Kaylee Skoda, Cory L. Pedersen
SAGE Open, Epulo-Juni 2019: 1-11
Kudalirika
Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wapeza kuti zithunzi zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pazowulutsa zikuluzikulu zimayambitsa kudzidalira, makamaka pakati pa azimayi. Ndi mwayi wopezeka mosavuta ndikugawa zinthu zolaula (SEM) m'zaka zaposachedwa, chifukwa chakukwera kwa intaneti, zawonetsedwa kuti ogula a SEM akhoza kuchepetsa kudzidalira mu zotsatira zofanana ndi zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufuku kuwonetsedwa pazithunzi zazikulu. Kafukufuku woyesayu adafufuza ngati kuwonetsedwa kwa SEM kumapangitsa kudzidalira kwa makasitomala komanso ngati zotulukazi zinali zofanana ndi zomwe zimawonetsedwa pa TV. Amuna ndi akazi omwe sanatenge nawo gawo sanapatsidwe zithunzi, zithunzi wamba, kapena zithunzi za SEM ndipo adapemphedwa kuti anene za kudzidalira kokwanira padziko lonse lapansi, komanso kuchuluka kwa kudzidalira kwakuthupi komanso umunthu. Zambiri zokhala ochepa zimachepetsedwa kwambiri kwa azimayi omwe amatenga nawo gawo pazofanana ndi abambo onse, koma kuwonetsa pazithunzi za SEM kunawonetsa chiyambukiro chovuta kwambiri pakudziyimba kwawokha kwamunthu komanso wamwamuna. Zovuta ndi zolephereka pazotsatira izi zakambidwa.
Keywords zojambula zogonana, zolaula, media, Kudzidalira, chithunzi cha thupi, maliseche
Potengera mwayi wopezeka pa intaneti, makampani opanga zolaula akhazikika mwachangu kukhala amodzi opindulitsa kwambiri ku Western (Stewart & Szymanski, 2012). Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolaula (SEM) zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti zakula limodzi ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zida zopezeka pa intaneti monga ma Smartphones, mapiritsi, ndi ma laputopu (Hare, Gahagan, Jackson, & Steenbeek, 2014; Mattebo, Larsson, Tydén, Olssen, & Häggström-Nordin, 2012; Owens, Behun, Manning, & Reid, 2012). Pakufufuza kwa 2010, Ogas ndi Gaddam adatsimikiza kuti mawebusayiti omwe adafikiridwa kwambiri a 1 miliyoni, 42,337 anali okhudzana ndi kugonana, kupikisana pafupifupi 4% padziko lonse lapansi. Kusanthula kwinanso kwa kusaka pa intaneti kuyambira pa Julayi 2009 mpaka Julayi 2010 kwawonetsa pafupifupi 13% yozungulirapo pazogonana (Ogas & Gaddam, 2012). Ndi kumasulidwa pachaka kwa data yogwiritsira ntchito patsamba lodziwika bwino "Pornhub.com", Ziwerengerozi zikukulirakulira - 2018 Pornhub Year in Review yatiwuza alendo ochuluka kwambiri a 33.5 biliyoni, zomwe zikufanana ndi anthu opitilira 100 miliyoni akuwonera zolaula patsiku, pa kusaka kwa 962 pamphindikati (Pornhub, 2018). Pornhub ndi tsamba limodzi zolaula pakati pa masauzande ambiri omwe amapezeka mosavuta ndi chipangizo chilichonse chomwe chimapereka intaneti.
Intaneti imakhala njira yabwino kwambiri yogawa SEM yomwe idatchuka kwambiri pachikhalidwe chamakono - ndi 2010, United States idawona 93% ya achinyamata azaka zapakati pa 12 ndi 17 azololedwa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, 63% ikugwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse (Lenhart, Purcell, Smith, & Zickur, 2010). Ngakhale ndi 25% yokha yachinyamata ku 2003 yomwe idadziwika ndi SEM pa intaneti (Mitchell, Finkelhor, & Wolak, 2003), mwa 2008 chiwerengerochi chidakula mpaka 93% ya anyamata ndi 62% ya atsikana (Sabina, Wolak, & Finkelhor, 2008). Kuphatikiza apo, akuti mwina zaka za 12, 51% ya anyamata ndi 32% ya atsikana aziona mwadala mtundu wina wa SEM pa intaneti (Leahy, 2009). Popeza kupezeka pa intaneti kumachulukanso, momwemonso zolaula. Ziwerengero za Pornhub mu 2018 zidawonetsa kuti 71.6% ya owonera za Pornhub adagwiritsa ntchito foni kuti adziwe tsambalo (Pornhub, 2018), zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti ukadaulo wamakono umapereka mwayi woperekera mwayi ku SEM yomwe sinapezeke m'mibadwo yakale.
Nkhani imodzi yokhudza kupezeka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa SEM yayang'ana kwambiri pamalingaliro akuti SEM imapereka ziwonetsero zosatheka za thupi laimphongo ndi wamkazi komanso kuchuluka kwake (Lundin-Kvalem, Træen, Lewin, & Štulhofer, 2014; Mattebo et al., 2012; Moran & Lee, 2014). Ofufuza ena anena kuti ogula a SEM, makamaka achinyamata azaka zakumapeto ndi kugonana, amatha kukhala pachiwopsezo chokhala ndi malingaliro osafunikira a zomwe zimakhala “zabwinobwino” malinga ndi thupi (Hald & Malamuth, 2008; Hare ndi al., 2014; Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005). Mwachitsanzo, kuwunika kwa zolaula kwapeza kukula kwa mbolo mwa ochita zolaula zachimuna mpaka pafupifupi gawo lalitali kwambiri malinga ndi kukula kwakukulu (Wotsalira, Frederick, & Peplau, 2006), pomwe ambiri ochita zolaula amakhala ndi chifuwa komanso / kapena matumbo, zofananira ndi anthu wamba (Lever et al., 2006; Moran & Lee, 2014). Ngakhale ziwonetserozi siziri kunja kwa kuthekera kwa kuchuluka kwa zomwe anthu angakonde ndi zomwe amakonda, kuchuluka kwa kusintha komwe kumachitika mwa anthu onse ndi kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa komwe kumawonetsedwa ku SEM (Lundin-Kvalem et al., 2014; Mattebo et al., 2012; Moran & Lee, 2014).
Pofika pa intaneti ndipo potero, mwayi wopezeka ku SEM, kungodinanso foni yamakono, nkhawa zakhala zikuchitika chifukwa cha mphamvu yakugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa SEM pa chithunzi cha thupi ndikudzinyadira, komanso ngati SEM imathandizira ogula mwanjira yofanana ndi ija zimawoneka mwanjira zowonetsera zowonekera bwino. Kuyambira pazotsatsa mpaka malonda otsatsa magazini, kafukufuku yemwe amayang'ana pazithunzi zolaula zomwe zimawonetsedwa pazanema akunenedwa kuti zimalimbikitsa kudzidalira (Hendriks, 2002; McCabe, Butler, & Watt, 2007; Morrison, Ellis, Morrison, Bearden, & Harriman, 2004; Morrison, Harriman, Morrison, Bearden, & Ellis, 2006). Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wowonetsa makanema amafotokoza zonse zomwe anapeza mwa omwe atenga nawo mbali pazithunzi zoterezi, kuphatikizapo kuchepa kwa kukhutitsidwa kwa minofu (Agliata, Tantleff-Dunn, 2004,, kukakamizidwa kowonjezera kuti muchepetse mafuta m'thupi (Miller & Halberstadt, 2005,, ndikuchepetsa kukhutira kwathunthu kwamthupi (Guðnadóttir & Garðarsdóttir, 2014). Popeza kuti zotsatsa zakugonana amuna ndi akazi zikuwonjezeka pakapita nthawi (Zolemba, Murnen, & Krause, 2013), kuthekera kosavomerezeka kowonekera pa kudzidalira kwa makasitomala motero kumawoneka kukhala kovutikira koyenera kovomerezeka pakufufuza kwachangu.
Kulimbikitsa Kudzilemekeza
Kudzidalira kumatanthawuza kuunikiridwa kwa munthu kwakukulu ndi momwe amamukondera kapena kumvetsetsa (Otsatira & Baumeister, 2000). Kapangidwe kake nkovuta kuyesa, popeza ofufuza sanagwirizanebe pang'onopang'ono momwe kudzidalira kumatanthauzidwira ndikuwunika (Hewitt, 2005; Kuster & Orth, 2013; Trzesniewski, Donnellan, & Robins, 2013). Pakadali pano, kudzidalira kumafotokozedwa pofotokoza magawo awiri osiyana-kudzidalira kwapadziko lonse lapansi ndi kudzidalira (kapena enieniwo)Brown & Marshall, 2006; Otsatira & Baumeister, 2000; Trzesnviewski et al., 2013). Kudzidalira kwapadziko lonse lapansi kukusonyeza kulingalira kwapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi pankhani ya munthu. Ndikowunikira momwe anthu amadzionera okha ndipo ali osasunthika nthawi yonse ya moyo (Kuster & Orth, 2013; Otsatira & Baumeister, 2000; Trzesnviewski et al., 2013). Mosiyana ndi izi, kudzidalira kwaboma kumaphatikizapo kuyang'ana kwofunikira kwa wina aliyense m'dera kapena zochitika zina. Zimakamba za zomwe zimapangitsa munthu kudziona kuti ali ndi vuto lomwe angasinthe, zimakhudzidwa ndi mayankho amakhudzidwe ndi zochitika zomwe “zimawopseza” kudziona (Brown & Marshall, 2006; Eisenberger, Inagaki, Muscatell, Haltom, & Leary, 2011,, ndipo imalumikizana kwambiri ndi kuvomerezedwa kapena kudzipatula kwanu kwa abaleEisenberger et al., 2011; Otsatira & Baumeister, 2000). Chifukwa chake, magawo awiriwa odzidalira ndi osiyana komanso osasinthika, ngakhale magawo awiriwa akhoza kudutsa (Brown & Marshall, 2006). Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kudzikweza kwa boma zitha kupangitsa kuti zisinthe kuchoka kutali kapena pafupi ndi dziko lokhalitsa, lokhalokha lodzidalira padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zingayambitse kudutsana.
Chiphunzitso poyerekeza zachikhalidwe (Festinger, 1954) ikufotokoza momwe kudzidalira kwamaboma kungakhudzidwire pogwiritsa ntchito njira yodziyerekeza ndi kudziona, kunena kuti anthu amadziyerekeza ndi ena pazinthu zosiyanasiyana pofuna kudzimva bwino momwe amacheza ndi momwe amalumikizirana ndi ena. Kulephera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za ena kumalumikizidwa ndi kudzikweza boma.Lundin-Kvalem et al., 2014; Morrison et al., 2006; Morrison et al., 2004). Chiphunzitso choyerekeza zachikhalidwe chimalimbikitsa kufotokozera momwe kuwonetsedwa pazithunzi zapa media, mwachitsanzo, kungawonongere chidaliro cha dziko. Makamaka, makasitomala akagulitsidwa ndi otsatsa makinawa - ndipo pambuyo pake akuwona kuti akulephera kukwaniritsa kukongola kapena mawonekedwe amthupi omwe akuwunikira, adzaganiza kuti ndi osayerekezeka, komanso kuti kukanidwa pagulu kwatsala pang'ono. Zotsatirapo zake zimadzetsa vuto lodzidalira.
Kudzidalira kocheperako kwawonetsedwa kuti kukuwonjezera chiopsezo cha kusakhutira kwathunthu kwamthupi, makamaka pakati pa achinyamata (Orth, Robins, Widaman, & Conger, 2014; Paxton, Neumark-Sztainer, Hannan, & Eisenberg, 2006; Verplanken & Tangelder, 2011). Kuphatikiza apo, kudzidalira kotsika kumalumikizidwa ndi chiwopsezo chowonjezereka cha nkhawa ndi kukhumudwa, chiwopsezo chowonjezereka cha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso uchidakwa, ndipo zitha kuchititsa chidwi pazinthu zamgwirizano komanso kusokonekera kwamaphunziro kapena ntchito yapamwamba (Counselling and Mental Health Center, 2015). Kudzidalira kwapang'onopang'ono motero kumadzetsa ngozi zambiri zamaganizidwe kwa iwo omwe ali ndi vuto (Orth et al., 2014; Paxton et al., 2006; Verplanken & Tangelder, 2011), yomwe imafotokoza muyeso wofunikira pa thanzi lathunthu komanso gawo lofunika lofufuzira.
Ndikofunikira, komabe, kusiyanitsa mtundu wa kudzinyadira komwe kumakhudzidwa mukamaunikira zotsatira zomwe chiwonetsero chazomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi makasitomala. Kafukufuku wa Longitudinal yemwe amafufuza kudzidalira kwapadziko lonse wapeza kuti nthawi zambiri amakula motalikirapo kutalika kwa moyo wa mitundu yonse ndi anyamata: Amakula kwambiri kuyambira paubwana, amatsika paunyamata, ndipo amadzuka ndikukalamba.Kuster & Orth, 2013; Robins & Trzesniwski, 2005; Trzesnviewski et al., 2013). Mosiyana ndi izi, zochitika m'moyo zimatha kusintha kudzidalira kwamtunduwu munjira yabwino kapena yoyipa. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi Wong et al. (2015) Amuna achimuna adayesetsa kuganizira za nthawi zamanuna zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu. Gulu loyambiliralo lidadzinenera lokhalanso lodzidalira makamaka pokhudzana ndi ubale wawo wamwamuna ndi gulu lawongolero lopanda chitetezo. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kudzidalira kwapadziko lonse lapansi kumakhalabe kosakhazikika nthawi yonse ya moyo, mawonekedwe a kudzidalira kwadzikoli amasinthasintha komanso amakhala pachiwopsezo chazabwino ndi zovuta pamoyo. Mwakutero, zovuta zilizonse zomwe zimawonetsedwa pazowonera, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito SEM - zimapangitsa kuti makasitomala azikhala olimba zachindunji, osati zapadziko lonse lapansi. Ngati kukhudzana ndi SEM kungakhale pachiwopsezo chodzikayikira mu boma, ndiye kuti nkoyenera kufufuzidwanso.
Mphamvu za Kukhudzika kwa SEM
Zalembedwa mu chikhalidwe chamakono cha atolankhani kuti, monga zotsatira za kutsatsa kwawoku kudzidalira, kuchuluka kowonjezereka ndi kuwonetsedwa ku SEM kuyenera kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa pa kudzidalira kwa boma kwa ogula potengera kufanana ndi ziwonetsero zosagwirizana ndi thupi zomwe zaperekedwa (Montgomery-Graham, Kohut, Fisher, & Campbell, 2015; Morrison et al., 2006; Morrison et al., 2004). Nkhani zofala za SEM nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa zovuta zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosabereka, potchula kuti zimayambitsa kugonana komanso kukwatirana muukwati (Lambert, Negash, Stillman, Olmstead, & Fincham, 2012), komanso wothandizira zachiwawa kwa akazi ndi msika wogulitsa malonda ogonana osavomerezeka (Montgomery-Graham et al., 2015). Momwemonso, malipoti awa samasiyanitsa magawo osiyana ndi kudzidalira, popereka chithunzi chakuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa SEM kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa (chizindikiro cha kudzidalira kwapadziko lonse) m'malo motengera zotsatira zoyipa (chizindikiro cha kudzidalira mwapadera kwa boma -wodziwika; Hare, Gahagan, Jackson, & Steenbeek, 2015; Peter & Valkenburg, 2014). Komabe, mosiyana ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti SEM imakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwa ogula, mabuku omwe akuchokera pa SEM amakhalabe osakanikirana.
Kafukufuku wina akuwonetsa kuyipa kwakumwa kwa SEM, ngakhale akutsutsana ndi kufalikira ndi kufalikira kwa SEM (Hald & Malamuth, 2008; Luder et al., 2011; Montgomery-Graham et al., 2015). Ngati pali chilichonse, kuwonekera kwa SEM kwapezeka kuti kuli ndi zabwino zimakhudza miyoyo ya anthu munjira zosiyanasiyana (Hald & Malamuth, 2008; Hare ndi al., 2015). Kafukufuku wambiri wowunika kumwa kwa SEM mu akulu akulu adanenanso kuwonjezeka kwa chidziwitso cha kugonana, kukhala ndi thanzi labwino, kupezeka kwa zomwe amakonda, komanso moyo wabwino wophatikizana ndi omwe samvera (Hald & Malamuth, 2008; Hesse & Pedersen, 2017; Lundin-Kvalem et al., 2014; Sabina et al., 2008). Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa chosadziwika kuti SEM idalowa kudzera pa intaneti imathandizira ogula, zapezekanso ndi gawo labwino kwa achinyamata ocheperako ogonana ndi akulu omwe omwe akukhala ndi zilakolako zosagwirizana ndi amuna, amuna kapena akazi anzawoHare ndi al., 2015; Luder et al., 2011).
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, kafukufuku woonetsa zotsatira zoyipa za kumwa kwa SEM wapezeka mwa ogula amuna, koma osati mwa ogula achikazi. Phunziro la Peter ndi Valkenburg (2014) anapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito SEM sikunathandize kwenikweni kwa ogula achikazi koma kunapangitsa kutsika kwakukhutira kwathunthu kwa amuna. Zotsatira izi zidapezekanso mu kafukufuku wo Cranney (2015), pomwe ogula achikazi sananene kuti akukhudzidwa ndi kukhutira kwa thupi (makamaka, kukula kwamawere) ndi kumwa kwa SEM, koma abambo adanena kuti kuchepa kwakukwanira kwa mbolo. Phunziro la Tylka (2014) Kugwiritsa ntchito SEM kukhala yolumikizana molakwika ndi kukhathamiritsa thupi komanso mafuta m'thupi, komanso kuyanjana bwino ndi kuyamikiridwa kwathunthu kwa thupi. Kafukufuku wina wofufuza makamaka amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amawonetsanso kuphatikiza koipa pakati pa kumwa kwambiri kwa SEM ndi kukhutira thupi (Whitfield, Rendina, Grov, & Parsons, 2017).
Chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe m'mabukuwa akuwonetsa zoyipa zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha kuwonekera kwa SEM pakulimbikitsa kwa ogula amuna okhaokha, ngakhale azimayi ambiri amawoneka kuti ali pachiwopsezo chodzidalira (Esnaola, Rodríguez, & Goñi, 2010; Graff et al., 2013; Hatton & Trautner, 2011; Hendriks, 2002; Schneider et al., 2013). Ndizotheka kuti izi zimawonetsa kukhudzana; ndi azimayi omwe amapezereredwa ndikugonana pazosangalatsa komanso SEM pafupipafupi kuposa abambo - komanso kwa nthawi yayitali-mwina takhala okana kutengera izi.
Cholinga cha Phunziro La Tsopano
Poganizira za chikhulupiliro chofala chomwe chikupezeka kuti kuwonetsedwa ku SEM kumapangitsa kuti ogula azidzidalira (Montgomery-Graham et al., 2015), cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kuwunika ngati kuwonekera kwa SEM kumathandizira kudziona kuti ndi wotsika poyerekeza ndi kutsatsa kwanyimbo zachikhalidwe, komanso kufufuza ngati SEM imakhudzanso amuna, koma osati azimayi. Kumanga pa maphunziro a kukonza Morrison et al. (2004), Morrison et al. (2006)ndipo Peter ndi Valkenburg (2014), tidawona momwe otsatsa malonda amaonekera komanso kuwonetsedwa kwa SEM pakudziyimba kwakukhudzika komanso kudziona kuti ndi olondola paokha. Popeza kafukufuku wakale adadalira kwambiri momwe angadzigwiritsire ntchito ntchito ya SEM, kafukufukuyu ndi amodzi mwa oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesera kuti afufuze mwachangu momwe okhutira omwe amamvera amakhudzidwa ndi matupi awo makamaka, komanso maliseche awo, mogwirizana ndi ochita nawo kuwonetsedwa pachithunzi kapena zithunzi.
Kutengera kafukufuku wakale womwe wachitidwa ndi zeitgeist wa mowa wa SEM wokhala ndi vuto, tidayambitsa malingaliro angapo. Poyamba, timayembekezera kuti amuna omwe ali mgulu la zifanizo azilankhula za chitetezo chamthupi komanso maliseche, pomwe azibambo omwe ali ndi zithunzi zodziwonera ndi otsika kwambiri kuposa omwe amayang'anira zithunzi zachiwerewere zomwe zikuwonetsa anthu otsika kwambiri. Tidawerengera zomwe zimachitikanso kwa azimayi omwe amatenga nawo mbali, komanso tikuyembekeza kuti akazi atha kupereka lipoti lotsika lodziona kuti ali ndi anzawo, mosasamala kanthu za momwe zinthu ziliri, kutengera zomwe zidapezeka m'mbuyomu kuti azimayi nthawi zambiri amasimba za kudzidalira kwawo kofanana ndi abambo chonse (Esnaola et al., 2010; Schneider et al., 2013).
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Opanga nawo Nawo Ntchito
Phunziroli lidachitika pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya kafukufukuyi Qualtrics. Ophunzira adalembedwera makamaka kudzera mu dipatimenti yochita nawo kafukufuku payunivesite yayikulu yaku Canada. Mawebusayiti apa intaneti monga Twitter, Facebook, ndi Reddit adagwiritsidwanso ntchito polemba anthu osapembedza kudzera m'njira zamatsenga a chipale chofewa. Zitsanzozi zinali za ophunzira a 299 (n = Akazi a 181, n = Amuna a 118), azaka kuyambira 18 mpaka 63 zaka (M = 25.22, SD = 7.79). Zambiri zokhudzana ndi anthu omwe atenga nawo gawo kudzera mu jini zimapezeka Gulu 1.
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Tebulo 1. Kugawidwa kwa Chiwerengero cha Anthu Ndi Gender.
Makina Ofufuza
Phunziroli linaphatikizapo kuyeserera kwa 2 (gwiritsani ntchito) x 3 (kuwonetsedwa pazithunzithunzi: palibe, media, SEM) kapangidwe koyesera kamankhwala. Opanga nawo gawo mwachisawawa malo owongolera sanawonetsedwe pazithunzi zilizonse. Opanga nawo gawo mwachisawawa atha kuwona zithunzi za 20 zoyeserera pakati pa amuna ndi akazi zosankhidwa pazotsatsa zikuluzikulu. Pomaliza, otenga nawo mbali omwe atumizidwa ku SEM adaonera 20 mwamanyazi, zofanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, zithunzi zolaula.
Tidasankha kuphatikiza mawonekedwe atatu pazithunzi pazifukwa zingapo. Choyamba, mkhalidwe wowongolera umakhazikitsa chiyambi cha kudzidalira kwapadziko lonse ndi boma. Tidaphatikizaponso njira ziwiri zochiritsira - atolankhani ndi SEM - kuti tiwone ngati pali kusiyana pakudziyimba komwe kwatchulidwa pakati pa magawo awiriwa. Popeza kuti kafukufuku wofufuza zomwe zimawonekera pazithunzi zakujambulidwa zakhala zikulepheretsa kudzidalira kwakukulu (Agliata, Tantleff-Dunn, 2004; Guðnadóttir & Garðarsdóttir, 2014; McCabe et al., 2007; Morrison et al., 2006; Morrison et al., 2004), tidafunitsitsa ngati kuwonetsedwa kwa SEM kukhudzanso kudzidalira kwakukulu kwa boma, makamaka monga amanyazi - komanso kusaimira konse kwa anthu wamba - zomwe zili mu SEM sizikuwoneka pofalitsa.
Njira
Zambiri pazambiri
Mafunso asanu ndi limodzi amafunsa zidziwitso zoyambira zaomwe ophunzira amatenga zaka, zaka, jenda, kugonana, mtundu, ubale, komanso maphunziro apamwamba.
Rosenberg Kudziona Kokha (SES)
SES imakhala ndi zinthu za 10 ndikuwunikira kudzidalira kwapadziko lonse mwa kuyeza kudzidalira komanso kudzikomera (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikumva kuti ndili ndi zingapo zabwino") (Rosenberg, 1965). Zinthu zimavomerezeka pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa Likert kuyambira 1 (satsutsana kwambiri) kwa 4 (amavomereza kwambiri). Zambiri zapamwamba zimawonetsa kudzidalira kwapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi. Chitsimikizo cha muyeso chakhazikitsidwa pakufufuza kwakale ndipo zovomerezeka za psychometric zanenedwapo, ndi zophatikizana kuyambira pa .72 mpaka .88 (Gray-Little, Williams, & Hancock, 1997; Robins, Hendin, & Trzesniewski, 2001). Pakafukufuku waposachedwa, alpha yolimba ya α = .90 idakhazikitsidwa.
Kuwonetsedwa kwa Thupi Pazochita Zosonyeza Kugonana (BESAQ)
BESAQ imakhala ndi zinthu za 28 zomwe zimawunikira malingaliro aliwonse ozindikira kapena kuda nkhawa pofalitsa thupi lake kwa omwe angathe kugonana naye. Chifukwa chake, BESAQ ndi muyeso wakudziyimira pawokha pokhudzana ndi momwe munthu akumvera ndi thupi lake pankhani yogonana.Cash, Maikkula, & Yamamiya, 2004). Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zili ndi mafunso monga "Tikagonana, ndimakhala ndi nkhawa kuti bwenzi langa likhala kuti limandisangalatsa 'komanso" Nthawi yogonana ndimakhala ndi nkhawa kuti bwenzi langa lipeza zinthu zomwe sizikuwathandiza. " Mulingo wapamwamba wamitundu ya 5-point Likert, yokhala ndi zolemba zingapo kuyambira 1 (konse) kwa 5 (nthawizonse). BESAQ ndi mulingo woyipa, momwe kuchuluka kwapamwamba kumayimira kukhutira kwambiri kwa thupi. Kupanga izi kuti zizigwirizana ndi zosinthika zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza, komanso kumasulira, BESAQ idasinthidwa kuti zowoneka bwino zikukhutiritsa thupi (mwachitsanzo, kudzidalira kolimba kwa thupi. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyo pa BESAQ akuwonetsa kudalirika kwamkati kosatha, ndi ma alphas kuyambira .95 mpaka .96 (Cash et al., 2004). Pakafukufuku waposachedwa, alpha yolimba kwambiri ya α = .96 idakhazikitsidwa.
Scarital Genital Scale (GES)
GES ili ndi ma subscales awiri apadera, omwe amagwirizana ndi jenda lililonse: The 12-item femital honour subscale (FGES) and 14-item femital honc subscale (MGES; Zima, 1989). Subscale iliyonse imawunika momwe amaonera ma genitalia omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe aliwonse osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, GES imawunika kudzikayikira kwakokha pokhudzana ndi momwe akumvera makamaka pamawonekedwe a maliseche. Mwachitsanzo, funso limodzi pa MGES limafunsa ophunzirawo kuti awone momwe akukhutira ndi kukula kwa mbolo yawo, pomwe wina pa FGES amapempha ophunzirawo kuti awone kukhutira kwawo ndi kukula kwa labia minora yawo. Mayankho amaperekedwa pamakwerero a 5-point Likert-Type, poyankha kuyambira 1 (osakhutira kwambiri) kwa 5 (wokhutitsidwa kwambiri). Zambiri zapamwamba zimawonetsa kukhutira kwapamwamba ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wako (mwachitsanzo, kudzimvera koyenera kwamtundu winawake). Pakafukufuku waposachedwa, alphas olimba a í = .91 anapezeka onse a FGES ndi MGES.
zipangizo
Zithunzi zonse za 40 zidapezeka pazosaka za Google komanso kuchokera pawebusayiti yotchuka ya zolaula. Zithunzi 20 zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pazowonetsa ndipo zithunzi za 20 zidagwiritsidwa ntchito mu SEM. M'mayesero onsewa, zithunzizo zinali zachimodzimodzi (zachimuna za 10 ndi akazi a 10) ndipo zithunzi zonse za 40 zimawonetsa mtundu umodzi. Zowongolera sizinawonetse zithunzi.
Zithunzi zaku Media zopezeka kudzera pa Google zimaphatikizapo zotsatsa wamba kuchokera m'magazini, masamba, ndi malonda pa TV. Zithunzizi zidasankhidwa kuti zizikopa kugonana komanso kukopa, koma mitundu yonse idavalidwa. Zithunzi zolaula zimasankhidwa pakati pazomwe zimawonetsedwa pazolaula / zoseweretsa pazosangalatsa kudzera pornhub.com. Zithunzizi zidasankhidwa kuti zikuwonetse zofunikira pakuwona zolaula za archetypal zolaula (zikwangwani zazikulu, mabere akulu, zibala zopanda tsitsi, ndi zina) ndipo onse ochita pazithunzizi anali amanyazi kwathunthu ndikuwonetsa pang'onopang'ono mtundu wawo. Zithunzi zonse zidasankhidwa kuti zisonyeze ochita masewera osiyanasiyana amitundu yosiyanasiyana (Caucasian, Asia, African American) mokhazikika, zithunzi zoyang'ana kutsogolo, zithunzi zosankhidwa kwa unyamata wawo (wazaka za 18 ndi zaka za 30) ndi malingaliro ofunikira: Zoyenera, mitundu yam'mimba mwa abambo, komanso zigawo zazikulu za m'chiuno mpaka chiuno mwa akazi. Zithunzi zonse zidayesedwa kuti zitheke kukwaniritsa zofuna zawo ndi wodziyimira pawokha kuti awonetsetse mgwirizano wamagulu awiri pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhala ndi chikhalidwe chamunthu; kukula kwa mabere, areolas, vulvas, ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino mu mkhalidwe wa SEM komanso kugonana kosangalatsa komanso kukopa mu chikhalidwe chachikulu cha media.
Kayendesedwe
Atamaliza chilolezo kutenga nawo mbali ndikusonkha zidziwitso za kuchuluka kwa anthu, onse anapatsidwa pulogalamu ya Qualtrics pamodzi mwa magawo atatuwo. Omwe anali nawo paulamuliro adapitilira mwachangu mafunso atatu motsatira SES, BESAQ, ndi FGES / MGES, osakumana ndi chithunzi chilichonse. Omwe atolankhani atolankhani adawonetsedwa pazithunzi za 20 pazoyenera pakati pa amuna ndi akazi - zomwe zidawonetsedwa pazenera pa 5 s mwatsatanetsatane, ndipo adawalangizidwa kuti amalize njira zitatu zotsata (motsatila monga otenga mbali pazolamulira). Otsatira omwe ali pa SEM adawonetsedwa pazithunzi za 20 zoyeserera pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komanso zowonetsedwa pa 5 s mwatsatanetsatane, ndikumaliza miyeso yodalira, mofananamo. Atamaliza phunziroli, onse ophunzira adachotsedwa pamtima ndikuthokoza chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali.
Results
Popeza kudzidalira kwapadziko lonse lapansi ndi mkhalidwe wokhazikika wosayembekezereka kuti ungasiyane ndi kuwonekera pazoyeserera (Kuster & Orth, 2013; Trzesnviewski et al., 2013) - komanso umboni wa kuchuluka kwamilandu pakati pa ochita nawo dziko lonse lapansi ndi mkhalidwe wodziyimira pawokha (Gulu 4- -kudzidalira pawokha kunawongoleredwa pakuwunika konse komwe kukuchitika. Mu kusanthula kwaukadaulo, zotsatira zazikulu zowerengera zimatsatiridwa ndi kusanthula kosagwirizana pachinthu chilichonse, ndikukonza kwa Bonferroni pazomwe zimadalira (Munda, 2013; Tabachnick & Fidell, 2019). Malingaliro a homogeneity, wamba, komanso kudziyimira pawokha okhala onse adakumana.
Amasanthula za Mkhalidwe ndi Kugonana Kwambiri Pakukhutira Thupi
Kuwunikira njira ziwiri kudapangidwa kuti liwunikenso momwe zimakhalira ndi kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Mlingo wa ulemu wamtunduwu sunaphatikizidwe muchiwonetserochi chifukwa cha umwini wake, womwe ungapereke zosowa zolondola za amuna kapena akazi anzawo pamlingo uliwonse.
Pambuyo pakusintha kudzikhulupirira padziko lonse lapansi, zotsatira zazikulu za ziwerengero zaanthu zimawululidwa, F(1, 293) = 50.75, p <.001, η2p
. Panalinso yofunika yayikulu yamikhalidwe, F(2, 293) = 2.60, p <.05, η2p, ndi jenda lofunikira potengera momwe zinthu zimayendera, F(2, 293) = 4.21, p <.05, η2p
. Kutulutsa kwadongosolo kotereku kunawonetsa kuti kuwonetsa kwa SEM pakukhutitsidwa kwa thupi kunali kosiyana kwa otenga nawo gawo amuna kuposa akazi. Ngakhale azimayi adanena zatsika kwambiri pakukhutira kwathupi lathunthu ndi amuna anzawo, kuwunika kosavuta kunawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu za amuna okha pachilichonse cha SEM, F(1, 294) = 7.03, p <.01, kuwonetsa atolankhani, F(1, 294) = 31.03, p <.001, ndipo palibe zochitika zowonekera, F(1, 294) = 22.62, p <.001. Gulu 2 zimapereka njira zosinthika ndi zolakwika zofananira pamitundu iliyonse malinga ndi momwe zimakhalira.
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Tebulo 2. Zizindikiro Zokhutira Mwathupi mwa Amuna Ndi Akazi
Kusanthula kwa Zotsatira Zokhudza Matendawa
Kusiyanitsa kokhazikika kosagwirizana ndi njira zodziyimira payekha kunapangidwa kuti athe kuwunika zotsatira za milingo yolingana ndi jini. Pambuyo polamulira kudzidalira kwapadziko lonse lapansi, zotsatira zazikulu za kuchuluka kwa manambala zinapezeka kwa MGES zokha, F(2, 115) = 2.81, p <.05, η2p
, ndi amuna omwe ali pachiwonetsero cha SEM omwe akuwonetsa kuchuluka kotsika kwa ulemu kwamtundu woyipa malinga ndi zithunzi zosawoneka ndi zithunzi Gulu 3).
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Tebulo 3. Zotsatira Zamtundu wa Maukwati Zojambula Zithunzi.
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Tebulo 4. Malumikizano Pakati pa Okhazikika ndi Covariate Zosiyanasiyana.
Kukambirana
Pazidziwitso zathu, uku ndi kuphunzira koyamba kuwunika molunjika za kuwonekera kwa SEM pakudziyang'ana kwakanema kwa boma poyerekeza zotsatsa zotsatsa zomwe zikugwiritsa ntchito amuna ndi akazi onse pakupanga zoyesera. Monga hypothesised, abambo omwe adadziwika ndi SEM adanenanso kuti kuchuluka kwakukwanira kumachepa ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wawo poyerekeza ndi omwe amawonera zithunzi kapena alibe zithunzi. Zotsatira zathu zikusonyeza kuti kuwonekera kwa SEM kumapangitsa kuti ena asamadziderere, makamaka kukula ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wawo, kutengera malingaliro a malingaliro ofanizira anzawo. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu pankhaniyi adakhazikitsidwa makamaka podzidziwitsa; njira yathu idawonetsera poyera ophunzira omwe akukhala nawo pa SEM munthawi yosonkhanitsa deta.
Maganizo athu oyamba oti abambo omwe ali ndi gawo la SEM afotokozere za otsika kwambiri momwe amadzinyadira pazolankhulira ndi maulamuliro-komanso kuti omwe atenga nawo mbali pazomwe zikufalitsa nkhani anganene lipoti latsikulo poyerekeza ndi zomwe sizinawoneke - zothandizidwa. Maganizo athu otsika sanapezeke kwa azimayi, popeza ndi amuna okha omwe adanenanso zambiri zakukhutitsidwa kwathupi lathu komanso mawonekedwe okhudzana ndi maliseche poyankha kuwonekera kwa SEM. Ngakhale kukula kwakanthawi kunali kocheperako, zotsatirazi zimapereka umboni wina kuti kuwonekera kwa SEM kumatha kusokoneza malingaliro a abambo a matupi awo ndi genitalia - kusintha kwa kudzidalira kokhazikika kwa boma - ndipo ndizogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wapitawo (Cranney, 2015; Peter & Valkenburg, 2014). Inde, ofufuza ena amati mawonekedwe a abambo ndi osiyana ndi azimayi chifukwa amangoyang'ana kwambiri momwe amagwirira ntchito, osati maonekedwe okongola (Grogan, 2008; Lundin-Kvalem et al., 2014). Potengera gawo la abambo omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pomwe mwamunayo amakhala "akuchita" wachibale ndi mayi wogonjera komanso wodzipereka - wina angayembekezere kudziona kuti ndiwofunika kwambiri pakabanja. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wapitawu adafotokoza za ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa anthu odzikhulupirira komanso momwe amadzimakhalira poona kuti "amuna" ambiri omwe amawunikira amawaganizira okha, kwakukulu zomwe akunenapo za kudzidalira kwawo (Wong et al., 2015). Makanema otchuka, kuphatikizapo makanema olaula, magazini, komanso mawebusayiti nthawi zambiri amagogomezera kulumikizana pakati pa kukula kwa mbolo ndi amuna ndi kutsimikizira kuti "zazikulu ndikwabwino" (Lever et al., 2006). Ngati kudzidalira kwamtundu wa wamwamuna kumaopsezedwa ndi zithunzi zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mu SEM, maziko omwe umuna wake umamangidwa ungakhale pachiwopsezo - ndipo potero atha kuwonongeka, kuwonetsa kuti kukula ndi mawonekedwe a maliseche amamangidwa malingaliro amisala yonse. Ngakhale abambo ambiri amadziwa kuti matupi ndi mawonekedwe a SEM samasiyana komanso ndi akulu (Hesse & Pedersen, 2017; Lever et al., 2006, izi zikuwonetsa kuti ngakhale kungoyang'ana pang'ono motere kumatha kupangitsa abambo kumva kuti sakhutira ndi matupi awo komanso kukula kwa mbolo yawo.
Maganizo athu achiwiri oti azimayi azitha kunena za kuchuluka kwa abambo mosasamala kanthu kuti ali ndi vuto lotseguka, amathandizidwanso, pochirikiza zomwe apeza kuti apazi amafotokozera kuti thupi limatsitsimutsa thupi komanso kumakhutitsidwa m'mabanja onse a moyo (Esnaola et al., 2010; Schneider et al., 2013). Komabe, zomwe tapezazo zalephera kuwonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakudzidalira kwadongosolo lawo pakukhudzana ndi zochitika za azimayi, zopeza modabwitsa zomwe zitha kufotokozedwa ndi umboni wosonyeza kuti ngakhale kukhudzana ndi zotsatsa zakugonana kukuwonjezeka nthawi yayitali kwa amuna ndi akaziGraff et al., 2013), ndi azimayi omwe nthawi zambiri amawonera zolaula zilizonse (Graff et al., 2013; Hatton & Trautner, 2011). Mwinanso kuwonetsedwa pazakugonana, makanema okhudzana ndi azimayi kwakhala ponseponse kwambiri kuti atulutse kudzidalira kwabwino kwa amayi. Kapenanso kukula kwa kusakhutira kwamthupi ndi kusadzikondera kwachimodzimodzinso mwa akazi ndi zotsatira zoyembekezeredwa kwa kubedwa kwa nthawi yayitali.
Phunziro ili lilibe malire. Mwa zambiri, zomwe adazipeza zidatengedwa pa intaneti, njira yomwe imakhala yothandiza komanso yoyipa - komanso pochita kafukufuku wokhudza kugonana ndi njira yomwe imapereka zochitika zina zomwe ndizofunikira. Ndemanga yowunikira pa malingaliro oyenera pakufufuza zakugonana komwe kunachitika mu 2018 (Shirmohammadi, Kohan, Shamsi-Gooshki, & Shahriari, 2018) yawonetsa nkhawa zina zakusaka kochitika mu intaneti, kuphatikiza kusungidwa ndi kusungidwa kwa zinthu zazinsinsi, kukonza zinsinsi ndi zachinsinsi, kusadziwika kwa onse omwe atengapo mbali komanso ofufuza (ngati akuphatikizidwa) otenga nawo mbali. M'malingaliro athu, komabe, zabwino zabwino za kafukufuku wa pa intaneti zimaposa izi. Kupereka tsamba lofufuzira lomwe limachotsera kufunika kosakanikirana kwachikale, kumaso kwa nkhope kumapangitsa kuti olemba nawo ntchito asamasuke kukambirana za zofunikira pagulu. Chidziwitso chomwe kafukufuku wapaintaneti chimatithandizanso kukhala malo otetezeka pomwe ophunzira akhoza kufunitsitsa kuti aulule zidziwitso, ndikofunikira mu phunziroli poganizira zojambula zazokha komanso zatsatanetsatane.
Ngakhale kusadziwika komwe kumabwera ndi kafukufuku wapaintaneti, komabe, chikhalidwe chodabwitsa cha kafukufuku wogonana, makamaka chomwe ch amafunsa mafunso okhudzana ndi umuna, chitha kuchititsabe ena kuti ayankhe mwanzeru kapena mayankho omveka (Tourangeau & Yan, 2007). Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatsa zakulembera anthu zinawonetsa kuti ophunzira adzafunsidwa mafunso okhudza SEM. Ndikotheka kuti otenga nawo mbali ali omasuka komanso okonda kutenga nawo gawo pazofufuza zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa anthu ali ndi machitidwe osiyana ndi omwe asankha kuti asatenge nawo mbali, kuphatikizapo malingaliro osasamala, chipembedzo chochepa, komanso zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogonana (Dunne et al., 1997; Strassberg & Lowe, 1995). Chifukwa chake, kusamala kuyenera kuchitika pochita zotsatila zake kwa anthu, popeza kuti munthu wodzipereka angakhale kuti analipo.
Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa tidawona momwe anthu angakhalire ndi SEM pakudziyang'anira pawokha, sitinapemphe zofufuza za mbiri yakale ya azibwenzi, maphunziro azakugonana, chipembedzo, kapena kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa. Ndipo akuti omwe ali ndi mbiri yolimba ya kugonana, maphunziro okwanira pankhani imeneyi, kapena omwe sangadziwike kwambiri ndi zomwe zili mu SEM sangakhale otengeka kwambiri ndi zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufukuyu (Wache, 2006; Morrison et al., 2006; Morrison et al., 2004). Chifukwa tinali ndi chidwi ndi momwe ntchito ya SEM imakhudzidwira ogula, sitinapemphe ophunzirawo kuti afotokozere zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pa SEM pazifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba, pali umboni wokwanira wosonyeza kupezeka kwa SEM m'gulu lathu laukadaulo (Hare ndi al., 2014; Mattebo et al., 2012; Owens et al., 2012), ndikuwonetsa kuti ophunzira anali atayamba kale kuwonetsedwa pa SEM pa intaneti, kaya mwadala kapena ayi. Chachiwiri, poganizira momwe tidapangira zoyeserera, tidali ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa kuti SEM ikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pakudzidalira kwawoko. Zomwe tapeza zikuwoneka kuti zikuwonetsa kuti zimatero - ngakhale kuti mbiri yakale ya SEM idagwiritsidwa ntchito kale. Komabe, ndizotheka kuti kugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi - osati kudziwonetsa mwachindunji - kumapangitsa kudzidalira chifukwa chake, ndizosiyana polemba mtsogolo.
Momwemonso, ophunzira sanapemphedwe kuti afotokoze zikhulupiriro zawo zomwe zimatengera kudzikhulupirira kwawo, makamaka kwa omwe ali nawo pagululi. Ngakhale tinganene motsimikiza kuti kusankha kopanda tanthauzo kumachotsa omwe ali ndi chipembedzo chomwe amatsutsana ndikuwona SEM, ofufuza amtsogolo ayenera kudziwa momwe zikhulupiriro zimagwirizirana ndi kudziwitsidwa ndi SEM komanso kudzidalira.
Kuphatikiza apo, ziyenera kudziwika kuti SEM imabwera mumitundu yambiri. SEM ikasaka pa intaneti, sikuti imakhala ngati zithunzi, koma mtundu wamachitidwe (Wache, 2006; Hald & Malamuth, 2008; Pornhub, 2018). Chifukwa cha phunziroli, komabe, tidasunga maubwino enieni - kugwiritsa ntchito zifaniziro muzoyesa zathu. Ofufuzawo amtsogolo ayenera kuyesetsa kuphatikiza kanema wamakanema kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe a SEM.
Zokhudza Kusanthula
Zotsatira za phunziroli zikuwonetsa kuti kumwa SEM kumakhala ndi vuto pa momwe abambo amaonera kukula ndi mawonekedwe a maliseche awo. Ngakhale kukula kwake kunali kocheperako, kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti kuwonekera kwa SEM kudasokoneza kukhudzika kwathupi komanso kudzimva kwamtundu wa amuna omwe ali nawo gawo lathu-zomwe zimathandizira kumvetsetsa kwakukhudzika kwa mphamvu ya kugwiritsa ntchito kwa SEM pakudziyang'anira pawokha. Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa momwe angapangire kafukufuku wamtsogolo, popeza sitikudziwa zonse zomwe zingachitike ngati SEM ilipo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti SEM ikhale ndi chiyembekezo choganizira zomwe ogula ()Chigumula, 2009). Timalimbikitsanso kufufuza zambiri pamutuwu. Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsanso, komabe, kuti mphamvu ya SEM pakudziyang'anira palokha siyabwino kwambiri kuposa momwe otsutsana ndi SEM amanenera - popanda zotsatira zofananazo pakati pa azimayi.
Tiyeneranso kudziwa kuti pakali pano pali kusowa kwamaphunziro onse azakugonana m'masukulu aku Western, makamaka ku United States (Stanger-Hall & Hall, 2011); sizikudziwikabe ngati kapena kudzidalira komanso chiyembekezo chokhudzana ndi chiwerewere zimakhudzidwa, achinyamata ayenera kupitilirabe ku SEM ngati chida chophunzitsira (Hare ndi al., 2015; Luder et al., 2011; Sabina et al., 2008). Chifukwa cha umboni wokulirapo wazaka zomwe achinyamata, makamaka anyamata, amadzipereka podzipereka ku SEM (Leahy, 2009; Sabina et al., 2008), ndizochenjera kuti achinyamata komanso achinyamata omwe angotuluka kumene amalandila maphunziro okhudzana ndi kugonana ngati angamvetsetse kuti zithunzi zomwe zimawonedwa mu media, kuphatikiza SEM - ndizoyimira zazing'ono za thupi. Ngati zotsatira za phunziroli zikuyenera kuonedwa mozama, komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa SEM sikungakhudze momwe ogula achimuna amamvera kukula ndi mawonekedwe a maliseche awo, ndiye izi zimalimbikitsanso maphunziro owonjezera pamutuwu kuti athandize kuchepetsa izi, makamaka Pakati pa achinyamata, omwe amalumikizana ndi SEM pazaka zapamwamba zomwe akula (Hald & Malamuth, 2008; Hare ndi al., 2014; Leahy, 2009; Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005). Mwinanso mwayi wophunzirira zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi SEM ndikuwonetsera kosasintha kwa thupi, zovuta zilizonse za SEM zitha kukhala zabwino komanso zotsatirapo zabwino zomwe ogula amagwiritsa ntchito.
Kafukufuku wamtsogolo atha kuwonjezera zomwe zapezedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Choyamba, ofufuza amtsogolo akuyenera kuphatikiza achinyamata omwe akutenga nawo mbali pazitsanzo zawo. Ofufuzawo aposachedwa amomwe mphamvu ya SEM imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zovuta zake pa achinyamata, omwe akupeza zinthu zoterezi zaka zosawoneka bwino m'mabuku awo komanso chitukuko cha kugonana. Kafukufuku wapanoyu adangogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi zaka za 18 ndi kupitilira. Monga tawonera kale, SEM imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kudzera pa kanema kanema; Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kuphatikizira njira yoyimira yomwe ingayesere zotsatira zake. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufukuyu adawunika momwe chiwonetsero cha SEM chikuwonekera mwachindunji, mwachangu pakudziyimba mtima kwa boma. Ofufuzawo amtsogolo akuyenera kufunsa ophunzira kuti afotokoze kuchuluka kwa magawo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati SEM kuti awone ngati kuchuluka kwa chiwonetsero chimodzi kumakhudzanso kukhudzika kwa boma kapena kukhazikitsa njira zazitali kapena zopangidwira. Pomaliza, ofufuza amtsogolo angafune kuphatikiza zojambula zodziwikiratu / njira zawo, kutanthauza kudziwonetsa kudzidalira komwe boma lisanatsatire ndikutsatira kuwonetsedwa kwa SEM-kuti muwone bwino momwe idagwiritsidwira ntchito.
Intaneti ikupitiliza kukhala chida chofunikira komanso chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pachikhalidwe chamakono; ndi kuchuluka kwa SEM kufikika mosavuta, pali nkhawa yachuma yomwe ikhoza kupangitsa anthu ambiri kukhala pachiwopsezo chodalira mopanda chidziwitso pazinthu zomwe amadya ngati ziwonetsero wamba zamatupi a amuna ndi akazi (Ochepa, Kuyper, Adam, & Wit, 2013; Hare ndi al., 2015; Luder et al., 2011). Zotsatira zakufukufukuyu zapeza kuti nkhawa izi ndizothandiza pang'ono - ndiye kuti, amuna omwe ali ndi mwayi wochepetsetsa wolimba pokhudzana ndi kukhutitsidwa ndi thupi pokhudzidwa ndi SEM. Komabe, kuwonekera kwa SEM sikunakhale ndi vuto lililonse pakudziyimba mtima kwa azimayi omwe amatenga nawo mbali mu phunziroli. Ngati zachinyengo zomwe zimawoneka kuti zakhudzidwa ndi SEM pakudziyimba mtima kwa akazi zilipo, tikuyembekeza kuti ofufuza amtsogolo atha kupeza kuchokera pazomwe tapeza kuti tionenso zina, zotsatira zabwino monga zanenedwera pakufufuza kwapakale (onani Hald & Malamuth, 2008; Hare ndi al., 2015; Luder et al., 2011; Lundin-Kvalem et al., 2014) kuthana ndi mchitidwe woyipa womwe ukuphatikizidwa ndi SEM (Montgomery-Graham et al., 2015).
Chidziwitso cha Zotsutsana
Wolemba (s) adalengeza kuti palibe kusamvana komwe kungachitike pokhudzana ndi kafukufuku, kulemba, ndi / kapena kufalitsa nkhaniyi.
ndalama
Wolemba (uyu) sanalandirepo ndalama zothandizira pa kafukufukuyu, kulemba, ndi / kapena kufalitsa nkhaniyi.
Zothandizira
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