Ndemanga za YBOP - gawo lokambirana za zolaula linanenedwa: Zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsanso mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi ndi thanzi loipa la kugonana, komanso mgwirizano ndi kugonana kwa malonda, ziyembekezo zapamwamba kwambiri pakuchita zogonana, komanso kusakhutira ndi moyo wa kugonana . Pafupifupi theka la anthu onse amanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula sikukhudza moyo wawo wogonana, pomwe gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu sakudziwa ngati zimakhudza kapena ayi. Azimayi ndi amuna ochepa akuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhudza moyo wawo wogonana.
Chigawo chonse:
Amuna makumi asanu ndi awiri pa zana alionse amawonetsa zolaula, pamene asirikiti a 70 azimayi samatero
Zithunzi zolaula zimatsutsana kwambiri, ndipo kafukufuku wasokoneza zotsatirapo zoipa ndi zolaula. Zithunzi zolaula zimalimbikitsa kuvomereza kugonana, chiwerewere, ndi zosiyana zogonana ndi kukhala ngati chitsimikizo. Kafukufuku wawonetsanso zotsatira zoyipa za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula mobwerezabwereza, mwachitsanzo, malingaliro, makhalidwe, ndi kugonana. Nthawi zambiri, kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumakhala kovomerezeka kwambiri ndi chiwawa cha amayi, chizoloŵezi chofuna kuchita zogonana chonkhezeredwa ndi zolaula, komanso kutenga chiopsezo chogonana. Izi zikutheka chifukwa cha zolaula lerolino, zomwe zimakhala zachiwawa kwa amayi ndi chikhalidwe cha amuna. Kuchokera kuwonetsetsa kwa thanzi labwino, cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kufufuza momwe kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumakhudza moyo wa kugonana kwa anthu, chiwerewere, ndi thanzi labwino.
Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti amayi ambiri ndi amuna a mibadwo yonse amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti pazochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana monga kufunafuna chidziwitso, kuwerenga malemba odzutsa zakugonana, kapena kufunafuna bwenzi. Pafupifupi ntchito zonse ndizofala pakati pa achinyamata ndipo zimachepa ndi zaka. Pali zochepa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti zokhudzana ndi kugonana pakati pa achinyamata. Ndizofala pakati pa amuna achikulire kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pazochitika zogonana kusiyana ndi akazi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhala kofala kwambiri pakati pa abambo kusiyana ndi akazi, ndipo ndi kofala pakati pa achinyamata poyerekeza ndi achikulire. Ambiri a 72 peresenti ya amuna amanena kuti amadya zolaula, pamene zosiyana ndizoona kwa akazi, ndipo asilikali a 68 sagwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
Anthu makumi anayi ndi mmodzi mwa amuna omwe ali ndi zaka 16 mpaka 29 amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri, mwachitsanzo, amadya zolaula tsiku ndi tsiku kapena pafupifupi tsiku ndi tsiku. Ofanana ndi azimayi ndi a 3 peresenti. Zotsatira zathu zimasonyezanso mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri ndi umphawi wathanzi, komanso mgwirizano ndi kugonana kwachinyengo, kuyembekezera kwambiri za kugonana, komanso kusakhutira ndi moyo wa kugonana. Pafupifupi theka la chiwerengero cha anthu kuti zolaula zawo sizimakhudza moyo wawo wa kugonana, pomwe wina wachitatu sakudziwa ngati zimakhudza kapena ayi. Aang'ono peresenti ya akazi ndi abambo amanena kuti zolaula zawo zimakhudza moyo wawo wa kugonana. Zinali zofala kwambiri pakati pa anthu apamwamba kuti azigwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zonse poyerekeza ndi amuna omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba.
Palifunika kudziwa zambiri zokhudza kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi thanzi. Chidutswa chofunika kwambiri ndi kukambirana zovuta za zolaula ndi anyamata ndi anyamata, ndipo sukulu ndi malo achilengedwe kuti muchite izi. Maphunziro okhudza kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, kugonana, ndi maubwenzi ndi oyenerera ku sukulu ku Sweden, ndipo maphunziro a chiwerewere ndi mbali yofunikira ya ntchito yoteteza kugonana kwa onse.
Zotsatira za kufufuza kwa anthu SRHR 2017
Lofalitsidwa: May 28, 2019, ndi Public Health Authority
About publication
Public Health Authority imayang'anira ntchito yolumikizana ndi kumangirira zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi kubereka ndi ufulu (SRHR) ku Sweden. Tilinso ndi udindo wotsatira zochitika m'derali. M'chilimwe cha 2016, Public Health Authority idalamulidwa kuti ichite kafukufuku wadziko lonse wokhudzana ndi chiwerewere ndi uchembere komanso ufulu. Kafukufukuyu adatchedwa SRHR2017 ndipo adachitika nthawi yophukira kwa 2017 ndi nthambi ya Public Health Authority yokhudza zaumoyo komanso kupewa HIV, mogwirizana ndi SCB ndi Enkätfabriken AB.
Bukhuli liri ndi zotsatira za phunziroli ndi cholinga cha lipotili ndi kuwonjezera chidziwitso ndipo potero kumapanga mikhalidwe yabwino ya ntchito zogwira ntchito zapagulu zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi uchembere ndi ufulu. Bukuli lili ndi chidziwitso chatsopano chokhudza kuzunzidwa ndi chiwawa, moyo wa kugonana, kugonana, maubwenzi ndi mphamvu, kugonana ndi ma digital, masewera okhudzana ndi chiwerewere, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso kugonana, uchembere komanso kugonana komanso maphunziro a cohabitation.
Lipotili limaperekedwa kwa anthu omwe amagwira ntchito ndi SRHR ndi anthu omwe akufuna. Mtsogoleri wa polojekiti yodalirika wakhala Charlotte Deogan ndipo mtsogoleri wa bungwe loyang'anira ntchito ndi Louise Mannheimer ku Unit for Sexual Health ndi HIV Prevention, Dipatimenti ya Mavuto Opatsirana pogonana ndi Chitetezo chaumoyo.
Public Health Authority, May 2019
Britta Björkholm
Mutu wa Dipatimenti
Chidule
Chidziwitso chatsopano cha SRHR ku Sweden
Kuchitiridwa nkhanza ndi kugonana ndizofala pakati pa akazi
Kuzunzidwa, kugwiriridwa, ndi chiwawa cha kugonana ndizoopseza kwambiri za chitetezo cha anthu ndi thanzi lawo. Kafukufuku wasonyeza momwe zachiwawa zogonana zimagwirira ntchito ndipo zakhala zikudziwitsa mavuto osiyanasiyana omwe amabweretsa. Nkhanza za kugonana zimakhudza anthu 'thupi, kugonana, kubereka, ndi thanzi lawo molakwika.
SRHR2017 imasonyeza kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhanza za kugonana ndi chiwawa cha kugonana ndizofala pakati pa anthu. Azimayi nthawi zambiri amazunzidwa kusiyana ndi amuna, ndipo anthu a LGBT amazunzidwa kwambiri kuposa anthu onse. Achinyamata amakhalanso okhudzidwa kwambiri kusiyana ndi achikulire.
Pafupifupi theka la amayi (asilimia a 42) ku Sweden akhala akuzunzidwa, monga ali ndi 9 peresenti ya amuna a ku Sweden. Chiwerengero cha akazi omwe ali ndi zaka za 16-29 ndiposa theka (57 peresenti). Oposa mkazi aliyense wachitatu (peresenti ya 39) ndi pafupifupi munthu aliyense wa khumi (9 peresenti) akhala akugonjetsedwa. Monga momwe amachitira ndi chiwerewere, oposa theka la amayi omwe ali ndi zaka 16-29 (55 peresenti) akhala akuvutitsidwa ndi kugonana.
Azimayi khumi ndi anayi ndi amodzi mwa anthu amodzi akhala akuzunzidwa poyesera kugwiriridwa chifukwa cha chiwawa kapena chiwawa. Anthu a LGBT akhala akudziwa bwino kwambiri kusiyana ndi amuna okhaokha, ndipo pafupifupi 30 peresenti ya azimayi ndi a 10 peresenti ya amuna okhwima amadziwa izi.
Pali kusiyana kofanana ndi msinkhu wopeza maphunziro. Akazi omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba nthawi zambiri amachitiridwa nkhanza komanso kugwiriridwa ndi amayi omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba. Kusiyana kumeneku mwina chifukwa cha kusiyana pakati pa chidziwitso ndi kuzindikira tanthauzo la chizunzo cha kugonana.
Azimayi omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba ndi omwe amazunzidwa chifukwa cha chiwawa kapena chiopsezo cha chiwawa poyerekeza ndi amayi omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba.
Ambiri amakhutitsidwa ndi moyo wawo wa kugonana, koma pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anyamata
Kugonana kwa anthu ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa moyo ndipo limakhudza thanzi. Kugonana kwathu kumagwirizana ndi umunthu wathu, umphumphu, ndi chiyanjano chathu. Izi zimakhudza, mwa zina, kudzidalira kwathu, moyo wathu, ndi kukhazikika kwathu. Kuyeza zochitika za miyoyo ya anthu ndi kugonana sikovuta. Maphunziro akale adalongosola momwe anthu amagonana, matenda opatsirana pogonana, ndi chiopsezo cha kugonana. Kafukufuku wamakono akuwunikira kwambiri SRHR ndipo adafufuza, pakati pazinthu zina, kukhutira ndi kugonana ndi zovuta zogonana.
Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti ambiri a anthu a ku Sweden amakhutitsidwa ndi moyo wawo wa kugonana, amapeza kugonana kofunika, ndipo agonana pabanja chaka chatha. Amuna aang'ono kwambiri (a zaka za 16-29) ndi amuna ndi akazi akale kwambiri (okalamba a 65-84) anali okhutira kwambiri.
Zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi zovuta zogonana zimasiyana malingana ndi chiwerewere. Zinali zachilendo pakati pa amuna kuti asakhale opanda zibwenzi poyerekeza ndi akazi. Zinalinso zofala kwambiri pakati pa anthu kuti akhale ndi ziphuphu zisanafike msinkhu, kuti asagonepo monga momwe ankafunira, komanso kuti azifuna kugonana nawo. Amuna makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu asanu ndi atatu aliwonse amawauza kuti matendawa ndi ovuta. Komabe, amayi nthawi zambiri amawauza kuti alibe chidwi ndi kugonana, kugonana kochepa, kusowa kwachisangalalo, kusowa chilakolako chogonana, kupweteka nthawi kapena kugonana, ndi kusowa kwa ziphuphu.
Amayi ambiri amanena kuti anali atatopa kwambiri kapena akuvutika maganizo kwambiri kuti agone nawo chaka chatha, makamaka mu zaka za 30-44. Anthu 8 pa anthu 100 alionse anafotokoza mavuto azaumoyo kapena mavuto omwe amakhudza moyo wawo wa kugonana, ndipo a 13 peresenti adafuna chisamaliro pa zovuta zawo zogonana.
Chinthu chinanso chimene chimakhudza kugonana ndi chidziwitso cha kugonana. Mosasamala kanthu za chiwerewere, ambiri amanena kuti ali okhutira ndi moyo wawo wa kugonana. Komabe, amayi ndi abambo ogonana ndi abambo amadziwika kuti nthawi zambiri samakhutira ndi moyo wawo wogonana poyerekeza ndi magulu ena. Ambiri a LGBT ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adagonanapo chaka chatha, ngakhale kuti mwamuna ndi mkazi wachisanu ndichinayi ndi amodzi aliwonse amadziwika kuti sanachite nawo chiwerewere. Anthu ocheperapo anthu ochepa kwambiri adakhutira ndi moyo wawo wa kugonana, koma anthu opatsirana pogonana a 45-84 anali okhutira kwambiri kuposa achinyamata.
Zochitika za amai ndi abambo pa moyo wawo wa kugonana zimasiyana, ndipo kusiyana kumatchulidwa pazaka za kubala. Kufufuza kwakukulu n'kofunika kuti tithe kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku ndikupangitsanso kumvetsetsa zotsatira za izi zomwe zingakhudze maubwenzi, moyo wamba, ndi moyo wa anthu. Chosowa chothandizira pazokhudzana ndi kugonana chiyenera kukumana ndi mfundo zofikira komanso zosowa zofunikira, uphungu, ndi chisamaliro.
Akazi amadzimva kuti ndi ofunitsitsa kuti ayambe kuchita zowonongeka ndi kunena kuti ayi kugonana kusiyana ndi amuna
Kukhulupirika, kudzipereka, ndi kugonana ndizofunikira kuti munthu akhale ndi thanzi labwino la kugonana. Kusankha kwaufulu pa thupi lanu ndi ufulu waumunthu. Lingaliro la kulimbikitsa kugonana limalongosola momwe munthu amalingalira za kudzilamulira ndi kusankha zochita pa nthawi, motani, ndi yemwe agonana naye.
Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti kugonana ndi kofunikira pa chibwenzi, samasuka kuchita zogonana, akhoza kunena kuti ayi, kugonana momwe angalankhulire ndi momwe amachitira zogonana, komanso kumudziwa Ayi ngati munthu wogonana akufuna kuchita chinachake chimene sakufuna kuchita. Pafupifupi theka la amai ndi abambo amadziwika kuti iwo ndi anzawo omwe amacheza nawo nthawi zambiri amaganizira nthawi komanso malo ogonana. Zinali zachilendo kuti abambo amve kuti wokondedwa wawo anaganiza kuti azigonana ndi liti. Amayi ochulukirapo, poyerekeza ndi amuna, nthawi zambiri amakhala omasuka kutenga zogonana, kudziwa momwe angayesere kugonana, kudziwa momwe angagwirire ndi kugonana, komanso kudziwa momwe angayankhire ngati wogonana akufuna kuchita chinachake chimene sakufuna kuchita.
Amuna omwe ali ndi maphunziro afupipafupi amamva bwino kuti ayambe kugonana poyerekeza ndi amuna omwe ali ndi maphunziro apansi. Akazi omwe ali ndi yunivesite amatha kupeza kugonana kuti akhale ofunika mu ubale, kudziwa momwe angagwirire, komanso nthawi zambiri amauza mnzawo momwe akufuna kugonana.
Zonse zogonana ndizoyenera kudzipereka ku Sweden, ndipo ndizophwanya malamulo kuti akakamize wina kuti azichita zogonana ndi cholinga chawo. Chilolezo chogonana ndi kudzipereka ndizofunikira kuti munthu akhale ndi thanzi labwino la kugonana. Ndikofunika kufalitsa uthenga kwa achinyamata, ndipo sukulu ndi malo ofunika kwambiri. Sukulu ndi malo omwe angayambe kukambirana za makhalidwe abwino komanso zoyenera zaumunthu komanso ufulu wa anthu onse kuti azisankha okha matupi awo.
Anthu ambiri amadziwa momwe angalankhulire ngati akufuna kugonana
Kuyankhulana ndi kugonana kungakhale kovuta kuti muchitidwe chifukwa zimadalira, mwachitsanzo, nkhaniyo ndi anthu omwe akukhudzidwa. Kukwanitsa kuyankhulana muzochitika zogonana kungabweretse ku zotsatira zosiyana zaumoyo. Mu ntchito yomweyi ya boma, phunziro "Kugonana, kuvomereza ndi thanzi" linkachitidwa kudzera mwa Novus Sverigepanel ndikuphatikizapo otsogolera a 12,000.
Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri amanena kuti ali ndi mphamvu yolankhulana ngati akufuna komanso sakufuna kugonana. Akazi, achinyamata, ndi omwe amakhala pachibwenzi adalengeza izi mobwerezabwereza. Njira zowonjezera zowankhulirana zinali ndi mawu kapena zogwiritsa ntchito thupi ndi maso. Kuyankhulana kwa kugonana kumasiyana malinga ndi chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, ndi ubale, pakati pa zinthu zina.
Amodzi mwa atatu mwa ophunzirawo amaganiza kuti luso lawo loyankhulana silinakhudze thanzi lawo. Gawo limodzi limawona kuti maluso awo oyankhulana amachititsa kuti azikhala bwino, ndipo ena amodzi amatha kunena kuti luso limeneli limapangitsa kuti azikhala otetezeka pazochitika zogonana. Gawo limodzi la magawo khumi limamva kuti liribe chitetezo komanso limapanikizika muzochitika zogonana monga chifukwa cha luso lawo loyankhulana.
Kawiri chiwerengero cha amayi monga abambo amvera zogonana
Kafukufuku wa Novus akuwonetsanso kuti 63 peresenti ya azimayi ndi 34 peresenti ya amuna adakwaniritsa zogonana kamodzi ngakhale samafunadi. Zifukwa zofunira izi adachita chifukwa cha wokondedwa wawo, ubale, kapena chifukwa cha ziyembekezo. Izi zinali zowona makamaka kwa akazi. Amayi ambiri kuposa amuna nawonso adatha kugonana kosalekeza. Amayi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha nthawi zambiri amatsatira zogonana ngakhale sanafune kufananizidwa ndi akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Zinali zofala kwambiri pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti azichita zogonana poyerekeza ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Amuna adalankhula momveka bwino kuti sizinagwire kuti sakufuna kugonana kapena kuti sakufuna kugonana mwanjira inayake, kugonana ndi kugonana, kapena kuthetsa kugonana komweko.
Zotsatira zake zimasonyeza kuti momwe wina amalankhulira zomwe wina akufuna komanso sakufuna kuchita pamene kugonana kumadalira pazomwe, chikhalidwe cha ubale, maphunziro a maphunziro, zaka, chiwerewere, ndi vuto lomwelo. Kudziwa zambiri kumafunika momwe kuyankhulana kwa kugonana kumakhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe chachikazi ndi chikhalidwe chachikazi pamodzi ndi mphamvu zina monga chilengedwe.
Amuna makumi asanu ndi awiri pa zana alionse amawonetsa zolaula, pamene asirikiti a 70 azimayi samatero
Zithunzi zolaula zimatsutsana kwambiri, ndipo kafukufuku wasokoneza zotsatirapo zoipa ndi zolaula. Zithunzi zolaula zimalimbikitsa kuvomereza kugonana, chiwerewere, ndi zosiyana zogonana ndi kukhala ngati chitsimikizo. Kafukufuku wawonetsanso zotsatira zoyipa za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula mobwerezabwereza, mwachitsanzo, malingaliro, makhalidwe, ndi kugonana. Nthawi zambiri, kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumakhala kovomerezeka kwambiri ndi chiwawa cha amayi, chizoloŵezi chofuna kuchita zogonana chonkhezeredwa ndi zolaula, komanso kutenga chiopsezo chogonana. Izi zikutheka chifukwa cha zolaula lerolino, zomwe zimakhala zachiwawa kwa amayi ndi chikhalidwe cha amuna. Kuchokera kuwonetsetsa kwa thanzi labwino, cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kufufuza momwe kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumakhudza moyo wa kugonana kwa anthu, chiwerewere, ndi thanzi labwino.
Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti amayi ambiri ndi amuna a mibadwo yonse amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti pazochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana monga kufunafuna chidziwitso, kuwerenga malemba odzutsa zakugonana, kapena kufunafuna bwenzi. Pafupifupi ntchito zonse ndizofala pakati pa achinyamata ndipo zimachepa ndi zaka. Pali zochepa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti zokhudzana ndi kugonana pakati pa achinyamata. Ndizofala pakati pa amuna achikulire kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pazochitika zogonana kusiyana ndi akazi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhala kofala kwambiri pakati pa abambo kusiyana ndi akazi, ndipo ndi kofala pakati pa achinyamata poyerekeza ndi achikulire. Ambiri a 72 peresenti ya amuna amanena kuti amadya zolaula, pamene zosiyana ndizoona kwa akazi, ndipo asilikali a 68 sagwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
Anthu makumi anayi ndi mmodzi mwa amuna omwe ali ndi zaka 16 mpaka 29 amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri, mwachitsanzo, amadya zolaula tsiku ndi tsiku kapena pafupifupi tsiku ndi tsiku. Ofanana ndi azimayi ndi a 3 peresenti. Zotsatira zathu zimasonyezanso mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri ndi umphawi wathanzi, komanso mgwirizano ndi kugonana kwachinyengo, kuyembekezera kwambiri za kugonana, komanso kusakhutira ndi moyo wa kugonana. Pafupifupi theka la chiwerengero cha anthu kuti zolaula zawo sizimakhudza moyo wawo wa kugonana, pomwe wina wachitatu sakudziwa ngati zimakhudza kapena ayi. Aang'ono peresenti ya akazi ndi abambo amanena kuti zolaula zawo zimakhudza moyo wawo wa kugonana. Zinali zofala kwambiri pakati pa anthu apamwamba kuti azigwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zonse poyerekeza ndi amuna omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba.
Palifunika kudziwa zambiri zokhudza kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi thanzi. Chidutswa chofunika kwambiri ndi kukambirana zovuta za zolaula ndi anyamata ndi anyamata, ndipo sukulu ndi malo achilengedwe kuti muchite izi. Maphunziro okhudza kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, kugonana, ndi maubwenzi ndi oyenerera ku sukulu ku Sweden, ndipo maphunziro a chiwerewere ndi mbali yofunikira ya ntchito yoteteza kugonana kwa onse.
Pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya amuna adalipira kugonana
Kugonana kwa kugonana kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza momwe munthu amapezera, kapena amaperekedwa, kulipira kapena kubwezera pofuna kusinthanitsa kugonana. Malipiro angakhale ndalama, zovala, mphatso, mowa, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kapena malo ogona. Popeza 1999 ndiloletsedwa kugula kugonana ku Sweden, pamene kugulitsa kugonana sikuli.
Kulipira kapena mwa njira zina kubwezera wina kuti azisinthanitsa kugonana ndiko makamaka chodabwitsa chamuna. Pafupifupi a 10 peresenti ya amuna - koma osachepera limodzi pa azimayi - amawerengedwa kuti analipidwa kamodzi kokha chifukwa cha chiwerewere. Zinali zachilendo kuti adalipire kugonana kunja, ndipo a 80 peresenti ya amuna omwe adalipira kugonana anachita kunja. Palibe kusiyana komwe kunapezeka pakati pa amuna omwe ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a maphunziro. Amuna achiwerewere ndi amuna amodzi ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha analipira zambiri kugonana poyerekeza ndi amuna amtundu wina (pafupifupi 15 peresenti ndi zana la 10, motsatira).
Chimodzi mwa zolinga poyesa kugula kugonana chinali kusintha maganizo okhudzana ndi kugonana. Kusintha maganizo amenewa ndi gawo lalikulu la ntchito yofanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi zomwe ziyenera kuchitika m'madera onse a anthu kuti athe kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha amai. Kuchepetsa kufunika kwa uhule ndi gawo limodzi la cholinga choletsera chiwawa cha amuna.
Zotsatira zimasonyezanso kuti sizingavomereze kulandira malipiro pogwiritsa ntchito kugonana. Komabe, ndizofala pakati pa anthu a LGBT. Ndimodziwikiranso kuti avomereze malipiro posinthanitsa ndi chisomo cha kugonana ku Sweden pakati pa akazi ndi amuna kusiyana ndi kuchita kunja.
Zifukwa zovomerezera malipiro posinthana ndi zofuna za kugonana ndizosiyana. Kupewa kotero kumaphatikizapo zochita zosiyana ndi akuluakulu a boma, maphunziro, ndi chithandizo cha zaumoyo. Anthu okhudzidwa ayenera kupatsidwa chithandizo cha chithandizo chaumphawi ndi zochitika za anthu zomwe zimalimbikitsa ubwino wokonda kugonana, mwakuthupi, ndi m'maganizo mosasamala kanthu za kugonana kapena chidziwitso cha kugonana.
Umoyo wokhudzana ndi uchembere: zotsatira za mimba, mimba, kuchotsa mimba, kupititsa padera, ana, ndi kubereka ana
Kubalana ndi gawo lalikulu la moyo. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zogonana, malingaliro okhudza ana, ndi zochitika zobereka monga kutenga mimba, kuchotsa mimba, kutaya pathupi, ndi kubereka ana ndizofunika kwambiri pa uchembele wathu wa kubereka komanso zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi thanzi lathu, kugonana, ndi thanzi lathunthu.
Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti akazi ochepa omwe ali ndi zaka za 16-29 amagwiritsa ntchito mapiritsi oletsa kubadwa pakati pa omwe ali ndi ndalama zowonjezera poyerekezera ndi amayi omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa komanso amayi omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba poyerekeza ndi omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba. Kusiyanitsa kwa ntchitoyi mwina chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa chidziwitso ndi mantha a mahomoni ndi zotsatira zake.
Achitatu mwa amayi onse adanena kuti ali ndi mimba imodzi. Chiwerengero chimenechi, komanso chiwerengero chomwe chapezekapo padera, sichikhala chosasintha kuchokera ku 1970s.
Akazi atanena za kubereka kwao, a 26 peresenti adanena kuti adakhudzidwa ndi zotsatira za thupi, asilamu a 17 adanena zotsatira za maganizo, ndipo peresenti ya 14 inanena za zotsatira za kugonana. Zotsatira izi zimasiyana malinga ndi zaka komanso maphunziro apamwamba. Ophatikizana omwe akugwira nawo nthawi yobereka mwana wawo adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi maganizo, thupi, ndi kugonana, ngakhale pang'ono. Ambiri mwa amayi omwe anadziwitsidwa za kubereka kwa ana adakhala ndi episiotomy kapena kuperewera kwadzidzidzi, pamene 4 peresenti inali ndi vuto loyamba la anal sphincter (kalasi 3 kapena 4). Pafupifupi gawo limodzi la magawo khumi anali kufunafuna chisamaliro cha mavuto okhudzidwa ndi episiotomy kapena zozizwitsa zokhazikika pokhudzana ndi kupereka. Palibe zaka, maphunziro, kapena ndalama zomwe zimafuna kupeza kapena kulandira chisamaliro kapena mavuto okhudzana ndi kubereka ana.
Anthu ambiri amanena kuti ali ndi chiwerengero cha ana omwe akufuna, kupatula amuna omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba. Ambiri mwa anthu atatu alionse alibe ana, pamene 5 peresenti muzaka zonse zakale safuna ana. Pafupifupi chiwerengero cha 7 cha akazi ndi amuna omwe ali ndi zaka 30 mpaka 84 akhala makolo osafuna.
Potsirizira pake, SRHR2017 inasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito njira za kulera pakati pa akazi ku Sweden kumasiyana malinga ndi zaka ndi zosowa, komanso phindu la ndalama ndi maphunziro. Zochitika zoberekera monga kutenga mimba, kuchotsa mimba, kuperewera kwa amayi, komanso kubereka kwa mwana kumasiyana malinga ndi zinthu monga zaka, ndalama, maphunziro, chiwerewere, ndi nthawi zina dera. Kudziwa zambiri pa mayanjano omwe ali ndi zosiyana ndizofunika kudziwa momwe angapititsire bwino kuthetsa kusayenerera mu uchembere wabwino.
SRHR - nkhani yofanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi chiyanjano
SRHR2017 inasonyeza kusiyana pakati pa umoyo wokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi kubereka ndi ufulu pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana pakati pa anthu. Mayankho a pafupifupi mafunso onse mu kafukufukuwa anali osiyana pakati pa amayi ndi abambo, ndipo kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kunawonetsedwa pa:
- kuchitiridwa nkhanza ndi kugonana
- zochitika za kubweza pofuna kusinthanitsa kugonana
- zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito
- zochitika zosiyanasiyana zosiyana mu miyoyo ya anthu
Izi zikuwonetsera kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha kugonana ndi kubereka. Komanso, zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa chiopsezo chachikulu pakati pa amayi, achinyamata, osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndi anthu opitilira komanso ena mwa anthu omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa komanso maphunziro.
Ambiri mwa anthu ali ndi thanzi labwino la kugonana, zomwe ziri zotsatira zabwino. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kugonana ndi miyoyo ya anthu ndi yosiyana, nthawi zina zambiri, pakati pa amai ndi abambo. Mwachitsanzo, amayi ambiri amakhala ndi galimoto yochepa chifukwa cha kutopa ndi nkhawa poyerekeza ndi amuna. Chifukwa chake amuna ochepa nthawi zambiri amakhala omasuka kunena kuti ayi kugonana amafunikanso kuphunzira. Pali zikhalidwe zabwino pakati pathu zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi kugonana, ndipo maudindo a amuna, zikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi amuna, komanso zikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amuna zimakhudza momwe anthu akumvera kukhala omasuka kukhala ndi moyo wawo pamene akuwona bwino.
Kuzunzidwa, kugwiriridwa, ndi nkhanza za kugonana komanso momwe zimakhudzira thanzi lathu ndizofunika kwambiri pa umoyo wa anthu. Kukula ndi zotsatira sizimangokhudza munthu wozunzidwayo; Iwo amakhalanso chizindikiro cha momwe anthu alili ofanana.
Malingana ndi zotsatira za SRHR2017, zikuwoneka kuti pakufunika kukambirana kwakukulu ndi kusanthula za kugonana pokhudzana ndi chithandizo, uphungu, ndi maphunziro. Kwa achinyamata omwe tili ndi zipatala za achinyamata komanso zachipatala komwe nkhani zokhudzana ndi kugonana zimatha kukambilana - koma makamaka zikuwunikira amai - ndipo pali malo ochepa omwe anthu achikulire angapeze thandizo pokhudzana ndi kugonana kwawo komanso kugonana. Palifunika kuonetsetsa kuti zitsulozi zisawonongeke, makamaka magulu a achinyamata, komanso chifukwa chosowa amuna kuti awathandize, uphungu komanso chisamaliro chokhudzana ndi kugonana kwawo. Tiyenera kutsindika ufulu wa abambo ndi thanzi la abambo ndikukambirana ufulu wa abambo ku thanzi labwino, njira yolera ana, kugwiritsa ntchito njira za kulera, chithandizo cha matenda opatsirana pogonana, ndi thanzi labwino la kugonana.
Mu SRHR2017, tikuwona kuti amayi ndi abambo a mibadwo yonse amagwiritsa ntchito mabwalo a digito kuti agwirizane. Achinyamata akugwira ntchito kwambiri pa intaneti, ndipo kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi ochepa pakati pa achinyamata. UMO.se ndi chipatala chachinyamata pa intaneti komanso chitsanzo chabwino cha momwe angagwirire nkhani za kugonana m'njira yomwe imafikira ambiri komanso ndi khalidwe lapamwamba.
Mipingo ndizofunikira zolemba zofanana pakukhazikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi zaumoyo, ndipo maphunziro a kugonana m'masukulu ndi mbali yofunikira ya SRHR. Maphunziro a kugonana m'masukulu ndi kusamalira za sukulu ndi kupereka kwa ophunzira onse zokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka malamulo, monga malamulo ndi zikhalidwe, ndi malingaliro awo, monga thupi, kugonana, maubwenzi, ndi kugonana. Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti ophunzira amalandira zambiri zokhudza kugonana, kutenga mimba, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito njira za kulera kusiyana ndi kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, kugonana kwa LGBT, ndi maubwenzi ngakhale kuti maphunziro opatsirana pogonana asinthidwa monga kuphatikizana ndi zina. Ntchito yowonjezereka ndi maphunziro a kugonana imathandizidwa ndi kufufuza kwabwino kuchokera ku Maphunziro a Sukulu, kusintha kuchokera ku Sukulu ya Sukulu, ndi malangizo apadziko lonse okhudzana ndi maphunziro a kugonana kuchokera ku UNESCO ndi WHO Europe.
SRHR ku Sweden - momwe mungapititsire
Sweden ili ndi mwayi wapadera wofikira umoyo wofanana pakati pa kugonana ndi kubereka ndi ufulu wochokera ku Sweden, malamulo a UN, ndi zolemba zikalata. Sweden ili ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu wa ndale, womwe umasonyezanso mu Agenda 2030.
Kugonana ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa thanzi, ndipo kusiyana pakati pa zikhalidwe, zachikhalidwe, zachilengedwe ndi zachilengedwe zimakhudza thanzi labwino. Kugonana ndi kugonana kumadalira pazinthu zina zambiri za thanzi ndi moyo, monga thanzi labwino ndi kumwa mowa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Pomalizira, zotsatira zathu zimatsimikizira kuti tidziwa kale za SRHR, zomwe ziyeneretso za chikhalidwe ndizofunika kwambiri kuti ufulu wa anthu ndi mphamvu zowononga zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi kubereka komanso kukhala ndi thanzi labwino la kugonana, kubereka, maganizo, ndi thanzi labwino. Kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumakhalapo chifukwa cha zikhalidwe, zikhalidwe, ndi zoyembekezerapo payekha payekha payekha ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndipo izi zimapanga machitidwe omwe amakhudza moyo wa kugonana kwa anthu, kulankhulana, maubwenzi, ndi moyo wa banja mogwirizana ndi thanzi.
Vuto lalikulu la thanzi la anthu ndi chizunzo, kugwiriridwa, ndi chiwawa cha kugonana ndi momwe izi zimakhudzira thanzi. Kuzunzidwa, kuzunzidwa, ndi chiwawa chogonana ziyenera kuima.
Tifunika kudziwa zambiri za kusiyana chifukwa cha chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi chiwerewere pofuna kugwirizanitsa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Zomwe ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa ndi ufulu wa umoyo wa kugonana ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi kusanthuledwa.
SRHR imagwirizanitsidwa pamtundu wa dziko ndi Public Health Agency ku Sweden, yomwe ikuthandizira kukonza chidziwitso ndi mgwirizano wa dziko lonse. Poyang'anira zolinga zotsata zowonjezereka, ndondomeko yofanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ku Sweden, komanso njira yothetsera nkhanza za amuna, nkhani za SRHR komanso zinthu zina zomwe zili m'nkhaniyi ndi zofunika. Chidziwitso chomwe amapanga ndi phunziroli ndi chiyambi cha kusintha kwa thanzi la anthu m'madera a SRHR ku Sweden.
Kupenda thanzi labwino komanso kubereka ndi ufulu
Public Health Agency ku Sweden ikulumikiza SRHR kudziko lonse, kumanga chidziwitso, ndi kuyang'anira SRHR ku Sweden. Cholinga ndi ntchito ya boma ku bungwe lochita kafukufuku wa anthu pa SRHR chinali kuonjezera chidziwitso ndipo pakuchita zimenezi kukhazikitsa zinthu zabwino kwa SRHR ku Sweden.
Paradigm kusintha kwa nkhani zogonana
Kugwirizana pakati pa kugonana ndi thanzi kwafufuzidwa kale. Dziko la Sweden linayambitsa kafukufuku woyamba wa anthu okhudzana ndi kugonana padziko lonse mu 1967. Pambuyo pokonzekera zaka khumi, bungwe loyamba la Health Health Institute la Sweden linayambira, pa ntchito kuchokera kwa boma, phunziro la "Sex in Sweden" ku 1996. Kawirikawiri phunziroli limatchulidwa pa nkhani zogonana komanso zaumoyo, makamaka chifukwa cha kusowa kwa maphunziro akuluakulu pa mutuwo.
M'mbuyomu ya 20 kuphatikizapo zaka kuchokera ku 1996, kusintha kwakukulu ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwambiri kwadutsa. Mu mndandanda wa nthawi pansipa, timasonyeza chisankho cha kusintha kwa anthu. Zina mwa kusintha kwakukulu ndikutsegula kwa intaneti, ufulu wa anthu a LGBT, ndi ku Sweden kukhala membala ku EU, zomwe ndi kuwonjezereka kwa mayiko kuwonjezereka kwa anthu ndi mautumiki.
Chithunzi 1. Nthawi yotsatira ndi zina mwa kusintha kwa munda wa SRHR kuyambira 1996.
Pamene bungwe la Public Health Agency ku 2017 linayambitsa kufufuza kumeneku, linagwiritsidwa ntchito mndandanda watsopano wa SRHR. Izi zikuwonekera bwino kwambiri pa nkhani ya kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi chikazi, chidziwitso, kusintha ufulu wa LGBT, komanso ndithu intaneti. Kuonjezera apo, komiti ya Guttmacher-Lancet ya uchembere ndi ufulu wa uchembere ndi ubereki inakhazikitsa ndondomeko yeniyeni yowunikira komanso yokhudzana ndi umboni wa SRHR ku 2018. Tanthauzo lawo la SRHR ndi:
Umoyo wokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi uchembere ndi umoyo wabwino, wamaganizo, wamaganizo ndi umoyo wabwino mogwirizana ndi mbali zonse za kugonana ndi kubereka, osati kungokhala kulibe matenda, kufooka kapena kufooka. Choncho, njira yabwino yokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi kubereka ayenera kuzindikira mbali yomwe imagwirizanitsa ndi kugonana, kukhulupirirana ndi kuyankhulana polimbikitsa kudzidalira komanso kukhala ndi moyo wabwino. Anthu onse ali ndi ufulu wopanga zisankho zogwiritsa ntchito matupi awo ndikupeza mautumiki omwe akuthandiza.
Kupeza uchembere ndi uchembele wa uchembere kumadalira kukwaniritsa ufulu wokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi kubereka, womwe umachokera pa ufulu wa anthu onse kuti:
- ali ndi umphumphu, umoyo wawo, ndi kudzikonda kwawo
- afotokoze momasuka za kugonana kwawo, kuphatikizapo kugonana ndi kugonana komanso kudziwika
- onetsetsani kuti ndi nthawi yanji yogonana
- sankhani ogonana nawo
- Khalani ndi zochitika zogonana komanso zotetezeka
- kusankha ngati, ndi liti, ndi ndani kuti mukwatire
- sankhani ngati, ndi liti, ndi njira yotani yokhala ndi mwana kapena ana ndi ana angati kuti akhale nawo
- ali ndi mwayi wokhudzana ndi moyo wawo kuzinthu zowonjezera, zowonjezera, zothandizira, ndi chithandizo chofunikira kuti akwaniritse zonsezi zapadera popanda tsankhu, kuumirizidwa, kuzunzidwa, ndi chiwawa
Kuwunika SRHR
Zolinga za padziko lonse za Agenda 2030 zikuwongolera kukulinganiza bwino pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komanso kulimbitsa thanzi labwino ndi kubereka kwa anthu. Zolinga zambiri mu Agenda 2030 zimagwirizana ndi SRHR, nambala yaikulu ya cholinga 3 yokhudzana ndi thanzi ndi moyo kwa mibadwo yonse ndi nambala ya cholinga 5 yokhudzana ndi kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komanso kulimbikitsidwa kwa amayi ndi atsikana onse.
Pambuyo pa chitukuko cha SRHR ku Sweden ndizofunikira kuti tikwaniritse zolinga za padziko lonse. Izi makamaka chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komanso kusiyana pakati pa zaka zambiri. Tsatanetsatane wa SRHR ikufotokozera mwachidule zifukwa zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimachititsa kuti amai, ana, ndi achinyamata akhale cholinga chofuna kukwaniritsa cholinga cha dziko lapansi. Akuluakulu ena ndi ogwira ntchito ena nthawi zonse amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi gawo lachipatala, maubwino, komanso sukulu monga malo ochezera.
Gulu 1. Zolinga zamakono ndi zolinga za SRHR.
| Zolinga | |
| 3. Kukhala ndi thanzi labwino ndi thanzi | 3.1 Kuchepetsa kufa kwa amayi |
| 3.2 Imitsani imfa yonse yotetezedwa pansi pa zaka 5. | |
| 3.3 Ndi 2030, kuthetsa miliri ya Edzi, chifuwa chachikulu, malungo, matenda otukuka omwe amanyalanyazidwa ndi matenda a chiwindi, matenda opatsirana ndi madzi, ndi matenda ena opatsirana. | |
| 3.7 Ndi 2030, onetsetsani kuti paliponse mwayi wopezera chithandizo cha uchembere wogonana ndi kubereka - kuphatikizapo kulera, kudziwitsa, ndi maphunziro - ndikuphatikizana kwa uchembele wokhudzana ndi uchembere m'machitidwe ndi ndondomeko zadziko. | |
| 5. Kugwirizana kwa amuna ndi akazi | 5.1 Kuthetsa mitundu yonse ya tsankho kwa amayi ndi atsikana kulikonse. |
| 5.2 Kuchotsa mtundu uliwonse wa nkhanza kwa amayi ndi atsikana onse m'magulu ndi anthu apadera, kuphatikizapo kugulitsa ndi kugonana ndi mitundu ina yochitira nkhanza. | |
| 5.3 Chotsani zoyipa zonse, monga mwana, kumayambiriro, ndi kukakamiza ukwati ndi kudulidwa kwa amayi. | |
| 5.6 Onetsetsani kuti anthu onse ali ndi mwayi wokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi uchembele ndi ubereki. | |
| 10. Kusiyanitsa kuchepetsedwa | 10.3 Onetsetsani mwayi wofanana ndi kuchepetsa kusalingana kwa zotsatira, kuphatikizapo kuthetsa tsankho. |
njira
Kafukufuku wochokera m'madera a anthu SRHR2017 anali kufufuza pakati pa anthu ambiri a ku Sweden omwe adachitidwa ndi Public Health Agency mogwirizana ndi Statistics Sweden ndi Enkätfabriken AB. Kafukufukuyu anaphatikiza mafunso pazochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana, kugonana komanso zochitika zogonana, kugonana ndi kugonana, intaneti, kubwezera kusinthana ndi zofuna za kugonana, kuzunzidwa, kugonana, komanso chiwerewere. Choncho, chiwerengero cha SRHR2017 chinali chachikulu kwambiri poyerekezera ndi "Sex in Sweden" kuchokera ku 1996. Sukulu ya SRHR2017 inavomerezedwa ndi komiti yolondola ku Stockholm (Dnr: 2017 / 1011-31 / 5).
Kafukufukuyu anatumizidwa ndi makalata ku zitsanzo za 50,000 zomwe zakhala zikuyimilidwa ndi thandizo kuchokera ku register ya Total Population. Mayendedwe a mayankho anali a 31 peresenti. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anali ndi maphunziro apamwamba ndi omwe anabadwira kunja kwa Sweden. Kuchuluka kwa kuchoka kwapadera kunali kochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi kafukufuku wokhudza zaumoyo, koma mofanana ndi kafukufuku wina wokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi thanzi. Tinagwiritsa ntchito zolemera kuti tisinthe kuti tisakhale yankho komanso tikhoza kufotokozera anthu onse. Komabe, zotsatira ziyenera kumasuliridwa mosamala. SRHR2017 ndi phunziro loyamba la anthu pa SRHR ku Sweden, ndipo zotsatira zafotokozedwa ndi kugonana, magulu a zaka, maphunziro, chiwerewere, ndi nthawi zina kwa anthu opatsirana.
Kuwonjezera apo, bungwe la Public Health Agency linayesa kufufuza pa intaneti pa kugwa kwa 2018 pokhudzana ndi kugonana, kuvomereza, ndi thanzi pakati pa a 12,000 omwe ayankha ku Novus Sverigepanel. Pulogalamuyi ili ndi anthu a 44,000 omwe amasankhidwa mwachindunji kuti afufuze kafukufuku. Malinga ndi Novus, gulu lawo likuimira anthu a ku Sweden okhudzana ndi kugonana, zaka, ndi chigawo m'kati mwa zaka 18-79. Kafukufuku wamakono nthawi zambiri amafika peresenti ya mapemphero a 55-60 peresenti, ndipo kafukufuku wathu anali ndi chiwerengero cha machitidwe a 60.2 peresenti. Kuti mudziwe zambiri, chonde onani lipoti lakuti "Sexuell kommunikation, samtycke och hälsa" ndi Public Health Agency ku Sweden.