzo, mayendedwe apamwamba a BSI chifukwa cha imfa yaposachedwa ya bwenzi lapamtima, monga tafotokozera mu gawo la ndemanga pa kumapeto kwa kafukufukuyu), ndi 11 chifukwa anali ndi nthawi yoyankha mwachangu (2 SDs pansi pa nthawi). Pamapeto pake, deta ya otenga nawo gawo 1539 idawunikidwa. Kuti muyese zotsatira zosiya kusiya maphunziro, omwe adamaliza OPDQ ndi omwe adasiya kutenga nawo mbali asanakhalepo adafanizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito zodziyimira pawokha. t-Ziyeso.
Asanayambe phunziroli, chivomerezo cha makhalidwe abwino chinapezedwa kuchokera ku bungwe loyang'anira zamkati. Ophunzirawo adadziwitsidwa za kafukufukuyu; iwo anatsimikizira kuti anali opitirira zaka 18 ndipo anapereka chilolezo chodziwitsidwa podina batani lovomereza asanalowe mu kafukufukuyu. Deta yonse inasonkhanitsidwa mosadziwika.
Njira
Zambiri za Socialdemographic
Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kugonana, zaka, maphunziro, komanso ntchito ndi ubale zidasonkhanitsidwa.
Zambiri Zokhudza Kugwiritsa Ntchito Paintaneti Mwachizoloŵezi komanso Mwachindunji
Ophunzirawo anafotokoza kuchuluka kwa nthawi (maola) omwe amathera pa intaneti pa sabata. Kuphatikiza apo, adapereka chidziwitso chachindunji chokhudza momwe amagwiritsira ntchito OP, monga mtundu wa OP omwe amagwiritsa ntchito komanso nthawi yayitali bwanji (maola / sabata).
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mwamavuto
Chizoloŵezi chogwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP chinayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito OPDQ. OPDQ ndi mtundu wa Mafunso a Internet Gaming Disorder Questionnaire (IGDQ; Petry et al., 2014) zomwe zidasinthidwa kuti ziwone kugwiritsa ntchito kwa SPP-OP (Mennig et al., 2020) ndipo ili ndi zinthu zisanu ndi zinayi, zokhala ndi mayankho osiyanasiyana a "ayi" (0) ndi "inde" (1). Zinthuzo zimatengera njira za DSM-5 za IGD ndipo chiwongola dzanja chonse chimawerengedwa powonjezera mayankho (magawo: 0-9). Mufunso loyambirira la IGD, mphambu ya ≥ 5 idafotokozedwa ngati njira yodulira pamwamba pomwe woyankhayo adawonedwa kuti akwaniritsa njira za DSM-5 za IGD. Kuti asinthe kuti agwiritse ntchito SPP-OP, zolozera pamasewera zidasinthidwa ndi zonena za OP. Chitsanzo ndi: "Kodi mukuwona kuti muyenera kuthera nthawi yochepa ndikuwonera OP koma mukulephera kuchepetsa nthawi yomwe mumathera kuonera OP?". Kuwunika kwa psychometric kudawonetsa kuti ichi ndi chida chothandiza pakuwunika motengera mafunso okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta kwa OP (Mennig et al., 2020). OPDG idawonetsa kusasinthika kwamkati ndi ωwodwala = 0.88. Mu kafukufuku wofufuza, chinthu chimodzi chinachotsedwa ndipo chotsatirachi chinatsimikiziridwa ndi kusanthula kwachitsimikiziro. Chidziwitso ichi chikuwonetsa kukhazikika kwa kupanga. Mfundo yakuti zambiri za OPDGQ zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi mawerengedwe osinthidwa a Short Internet Addiction Test (choyambirira: Young, 1998; Baibulo lachijeremani: Pawlikowski et al., 2013) lomwe lapangidwa kuti liwunikire zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kapena ifeyo, kugwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP, ndi chisonyezo cha kutsimikizika kosinthika. Kuphatikiza apo, zidapezeka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito omwe adadutsa malire kuti agwiritse ntchito zovuta amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yogwiritsa ntchito OP. Kupeza uku kumathandizira kutsimikizika kwa chipangizocho.
Mwachidule Chizindikiro Inventory
Mtundu wovomerezeka wa Chijeremani wa BSI unagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kupsinjika kwamalingaliro kwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo (Derogatis, 1993; Franke, 2000). BSI ili ndi mawu 53 ofunsa za momwe otenga nawo gawo amagwirira ntchito m'malingaliro sabata yatha. Zinthuzo zimayankhidwa pamlingo wa 5-point kuyambira 0 (ayi konse) kwa 4 (Kwambiri) ndikupanga masikelo asanu ndi anayi osiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, chizindikiro chapadziko lonse cha kupsinjika kwamalingaliro chikhoza kuwerengedwa-mwachitsanzo, index yayikulu yapadziko lonse (GSI). GSI imaphatikiza kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro ndi kuchuluka kwake. Ziwerengero zake zimachokera ku 0 mpaka 4 zokhala ndi zambiri zomwe zikuwonetsa kupsinjika kwakukulu. Pachitsanzo chomwe chilipo, kusasinthasintha kwamkati (alpha ya Cronbach) yapadziko lonse lapansi inali α = 0.96. Miyezo yaiwisi ya BSI imatha kusinthidwa kukhala T-kuwerengera pogwiritsa ntchito zikhalidwe zokhuza kugonana (Franke, 2000). T-masamba (M = 50, SD = 10) tsatirani kugawidwa kwabwinobwino, kotero kuti zochulukirapo pakati pa 40 ndi 60 zimawonedwa ngati zapakati (Michel & Conrad, 1982). Malinga ndi Derogatis (1993), ndi GSI T-chiwerengero cha ≥ 63 chimasonyeza kuti kuvutikako kuli koyenera kuchipatala.
Kusanthula Deta
IBM SPSS Statistics 25 (IBM SPSS Statistics) idagwiritsidwa ntchito posanthula mawerengero. Wodziyimira pawokha t mayesero (pankhani ya kusiyana kosiyana: mayesero a Welch) adachitidwa kuti azindikire kusiyana kulikonse pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito wamba (OPDQ score <5) ndi ogula omwe ali ndi SPP-OP ntchito (OPDQ score ≥ 5). Maguluwa adafanizidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (h / sabata), kugwiritsa ntchito OP (h / sabata) komanso kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe (zotsatira za BSI). Mitengo yaiwisi ya BSI idasinthidwa kukhala yokhazikika T-kuchuluka pogwiritsa ntchito matebulo okhudzana ndi kugonana omwe alipo kuti aganizire za kusiyana kwa kugonana kwa zizindikiro za psychopathological (Franke, 2000). Izi zimalola kufanizitsa zotsatira za BSI pamayendedwe okhazikika T-kugawa, komwe kumathandizira kutanthauzira ndi kufananitsa zotsatira ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Chifukwa kukula kwamagulu a ogula omwe amagwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP ndi ogwiritsa ntchito wamba amasiyana kwambiri, timapereka malipoti a Hedges. g (Sawilowsky, 2009) monga muyeso wa kukula kwake. Zotsatira za g = 0.20 amawonedwa ngati ochepa, g = 0.50 ngati sing'anga, ndi g = 0.80 kukula. Chifukwa kufananitsa kangapo kunachitika, kuwongolera kwa Bonferroni-Holm kudagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa zolakwika zapabanja (Holm, 1979). Kuwunika kuopsa kwa njira zodziwika bwino za Harman's Single Factor Score zidawerengedwa (Harman, 1976; Podsakoff et al., 2003). Mayesowa amachitidwa pokweza zosintha zonse zofunikira mu chinthu chimodzi pakuwunika kwazinthu zowunikira ndikuwunikanso yankho la unrotated factor. Lingaliro lalikulu la mayesowa ndikuti kusiyanasiyana kwa njira kulipo pomwe chinthu chimodzi chikufotokozera kusiyana kwa 50% (Podsakoff et al., 2003).
Results
Mafotokozedwe Otsindika
Chitsanzo chomaliza chinali ndi 1539 olankhula Chijeremani zolaula zolaula (72.6% amuna) pakati pa 18 ndi 76 zaka (31.43 ± 12 zaka). Ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo adamaliza maphunziro achiwiri (42.3%) kapena digiri ya kuyunivesite (35.8%). Pafupifupi theka la omwe adatenga nawo gawo anali pachibwenzi (47.7%). Mtundu wotchuka kwambiri wa OP unali mavidiyo (54.5%), otsatiridwa ndi zithunzi (35.8%). Kuti mudziwe zambiri onani Table Table11.
Gulu 1
Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akutenga nawo mbali
| M or n | SD kapena% | |
|---|---|---|
| Age | 31.43 | 11.96 |
| kugonana | 1118a| 421b | 72.6a| 27.4b |
| Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (h/sabata) | 22.31 | 15.56 |
| Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti (h/sabata) | 3.17 | 5.11 |
| Chikhalidwe cha ubale | ||
| Single | 717 | 46.6 |
| Paubwenzi | 735 | 47.7 |
| Palibe zambiri zomwe zaperekedwa | 87 | 5.7 |
| Education | ||
| Palibe satifiketi yakusukulu | 3 | 0.2 |
| Sitifiketi ya sekondale | 334 | 21.7 |
| A-Level | 651 | 42.3 |
| Wophunzira waku yunivesite | 551 | 35.8 |
| Mtundu wa zolaula za pa intaneti | ||
| Videos | 838 | 54.5 |
| Pictures | 551 | 35.8 |
| webukamu | 145 | 9.4 |
| Zina | 5 | 0.3 |
n = 1539
aMen
bWomen
Kuyerekeza kwa Kusiya
Ophunzira omwe adasiya kutenga nawo gawo asanayambe OPDQ anali achichepere [M = 31.5 ± 11.7 zaka vs. M = 32.7 ± 12.5 zaka, d = 0.09; (t (1856) = 1.97, p <.05)] ndipo anali ndi nthawi zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito OP [M = 4.96 ± 2.28 h vs. M = 4.06 ± 2.10 h, d = 0.11; (t (893) = 2.12, p < .05)] kuposa amene adamaliza.
Kuyerekeza kwa Ogwiritsa Ntchito Mwadzidzidzi ndi Ogwiritsa Ntchito ndi SPP-OP
Ophunzirawo anali ndi chiwerengero cha OPDQ cha 1.4 ± 1.7, ndi 91 (5.9%) omwe adafika pa OPDQ ya mfundo zisanu kapena kuposa (= SPP-OP ntchito); ambiri mwa awa anali amuna (n = 80; 87.9 peresenti. Kwa amuna, kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa SPP-OP kunali 7.15%, kwa akazi 2.61% (χ2 (1) = 11.35, p <.001). Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pa zaka (t (1537) = 1.04, p = .29), maphunziro (χ2 (6) = 2.24, p = .89), ndi ubale (χ2 (3) = 2.39, p = .49).
Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi OP
Ogwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP amathera nthawi yambiri pa intaneti (M = 24.46 ± 18.08 vs. M = 22.05 h ± 15.37) komanso pa OP (M = 7.85 ± 10.05 vs. M = 2.89 h ± 4.49). Kusiyana konseku kunali kwakukulu [Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti: t (98.35) = 2.28, p <.05, g = 0.28 | Kugwiritsa ntchito OP: t (92.27) = 4.42, p <.001, g = 0.94].
Psychological Distress
Ogula omwe amagwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP adakwera kwambiri pagawo lililonse la BSI (p <.01 muzochitika zonse). Iwo adawonetsa milingo yayikulu ya somatic (t (97.09) = 5.59,g = 0.75), kukakamiza-kukakamiza (t (104.86) = 12.16,g = 1.21), chidwi cha anthu (t (1537) = 9.19,g = 0.99), kukhumudwa (t (1537) = 10.18,g = 1.10), nkhawa (t (96.77) = 6.87,g = 0.94), chidani (t (1537) = 8.29, g = 0.89), nkhawa yaphobic (t (96.79) = 7.59, g = 1.04), malingaliro odabwitsa (t (1537) = 8.67, g = 0.94), ndi psychoticism (t (1537) = 10.18, g = 1.10), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kupsinjika kwakukulu kwamaganizidwe (t (1537) = 10.32, g = 1.12; Onani mkuyu. 1.
Kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe kwa ogula omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zovuta za OP ndi ogwiritsa ntchito wamba (kusiyana konse ndikofunika, p <.01; kuswa imvi kumawonetsa malo omwe zotsatira za mayeso zimaganiziridwa ngati pafupifupi; zolakwitsa (zolakwika wamba) zogwiritsidwa ntchito wamba zili mu dongosolo la kukula kwa ma graph)
Harman's Single Factor Score
Kusanthula kosasunthika kosasunthika komwe kumayenderana ndi zosintha zonse zomwe zikuyikidwa pa chinthu chimodzi kunafotokozera 31.4% ya kusiyanasiyana kwathunthu, motero kutsutsana ndi kukondera kofanana.
Kukambirana
Mu kafukufuku wapano, zitsanzo za ogwiritsa ntchito 1539 OP adawunikidwa zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP, machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti, mawonekedwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu, komanso kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe.
Kukula kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa SPP-OP kunali 5.9%. Ngakhale kufananiza kuchuluka kwa kufalikira kumakhala kovuta chifukwa cha zida zosiyanasiyana zowunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zotsatirazi zikufanana ndi maphunziro ena. Daneback et al. (2006) adanenanso za kuchuluka kwa 5.6% mu kafukufuku wawo wa akuluakulu aku Sweden. Pakafukufuku wa akuluakulu a ku Hungary, 3.6% mwa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula anali a gulu "lomwe ali pachiwopsezo", lomwe limafanana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta (Bőthe et al., 2018). Ndi mapangidwe ake, phunziro lomwe lilipo silinali phunziro la kufalikira. Ophunzira adalembedwa mwadala kuti aphatikizepo anthu ambiri omwe amadziona kuti ndi ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti omwe amatha kuyendera nthawi zambiri ndi anthu omwe amatha kuvomereza zovuta za OP. Kugwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP kunali kofala kwambiri mwa amuna kuposa akazi. Izi zanenedwa bwino ndipo zimapezeka m'maphunziro onse okhudzana (mwachitsanzo, Daneback et al., 2006; Giordano & Cashwell, 2017; Ross et al., 2012). Mosiyana ndi maphunziro ena, sitinapeze kusiyana pakati pa ogula omwe amagwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP ndi ogwiritsa ntchito wamba pazaka, maphunziro, komanso ubale (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2014; Daneback et al., 2006; Ross et al., 2012).
Ophunzira omwe ali ndi SPP-OP amagwiritsa ntchito sanangowononga nthawi yambiri pa intaneti, koma amadya kwambiri OP makamaka. Izi zikugwirizana ndi zotsatira za Bőthe et al. (2018) (r = .14, p < .1), Grubbs ndi et al., (2015b) (r = .19, p <.01) ndi Brand et al. (2011) (r = .20, p > .05) omwe onse adapeza zolumikizana zing'onozing'ono zabwino pakati pa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito OP movutikira, ngakhale zimatengera kukula kwachitsanzo ngati zikufika pakufunika. Chifukwa chake, kutanthauzira zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito OP potengera nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito OP sikoyenera.
Pofika kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ogula omwe amagwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP ndi ogwiritsa ntchito wamba adapezeka pokhudzana ndi kupsinjika kwawo kwamaganizidwe. Otenga nawo gawo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP adachita bwino kwambiri pagawo lililonse la BSI, kuwonetsa kuti kupsinjika kwawo m'maganizo kunali kokulirapo kuposa anzawo. Kusiyana kodziwika kwambiri kunapezeka pa kupsinjika kwa ma subscales, kukakamiza-kukakamiza, ndi psychoticism. Ubale pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP ndi kukhumudwa ndi imodzi mwamitu yomwe yafufuzidwa kwambiri m'mabuku ndipo idatsimikiziridwa mu phunziroli lomwe lili ndi njira zowunikira zowunikira komanso chitsanzo chokulirapo (Grubbs, et al., 2015a; Philaretou et al., 2005; Zolemba & Billieux, 2017). Kuchulukirachulukira kwa omwe akutenga nawo gawo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP pamachitidwe okakamiza-okakamiza komanso psychoticism amatha kutengera kusiyana kwa umunthu zomwe zalumikizidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta kwa OP. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adanenanso za mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti movutikira (kuphatikiza OP) ndi milingo yayikulu yakukhudzika ndi neuroticism (Antons & Brand, 2018; Hardie ndi Tee, 2007; Müller et al., 2014a, 2014b; Wang et al., 2015). Makhalidwe awa akuti akugwirizana ndi BSI subscales obsessive-compulsive behaviour (impulsivity) ndi psychoticism (neuroticism) (Grassi et al., 2015; Loutsious-Ladd et al., 2008). Kutsimikizira kwa kafukufukuyu kuti ogula omwe amagwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwazovuta zamaganizidwe kumatsimikiziranso malipoti omwe alipo. Grubbs ndi anzawo (Grubbs et al., 2015a, 2015b) adachita maphunziro awiri akuwunika ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa chizolowezi chodziweruza nokha ku OP ndi kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe. M'maphunziro onse awiriwa, adapeza kuti milingo yayikulu yodziwika kuti ali ndi vuto la OP idalumikizidwa ndi kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe. Mu kafukufuku wawo wautali (Grubbs et al., 2015a), ubalewu udakhalabe wofunikira ngakhale atawongolera zosintha zina monga kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe koyambira kapena nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito OP. Pakuwunika kwawo kwa zitsanzo za omwe akufuna chithandizo chamankhwala osokoneza bongo pa intaneti (omwe amaphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito OP movutikira), Müller et al., (2014a, 2014b) poyerekeza omwe adatenga nawo gawo omwe adakwaniritsa zomwe amakonda pa intaneti komanso omwe sanakhudzidwe ndi kukhumudwa kwawo. Adapezanso kuti kuledzera kwa intaneti kumalumikizidwa ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu kwamaganizidwe (GSI: 0.83 vs 0.35, p <.001). Mosiyana ndi phunziro lathu, Müller et al., (2014a, 2014b) adasanthula zitsanzo zambiri za odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la intaneti (omwe amaphatikizanso masewera a pa intaneti kapena malo ochezera a pa Intaneti). Chifukwa timangoganizira za ogwiritsa ntchito OP, zotsatira za phunziro lathu zimatilola kuti titsirize makamaka ponena za kugwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP. Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana kapena kukakamiza kugonana adapezanso ubale pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti movutikira komanso kuchulukitsitsa kwamaganizidwe. Mu kafukufuku wa pa intaneti, Kor et al. (2014) adapeza kuti mafunso ambiri okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti anali ogwirizana bwino ndi kupsinjika maganizo. Adagwiritsanso ntchito BSI kuti agwire kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe a omwe adatenga nawo gawo ndipo - mogwirizana ndi zotsatira zathu - adapeza kulumikizana pakati pawo. r = .18 (somatization) ndi r = .27 (maganizo). Mu phunziro lina losangalatsa ndi chitsanzo chachipatala, Kraus et al. (2015) adafufuza amuna a 103 omwe akufuna chithandizo cha zolaula mokakamiza komanso / kapena chiwerewere. Iwo adapeza kuti ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo mbali sanangokhala ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, komanso adakumana ndi zovuta zotsatirazi zamisala: malingaliro (71%), nkhawa (40%), kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (41%), ndi zovuta zowongolera (24%).
Pakafukufuku wapano, omwe adagwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP sanangokhala ndi ma BSI apamwamba kwambiri kuposa ogwiritsa ntchito wamba, koma zotsatira zawo zambiri zidakwezedwa pamlingo woyenera wachipatala woyezedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu a BSI. The T-zambiri za GSI yawo komanso zotsatira zawo pamakhalidwe okakamiza-okakamiza, kukhudzidwa kwa anthu, kukhumudwa, nkhawa yaphobic, malingaliro odabwitsa, ndi psychoticism anali ≥ 63. Makamaka, kuchuluka kwa GSI T = 68 (yaiwisi mtengo: GSI = 1.12) ndizodabwitsa, chifukwa izi zimagwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha 96%, kutanthauza kuti 96% ya gulu lodziwika bwino linapeza zochepa. Zokwera zotere nthawi zambiri zimangopezedwa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lamisala (Kellett et al., 2003). Wieland et al. (2012) adasanthula chitsanzo cha odwala matenda amisala omwe ali ndi luntha lanzeru. Gulu laling'ono lomwe linakwaniritsanso njira za DSM-4 za matenda amisala linapeza BSI chiwerengero chonse cha GSI = 1.10. Mosiyana ndi izi, mfundo za BSI za ogwiritsa ntchito wamba zonse zinali mkati mwa kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe anali pakati T = 40-60. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti pakokha sikukhala ndi vuto, pomwe anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP anali m'mavuto akulu amisala. Komabe, popeza iyi ndi phunziro la magawo osiyanasiyana, sitingathe kunena zodalirika zokhudzana ndi chifukwa cha chiyanjano. Ndizotheka kuti kugwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP kungayambitse mavuto (mwachitsanzo, kusiya kucheza), zomwe zitha kubweretsa kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe. Grubbs et al., (2015a, 2015b) adachita kafukufuku wanthawi yayitali ndipo adapeza kuti kudzikonda komweko ku OP kunaneneratu kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe. Ubalewu udakhalabe wofunikira ngakhale atawongolera zosintha zina monga kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe koyambira kapena nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito OP. Zotsatirazi zimakhazikitsa dongosolo linalake lakanthawi. Popeza kutsogola kwakanthawi ndikofunikira pakuyambitsa, zomwe zapezedwazi zimagwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti kupsinjika kwamalingaliro kumabweretsa kugwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP. Komabe, si chikhalidwe chokwanira ndipo kotero palibe kutanthauzira kotsimikizika kwa ubale ndikololedwa, popeza zina zoyenera, koma zosawerengeka zachitatu zomwe zingapangitse mgwirizanowo. Kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP zonse zitha kukhala zotsatira za zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri, monga kulephera kudziwongolera pamalingaliro ndi kuzindikira, kusautsika koyambirira kapena zinthu zina zodziwikiratu (Gershon et al., 2013; Sheppes et al., 2015). Muzochitika zachipatala, nthawi zambiri, njira zosiyanasiyana zoyambitsa izi zimakhalira limodzi ndikugwirizanitsa. Monga tanenera kale kumayambiriro, n'zothekanso kuganiza kuti pali zifukwa zina. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, SPP-OP ikhoza kukhala momwe mukuvutikira kale m'maganizo. Pachifukwa ichi, SPP-OP ingakhale njira yothetsera vuto la maganizo.
Mphamvu ndi Zoperewera
Zina mwazamphamvu za kafukufuku wapano ndi kukula kwachitsanzo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe adalembedwa, kutsimikiza kwa kugwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP pogwiritsa ntchito njira zofananira ndi njira ya DSM-5 ya IGD, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito BSI. T-ziwerengero zomwe zidathandizira kufananitsa koyenera ndi zikhalidwe za anthu.
Kutanthauzira kwa zotsatira kuyenera kuganizira zoperewera za phunzirolo, monga mapangidwe ake apakati omwe amalepheretsa zifukwa zilizonse, chikhalidwe chodzipangira yekha, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzipangira zokha.
Kutsiliza
Ponseponse, zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP kumalumikizidwa ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu kwamaganizidwe. Tikuwona kukhalapo kwa gulu lomwe likuvutika nthawi imodzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP komanso kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro za psychopathological komanso kupsinjika kwakukulu. Choncho, pokonza chithandizo, zingakhale zothandiza kufufuza kugwiritsa ntchito OP, chifukwa kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta kungakhale chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa kuvutika maganizo komwe kulipo kale ndipo kungakhale vuto lalikulu, lomwe limafuna kuzindikira komanso, nthawi zina, chithandizo chamankhwala. Munthu akawona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito OP ndi imodzi mwazinthu zodziwika kwambiri pa intaneti zomwe anthu mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse lapansi amachita, kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuyenera kuwunikanso maubwenzi omwe angapezeke pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito SPP-OP ndi kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe pogwiritsa ntchito zoyeserera komanso zazitali.
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