Psychology Yamakono (2021)
Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wokhudzana ndi chiwerewere amadalira kwambiri zoopsa zingapo pakati pazitsanzo zazing'ono komanso zosagwirizana. Cholinga cha phunziroli pakadali pano ndikuyang'ana zolemba zamaganizidwe zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana pagulu lalikulu la akulu aku Turkey. Anthu okwanira 24,380 adamaliza kafukufuku yemwe ali ndi Pepala la Mafunso Okhudzana ndi Chiwerewere, Brief Symptom Inventory, Positive and Negative Affect schedule, Personal-Wellbeing Index Adult Fomu, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, ndi Zochitika muubwenzi wapafupi-Revised (50 % amuna; amatanthauza zaka = zaka 31.79; zaka = 18 mpaka zaka 81). Pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwakanthawi kochepa, chizolowezi chogonana chimalumikizidwa ndi kukhala wamwamuna, kukhala wachichepere, kukhala ndi maphunziro ochepa, kukhala wosakwatira, kumwa mowa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito chikonga, kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro, kukhala ndi thanzi labwino, zabwino komanso zoyipa, alexithymia, komanso nkhawa. Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti zinthu zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso zomwe zatchulidwazi zowononga zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azichita zachiwerewere pakati pa anthu aku Turkey. Komabe, maphunziro ena amafunikira kuti timvetsetse bwino zomwe zimakhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana ku Turkey.
Introduction
World Health Organisation (2018) idaphatikizaponso kukakamiza kuchita zachiwerewere ngati vuto lodziletsa pakukonzanso kwakhumi ndi chimodzi kwa International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), ndikulifotokozera “Chizolowezi cholephera kulamulira zilakolako zamphamvu, zobwerezabwereza zogonana kapena zilakolako zomwe zimabweretsa chizolowezi chogonana mobwerezabwereza.” Lingaliro lakukhazikika kwamavutoli lakhala likutsutsana kwambiri pakati pa akatswiri ndipo zapangitsa kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito mawu osiyanasiyana pofotokoza za kulephera kwa anthu kuwongolera machitidwe awo ogonana kuphatikiza (mwa ena) kudalira kugonana, matenda a hypersexual, chizolowezi chogonana, komanso chizolowezi chogonana ( Kafka, PA 2013; Karila et al., 2014). Kafukufuku waposachedwa amatanthauzira zakugonana monga "Kutengeka kwambiri ndi zochitika zachiwerewere (monga kuyerekezera, kuseweretsa maliseche, kugonana, zolaula) pazosangalatsa zosiyanasiyana" (Andreassen et al., 2018; p. 2). Kuphatikiza apo, kugonana kosalamulirika, kutanganidwa kwambiri ndi zogonana, komanso kupitiriza kuchita zachiwerewere ngakhale zovuta zoyipa pamoyo wawo ndi zina mwazizindikiro zomwe zimanenedwa zakugonana (Andreassen et al., 2018). Ngakhale pali mkangano womwe umakhalapo pakulemba zovuta zakugonana ngati matenda osokoneza bongo, kusokoneza bongo, kapena chizolowezi (Karila et al., 2014), Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti chiwerewere chimatha kukhala chizolowezi chomachita chizolowezi komanso kuti chizolowezi chogonana chimakhala ndi zovuta zina kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwamavuto am'maganizo komanso ubale (Griffiths, 2012; Reid et al., 2010; Spenhoff et al., 2013).
Zaka makumi awiri zapitazi, kafukufuku wokhudza zakugonana wakula kwambiri. Komabe, kafukufuku wofufuza kuchuluka, zoopsa, ndi zovuta zakugonana adalira zida zosiyanasiyana zoyeserera ngati ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana kuphatikiza Kuyeserera Koyeserera Koyeserera (Carnes et al., 2010), Kafukufuku Wokakamiza Kugonana (Coleman et al., 2001), Inventory-Dependency Inventory-Revised (Delmonico et al., 1998), ndi Scale Assessment Scale (Raymond et al., 2007). Komabe, zambiri mwazinthu zomwe zatukuka zili ndi zoperewera zofunika kuphatikiza zitsanzo zazing'onozing'ono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakukula ndi maphunziro ovomerezeka, kuwunika machitidwe ena ogonana m'malo mochita zachiwerewere, kukhala ndi zinthu zambiri pamlingo, kuphatikiza zinthu zosayenera potengera lingaliro lakugonana Kuledzera (Andreassen et al., 2018; Hook et al., 2010). Kafukufuku waposachedwa adakhazikitsa ndikuvomereza zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi za Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS) ndi achikulire aku 23,533 aku Norway kutengera zida zake (mwachitsanzo, kusasunthika, kusiya, kusinthasintha kwa malingaliro, kusamvana, kulolerana, kubwereranso) zomwe zafotokozedwa mu mtundu wa biopsychosocial (Andreassen et al., 2018; Griffiths, 2012).
Posachedwa, Bőthe et al. (2020) adapanga Compulsive Sexual Behaeve Disorder Scale (CSBD-19) kutengera kuyerekezera kwa ICD-11 komwe kuli anthu 9325 ochokera ku United States, Hungary, ndi Germany. Zitsanzo zisanu za CSBD-19 (mwachitsanzo, kuwongolera, kutaya mtima, kubwereranso, kusakhutira, zotsatira zoyipa) zikuwonetsa mayanjano abwino ndi machitidwe achiwerewere, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, kuchuluka kwa omwe amagonana nawo, kuchuluka kwa omwe amagonana nawo pafupipafupi, pafupipafupi chaka chatha kugonana ndi mnzanuyo, pafupipafupi chaka chatha ogonana ndi anthu omwe siinu okondana, kuseweretsa maliseche chaka chatha, komanso kuwonera zolaula zaka zapitazo (Bőthe et al., 2020).
Ena ayesa kuchuluka kwa ma psychometric a Hypersexual Behaeve Inventory (HBI) pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zazikulu zopanda anthu 18,034 ochokera ku Hungary (Bőthe, Kovács, et al., 2019a). Mitundu itatu ya HBI (mwachitsanzo, kuthana ndi mavuto, kuwongolera, zotsatira zake) inali ndi ubale wabwino ndi anthu angapo ogonana nawo, kuchuluka kwa omwe amagonana nawo pafupipafupi, pafupipafupi zogonana ndi wokondedwa, pafupipafupi zogonana ndi abwenzi omwe siinu, pafupipafupi maliseche , kuwonera zolaula nthawi zambiri, komanso kuwonera zolaula pafupipafupi.
Mabuku omwe alipo omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana akuwonetsa zomwe zikutsutsana potengera zikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere. Kafukufuku waposachedwa, amuna amadziwika bwino kukhala ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana, pafupipafupi maliseche, kutha kwachiwerewere, komanso kugonana mosayerekezereka mukayerekezeredwa ndi azimayi, ngakhale kufufuza kwina komwe kumayang'ana kwambiri kwa amayi kumafunikira kukhazikitsa gawo la jenda Kukula kwa chizolowezi chogonana (Bőthe et al., 2018, 2020). Komabe, umboni womwe ulipo ukuwonetsa kuti amuna azikhala ndi chizolowezi chogonana (Kafka, 2010), ngakhale kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti akazi amathanso kutenga chiwerewere ndipo izi zitha kuchititsa manyazi (Dhuffar & Griffiths, 2014, 2015). Pazaka zakubadwa, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti unyamata ndiunyamata ndi nthawi zowopsa kwambiri pakukhazikitsa ndikusunga chizolowezi chogonana (Kafka, 2010). Pakafukufuku waku Norway waku anthu opitilira 23,500, kukhala ndi digiri ya Master kunachepetsa zovuta zakuchepetsa chiwerewere pomwe kukhala ndi digiri ya PhD kudakulitsa chiopsezo chogonana (Andreassen et al., 2018). Chifukwa chake, kukhala amuna, zaka zochepa, kukhala osakwatira, maphunziro apamwamba, kumwa mowa, komanso kusuta fodya zakhala zikugwirizana ndi chiwerewere chokwera komanso chizolowezi chogonana (Andreassen et al., 2018; Campbell & Stein, 2015; Kafka, 2010; Sussman et al., 2011).
Kuphatikiza pazikhalidwe zachuma, kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wazindikira kulumikizana kwamaganizidwe angapo okhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Kafukufuku wopanga ndi amuna 418 ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa kukhumudwa kunali kwakukulu kwambiri pakati pa anthu ogonana ku America poyerekeza ndi anthu ambiri (Weiss, 2004). Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto logonana adakweza matenda amisala komanso kufooka chifukwa chovutika kuwongolera malingaliro azakugonana, zolimbikitsa, ndi machitidwe (Dickenson et al., 2018). Zikuwoneka kuti omwe ali ndi nkhawa komanso nkhawa amayesetsa kuthana ndi malingaliro awo olakwika mwa kuchita zachiwerewere (Brewer & Tidy, 2019). Mwa achikulire omwe akutuluka a 337, chizolowezi chogonana chimalumikizidwa ndikuwongolera zoyipa ndikuthana ndi zovuta zomwe zimapangitsa (Cashwell et al., 2017). Awonetsedwanso mwamphamvu kuti malingaliro osalimbikitsa amathandizidwa ndi chiwerewere pakati pa achikulire omwe akutuluka (Dhuffar et al., 2015). Kuphatikiza apo, kuvutika kuzindikira malingaliro kumalumikizidwa ndi chizolowezi chogonana atatha kuwongolera kukhumudwa komanso kusatetezeka kupsinjika (Reid et al., 2008), kuwonetsa kuti anthu alexithymic nawonso ali pachiwopsezo cha chizolowezi chogonana. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana amapezeka kuti amakhala osatetezeka (mwachitsanzo, kuda nkhawa, kupewa) mafashoni (Zapf et al., 2008). Komabe, popeza kuti zizolowezi zakugonana ndizopupuluma komanso zosakakamira mwachilengedwe, mavuto am'maganizo amatha kuyerekezedwa kuti agwirizane ndi chizolowezi chogonana (Bőthe, Tóth-Király, et al., 2019b). Kuphatikiza apo, iwo omwe amayesa kapena kudzipha kwathunthu amakhala ndi vuto lamavuto, zovuta pamoyo, zovuta pakati pa anthu, kuthandizira anzawo, moyo wosungulumwa, alexithymia, komanso kusowa chiyembekezo chifukwa chaukali kapena mitundu yolumikizira yolakwika (Pompili et al., 2014). Chofunikira, magwiridwe antchito amisala a anthu omwe ali ndi nkhawa adanenedwa kuti ndiofunikira pakudziwitsa zotsatira zoyipa (Serafini et al., 2017). Zotsatira zake, kuwunika izi zomwe zidawonetsedwa mobwerezabwereza kulosera zakugonana m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu zimawerengedwa kuti ndizothandiza pakumvetsetsa zakugonana pakati pa anthu aku Turkey.
Ngakhale pali mabuku omwe alipo, pali zochepa zodziwika bwino zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana ku Turkey. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wapano adagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wawukulu waku Turkey kuti awunike zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi chizolowezi chogonana chomwe chakhala chikudziwika kuti ndi zomwe zimayambitsa chizolowezi chogonana komanso zizolowezi zina zamabuku m'mabuku omwe akupezekawa kuphatikiza zamisala, thanzi, malingaliro, alexithymia, ndi kuphatikana. Poterepa, choyamba, ubale wapakati pa kuchuluka kwa anthu monga jenda, zaka, mulingo wamaphunziro, maukwati, kusuta ndudu, kumwa mowa ndi chizolowezi chogonana adayesedwa. Kuphatikiza pa izi, cholinga chake chinali kudziwa zamtsogolo zamatenda amisala, kukhala ndi thanzi labwino, mayiko othandizana nawo, alexithymia, ndi zosintha zolumikizira limodzi pakukonda kugonana. Kafukufuku owerengeka okha ndi omwe athana ndi mavutowa, ndipo maphunziro omwe adalipo kale ali ndi zoperewera zingapo kuphatikiza zitsanzo zazokha, komanso anthu osayimilira komanso osagwirizana. Kulephera kumeneku kumachepetsa kudalirika komanso kutsimikizika kwa zotsatira zamaphunziro am'mbuyomu.
Kafukufuku wapano adatsimikizira ndikugwiritsa ntchito sikelo yatsopano, Mafunso Ofuna Kugonana Pangozi (SARQ). SARQ idapangidwa chifukwa kafukufuku wapanoyu anali kafukufuku wamatenda ambiri owunika zamankhwala osiyanasiyana omwe zinthuzo zinali zofanana koma ophunzirawo adapemphedwa kuti aziyankha mogwirizana ndi machitidwe ena (mwachitsanzo, chakudya, masewera, ndi zina zambiri. ). Kafukufuku wapano amangofotokoza zomwe zapezazi zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Amanenedwa kuti kukhala amuna, kukhala achichepere, maphunziro apamwamba, kusuta ndudu, kumwa mowa, kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe, kukhala bwino, mayiko othandizana nawo, alexithymia, ndi masitayelo osalumikizika onse atha kukhala ogwirizana ndi chizolowezi chogonana.
Njira
Ophunzira ndi Ndondomeko
Cholinga chachikulu cha zitsanzozo chinali kuyesera kuyimira anthu achikulire ku Turkey. Kuti izi zitheke, zidawunikiridwa kuti zojambulazo zidapangidwa ndipo omwe akutenga nawo mbali mgulu la anthu aku Turkey adaphatikizidwa. Gulu la NUTS (dzina la magawo azigawo za ziwerengero), lomwe ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito kugawa gawo lazachuma la European Union, lidagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zitsanzozo. Ndidongosolo lamaguluwa, kuyimira anthu achikulire kumawonjezeka. Njira yotengera zitsanzoyi inali yoti ifufuze kuchuluka kwa omwe akutenga nawo gawo kuchokera pagawo lililonse lomwe lili m'dera lonse la Turkey. Kutengera kuchuluka kwa mizindayo, deta pakati pa 200 ndi 2000 idasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kudera lililonse kuti zitsanzozo ziziyimira momwe zingathere. Ophunzira okwana 125 omaliza maphunziro a psychology adapereka mafunso ndi mapepala kwa anthu ochokera m'mizinda 79 mu madera 26 aku Turkey ku 2018. Gulu lofufuzira lidalemba anthu ochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ophunzirawo ali okhaokha komanso omasuka poyankha mafunso ovuta ( mwachitsanzo, mafunso okhudzana ndi mchitidwe wogonana). Iwo omwe anali azaka zopitilira 18, ndipo analibe matenda amisala omwe amawalepheretsa kumaliza kufunsa mafunso omwe adalembedwera phunziroli. Okalamba okwana 24,494 aku Turkey adadzaza mafunso. Zomwezo zitayesedwa, zidapezeka kuti ena mwa omwe sanakwaniritse mafunso onse, ndipo ena sanayankhe pamiyeso ina. Mwa awa, omwe adasowa deta komanso / kapena omwe sanayankhe pamitundu ingapo adawerengedwa kuti ali ndi zambiri zomwe zikusowa. Zambiri zomwe sizikusowa zimadziwika kuti zimawopseza mitundu yodalirika, kutsimikizika, komanso kufalikira kwa zotsatira za kafukufuku. Zambiri zosowazi sizinaphatikizidwe pazowunikirazi kuti zisawononge kukondera. Komabe, chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu kwazitsanzo, izi sizinachepetse mphamvu zowerengera za phunziroli, kapena kuyimira kwachitsanzo. Zitsanzo zomaliza zinali ndi otenga nawo mbali 24,380 (amuna 12,249 ndi akazi 12,131; Mm'badwo = Zaka 31.79, SDm'badwo = 10.86; osiyanasiyana = 18 mpaka zaka 81). Zambiri zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu adazisonkhanitsa ngati gawo la kafukufuku wamkulu wazamphamvu zowunika zamankhwala osokoneza bongo, zomwe zina zasindikizidwa kwina (mwachitsanzo, Kircaburun et al., 2020; Ünübol neri Al., 2020).
Njira
Zosiyanasiyana Zosiyanasiyana
Fomu yodziwitsa anthu za chikhalidwe chawo imaphatikizapo jenda, zaka, maphunziro, maukwati, kugwiritsa ntchito ndudu, komanso kumwa mowa.
Mafunso Oopsa Pazakugonana (SARQ)
Kugonana kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito SARQ yosagwirizana (onani Zakumapeto). Mulingo wake umakhala ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zimayesa njira zisanu ndi chimodzi zosokoneza bongo zomwe zafotokozedwa potengera mtundu wa 'zosokoneza bongo' (Griffiths, 2012). Ophunzira adavotera zinthu za SARQ pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya 11-point kuyambira 0 (konse) kwa 10 (nthawizonse). Α ya Cronbach mu phunziroli inali yabwino kwambiri (.93).
Kufufuza Mwachidule Chizindikiro (BSI)
Mavuto azamisala adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe aku Turkey (Sahin & Durak, 1994) ya zinthu 53-BSI (Derogatis & Spencer, 1993). Mulingo wake uli ndi magawo asanu okhala ndi malingaliro olakwika, nkhawa, nkhawa, kusinthasintha, komanso chidani. Ophunzira amatenga zinthu za BSI pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya mfundo zisanu kuyambira 1 (pafupifupi konse) kwa 5 (pafupifupi nthawi zonse). Mulingowo udagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika kuvutika kwamaganizidwe ambiri pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo imodzi, The Cronbach's α mu kafukufuku wapano anali wabwino kwambiri. .95).
Fomu Yakukula Kwa Index ya Kukhala Ndi Moyo Wabwino (PWBI-AF)
Kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi kwa ophunzirawo kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe aku Turkey (Meral, 2014) yazinthu zisanu ndi zitatu PWBI-AF (International Wellbeing Group, 2013). Ophunzira adavotera zinthu za PWBI-AF pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya 11-point kuyambira 0 (Palibe kukhutira konse) kwa 10 (Okhutitsidwa kwathunthu). Α ya Cronbach mu kafukufuku wapano anali wabwino kwambiri (.87).
Ndondomeko Yabwino ndi Yabwino Yothandizira (PANAS)
Zabwino komanso zoyipa zomwe zidachitika munthawi inayesedwa zidayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe aku Turkey (Gençöz, 2000) yazinthu 20 PANAS (Watson et al., 1988). Ophunzira adavotera zinthu za PANAS pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya Likert ya mfundo zisanu kuyambira 1 (pang'ono pang'ono) kwa 5 (Kwambiri). Zambiri zapamwamba zikuwonetsa kuti zimakhudza kwambiri (Cronbach's α = .85) ndi zoyipa (Cronbach's α = .83).
Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20)
Alexithymia ndi magawo ake kuphatikiza zovuta kuzindikira momwe akumvera, zovuta kufotokoza momwe akumvera, komanso malingaliro akunja adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe aku Turkey (Güleç et al., 2009) yazinthu 20-TAS-20 (Bagby et al., 1994). Chifukwa cha zotsutsana zaposachedwa zakuti kuganiza kwakunja (EOT) kuyimira alexithymia (Müller et al., 2003) EOT sanatengeredwe pakuwunika. Ophunzira adavotera TAS-20 pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya mfundo zisanu kuyambira 1 (satsutsana kwambiri) kwa 5 (amavomereza kwambiri). Α ya Cronbach mu kafukufuku wapano anali wabwino kwambiri (.83).
Zochitika muubwenzi wapafupi-Revised (ECR-R)
Kuphatikizika komanso kuda nkhawa kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe aku Turkey (Selçuk et al., 2005Mwa 36-chinthu ECR-R (Fraley et al., 2000). Ophunzira adavotera zinthu za ECR-R pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya point-seven kuyambira 1 (satsutsana kwambiri) kwa 7 (amavomereza kwambiri). Zambiri zimasonyeza kuphatikizika kwambiri (Cronbach's α = .83) ndi kupewa kuphatikizika (Cronbach's α = .85).
Chiwerengero cha Kusanthula
Njira yowerengera deta idakwaniritsa izi: (i) kutsimikizika kwa ma psychometric a SARQ; ndi (ii) kufufuzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kuchuluka kwamaganizidwe okhudzana ndi chiwerewere. Poyamba, mawonekedwe a psychometric a SARQ adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito classical test theory (CTT), kufufuza zinthu (EFA), ndi kutsimikizira kwa zinthu (CFA). Ku CFA, mizu yotanthauza zotsalira zazitali (RMSEA), mizu yofananira amatanthauza zotsalira zazitali (SRMR), index yofananira yokwanira (CFI), ndi ubwino wazoyenera (GFI) adayesedwa kuti adziwe kuyenera kwa zoyenera. RMSEA ndi SRMR yotsika kuposa .05 zikuwonetsa kuyenera ndipo RMSEA ndi SRMR kutsika kuposa .08 zikuwonetsa kuyenera kokwanira; CFI ndi GFI kuposa kuposa .95 ndiyabwino ndipo CFI ndi GFI ndizokwera kuposa .90 ndizovomerezeka (Hu & Bentler, 1999).
Pomaliza, mayesedwe a Pearson adagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zolumikizana pakati pa kusiyanasiyana kwamaphunziro ndi kusanthula kwakanthawi kogwiritsa ntchito kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kuneneratu zakugonana motengera chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kuchuluka kwamaganizidwe. Asanawunikirane za kulumikizana, zambiri zidakumana ndi malingaliro azizolowezi kutengera kusokonekera ndi kurtosis. Pakuwunikanso, zidatsimikiziridwa kuti kunalibe ma multicollinearity kudzera pakuwunika kwa inflation factor (VIF) ndi mfundo zolekerera. Kusanthula kwa ziwerengero kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya SPSS 23.0 ndi AMOS 23.0.
Results
Zoyeserera zonse zidagawika m'magulu awiri kuti muchite EFA ndi CFA pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo ziwiri. EFA idachitika ndi chitsanzo choyamba (N = 12,096). EFA idawonetsa kuti SARQ inali ndi mawonekedwe osazungulira. Muyeso wa Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin ndi kuyesa kwa Barlett kozungulira (.89; p <.001) mu EFA adapereka yankho la chinthu chimodzi. Kusanthula kwamagawo akulu kunawonetsa kuti zinthu zonse zinali ndi katundu wambiri (anthu wamba pakati pa .62 ndi .81), akufotokozera 73.32% yazosiyana zonse. Njira yothetsera chinthu chimodzi idakhazikitsidwa ndi chiwembu chomwe zinthu zomwe zinali ndi Eigenvalue kuposa 1 zidachotsedwa. CFA idachitidwa kutsatira EFA pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wachiwiri (N = 12,284). Njira zowerengera zosiyaniranazi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito mu CFA. Zosintha zomwe zawonedwa (mwachitsanzo, zinthu za sikelo) zazosintha zam'mbuyomu zidanenedwa ngati zisonyezo zopitilira. Ubwino wazinthu zoyenera (χ2 = 2497.97, df = 6, = p <.001, RMSEA = .13 CI 90% [.13, .13], SRMR = .03, CFI = .98, GFI = .97) zikuwonetsa kuti ndizoyenera pazambiri (Kline, 2011), Kutsimikizira kukwanira kwa yankho la chinthu chimodzi. Malinga ndi zovomerezeka zokhazokha (kuyambira pakati pa .72 ndi .90), zinthu zonse zinali ndi gawo lalikulu pamlingo.
Table 1 imawonetsa kuchuluka kwakusintha, zolakwika zofananira, ndi kulumikizana kwamaphunziro pazosintha zamaphunziro. Kugonana kumalumikizidwa bwino ndimavuto amisala (r = .17, p <.001), alexithymia (r = .13, p <.001), zabwino (r = .06, p <.001), zoyipa (r = .14, p <.001), komanso kuphatikizika kwachisoni (r = .10, p <.001). Kuphatikiza apo, chizolowezi chogonana sichinaphatikizidwe ndi thanzi labwino (r = -10, p <.001) pomwe sikunagwirizane ndi cholumikizira chopewa (r = .00, p > .05). Popeza kulumikizana kocheperako kocheperako (r <.10), kulumikizana kwa zabwino zomwe zimakhudza (r = .06, p <.001) ndi chizolowezi chogonana chimakwaniritsidwa chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwazitsanzo.
Table 2 ikuwonetsa zotsatira zakusanthula kwakanthawi kochepa. Kugonana kumayenderana ndi kukhala amuna (β = -.31, p <.001), kukhala wosakwatiwa (β = -.03, p <.001), kusuta ndudu (β = −.04, p <.01), kumwa mowa (β = −.16, p <.01), mavuto amisala (β = .13, p <.05), zimakhudza (β = .06, p <.001), zoyipa (β = .03, p <.01), alexithymia (β = .02, p <.001), komanso kulumikizidwa kwachisoni (β = .04, p <.001). Kugonana kumalumikizidwa molakwika ndi msinkhu (β = -.04, p <.001), maphunziro (β = −.02, p <.001), moyo wabwinobwino (β = −.02, p <.01), ndi kuphatikana kopewera (β = -.02, p <.01). Komabe, ziyenera kudziwika kuti zotsatira zowerengera zaka, maphunziro, banja, kusuta ndudu, moyo wabwinobwino, zoyipa, komanso mitundu yolumikizira zonse zinali zochepa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatirazi zitha kukhala zowerengera chifukwa chakukula kwazitsanzo. Mtundu woyeserera unaneneratu 18% yakusiyana kwa chizolowezi chogonana (F13,24,161 = 418.62, p <.001).
Kukambirana
Zotsatira za kafukufuku wapano zikuwonetsa kuti kukhala wamwamuna, kukhala wachichepere, kukhala ndi maphunziro ochepa, kukhala wosakwatira, kusuta ndudu, kumwa mowa, kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe, zabwino ndi zoyipa, alexithymia, kulumikizana ndi nkhawa, kukhala pansi, komanso kutsika Kupewa kuphatikizika zonse zinali zogwirizana ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Chifukwa chake, malingaliro onse adathandizidwa. Monga zikuyembekezeredwa, kupsinjika kwamisala kumalumikizidwa ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Izi ndizogwirizana ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu omwe awonetsa kuti zizindikiro zamaganizidwe amisala kuphatikiza kukhumudwa, nkhawa, komanso kupsinjika zimatha kubweretsa kutengeka kwakukulu pamakhalidwe osokoneza bongo (Brewer & Tidy, 2019; Weiss, 2004). Mwina izi zomwe zatchulidwazi zowononga zimayambitsa kutsika kwamachitidwe pakati pa anthu otere (Dickenson et al., 2018). Anthu amayesa kudzidodometsa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kugonana kuti athetse vuto lomwe limayamba chifukwa cha kukhumudwa, nkhawa, komanso kupsinjika (Young, 2008).
Zomwe zinali zabwino komanso zoyipa zinali zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku yemwe alipo yemwe akuwonetsa kuti chizolowezi chogonana chimalumikizidwa ndi malingaliro amisili (Cashwell et al., 2017). Kutanthauzira komwe kungakhalepo ndikuti anthu omwe amalimbana ndi zovuta zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi komanso kusokonekera kwamalingaliro amagwiritsa ntchito kutanganidwa ndimakhalidwe azakugonana ngati njira yosinthira momwe amakhala ndi malingaliro osangalatsa omwe amawathandiza kupewa kukhumudwa (Woehler et al., 2018). Ndikofunikanso kudziwa kuti malingaliro okhudzidwa anali ofunikira ngakhale atatha kuwongolera kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe, kutsindika gawo lomwe likuwonjezera zakusokonekera. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwikanso kuti zabwino zomwe zimakhudzidwanso zimakhudzana ndi vuto logonana. Izi ndizosayembekezereka, chifukwa cha umboni womwe ulipo wonena kuti kusungulumwa ndikuteteza pakuchepetsa zizolowezi zamakhalidwe (Cardi et al., 2019). Komabe, zotsatira zake zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro loti zoyambitsa zimatha kukhala zosiyanasiyana (Messer et al., 2018) ndipo zonse zoyipa komanso zoyipa zimatha kubweretsa kutengapo gawo pakukonda zachiwerewere.
Kafukufukuyu adapezanso kuti alexithymia wapamwamba (mwachitsanzo, kuvutika kuzindikira ndikuwonetsa malingaliro) inali yolumikizana ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Iwo omwe adakumana ndi zovuta zakuzindikira ndikufotokozera momwe akumvera anali pachiwopsezo chotenga chizolowezi chogonana. Izi ndizogwirizana ndi zolembedwa zazing'ono zomwe zikupezeka pofufuza ubale wa mitundu iwiriyi (Reid et al., 2008). Chimodzi mwamafukufuku ochepa omwe adasanthula ubalewo adapeza kuti alexithymia wochulukirapo anali wofala pakati pa amuna omwe ali ndi vuto la hypersexual (Engel et al., 2019). Adanenanso kuti kutha kwamalamulo osakwanira kwa anthu omwe ali ndi alexithymia okwera atha kukhala vuto lomwe limapangitsa anthuwa kuti azigonana kwambiri.
Zotsatira zinasonyezanso kuti kuda nkhawa kwambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Izi zikugwirizana ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu omwe akuti kuphatikana kosatetezeka kumayenderana ndi chizolowezi chogonana (Zapf et al., 2008). Omwe amakumana ndi zovuta pakupanga ubale wotetezeka ndi ena atha kukhala ndi mavuto pamaubwenzi apamtima (Schwartz & Southern, 1999). Anthu omwe ali ndi nkhawa atha kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro okhudzana ndi zakugonana mopitilira muyeso, mokakamiza, komanso mopanda tanthauzo ngati chobwezera kusowa kwaubwenzi komanso kulumikizana (Leedes, 2001). Chifukwa chake, anthu omwe ali ndi nkhawa atha kuchita zachiwerewere mopanda kudzipereka kuti athetse mantha awo opatukana ndi kusiyidwa (Weinstein et al., 2015). Mgwirizano wapakati podzitchinjiriza komanso chizolowezi chogonana sunali wofunikira pakuwunika kophatikizana koma zinali zofunikira kwambiri pakubwezeretsa. Chifukwa chake, atha kukhala kuti wopondereza wopondereza (mwachitsanzo, kusokonezeka kwa matenda amisala) adakhudza bungweli.
Monga zikuyembekezeredwa, kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kumawoneka ngati kotenga nawo gawo pazochitika zakugonana phunziroli. Makamaka, kukhala wamwamuna, kukhala wachichepere, kukhala ndi maphunziro ochepa, kukhala wosakwatira, kusuta ndudu, komanso kumwa mowa ndizokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Mabungwe omwe atchulidwawa akugwirizana ndi zomwe kafukufuku wakale adachita m'maiko osiyanasiyana (Andreassen et al., 2018; Campbell & Stein, 2015; Kafka, 2010; Sussman et al., 2011). Zomwe apezazi zikusonyeza kuti zikhalidwe za anthu zikuyenera kuganiziridwa mukamakonza njira zolowererapo zoteteza ku chiwerewere.
sitingathe
Zotsatira za kafukufuku wapano ziyenera kutanthauziridwa poganizira zoperewera zingapo. Choyamba, ngakhale kuti chitsanzocho chinali chachikulu kwambiri ndipo kusonkhanitsa deta kunapangidwa kuti kukhale gulu lofanana, kafukufukuyu sakuyimira dziko lonse la Turkey. Zomwe zapezazi zikuyenera kufotokozedwanso pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zoimira zochokera ku Turkey ndi / kapena mayiko ena omwe akutukuka kumene omwe sanazolowere kugonana. Chachiwiri, zovuta zilizonse pazamagulu omwe amafufuzidwa pakati pazosiyanasiyana za kafukufuku sizingadziwike chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka kafukufukuyu. Njira zazitali komanso zoyenerera ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukhala ndi maphunziro ozama kwambiri kuti muwunikenso zomwe zapezazi. Chachitatu, mafunso omwe adziwonetsa okha omwe ali ndi malingaliro odziwika bwino (mwachitsanzo, kukumbukira kukumbukira komanso kufunikira kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu) adagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa tsokalo. Chachinai, popeza kuti zidziwitsozo zinali zodzidziwitsa zokha ndipo zimasonkhanitsidwa nthawi imodzi, maubale omwe ali pakati pazosiyana siyana atha kukwezedwa.
Kutsiliza
Ngakhale pali zoperewera zomwe tatchulazi, aka ndi kafukufuku woyamba wamkulu wofufuza zamaganizidwe okhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana pakati pa anthu aku Turkey. Makhalidwe a psychometric amomwe angotukuka kumene owunika zakugonana (mwachitsanzo, Mafunso Okhudzana ndi Kugonana Pangozi) adayesedwa kuphatikiza CTT, EFA, ndi CFA. Kuphatikiza apo, chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso malingaliro azikhalidwe zakugonana adayesedwa. Chofunikira kwambiri chomwe tingachipeze mu phunziroli ndikuti zidziwitso zamisala, kukhala ndi thanzi labwino, mayiko okhudzidwa, alexithymia, komanso kudziphatika kwazinthu zoyipa ndizomwe zimayambitsa kulumikizana kwakanthawi poyang'anira zochitika zachuma. Zotsatira zapano zikuwonetsa kuti kuti mumvetsetse momveka bwino zakugonana, ndikofunikira kusonkhanitsa deta pamitundu ingapo. Kungakhale kopindulitsa kufufuza zoyeserera ndi zowongolera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana m'maphunziro amtsogolo kuti mufotokozere bwino zomwe zimayambitsa chizolowezi chogonana. Kusintha kwakanthawi kwakusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu monga jenda, maphunziro, kumwa mowa, komanso kusuta ndudu, zomwe zimapezeka kuti zimakhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana phunziroli, zitha kudziwikanso. Mitundu yolowererapo pakati pazosintha zomwe zafotokozedwa mu kafukufukuyu kapena zatsopano (mwachitsanzo, mavuto a psychopathological, malingaliro owunikira, mavuto okhudzana ndi psychotrauma, zinthu zosiyana) ndi chizolowezi chogonana zitha kufufuzidwa. Mwa njira iyi ndi pomwe zingatheke kudziwa zovuta zosiyanasiyana zakugonana, ndikupatsanso chidziwitso pazomwe zingagwirizane ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Ngakhale kafukufukuyu amapereka chithandizo chamtengo wapatali, maphunziro ena amafunika kuti apange njira zodzitetezera ndi kuchitapo kanthu pakuledzera.
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