Umboni wa Pudding Ndi Wotsekemera: Deta Ndizofunika Kuyesera Zitsanzo ndi Malingaliro Okhudzana ndi Kugonana Kwachinyengo (2018)

Kalata ku Mkonzi

Gola, Mateusz, ndi Marc N. Potenza.

Zilembedwa Zotsatira Zogonana: 1-3.

Walton, Cantor, Bhullar, ndi Lykins (2017) posachedwapa adakambirananso za chidziwitso pa zovuta zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere komanso anapereka chitsanzo chodziwikiratu cha makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana (CSBs). Zindikirani, kufufuza kwawo kwa mabuku kunatsirizidwa mu September 2015 ndipo kupita patsogolo kwambiri kwakhalapo kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. Chofunika kwambiri, ngakhale kuti mitundu yambiri yopeka ndi zongopeka zatumizidwa pa nthawi yokhudzana ndi CSB ndi machitidwe ena ofanana, zitsanzo zambiri ndi malingaliro omwe akuyembekezerabe akuyembekezeredwa mwachilungamo. Ngakhale zili choncho, kafukufuku waposachedwapa wanena kuti adzafufuze kafukufuku kuti ayesetse mayesero ndi zifukwa zomwe akufuna. M'kalata iyi, timayang'ana pa mafunso ena omwe Walton et al anafunsa. pogwiritsa ntchito zofukufuku zaposachedwa ndikuwonetsa mafunso ofunika osayankhidwa omwe amachititsa kuti anthu azifufuza mozama ndikulimbikitseni kuti azipita patsogolo.

Mafunso Osayankhidwa

Kodi kufalikira kwa CSB ndi chiyani?

Walton et al., Ofanana ndi olemba ena (Zolemba, 1991), nenani kuti kuchuluka kwa CSB kuli pakati pa 2 ndi 6% ya anthu akuluakulu. Mwatsoka, tanthauzo la zomwe bungwe la CSB limapitiliza kutsutsana, kulimbikitsa kuchuluka kwa momwe CSB imaonekera. Mkhalidwe wofananamo unalipo pa vuto la masewera a intaneti (IGD) kumene kuyerekezera kwakukulu kunkayendera kwambiri chisanayambe kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo ovomerezeka muchisanu chachisanu cha Kusanthula ndi Buku Lophatikiza la Mavuto a Mitsempha (DSM-5; APA, 2013; Petry & O'Brien, 2013). Kuwonjezera apo, palibe deta yomwe ikuyimira dziko lonse yomwe ilipo mpaka pano yomwe yafalitsidwa kuti ipereke kulingalira kwa CSB, ndi deta yomwe ilipo nthawi zambiri yodalira zitsanzo zabwino (Odlaug et al., 2013). Ndikofunika kusonkhanitsa deta kuchokera ku zitsanzo zowonetsera kuti muzindikire kuchuluka kwa (CSB) komanso momwe zingakhalire pakati pa maboma ndi magulu osiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, ponena za zaka, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe ). Kudziwa koteroko kungatithandizire kumvetsetsa momwe zinthu zowonekera (mwachitsanzo, kupeza zolaula, chikhalidwe kapena zikhalidwe, zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo) zingagwirizane ndi mitundu kapena machitidwe a CSB.

Funso lofananira limakhudza kusiyana komwe kungakhalepo pakati pa anthu azachipatala ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono. Chitsanzo chimodzi chingagwirizane ndi zokambirana za Walton et al. Za gawo lachipembedzo mu CSB. Maphunziro awiri (Grubbs, Exline, Pargament, Hook, & Carlisle, 2015a; Grubbs, Volk, Exline, & Pargament, 2015b) zimapereka chithandizo chokhudzana ndi chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe cholakwika cha zolaula zimathandizira kudzidzimva nokha za zolaula. Koma, Reid, Mmisiripentala, ndi Hook (2016) adapeza kuti kupembedza kunali kosagwirizana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Zingatheke kufotokozera kuti zikuwoneka kuti zotsutsana zingaphatikizepo njira zochitira zinthu (mwachitsanzo, zokhudzana ndi momwe CSB imafotokozera ndi kuyesedwa), kusiyana pakati pa anthu ophunzira, kapena zinthu zina. Ponena za maphunziro a anthu, Grubbs et al. anaika maganizo pa anthu omwe sanali odwala (Reac et al. Zotsatira za zochitika zomwe zimakumana ndi matenda a hypersexual (Kafka, 2010). Pakafukufuku wathu waposachedwa (Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016a), tafufuza ngati zipembedzo zingathandize mosiyana ndi anthu awiriwa ku Poland. Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chofanana, tafufuza mgwirizano pakati pa kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kusagwirizana kosagwirizana kwa zolaula, kugwiritsa ntchito zipembedzo, ndi udindo wofuna chithandizo cha CSB. Tinasonkhanitsa deta kuchokera kwa amuna a 132 kufunafuna chithandizo cha zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimatchulidwa ndi odwala psychologists (ndi zizindikiro za HD), ndi amuna a 437 akuwonetsa zolaula nthawi zonse koma samafuna chithandizo. Tapeza kuti zipembedzo zokhudzana ndi zolaula zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi amuna omwe sakufuna mankhwala koma osati ndi amuna ofuna chithandizo. Tinaonanso kuti ngakhale kuti zithunzi zolaula siziwerengeka, sizinatanthauzenso kuti zofuna zolaula zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Zomwe anapezazi zikuwonetsedwanso ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana kotere pakati pa anthu ofuna chithandizo komanso osalandira chithandizo (Gola et al., 2016a). Kuphatikiza apo, zomwe apeza zitha kukhala zosiyana kwa akazi, monga tawonera posachedwa kuti kupembedza komanso kuchuluka kwa zolaula kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pofunafuna CSB mwa azimayi (Lewczuk, Szmyd, Skorko, & Gola, 2017). Zomwe zapezazi zikutsindika kufunika kowerenga nkhani za CSB muzithunzi zokhudzana ndi amai ndi zowonjezereka zomwe zimapereka kwa anthu osakhulupirika, ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna ndi akazi okhaokha, amitundu ina.

Kodi ndi deta yanji yofunikira kuti mudziwe maganizo a CSB?

Monga tafotokozera kwina kulikonse (Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016a), pali chiwerengero chowonjezeka chofalitsa pa CSB, chofika pa 11,400 mu 2015. Komabe, mafunso ofunikira pakukambirana kwa CSB sanayankhidwe (Potenza, Gola, Voon, Kor, & Kraus, 2017). Zingakhale zofunikira kulingalira momwe DSM ndi Mitundu Yonse ya Matenda (ICD) ikugwira ntchito motsatira ndondomeko ndi magawo. Pochita zimenezi, tikuganiza kuti ndizofunikira kuganizira za vuto lakutchova njuga (komanso kutchedwa kutchova njuga) komanso momwe zinaganiziridwira mu DSM-IV ndi DSM-5 (komanso ICD-10 ndi ICD-11). Mu DSM-IV, kutchova njuga kumatchulidwa kuti "Kusokonezeka kwa Matenda-Osokoneza Bwino." Mu DSM-5, adatchulidwanso kuti "Kulimbana ndi Matenda Okhudzidwa ndi Matenda Okhudzidwa ndi Matenda Aakulu". kuthandizira kufanana mu madera angapo, kuphatikizapo zozizwitsa, zachipatala, za chibadwa, za neurobiological, chithandizo, ndi chikhalidwe (Petry, 2006; Potenza, 2006), komanso kusiyana pakati pa maderawa potsutsana ndi zitsanzo zolimbana ndi zovuta zogonjetsa (Potenza, 2009). Njira yofananayo iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa CSB, yomwe tsopano ikuganiziridwa kuti ikhalepo monga matenda osokoneza maganizo mu ICD-11 (Grant et al., 2014; Kraus et al., 2018). Komabe, mafunso amakhalapo ngati CSB ndi ofanana ndi matenda osokoneza bongo kusiyana ndi matenda ena oyambitsa vutoli (matenda osokoneza bongo, kleptomania, ndi pyromania) omwe akuperekedwa kwa ICD-11 (Potenza et al., 2017).

Zina mwa maudindo omwe angasonyeze kuti kufanana pakati pa CSB ndi matenda osokoneza bongo ndi maphunziro okhudza ubongo, ndi maphunziro angapo aposachedwapa omwe sanathenso ndi Walton et al. (2017). Kafukufuku woyambirira nthawi zambiri amayesa CSB pokhudzana ndi mitundu ya zosokoneza bongo (zowunikidwa ku Gola, Wordecha, Marchewka, & Sescousse, 2016b; Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016b). Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino - chiphunzitso cholimbikitsana (Robinson & Berridge, 1993) - akunena kuti mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo, zomwe zimayenderana ndi nkhanza zimatha kukhala zolimbikitsa kwambiri ndikulakalaka. Izi zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi kuyambitsa kwa zigawo zamaubongo zomwe zimakhudzidwa pakupanga mphotho, kuphatikiza ventral striatum. Ntchito zowunika kuyambiranso kwazinthu ndikukonzanso mphotho zitha kusinthidwa kuti zifufuze za zomwe zingachitike (mwachitsanzo, ndalama zotsutsana) ndi magulu ena (Sescousse, Barbalat, Domenech, & Dreher, 2013), ndipo posachedwa takhala tikugwiritsa ntchito ntchitoyi kuti tiphunzire chitsanzo cha mankhwala (Gola et al., 2017). Tapeza kuti anthu omwe amachitira chithandizo zolaula amatha kugwiritsa ntchito maliseche, poyerekezera ndi zaka, nkhanza, ndalama, kupembedza, kuchuluka kwa kugonana ndi abwenzi, kugonana kwabwino). mphotho, koma osati malipiro okhudzana ndi osati ndalama zowonjezera ndi mphotho. Mchitidwe uwu wa reactivity umagwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cholimbikitsana ndipo umasonyeza kuti chinthu chachikulu cha CSB chingaphatikizepo kugwirizanitsa kapena chilakolako chokhudzidwa ndi zifukwa zapakati pa ndale zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi zofuna zogonana. Zina zowonjezera zimasonyeza kuti magulu ena a ubongo ndi njira zingagwire ntchito ku CSB, ndipo izi zingaphatikizepo zowoneka bwino, hippocampus ndi amygdala (Banca et al., 2016; Klucken, Wehrum-Osinsky, Schweckendiek, Kruse, ndi Stark, 2016; Voon et al., 2014). Mwa izi, tazindikira kuti gawo lalitali la amygdala lomwe limakhudzana ndi kuyambiranso koopsa pazowopseza komanso nkhawa zitha kukhala zofunikira pachipatala (Gola, Miyakoshi, & Sescousse, 2015; Gola & Potenza, 2016) pogwiritsa ntchito kuona kuti ena a CSB ali ndi nkhawa yaikulu (Gola et al., 2017) ndi zisonyezo za CSB zitha kuchepetsedwa limodzi ndi kuchepa kwa nkhawa zamankhwala (Gola & Potenza, 2016). Komabe, maphunzirowa panopa akuphatikizapo zitsanzo zazing'ono komanso kufufuza kwina kumafunikira.

Kutsiliza

Mwachidule, tikutsindika kufunika kovomerezeka mwatsatanetsatane wa zitsanzo za CSB. Kuvomerezana n'kofunika pokhudzana ndi kutanthauzira kwa matenda a CSB ndi CSB. Ngati matenda a CSB aphatikizidwa ku ICD-11 monga momwe akufunira panopa, izi zikhoza kupereka maziko a kufufuza mwakhama m'madera ambiri. Zomwe zinapangidwa komanso zogwiritsidwa ntchito kafukufuku wa zamoyo za CSB ndi magulu omwe si a CSB, kuphatikizapo kufufuza komwe kumalola kuti ntchito ya ubongo ikwaniritsidwe panthawi yogonana, ingakhale yophunzitsa. Timakhulupirira kuti deta yotereyi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyesa ndikuyeretsanso zitsanzo zomwe zilipo ndikuloleza kuti zikhale zatsopano zogwiritsa ntchito mafashoni.

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