Zizindikiro za kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo angagwirizane ndi onse omwe akuyandikira ndikupewa zolaula: zotsatira za chitsanzo cha analog omwe amagwiritsira ntchito Intaneti nthawi zonse (2015)

Front Psychol. 2015; 6: 653.

Idasindikizidwa pa intaneti 2015 May 22. do: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2015.00653

Jan Snagowski¹ ndi Matthias Brand^1,^{2, *}

Kudalirika

Palibe mgwirizano pa zamatsenga, gulu, komanso njira zodziwirira zaukadaulo wa intaneti. Njira zina zimafananizira zakufanana ndi kudalira kwa zinthu komwe njira / kupewa izi ndizofunikira kwambiri. Ofufuza angapo anena kuti ngati munthu atha kusankha zochita pazokambirana, anthu amatha kuwonetsa kapena kupewa kuchita zokhudzana ndi vuto laukadaulo. Pakafukufuku waposachedwa amuna amtundu wa 123 omwe adasiyana ndi amuna amatha kumaliza Approach-Fightance-Task (AAT; Sakanizani ndi Becker, 2007) Zosinthidwa ndi zithunzi zolaula. Munthawi ya AAT ophunzira atha kukankha zolaula kapena kudzikoka okha ndi chisangalalo. Kuzindikira kukakamira, zogonana pamavuto, komanso zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi zamisala zokhudzana ndi cybersex zidawunikidwa ndi mafunso. Zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti anthu omwe amakonda zizolowezi za cybersex amakonda kutengera kapena kupewa zolaula. Kuphatikiza apo, kusanthula kwakanema komwe kunawonetsedwa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chiwerewere kwambiri komanso omwe ali ndi vuto logonana omwe adawonetsa kwambiri njira zopewera, adanenanso zodabwitsazi. Chokomera kudalira kwa zinthu, zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti njira zonse ndi njira zopewera zitha kutenga nawo gawo pazolakwika za cybersex. Kuphatikiza apo, kulumikizana ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi zachiwerewere komanso zovuta pamachitidwe azakugonana kungakhale ndi chidziwitso pakuwonjezeka kwa madandaulo oyipa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Zomwe zapezazi zimapereka umboni wina wowonjezera pakufanana pakati pazokonda pa intaneti komanso kudalira zinthu. Izi zofanana zitha kubwezerezedwanso ku makina ofanana a cybersex- komanso mankhwala okhudzana ndi mankhwala.

Keywords: chizolowezi cha cybersex, zachiwerewere, zovuta pamagonana, kupewa njira zopewera

Introduction

Mu khumi zapitazi zakambidwa kuti zikufikire lingaliro lazokonda kuchokera pazinthu zokhudzana ndi zinthu zomwe sizinthu zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zinthu, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchulidwa kuti zosokoneza bongo (Jović ndi Đinđić, 2011; Olsen, 2011; Wölfling ndi al., 2013). Gawo limodzi mwa gawo ili, lomwe likuwonetsetsa chidwi chake, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Ngakhale ma terminologies osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera izi (Cash et al., 2012; Nyenyezi, 2013; Koo ndi Kwon, 2014; Spada, 2014,, mawu oti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndiwowoneka kuti ndi otchuka, chifukwa kafukufuku wasonyeza kufanana kwakukulu ndi kudalira mankhwala (Achinyamata, 1998; Griffiths, 2005; Brand et al., 2014b; Kuss et al., 2014a). Mwachitsanzo, pali umboni wowoneka bwino wonena za kufananizidwa, ndi kuchoka (Weinstein ndi Lejoyeux, 2010; Kuss et al., 2014b,c). Pamalo oyerekeza, ofufuza angapo adatsutsana kuti asiyanitse mitundu yazomwe azisankhira zilizonse pa intaneti (Davis, 2001; Brand et al., 2014a; Montag et al., 2015). Mu phunziroli pakalipano, timayang'ana kwambiri kuzolowera cybersex, komwe kumatchulidwa ngati chizolowezi chapadera cha intaneti (Meerkerk et al., 2006; Achinyamata, 2008; Kuss ndi Griffiths, 2011). Mpaka lero, tanthauzo lenileni la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cybersex likusowa. Komabe, ndizomveka kudalira njira zomwe zingachitike pa intaneti pa Masewera Osakanikirana (APA, 2013) popeza zonsezi zitha kuonedwa kuti ndi mitundu inayake ya kukondera kwa intaneti (Young et al., 1999; Brand et al., 2014b). Chifukwa chake, tanthauzo logwiritsa ntchito bongo la cybersex liyenera kuphatikizapo zizindikiritso monga kulephera kuwongolera, kudziyang'anira, kusiya, komanso kupitiliza kuchita zachiwerewere pa intaneti ngakhale zitakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa. Kuphatikiza apo, chizolowezi cha cybersex sichiyenera kungogwirizanitsidwa ndi kumwa zolaula komanso mwina pazinthu zonse za cybersex zomwe zatchulidwa Döring (2009). Kuphatikiza pakumwa zolaula, zinthu izi zimaphatikizanso kugwiritsa ntchito malo ogulitsira pa intaneti komanso maphunziro azakugonana / zidziwitso, kusaka zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zokhudzana ndi zachiwerewere.Döring, 2009). Ngakhale, kwa abambo, zolaula zimawoneka kuti ndizoyenera kwambiri pa intaneti (Short et al., 2011). Kupitilira apo, chizolowezi cha cybersex chimawonedwa kuti ndi chosiyana ndi hypersexuality (Kafka, 2010) kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Reay et al., 2013) popeza kuledzera kwa cybersex ndizogonana zapaintaneti zokha zomwe zimaganiziridwa zomwe sizigwirizana ndi kugonana kwakuthupi m'moyo weniweni.

Pakufufuza kwaposachedwa, tasanthula kulumikizana komwe kungakhalepo pakati pa zizolowezi zofika kapena kupewa zolaula komanso zizolowezi zolaula. Njira zoterezi zawonetsedwa kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pazolimbikitsa (monga, Wiers et al., 2009,, pomwe pali umboni wokulirapo woti ungagwiritsidwe ntchito makina osokoneza bongo pa intaneti ofanana ndi kudalirika kwa zinthu (kuti muwone Brand et al., 2014b). Potengera kuzolowera kwa cybersex, njira / zopewera zimatha kutanthauzidwa ngati zinthu zomwe zitha kulimbikitsa (kuyandikira) kapena kupondereza (kupewa) kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Pankhani yodalira mowa, Breiner et al. (1999, p.198) idapereka lingaliro la lingaliro lomwe likuwonetsa kuti "pakhoza kukhala njira zodziyimira zokhazokha zopewa kumwa." Chifukwa chake, anthu sangangowonetsa malingaliro awo komanso kupewa kupewa zokondweretsa. Posachedwa, Schiebener et al. (2015) idapereka chidziwitso choyambirira chosonyeza kupezeka kwa dongosolo lofananira la chizolowezi cha cybersex. Adapeza mgwirizano wapakati pa magwiridwe antchito yawo yowunikira yomwe imaphatikizapo zithunzi zolaula ndi zizindikiro za chizolowezi cha cybersex.

Njira Zopewera Kuyeserera Kugonjera Zinthu

Malinga ndi Breiner et al. (1999), zizolowezi zoyandikira kapena kupewa zokakamira zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi ndizolumikizana ndi zokonda komanso zolakalaka, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafufuzidwa m'mabuku ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (owonanso onani Tiffany ndi Wray, 2012). Kuphatikizika kwa miyambo kumayimira mayankho okhudzana ndi umunthu pazikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi (Drummond, 2001). Kutanthauzira kogwirizana pakulakalaka sikupezekabe (kowunika onani Skinner ndi Aubin, 2010). Kusirira nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa kulimbikitsa kogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Sayette et al., 2000), pomwe njira zina zimatsutsana kuti ziwunikenso kusintha kosagwirizana ndi zomwe thupi limachita poyambiranso (Ooteman et al., 2006) kapena mtima wokonda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Marlatt, 1985; Buydens-Branchey et al., 1997). Kupitilira apo, malingaliro a neurophysiological amatanthauza kusinthika kwa njira ya mesolimbic dopaminergic chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza mankhwala ndikuti kulakalaka kungachitike ngati chilimbikitso chofuna kudya chinthu chomwe chimatchedwa "kusowa" (mwachitsanzo, Robinson ndi Berridge, 1993, 2001, 2008). Komabe, kusinthasintha kwa zokonda ndi zolakalaka zikuwoneka ngati zogwirizana (Drummond, 2001,, pomwe pali umboni wokwanira wosaganizira tanthauzo limodzi lokhala ndi chidwi chimodzi (Skinner ndi Aubin, 2010).

Kuyesetsa kutanthauzira kosiyaniratu ndi kukhumba, Breiner et al. (1999) adapereka njira yosiyanirana ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa zomwe zimayang'ana pa ntchito yoyeretsa pazochitika zokhudzana ndi zosokoneza bongo. Malo owunikira akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu yandikira, kupewa, ambivalendipo mphwayi. njira ndi kupewa ndi mayiko ochita mpikisano. Njira ikuyenera kuyambitsa chidakwa cha mowa pomwe kupewa kumayimira njira yotsutsana yomwe chilimbikitso chofuna kumwa mowa umatha. Komanso, ambivale ndi mphwayi titha kufotokozedwa ngati mayiko ovuta, omwe atha kulowetsedwa ngati zomwe mayiko achitapo zotsogola ndi zoyenera. Munkhaniyi, ambivale akuimira okwera ndipo mphwayi kukula kochepa kotsimikizika. Breiner et al. (1999) Amati boma lidalowa munthawi yogwirizana ndi chisankho chomwe chimayenderana ndi zakumwa zimadalira chiyembekezo chabwino kapena cholakwika cha zakumwa, zomwe zimapangidwanso chifukwa cha mbiri yakale (mwachitsanzo, zolosera zam'tsogolo) komanso zinthu zamakono. Zoyembekezera zabwino motero zimalimbikitsa boma yandikira, pomwe zoyembekezera zoyipa zingayambitse kupewa. Pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zakukhumba, yandikira limafanana ndi "kusowa" kosagwirizana ndipo potero kumatha kuyambitsa yankho. Mosiyana ndi izi, kupewa ikuyenera kukhala njira yozindikira pang'ono. Zotsatira zake, njira / yopeweketsayi ikugwirizana ndi njira ziwiri zomwe zikuwunikira ntchito zomwe zimangochitika zokha komanso zoyendetsedwa bwino pakukonza ndi kusamalira machitidwe owonetsa (mwachitsanzo, Bechara, 2005; Zingwe ndi Stacy, 2006). Chidule chosavuta cha njira / kupewa Breiner et al. (1999), yomwe tidasinthira ku kuzolowera cybersex, chidafotokozedwa mwachidule chithunzi Chithunzi11.

CHITSANZO CHA 1

CHITSANZO CHA 1

Chidule chosavuta cha njira / kupewa Breiner et al. (1999) ndinazolowera kuzolowera cybersex. Mizere yowongoka imayimira zomwe zingalimbikitse chizolowezi cholimbikitsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ma cybersex pomwe mizere yolowera m'malo mwake imakhala zizolowezi zopewera ...

Njira Zoletsa

Kutengera njira ya theoretical / kupewa popewa ndi Breiner et al. (1999) ndi kufanana komwe kulipo pakati pakukonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso kudalira zinthu zakuthupi ndizotheka kuganiza zofananira pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chomwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cybersex. Ponena za kukonzanso komanso kusilira chizolowezi cha cybersex, maphunziro adapereka kale umboni woyambirira wa zofananira izi (Brand et al., 2011; Laier et al., 2013a). Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chomakonda kusewera pa cybersex adawonetsera zomwe zimachitika komanso kukulitsa zilakolako zakugonana akakumana ndi zithunzi zolaula. Kupitilira apo, zoyeserera pakugonana zimadziwika kuti zimayambitsa ma neural activation omwe ali ofanana ndi omwe amachititsa chidwi ndi machitidwe okhudzana ndi mankhwalawa ndipo mowonjezera amatha kulimbikitsanso kusintha kwa njira ya mesolimbic dopaminergic njira (Georgiadis ndi Kringelbach, 2012). Komanso, Laier and Brand (2014) Posachedwa wapanga lingaliro la chiphunzitso cha kusuta kwa zamtopola zomwe zimawonetsa kufanana ndi mtundu wa Breiner et al. (1999). Mwachitsanzo, zochitika zakale zomwe Breiner et al. (1999; mwachitsanzo, machitidwe a munthu, kulimbikitsidwa kwam'mbuyomu, kupezekanso kwachilengedwe) akugwirizana ndi zomwe zimapangitsa chidwi chakugonana komanso gawo lokhutiritsa lomwe walingalira Laier and Brand (2014). Komanso, Laier and Brand (2014) Fotokozerani gawo lomwe lingakhalepo pakuyang'anira ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito cybersex pa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka cybersex, yomwe tingaiyerekeze ndi gawo la ziyembekezo pamiyeso ndi Breiner et al. (1999).

Ponena za umboni womwe ulipo wa kupewa Schiebener et al. (2015) adachita kafukufuku pomwe ophunzira amatenga mbali zosiyanasiyana mu parada ya multitasking. Ntchitozi zinali zokhudzana ndi imodzi mwazithunzi ziwiri, pomwe chithunzi choyamba chinali chosalowerera ndipo chachiwiri chinali ndi zithunzi zolaula. Ophunzira adalangizidwa kuti agwire ntchito zosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana, pomwe amatha kusinthana pawokha pakati pa ntchito ndi zithunzi. Kupatuka pamulingo woyenera kwambiri kunatengedwa ngati kosadalira, kuwonetsa kuti zingakonde kugwira ntchito pazotengera kapena zolaula. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, olemba adapeza ubale wapakati pa zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi cha cybersex ndi kupatuka pamalingaliro oyenera, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti anthu omwe amakonda kwambiri chizolowezi cha cybersex mwina amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (njira) kapena osagwirizana nawo (kupewa) . Mosiyana ndi iwo, omwe ali ndi chidwi chokhala ndi chizolowezi cha cybersex sanakonde kugwira ntchito imodzi mwazithunzi. Popeza multitasking paradigm yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Schiebener et al. (2015) silinapangidwe bwino kuti liwonetsetse momwe mungayendere kapena kupewa kukopa zolaula, zikuwoneka kuti ndizoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira yodziyimira / zopewera kuti mufufuze bwino za nkhaniyi.

Kuyeza Njira / Kupewa Zochitika

Njira imodzi yoyezera zizolowezi zoyandikira kapena kupewa kukhudzidwa ndi chizolowezi cha ntchito ndiyo Stimulus-Response-Compatibility Task (SRC; Field et al., 2006). Munthawi ya SRC chithunzi cha manikin chikuyenera kusunthidwa ndikuyenda kutali ndi zilankhulidwe zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi m'magawo awiri ogawanika pogwiritsa ntchito kiyibodi wamba. Kusiyana pakati pa nthawi zomwe zimachitika (RTs) zolembedwa m'magawo awiriwo ndikuyenera kuwonetsera kukonda kapena kupewa zomwe zingakhale zodabwitsazi. Kafukufuku wambiri wogwiritsa ntchito SRC adawonetsa chidwi chofikira kuposa kupewa kukhudzika ndi zinthu zomwe zimawonetsa pakukonda anthu osuta (Mogg et al., 2003), ogwiritsa ntchito cannabis nthawi zonse (Field et al., 2006), komanso oledzera komanso osuta fodya (Field et al., 2008; Cousijn et al., 2012). Ponena za maubwenzi apakati pa zolakalaka zazing'ono ndi zizolowezi zoyandikira kapena kupewa zokondweretsa, zotsatira zake sizinali zogwirizana ngati maubwenzi awa akhoza kukhala opanda mzere kapena owonekera (Field et al., 2005a,b; Schoenmakers et al., 2008). Monga kukulitsa kwa SRC, Rinck ndi Becker (2007) adayambitsa Approach-kuzuiaance-Task (AAT), yomwe imaphatikizapo kuyendetsa thupi kutukula zotsatira zoyandikira ndikupewa zoyeserera. Pogwiritsa ntchito chosangalatsa, ophunzirawo ayenera kukopa zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pakompyuta pakompyuta yawo (poyandikira) kapena kuwakankhira kutali. Poyambirira, AAT idapangidwa kuti ifufuze zamachitidwe okhudzana ndi mantha (Sakanizani ndi Becker, 2007). Pambuyo pake, popeza kuti mpikisano wokonda kufikira kapena kupewa zizolowezi zoyenera kuzisilira ndizofunikira pazinthu zokhudzana ndi zosokoneza.Breiner et al., 1999), mitundu yosinthidwa ya AAT idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu maphunziro okhudza kusuta (Wiers et al., 2013), kugwiritsidwa ntchito mozama kwa cannabis (Cousijn et al., 2011, 2013) kudalira mowa (mwachitsanzo, Wiers et al., 2009; Sharbanee et al., 2013, 2014). Munthawi iyi, kafukufuku wambiri woyeserera adapeza ubale wapakati pakati pa zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi komanso chizolowezi cholankhula zokhudzana ndi zosokoneza. Komabe, molingana ndi mitundu iwiri yamakina osokoneza bongo (Bechara, 2005; Zingwe ndi Stacy, 2006,, palinso umboni wowonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chodziwikiratu amatha kuwonetsa zomwe angachite kuti apewe kukhudzana ndi izi, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa chotsatira pulogalamu yophunzitsira kupewaWiers et al., 2011; Eberl et al., 2013a,b). Komanso, Spruyt et al. (2013) anapeza kuti kusiya anthu omwe amadalira mowa, kunali, kuyerekeza ndi njira zomwe zimayendera mu SRC, pomwe mitengo yotembenukiranso idalumikizidwa ndi mphamvu yopewa kupewa.

Zolinga ndi Hypotheses

Cholinga cha phunziroli pakali pano ndikufufuza ngati njira kapena njira zopewera zingakhale njira zomwe zimayambitsa chizolowezi cha cybersex. Ngakhale kudalira chimangirizo cha Breiner et al. (1999) komanso zotsatira zoperekedwa ndi Schiebener et al. (2015), tikuyembekeza kupeza kuti anthu omwe amakonda kwambiri chizolowezi cha cybersex amaonetsera kapena kupewa kupewa zolaula. Kuphatikiza apo, zizolowezi zochepa zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi cha cybersex ziyenera kuyendera limodzi ndi malingaliro oyenera oyandikira kapena kupewa zolaula. Pamalo ogwirira ntchito, ubale pakati pa njira / kupewa izi ndi chizolowezi cha cybersex zikuyenera kukhala zopanda mzere koma zotheka. Kuphatikiza apo, zimaganiziridwa kuti sipadzakhala ubale kapena mzere pakati pa zizoloŵezi zoyandikira kapena zopewera kunkhondo ndi zizoloŵezi zokonda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cybersex. Kupitilira apo, momwe chidwi chakugonana ndi zovuta zogonana zinasonyezedwera kuti zithandizira kukulitsa ndikukonzanso chizolowezi cha cybersex (Laier ndi Brand, 2014), timangoganiza kuti kuphatikiza kwa njira zopewa / zopewa zithunzi zolaula komanso vuto lalikulu lazogonana / kukhudzika mtima pakugonana kuyenera kukhala ndi chidziwitso pakuwonjezeka kwa madandaulo oyipa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zochitika za pa intaneti.

Zida ndi njira

ophunzira

Mu phunziroli pano a 123 omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amayeserera amawunika (M_m'badwo = Zaka za 23.79, SD = 5.10). Zaka zodziwika za kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba kwa cybersex zinali zaka za 15.61 (SD = 4.01). Pafupifupi, ophunzira anali kugwiritsa ntchito malo a cybersex 3.66 (SD = 3.52) kawiri pa sabata, pomwe amawononga M_nthawi = 22.25 (SD = 14.22) mphindi paulendo uliwonse. Okhawo omwe ali ndi zaka zalamulo (osachepera zaka 18) adalembedwa. Kulemba ntchito kunachitika kudzera kutsatsa kwawomwe ku University of Duisburg-Essen (Germany) komanso nsanja zapaintaneti. Zinanenedwa m'matsatsa kuti zithunzi zolaula ziziperekedwa. Ophunzira amatha kutola ngongole, omwe sanali ophunzira adalipira € 10 chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali. Ophunzira onse adapereka chilolezo chidziwitso asanafike pamayesedwewo ndipo adaphunzitsidwa kumapeto kwa kafukufukuyu. Phunziroli lidavomerezedwa ndi komiti yamakhalidwe abwino yakomweko.

Njira

Zithunzi Zolaula

Asanachitike AAT, ochita nawo kafukufuku adayang'ana ndikuwonera zithunzi zolaula za 50 pokhudzana ndi kugonana kosangalatsa kuyambira 1 (= osati kudzutsa kugonana) kupita ku 5 (= kudzutsa chilala kwambiri). Zowalimbikitsa zomwe zili ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a cybersex a 10: kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, maliseche, kugonana kwa cunnilingus, ndi fallatio) Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha azimayi. Gulu lililonse lili ndi zithunzi zisanu zolaula zosonyeza zithunzi zolaula popanda kutulutsa zofunikira. Kusasinthika kwamkati kunali kwabwino kwambiri (Cronbach's α = 0.954). Paradigm yomweyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu maphunziro ena angapo, kupatula kuti zithunzi za 100 (10 pagawo) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito (Laier et al., 2013a,b, 2014).

Kuphatikiza apo, monga tafotokozera Laier et al. (2013b), zodzutsa chilakolako chogonana ndikufunika kochita maliseche zimayezedwa kale (t1) ndi pambuyo (t2) chithunzi cha zolaula pazithunzi ziwiri zoyimirira kuchokera ku 0 (= osadzuka / osafunikira maliseche) kupita ku 100 (= zimayambitsa kugonana / kufuna kwambiri kuchita maliseche). Mwa kuchotsera t1 kuchokera t2 muyezo, kuchuluka kwa representing-kuyimira kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa kwa zokondweretsa zakugonana (kufunitsitsa Δ kugonana kosangalatsa) ndikufunika kuchita maliseche (kukhumba "kulakalaka maliseche) kuwerengedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ntchito yolakalaka.

Njira Yoletsa-Kupewa

Ophunzira adapanga mtundu wosinthika wa AAT (Sakanizani ndi Becker, 2007), Zithunzi zomwe zidawonetsedwa pakompyuta, mwina zimakokedwa ku (kuyandikira) kapena kukankhidwira kutali ndi matupi awo ndi chosangalatsa. Kuyeserera kulikonse kumayenera kuyambitsidwa ndi wopanga nawo gawo ndikanikizira batani pazosangalatsa, pomwe joystick imayenera kukhala yosasinthika. Kutsatira kuyesedwa kwa 500 ms inter-test interval (ITI), chithunzi cha pictorial chinaperekedwa. Chifukwa cha mayendedwe achisangalalo, njira yowonetsera yomwe yachitika ikukweza (kukoka-kuyenda) kapena kuchepa (kukankha-kayendedwe) kukula kwa phokosolo. Malinga ndi Rinck ndi Becker (2007), chosangalatsa chake chidayenera kusunthidwa ∼30 ° mbali imodzi kuti athetse mayesowo. Kupitilira apo, ntchito yodziwika bwino ya logarithmic idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ikukulitsa kapena kutsitsa kukula kwa cue kuti ochita nawo awone kusintha kwa kukula kwa cue momwe angachitire mwachangu poyenda. Ma cites onse anali ndi kukula koyambirira kwa pixel ya 700 × 500 ndipo adawonetsedwa pa 15.6 inchi. Chifukwa chosunthira panjira ya joystick ∼30 ° kumka kumodzi, kukula kwa cue kunasinthidwa kukhala pixel ya 2100 × 1500 pixel (kukoka-kayendedwe), motsatana ndi pixel ya 233 × 166. Pamapeto pa kuyesa kulikonse, 500 ms ITI ina idaperekedwa. Ma RT omwe atenga nawo mbali adalembedwa pamayesero aliwonse. Zofanana ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu, zoyesezazo zidasiyanitsidwa ndikuchita zokhudzana ndi kusuta komanso kusachita nawo zikhalidwe ((Wiers et al., 2009, 2013; Cousijn et al., 2011). Monga zandale, zithunzi za 40 za International Affective Picture System (IAPS; Lang et al., 2008) zidagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zithunzi zinaonetsa munthu m'modzi kapena awiri osalowerera ndale. Monga machitidwe okhudzana ndi chizolowezi tidagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula za 40 m'magulu anayi, omwe Laier et al. (2013a) kuzindikiridwa kuti ndikuyambitsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (kugonana amuna ndi akazi ngati kugonana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi kugonana, kugonana komwe kumagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pakati pa azimayi awiri m'njira zamwano ndi kugonana mkamwa). Kuphatikiza apo, zithunzi zisanu zolaula komanso zisanu, zomwe sizinatengedwe mayeso oyeserera, zidagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeserera. Pafupifupi, AAT ndi zithunzi zolaula amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zosiyanasiyana.

Pakuphunzitsidwa, ophunzirawo adamaliza mayeselo a 30, omwe adalekanitsidwa m'miyendo inayi (kukankha, kukoka, porn-ndikukakamiza / ndale-kukoka, porn-kukoka / ndale-kukankha). Pambuyo pa kuzungulira kulikonse, ophunzira adauzidwa za kuchuluka kwa zomwe angachite ndipo atha kusankha kubwereza mozungulira. Mayeso oyesedwa adagawidwa m'magawo anayi omwe anali ndi mayeso a 80 iliyonse, zomwe zidapangitsa kuyesa kwa 320 kwathunthu. Chilimbikitso chilichonse chimaperekedwa kamodzi pakadutsa kamodzi mosasinthika (kwakukulu mphamvu zitatu za gulu lomwelo zimaloledwa kuwoneka mzere). Ophunzira adasankhidwa mwachisawawa pamitundu iwiri yoyesera, yomwe inali yosiyana ndi malangizowo mu block yoyamba (porn-push / neutral-pull or porn-pull / neutral-push). M'mabatani otsatirawa malangizo adasungunuka. Njira zoyeserazi zinali zotsutsana ndi ena onse. Mwa kulekanitsa mtundu wamalangizo (mwachindunji vs.), maphunziro apitawa adagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya AAT. Mavesi omwe ali ndi malangizo achindunji (mwachitsanzo, Sakanizani ndi Becker, 2007) idaphatikizanso magulu awiri olimbikitsira, pomwe ma AAT osadziwika (mwachitsanzo, Wiers et al., 2009) anagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yopitilira iwiri yolimbikitsira ndipo aphunzitseni kuti atukule kapena kukoka chosangalatsa pofanizira ndi chithunzicho (chopingasa molumikizana ndi pamtunda). Chifukwa chake, ma AAT osayimira amaimira mapangidwe osagwira ntchito, pomwe ma AAT omwe amapanga ma paradigms amafunikira ntchito. Phunziroli, AAT yogwira ntchito idagwiritsidwa ntchito, chifukwa kuwunikira kwa meta Phaf et al. (2014) sakanakhoza kupereka umboni kuti mupindule ndi mitundu yosagwira ntchito.

Kusanthula deta ya AAT, zowerengera zapakati pa RT ziwerengedwa popeza kuti omwe ali pakati sangakhale pachiwopsezo chokhudza anthu ogulitsa RT kuposa zambiri (Palfai, 2006; Wiers et al., 2009; Cousijn et al., 2013). RTs <200 ms,> 2000 ms komanso ma RTs ochokera kumayankho abodza adatayidwa. Vuto lakulakwitsa> 25% lidatsogolera pakuchotsa kwathunthu pakuwunika kwa deta. Kwa aliyense wa omwe akutenga nawo mbali pazofanana (Sakanizani ndi Becker, 2007) pazosewerera (zolaula / njira zowapetsera) ndi gawo losasinthika (losalowerera / lopeweka) gawo lowalimbikitsa linawerengedwa pochotsa kukoka kwa Median push RT (Median RT kukakamiza - Median RT kukoka). Malinga ndi Rinck ndi Becker (2007, tsa. 110), kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito kumayimira "mphamvu panjira yolowera ndikudziletsa" pomwe mfundo zabwino zikuwonetsa kuyandikira (median RT push> median RT pull) ndi zoyipa kupewa (median RT push <median RT pull) tendency. Lingaliro lofunikira pazambirizi ndikuti mayesero ofanana (mwachitsanzo, yang'anani zithunzi zolaula) amatsogolera ku RTs mwachangu poyerekeza ndi mayeso osagwirizana (mwachitsanzo, pewani zithunzi zolaula). Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa zolaula / kupewa ndizomwe zimadalira kwambiri, pomwe kusalowerera ndale / kupewa kumayimira kusintha kosintha, popeza kuyandikira ndikupewa zoyambitsa siziyenera kulumikizidwa ndi mitundu ina yodalira monga chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti.

Kuphatikiza apo, ziwonetsero zonse (ziwonetsero zonse za RT) zimawerengedwa pochotsa RT yapakatikati pazomwe sizilowerera ndale kuchokera ku RT yapakatikati pazoseweretsa zolaula (zamkati zamtundu wa RT zolaula - zamkati zamkati zosalowerera ndale). Ngakhale mayendedwe amachitidwe ena samayang'aniridwa pamiyeso iyi, zoyipa zikuwonetsa kuti omwe akutenga nawo mbali anali othamanga kuyankha pazoyambitsa zolaula (zamkati zamtundu wa RT <zamankhwala RT osalowerera ndale), pomwe zabwino zimaloza ku RTs pang'ono pazoyambitsa zolaula (apakatikati RT zolaula> apakatikati a RT osalowerera ndale). Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa RT ndikofanana ndi kuwunika kosakhudzidwa mosakhudzidwa ndi zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala (Munda ndi Cox, 2008; Coskunpinar ndi Cyders, 2013; Field et al., 2014) kuposa kuyeza njira / kupewa zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi mtundu wa zolimbikitsa (zolaula motsutsana ndi ndale). Pofanizira pakusanthula kudalira kwa zinthu, malingaliro abwino amtundu wonse wa RT akuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa chidwi pa zithunzi zolaula (RT yocheperako mpaka zolaula poyerekeza ndi zomwe sizimalowerera ndale). Kuwunika mwachidule kwa mitundu yonse yodalirika ya AAT kukufupikitsidwa mwachidule Table Table11. AAT idapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Presentation®software (Version 16.5, www.neurobs.com).

Kuwerengera ndi kutanthauzira kwa mitundu ya AAT.

Mayankho

Kuyesa chizolowezi chomwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cybersex mtundu wina waifupi wa Internet Addiction Test (s-IAT; Pawlikowski et al., 2013), yosinthidwa kwa cybersex (s-IATsex; Laier et al., 2013a) adagwiritsidwa ntchito. S-IATsex imakhala ndi zinthu za 12 zoyankhidwa pamlingo kuchokera ku 1 (= konse) kupita ku 5 (= nthawi zambiri). Kusasinthika kwamkati kwa s-IATsex phunziroli kunali bwino (Cronbach's α = 0.846). Itha kugawidwa m'masamba kutayika kwa chiwongolero / kasamalidwe ka nthawi (nthawi ya s-IATsex; mwachitsanzo, "Ndi kangati komwe mumakhala kuti mumakhala pa intaneti pa intaneti kuposa momwe mumafunira?") ndi kusilira / mavuto abwenzi (s-IATsex akufuna; mwachitsanzo, "Ndi kangati komwe mumakhala wotanganidwa ndi zochitika zogonana pa intaneti mukapanda kukhala pa intaneti, kapena mumaganizira zokhala patsamba la Internetsex?"). Nthawi yonse ya s-IATsex ndikukhumba kwa s-IATsex kuli ndi mitundu ingapo ya 6-30.

Kuphatikiza apo, ngati njira yazovuta zamavuto ambiri, Hypersexual Behavioral Inventory idagwiritsidwa ntchito (HBI; Reid et al., 2011). HBI ili ndi zinthu za 19 zomwe zidavotera pamiyeso pakati pa 1 (= konse) ndi 5 (= nthawi zambiri) ndipo itha kugawidwa m'makampani othandizira kutaya ulamuliro (mwachitsanzo, "Zolakalaka zanga zogonana ndimamva kukhala wamphamvu kuposa kudziletsa."; Zotheka: 8-40), kulimbana (mwachitsanzo, "Ndimagwiritsa ntchito zachiwerewere kuiwala za nkhawa za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku."; Zotheka: 7-35), ndi zotsatira (mwachitsanzo, "Khalidwe langa logonana limayendetsa moyo wanga."; Zotheka: 4-20). Phunziroli, kusinthika kwa mkati kwa HBI kunali kwabwino (Cronbach's α = 0.885). Kupitilira apo, chidwi chakugonana chimayesedwa ndi Nkhani Yogonana Yachisoni (SES; Carpenter et al., 2010), yomwe ili ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikaganiza kuti munthu wina wokongola yemwe akufuna kugonana ndi ine, ndimadzuka."). Kusasinthika kwamkati kwa SES mu phunziroli kunali kwabwino (Cronbach's α = 0.785). Poyerekeza ndi mtundu kuchokera Kalipentala et al. (2010), mtundu woyankhira udabwezedwa, womwe udatsogolera ku 1 (= satsutsana kwambiri) kupita ku 4 (= amavomereza kwambiri), zomwe zimatsogolera ku kuchuluka kwa mtundu wa 6-24. Pomaliza, kuyesedwa kwa chidziwitso chaumunthu komanso chidziwitso chazinthu zokhudzana ndi kumwa zolaula.

Mapulogalamu othandizira a s-IATsex ndi HBI kutayika kwa magwiritsidwe ntchito adzagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mitundu yosiyira yoyesa ma hypotheses popeza miyeso iyi imawunika zotsatira zogwirizana pakukhumba makamaka kuposa kuchuluka kwa s-IATsex ndi HBI. Chifukwa chake, malembawa amasankhidwa kuti afufuze za ubale pakati pa zizolowezi zoyandikira kapena kupewa zokopa zolaula komanso kusilira monga akufotokozera Breiner et al. (1999). Kupitilira apo, kuchuluka kwambiri mu s-IATsex, HBI ndi SES zikuyimira njira zamakhalidwe azikhalidwe (mwachitsanzo, kukonda kwambiri chizolowezi cha cybersex, kutaya kwambiri ulamuliro pazokhudza kugonana, kukondera kwambiri.

Njira Zocheperako ndi Kutalika Kwazitali

Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito phunziroli zingagawanikidwe pazosakhalitsa (chithunzi chazithunzi, kukonda ra kugonana kosangalatsa, maliseche, AAT) ndi miyeso yayitali (s-IATsex, HBI, SES). M'ndime iyi, miyeso yochepa imakhala yankho (mwachangu), lomwe lingatengeke ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, monga kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa cybersex. Mosiyana ndi izi, miyeso yayitali imafanana ndi mawonekedwe amodzi, omwe amayenera kukhala okhazikika kwakanthawi.

Zosanthula Zosati

Kusanthula kwa data kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito IBM, SPSS Statistics Version 22.0. Ubale pakati pa mitundu iwiri idasinthidwa ndi kulumikizana kwa Pearson. Kusiyana pakati pa kusiyanasiyana kawiri kunayesedwa ndi chitsanzo chimodzi t-Ziyeso. Kukula kwa zotsatira kumanenedwa malinga ndi Cohen (1988) kugwiritsa ntchito a Pearson r (r = 0.10, yaying'ono; r = 0.30, sing'anga; r = 0.50, yayikulu) ndi Cohen's d (d = 0.20, yaying'ono; d = 0.50, sing'anga; d = 0.80, yayikulu). Maubwenzi apawiri pakati pa zosinthika ziwiri adawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawonedwe apanthawi yomweyo. Kuphatikiza apo, mgwirizano pakati pa kusiyanasiyana koyerekeza olosera zamtundu umodzi wodalirika adasanthula ndi kusanthula kwa mitundu yoyeserera yojambulidwa (onse olosera ali pakati; Cohen et al., 2003). Mulingo wofunikira pakuyesa konse kwa ziwerengero p = 0.05. Komanso, kuti tiwone ngati kusinthasintha kwaphwanya lingaliro lachirengedwe, kusokonekera, ndi kurtosis akuti Table Table22. Malinga ndi West et al. (1995), kusakhazikika <| 2.00 | ndi kurtosis <| 7.00 | onetsani kuti kusiyanasiyana kumagawidwa bwino. Apa, zosintha zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwunika mozungulira ndikuwongolera momwe zinthu zikuyendera zimakwaniritsa izi (kulakalaka-s-IATsex, kusowa mphamvu kwa HBI, SES, zolaula / njira zosalowerera / mphambu yopewa). Komabe, ngati zosintha zina, zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera zowonjezereka, zikuphwanya lingaliro la chizolowezi, kuyesa kwa parametric kudagwiritsidwabe ntchito, popeza zidawonetsedwa kuti njira zowerengera za parametric ndizolimba pakuphwanya uku (Rasch ndi Guiard, 2004).

Kutanthauza zamalingaliro a s-IATsex, HBI, SES, zithunzi zolaula ndi makulidwe okhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso kufunika kochita maliseche komanso kuchuluka kwa AAT.

Results

Zithunzi Zolaula

Chitsanzo chimodzi t-test adawerengedwa kuti afananize masanjidwe azithunzi za akazi kapena amuna okhaokha, t(122) = 32.79; p <0.001; d = 4.11, kuwonetsa kuti zithunzi zomwe anali amuna kapena akazi anzawo zidawonetsedwa moyenera. Pakuwunika za kugonana kokongola komanso kufunikira koseweretsa maliseche asanachitike (t1) ndi pambuyo (t2) zithunzi zolaula, ziwiri t-Mayeso a zitsanzo zotsamira adawulula zodzikongoletsera zogonana, t(122) = -9.05; p = 0.001; d_z = 0.85, ndi kufunika kwakukulitsa maliseche, t(122) = -7.30; p <0.001; d_z = 0.61, ku t2 kuyelekeza ndi t1 (chifukwa cha phindu onani Table Table22). Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti chifukwa choonera zolaula, ophunzirawo adakumana ndi vuto lodzala asanayambe AAT. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri popeza kugonana kwachisangalalo ndi kufunika kochita maliseche zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zolakalaka, zomwe zimayenera kulumikizidwa ndi zizolowezi zoyandikira kapena kupewa zolaula.

Njira Yoletsa-Kupewa

Mwakulongosola, njira ya zolaula / mapewedwe opewera (M = -1.09, SD = 72.64) ndi njira yosalowerera / gawo lopewa (M = -56.91, SD = 55.03) anali ndi tanthauzo loipa. Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa njira yopewera zinthu zolaula komanso kusalowerera ndale mu AAT, pomwe izi zinali zolimba kuti zisatengere gawo, t(122) = 8.52; p <0.001; d = 0.87. Mosiyana ndi izi, chiwerengero chonse cha RT (M = -37.79, SD = 42.74) inali ndi tanthauzo loipa, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti opanga nawo gawo analibe malingaliro okonda zolaula (kukondera koteroko kumawonetsedwa ndi RT pang'onopang'ono pazithunzi zolaula ndipo chifukwa chake kumatanthauza RT yonse, sichoncho, popeza tidawonera mwachangu RT za zolaula poyerekeza ndi zomwe sizimalowerera ndale).

Maubwenzi apakati pa ziwonetsero za AAT ndi mitundu yosankhidwa ndi chidule Table Table33. Ponena za zolaula komanso njira yosalowerera m'ndale / gawo lopewa kunalibe kulumikizana kwakukulu ndi zinthu zina. Komabe, chiwonetsero chonse cha RT chimakhudzana kwambiri ndi chidwi chogonana, kuchepa kwa chiwonetsero cha HBI komanso chidwi cha kugonana Δ chomwe chimayambitsa chidwi komanso zolakalaka - zimayenera kuchita maliseche.

Malumikizidwe apakati pa mizere ya AAT ndi mitundu yosankhidwa.

Curve-Linear Regression Analysis

Kuti muwone ngati ubale pakati pa njira zolaula / njira zopewera ndi gawo la s-IATsex wolakalaka silinali lotalikirapo koma wowerengera, kuwunika kwa ma curve-linear regression. Mu gawo loyamba, zolaula / njira zopewera zamalonda zidalowetsedwa koma sizinafotokoze momveka bwino zomwe s-IATsex amalakalaka pakusiyana, R² = 0.003, F(1,122) = 0.33, p = 0.567, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti palibe ubale wolozeka pakati pa zinthu ziwiri zomwe zilipo mu data. Mu gawo lachiwiri njira yolumikizirana zolaula / zopeweka zidaphatikizidwa, zomwe zidapangitsa kufotokoza kwakukulu kwa 23.7% ya s-IATsex yolakalaka masinthidwe, ΔR² = 0.234, F(1,122) = 18.80, p <0.001. Kuyerekeza kotereku (onani chithunzi Chithunzi22) ikuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe akukonda kwambiri I-IATsex amakonda kuchita ziwonetsero (njira zoyenera / zopewera) kapena kupewa (njira zosayenera / mfundo zopewera) zokhudzana ndi zokopa zolaula. Mfundo zowonjezera zomwe zaphatikizidwa mu Table Table44.

CHITSANZO CHA 2

CHITSANZO CHA 2

Chiyanjano pakati pa zotsatira zoyenerana za zithunzi zolaula (njira zolaula / gawo lopewa) ndi cholakalaka cha s-IATsex.

Zotsatira zakuwunika kokhazikika kwa kayendetsedwe ka ma curve-linear ndi s-IATsex yofunika kukhumba ndikusintha kosadalira.

Monga cheke chodzionetsera, kusanthula kwachiwiri kunawerengeredwa kuti iwonetse mgwirizano pakati pa s-IATsex kukhumba komanso njira yosalowerera / gawo lopewa. Pano, palibe ubale wofunikira wamtundu wamtundu womwe ungapezeke (p = 0.239).

Zoyeserera Zosintha

Kuti mufufuze ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kukhudzidwa ndi chilolezo chogonana (SES), njira zofikira kapena kupewa zolaula (njira zolaula / chithunzi chopewa), komanso zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi cha cybersex. kuwerengetsa (mitundu yonse yosanjidwa; Cohen et al., 2003). M'mbali yoyamba, SES adalongosola 13.5% ya s-IATsex yolakalaka yosiyana, F(1,121) = 18.83, p <0.001. Pa sitepe yachiwiri, fayilo ya njira zolaula zinapangitsa kukula kwakukulu kwa malongosoledwe amasinthidwe, ΔR² = 0.029, ΔF(2,120) = 4.19, p = 0.043. Mu gawo lachitatu, kuyanjana kwa SES ndi njira zolaula zinapangitsa kukula kwakukulu kwa malongosoledwe amasinthidwe, ΔR² = 0.044, ΔF(3,119) = 6.62, p = 0.011. Ponseponse, mtundu wa mawonekedwe anali ofunikira ndikufotokozera kusiyana kwa 20.8% kukhumba kwa s-IATsex, F(3,122) = 10.41, p <0.001.

Kuti mufufuze momwe masinthidwe amawonedwe mwatsatanetsatane, malo otsetsereka anasanthula (onani chithunzi Chithunzi3A3A). Malo otsetsereka a mzere woimira mayendedwe (Kupatuka koyenera kwa 1 pamwamba pamatanthauzidwe) sikunali kosiyana kwambiri ndi zero, t = 1.71, p = 0.090. Mosiyana ndi izi, malo otsetsereka a mzere woimira kupewa (Kupatuka kozungulira kwa 1 m'munsi mwa njira) kunali kosiyana kwambiri ndi zero, t = 5.50, p <0.001, kuwonetsa kuti a mkulu SES, pamodzi ndi kupewa zinapangitsa kukwera kwambiri kwa s-IATsex kukhumba. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito njira yofikira kapena kupewa kukokana ndale (njira yosaloŵerera m'nkhondo / malingaliro popewa) monga woyang'anira, palibe kuyanjana kwakukulu komwe kungapezeke (p = 0.196).

CHITSANZO CHA 3

CHITSANZO CHA 3

Chithunzi chowoneka bwino cha malo otsetsereka poyerekeza kuyanjana pakati pa zotsatira zoyenerana ndi zithunzi zolaula (njira zolaula / chithunzi chopewa) ndi (A) chidwi champhamvu chogonana (SES) komanso (B) mavuto ...

Mtundu wachiwiri unawerengedwa kuti ufufuze ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa zomwe zimayendetsa vuto la kugonana (HBI kutayika kwa chiwongolero), njira zofikira kapena kupewa zolaula (njira zolaula / zopewa), komanso zizolowezi zolakalaka zinthu zamtundu wa cybersex. M'mbali yoyamba, Kutayika kwa HBI adalongosola 22.2% ya s-IATsex yolakalaka yosiyana, F(1,121) = 34.52, p <0.001. Pa sitepe yachiwiri, fayilo ya njira zolaula sizinachititse kuti pakuwonjezereka kwa kusiyana kwamalingaliro, ΔR² = 0.017, ΔF(2,120) = 2.70, p = 0.103. Mu gawo lachitatu, kuyanjana kwa Kutayika kwa HBI ndi njira zolaula zinapangitsa kukula kwakukulu kwa malongosoledwe amasinthidwe, ΔR² = 0.037, ΔF(3,119) = 6.02, p = 0.016. Ponseponse, mtundu wa mawonekedwe anali ofunikira ndikufotokozera kusiyana kwa 25.7% kukhumba kwa s-IATsex, F(3,122) = 15.10, p <0.001. Zowonjezera pazowunikanso zowunikiridwa mwachidule zidafotokozedwa mwachidule mu Table Table55.

Zoyeserera za kusinthidwa kwamachitidwe kumawunikiridwa ndi s-IATsex chinthu chokhumba ngati chodalirika.

Zofanana ndi mtundu woyamba, malo otsetsereka anasinthidwa (onani chithunzi Chithunzi3B3B). Malo otsetsereka a mzere woimira mayendedwe (Kupatuka kozungulira kwa 1 pamwamba pamatanthauzidwe) kunali kosiyana kwambiri ndi zero, t = 2.85, p = 0.005. Malo otsetsereka a mzere woimira kupewa (Kupatuka kwa nthawi ya 1 m'munsi mwa njira) kunalinso kosiyana kwambiri ndi zero, t = 6.14, p <0.001, kuwonetsa kuti onse awiri yandikira ndi kupewa kuyang'ana zolaula, limodzi ndi a kutayika kwakukulu kwa HBI zinapangitsa kukwera kwambiri kwa s-IATsex kukhumba. Zofanana ndi kusanthula koyamba koyeserera, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zofikira kapena kupewa kukokana ndale (njira yosalowerera / gawo la kupewa) monga oyang'anira sanasonyeze kuyanjana kwakukulu (p = 0.166).

Kuphatikiza apo, kuti afufuze ngati kuchepa kwa chiwonetsero cha HBI, SES, ndi njira yakuwonera zolaula / gawo lopewa zitha kukhala ndi gawo lophatikizika pazomwe zimapangitsa kukhala ndizolakwika za cybersex, kuwunikira kolemba pamzere ndi chinthu cha s-IATsex cholakalaka ngati kudalira kosinthika kudawerengedwa. M'mbali yoyamba, Kutayika kwa HBI adalongosola 22.2% ya s-IATsex yolakalaka yosiyana, F(1,121) = 34.52, p <0.001. Pa sitepe yachiwiri, fayilo ya SES zinapangitsa kukula kwakukulu kwa malongosoledwe amasinthidwe, ΔR² = 0.052, ΔF(2,120) = 2.63, p = 0.004. Gawo lachitatu, njira zolaula zinapangitsa kukula kwakukulu kwa malongosoledwe amasinthidwe, ΔR² = 0.024, ΔF(3,119) = 4.47, p = 0.037. Ponseponse, mtundu wa mawonekedwe anali ofunikira ndikufotokozera kusiyana kwa 30.1% kukhumba kwa s-IATsex, F(3,122) = 17.04, p <0.001. Zowonjezeranso zina zaphatikizidwa mu Table Table55.

Maubale pakati pa zenizeni kugwiritsa ntchito Cybersex ndi Zowonjezera Zogwirizana

Kuti mufufuze ubale womwe ungakhalepo pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwenikweni kwa cybersex ndi miyezo yokhudzana ndi vuto la cybersex, kulumikizana zingapo zowerengera kunawerengeredwa. Panali ubale wabwino pakati pa s-IATsex chinthu chokhumba komanso pafupipafupi chogwiritsa ntchito cybersex sabata iliyonse (r = 0.227, p = 0.011) ndi nthawi yayitali yogwiritsidwa ntchito patsamba lama cybersex paulendo umodzi (r = 0.198, p = 0.028). Komabe, palibe maubwenzi ofunika omwe angapezeke pakati pafupipafupi ogwiritsa ntchito pa cybersex sabata ndi kutayika kwa HBI (r = 0.136, p = 0.133), SES (r = 0.119, p = 0.190) komanso kusilira Δ kugonana kosangalatsa / maliseche ndi zambiri za AAT (zonse ps > 0.400). Mofananamo, panalibe ubale wofunikira pakati pa nthawi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti paulendo umodzi ndi HBI kutaya mphamvu (r = 0.025, p = 0.781), SES (r = 0.161, p = 0.076) komanso kusilira Δ kugonana kosangalatsa / maliseche ndi zambiri za AAT (zonse ps > 0.500).

Kukambirana

Zotsatira zazikulu za phunziroli ndikuti zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi cha cybersex zimawoneka kuti ndizogwirizana ndi njira zopewera / kupewa. Choyamba, anthu omwe amati anali ndi chizolowezi chotere cha chizolowezi cha cybersex amakonda kujambula kapena kupewa zithunzi zolaula, pomwe sizinali choncho chifukwa chofuna kulowerera ndale. Chachiwiri, tinazindikira kuti chidwi chazakugonana komanso zovuta kuchita zogonana zomwe zimayenderana ndi njira / kupewa kupewa zithunzi zolaula, zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zambiri zomwe zingayambitse chizolowezi chogonana. Apanso, palibe kuyanjana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka kuti kuyandikira / kupewa kupewa zizolowezi zandale.

Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kuti njira / zopewera zitha kulumikizidwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa cybersex komanso momwe zingakhalire kuti mukhale ndi vuto la cybersex. Izi ndizogwirizananso ndi zomwe deta yaperekedwa ndi Schiebener et al. (2015). Komanso, zomwe tapeza zikugwirizana bwino ndi chizolowezi chomwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cybersex omwe akufuna Laier and Brand (2014), chifukwa tapeza kuti kukhalapo kwa kudziwonetsa kwakanthawi kumawonetsa kuwonekera kwa zizolowezi zamagetsi zokhudzana ndi cybersex pomwe sichidalira kutengera njira zopewera kapena kupewa zolaula kuti zikhale ndi vuto. Kuphatikiza apo, popereka umboni wapakatikati wokhudzana ndikugwirizana pakati pazizindikiro za chizolowezi cha cybersex ndi njira yopewera / kupewa, zotsatira zake zikugwirizana ndi malo oyesedwa ndi Breiner et al. (1999), zomwe zikusonyeza kuti sikuyenera kungoyandikira, komanso kupewa kungawonekere ndi anthu omwe ali chidakwa.

Pazokhudzana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa chizolowezi chokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi cybersex ndi njira zopewa / kupewa, ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti kugonana pamavuto omwe amatsogozedwa, limodzi ndi njira kapena kupewa, kwa zizindikiritso zapamwamba kwambiri za chizolowezi cha cybersex. Mosiyana ndi izi, kulumikizana pakati pakumverana ndi zokonda zogonana ndi njira yodziletsa / zopeweka zimangowonetsa zotsatira zopewera. Kupeza uku kungafotokozeredwe pofotokoza Bechara (2005), yemwe adanena kuti zizolowezi zowonjezera zimakhudzidwa ndi machitidwe awiri apadera a neural: kachitidwe konyengerera (amygdala), kogwirizana ndi mphotho yomweyo komanso chilango, ndi dongosolo (lakutsogolo) lachiwonetsero, zolemba zokhala ndi zotsatira zazitali. Munjira yogwira ntchito imaganiziridwa kuti njira yolowerera imayang'aniridwa ndi mawonekedwe owonetsera, pomwe zochita zawo zili zowonjezera zimatha kupitiliza dongosolo lowonetsera chifukwa cha neuroadaptations yokhudzana ndi mankhwalawa (onani. Robinson ndi Berridge, 1993, 2001, 2008). Ponena za zizoloŵezi zoyandikira kapena kupewa zolaula, ndizotheka kuti kuwongoleredwa kwa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa kukopa kungayambitse mtima wofuna kuyandikira, pomwe chiwonetserochi chingalimbikitse mtima wofuna kupewa zolaula (Zingwe ndi Stacy, 2006). Kutengera malingaliro awa, zomwe tapeza zitha kufotokozeredwa motere: ndizomveka kuganiza kuti mchitidwe wogonana ovuta umatha kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha neuroadaptations, chomwe chitha kukhala ndi udindo wokhudzana ndi zizolowezi zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa popeza zawonetsedwa kuti kugonana- komanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo- zofananira zimakonzedwa chimodzimodzi Georgiadis ndi Kringelbach, 2012). Mosiyana ndi izi, sizokayikitsa kuti ma neuroadaptation amenewa adapangidwa chifukwa chomvetsetsa kwambiri chilakolako chogonana, chifukwa kapangidwe kameneka ndi kogwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a munthu. Izi zikutifikitsa ku kuganiza kuti kukhudzika kwambiri pakugonana sikuyenera kukulitsa mwayi wokonda kuyang'ana zolaula mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lotere, pomwe izi ndizomwe ziyenera kukhala zovuta kwambiri pakugonana. Komabe, ngati chilimbikitso chofuna kufikira kukhudzidwa ndi zomwe zidachitika pakamwa. Pambuyo pake, zotsatira za maphunziro zimatha kuyambitsa kuwongolera kwazomwe zimayang'ana pamwambo wazopanda mphamvu, ngakhale ma neuroadaptations osagwira ntchito adamangidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, zikuwoneka kuti ndizotheka kuganiza kuti anthu omwe amapereka zisonyezo zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso ali ndi chidwi chachikulu chogonana akhoza kukhala atakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa cha zomwe amachita. Pambuyo pake, kukhalapo kwa kutsimikizika kwamtunduwu kungatithandizenso kuzindikira chogwiritsa ntchito chovuta kwambiri cha cybersex. Chifukwa chake, anthu otere atha kukhala ndi zopewa zopewa zolaula chifukwa cha zomwe akuchita, ngakhale atakhala kuti sanaphunzitsidwe bwino.

Poganiza mopitilira, cybersex imagwiritsa ntchito monga kuchuluka kwa magwiritsidwe ntchito a cybersex sabata iliyonse komanso nthawi yayitali yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pa malo ogwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti paulendo umodzi samalumikizidwa ndi miyeso yomweyo yokhudzana ndi vuto la cybersex ngati kukakamira kogwirizana kapena zosiyana siyana za AAT. Chifukwa chake, izi zimapangitsa kuti anthu aziganiza kuti njira zowonera / zopewera zitha kutengeka kuchokera kuzowoneka za neural chifukwa chidziwitso cha nthawi yayitali chokhudzana ndi cybersex. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito cybersex yeniyeni kumatha kulumikizidwa ndi kukonza kwa cybersex, pomwe zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti AAT m'malo mwake imayesa zovuta zomwe zitha kulumikizidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosavuta kwa cybersex, kumachitika kwa nthawi yayitali. Komabe, umboni wowonjezereka umafunikira kuti tiwunikire ngati AAT ili yochepa kapena yayitali.

Zotsatira zinanso zakafukufukuyu ndizakuti, zovuta zogonana, chidwi chachikulu pakugonana, komanso zolakalaka zapamwamba zimagwirizanitsidwa bwino ndi kuchuluka kwa mphotho ya RT, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zosinthazi zimaphatikizidwa ndi RT pang'onopang'ono mu zolaula poyerekeza ndi mayeso osagwirizana nawo. Kupeza kumeneku kumagwirizana ndizotsatira zomwe akatswiri amafufuza mosamala pamakhalidwe oluluzika (powunika onani Munda ndi Cox, 2008). Pomwepo, zimaganiziridwa kuti RT yochepetsetsa kuti ikhale yokhudzana ndi kusuta imatha kuonedwa chifukwa zoyambitsa zoterezi zimakopa chidwi cha anthu omwe adala. Zachidziwikire, AAT si paradigm yokhazikika yoyezera kukondera, koma izi zikuwunikira kukufunika kwazinthu izi pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cybersex ndipo zitha kufufuzidwa pamaphunziro omwe akubwera.

Mayendedwe Amtsogolo

Kafukufuku wamtsogolo atha kuonjezeranso chidwi pakukulitsa chidwi mwa kuphatikiza ziyembekezo zabwino komanso zoyipa monga momwe olosera za momwe angathere / kupewa kupewa kufanana ndi dongosolo lomwe Breiner et al. (1999). Chifukwa chake, kuyembekezera zinthu zabwino kumayenera kulimbikitsa mtima wokonda kuchita zikhalidwe zosokoneza bongo, pomwe ziyembekezo zolakwika zingathe kuthana ndi zilimbikitsozi ndikuwapangitsa kuti asagwere. M'ndime zakusokonekera kwa cybersex, zomwe amayembekezera kuti azigwiritsa ntchito pa cybersex zitha kukhala ndi vuto lofanananso ndi njira zopewera popeza zidawonetsedwa kale kuti zomwe tikuyembekeza pa intaneti zikugwirizana ndi vuto la intaneti (Brand et al., 2014a). Kuphatikiza pa kukhalapo kwa mpikisano / njira zopewera, zomwe tikuyembekezerazi zingathe kufotokozera zomwe zingakhale zofunikira pazotheka kusankha.

Komanso, zitha kukhala zothandiza kufufuza ngati mipikisano ya neural ikuphatikizidwa panjira / popewa kupewa. Munkhani iyi, kafukufuku wawonetsa kale kufanana ndi njira ziwiri zophunzitsira ndi Bechara (2005) popeza ma neural osiyanasiyana anali oyambirira kuwonetseredwa kwa njira yolumikizirana (ma nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex) ndi kupewa (amygdala, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) mwa anthu omwe amamwa mowa (Ernst et al., 2012; Wires et al., 2014b). Ndikulimbikitsa kupeza izi, Schlund et al. (2011) adatinso ma activation oyenera a maukonde awa kuti athe kuwafotokozera / kupewa momwe angakhalire athanzi. Kuphatikiza apo, zitha kuwonetsedwa kuti mapulogalamu osinthika achidziwitso amachepetsa njira / kupewa zochitika zokhudzana ndi momwe zimayambira mu prelineal cortex komanso amygdala (Wires et al., 2014a, 2015). Kutengera zotsatira izi, zikuwoneka kuti ndizotheka kuganiza kuti AAT imatha kuyesa kutsutsana komanso kupewa. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kuthana ndi kufufuzidwa kwa ma neural correlates olumikizidwa ndi njira / kupewa popewa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cybersex pofuna kulimbikitsa zomwe apeza pakalipano. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwerengera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo za cybersex kungapindule ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosanthula mwatsatanetsatane (mwachitsanzo, kusanthula kwa bin). Chifukwa chake, njirazi zitha kupereka umboni wina woganiza kuti AAT imawunikira njira ziwiri ndi kupewa.

Poganiza mopitilira, maphunziro am'mbuyomu adafufuza za mzere pakati pa zizoloŵezi / zopewera ndi miyambo yolumikizana ndiukonda, pomwe njira yotere singabise zovuta za machitidwe osokoneza. Komabe, chikhulupiriro chodziwika kwambiri chikuwoneka kuti njira zokhazokha zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndikupititsa patsogolo zizolowezi zowonjezera, ngakhale lingaliro ili siligwirizana kwathunthu ndi zomwe zapezeka. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wina adanenanso za kusala kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (mwachitsanzo, Cousijn et al., 2012), pomwe zizolowezi zopewera zimapezeka muzinthu zopewetsa kapena zofunafuna chithandizo (Eberl et al., 2013a). Komanso, Achinyamata et al. (2013) Anapeza njira zotsutsana ndi omwe amasuta, koma osati osuta fodya. Komanso, maubwenzi apakati pazokonda ndi kupewa zizolowezi zokhudzana ndiukadaulo monga kukonda zinthu kapena kugonanso pamitengo sikugwirizana chifukwa zonse zabwino (mwachitsanzo, Mogg et al., 2005komanso mayanjano oyipa (mwachitsanzo, Cousijn et al., 2011; Spruyt et al., 2013) adanenedwa. Chifukwa chake, zikuwoneka ngati zanzeru kuganiza kuti, osati njira zokhazokha, komanso zizolowezi zopewa zitha kukhala zinthu zofunika pamakhalidwe olowerera. Chifukwa chake, kusanthula kwakanema komwe kumapangidwa, komwe kumalola kuwunika kwa magawo awiri amodzi mu mtundu umodzi, sikungakhale kopindulitsa pakufufuza zamtundu wa cybersex, komanso pakuphunzira njira / kupewa zomwe zingakhale ndi zizolowezi zina kapena kudalira zinthu zina.

Pomaliza, zitha kukhala zothandiza kufufuza kuti ndi njira ziti kapena kupewa zomwe zimathandizira kukulitsa komanso kusamalira chizolowezi cha cybersex. Pano, mapangidwe a kuphunzira kwakutali akhoza kukhala opindulitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, njira ngati imeneyi ikuwoneka kuti ndiyothandiza popeza zotsatira za kafukufuku waposachedwa zidafotokozera AAT kuti athe kuyeza zotsatira chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali pa intaneti, pomwe kafukufuku wofunikira akuyenera kutsimikizira izi.

sitingathe

Choyambirira, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti kuwunika kwajika kwa mzere womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa ubale womwe umaganiziridwa pakati pa zizolowezi zopewa / kupewa komanso kulakalaka zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito bongo la cybersex mwina zitha kuonedwa ngati njira yowunikira. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira zake sizikugogomezera ubale wabwino wamtundu wa quadratic. Chifukwa chake, zomwe zapezazo ziyenera kutanthauziridwa mosamala ndipo ziyenera kubwerezedwanso. Ngakhale zili choncho, izi zimabweretsa osachepera kumgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa zizolowezi zopewa / kupewa kupewera kapena chizolowezi cha cybersex. Popeza tinangopanga amuna omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zotsatira zathu sizingafanane ndi azimayi kapena amuna okhaokha. Kupitilira apo, ambiri mwa iwo anali ndi ogwiritsa ntchito pa cybersex, pomwe ochepa adanenanso zomwe zikuchitika m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Ngakhale, kufufuza kwa zovuta ndi zitsanzo za analog kumapereka zabwino zambiri (Abramowitz et al., 2014), zomwe tikupeza sizingasamutsidwe kwathunthu kwa anthu azachipatala chifukwa palibe omwe adapezeka kuti ali ndi vuto la cybersex. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wamtsogolo atha kupindula pakafukufuku wa anthu omwe ali pachipatala, komabe ziyenera kudziwika kuti njira zosowa zomwe zingapange zovuta kufananitsa gulu la odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la cybersex ndi gulu loyang'anira mwanjira yoyambirira. Komabe, njira yotereyi ikhoza kukhala yothandiza chifukwa AAT itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pophunzitsa mtundu wa zosintha mwanzeru (Wiers et al., 2011) mu cybersex mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Kutsiliza

Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kuti njira / zopewera zingakhale njira zomwe zimalumikizana ndi chizolowezi cha cybersex. Mwatsatanetsatane, zidawonetsedwa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chomwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cybersex adawulula njira zonse komanso kupewa, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi malingaliro ofufuza pakudalira kwa zinthu (Breiner et al., 1999; Wiers et al., 2007). Kuphatikiza ndi zotsatira zomwe zaperekedwa ndi Schiebener et al. (2015), pali umboni wokwanira wonena kuti zikhalidwe zonse ziwiri zoyandikira kapena kupewa zolaula zitha kuwonetsedwa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chomakonda kwambiri zamaliseche. Zotsatira zake, zotsatira zake zimayenera kukambidwa ndikugwirizana kwawo pakuyanjana kwapakati pazovuta za cybersex ndi kudalira kwa zinthu.

Kutsutsana kwa Chidwi

Olembawo akunena kuti kufufuza kunkachitika popanda mgwirizano uliwonse wa zamalonda kapena zachuma zomwe zingatengedwe kuti zingatheke kukangana.

Kuvomereza

Tithokoze Dr. Christian Laier ndi Dr. Johannes Schiebener chifukwa cha zopereka zawo zabwino phunziroli. Adatithandizira kwambiri poyeserera ndikuwongolera zolemba pamanja. Kuphatikiza apo, tikuthokoza Michael Schwarz chifukwa chothandizidwa kwambiri ndi kukhazikitsa AAT.

Zothandizira

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