Bensimon, Philipe.
Kugonana ndi Kumangika 14, ayi. 2 (2007): 95-117.
Kudalirika
Pepala ili likuwunikiranso za mabuku omwe akukhudzana ndi zolaula ndi zolaula. Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngati njira yoyambira kugonana kwatulutsa zotsatira zingapo. Zotsatira zosagwirizana zimatha kuwerengedwa m'njira zingapo zosiyanasiyana zofufuzira, kuphatikiza njira zama zitsanzo, njira, ndi mitundu ya zolaula zomwe zikuphatikizidwa. Momwe kutsutsana kumayambira pazakuipa zomwe zingawonongere zolaula, pali mgwirizano pa mfundo imodzi: kupezeka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula sikungathandize kuchepetsa mwayi womwe ogula angakhumudwitse. Kafukufuku wocheperako wachitika pofuna kuwunika momwe anthu omwe akhudzidwa ndi zolaula amawonongera. Iyi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yofufuzira maphunziro amtsogolo.
Kafufuzidwe ndi Zotsatira za Khalidwe Zogwirizana ndi Zithunzi Zolaula
Kwa Weaver (1993), kutsutsana kumachokera ku ziphunzitso zitatu za zotsatira zowonongeka ndi zolaula:
- Chiyimidwe chakugonana ngati njira yophunzirira potsatira miyambo yomwe anthu akukana kuyambira kalekale - zoletsa, kudziimba mlandu, malingaliro azachipembedzo, kusintha pazakugonana, zonsezi zomwe zimatha kuchotsedwa mwa zolaula (Feshbach , 1955) .2 Kutchinsky (1991) yabwereza lingaliroli, nanena kuti chiwopsezo cha kugonana chimatsika pomwe zolaula zimapezeka mosavuta, zimagwira ngati mtundu wa valavu yachitetezo yomwe imachepetsa mikangano yogonana motero imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zolakwa zakugonana. Ngakhale zili zokayikitsa kwambiri, chomwe chimatanthauzachi ndikuti zolaula zimapereka mtundu wamaphunziro womwe, malinga ndi wolemba, amaletsa wochita seweroli. Ndizovuta kukambirana chifukwa mkanganowu umagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi omwe akuvomereza za uhule ngati njira yochepetsera kuchuluka kwa omwe achitiridwa zachiwerewere (McGowan, 2005; Vadas, 2005). Kuganiza koteroko kumachepetsa ulemu wa munthu komanso tanthauzo la kukhala munthu. Chowonadi ndichakuti anthu si katundu;
- Kudetsedwa kwa munthu, mosiyana ndi chiphunzitso choyambirira, ndi zolaula zomwe ndizoyamba komanso chifaniziro cha amuna osadziwika bwino (Jensen, 1996; Stoller, 1991);
- Kusintha maganizo kudzera mu fano izo sizigwirizana ndi zenizeni. Mwachidule, zolaula zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ocheperako. Chifukwa chithunzicho sichinthu china koma zowonetsa zolaula, zobwerezabwereza komanso zosatheka, kuseweretsa maliseche ndi gawo la zosokoneza osati mbali ya zenizeni. Zosokoneza izi zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi kusintha kwamphamvu komanso kosasintha kwa criminogenic. Kuwonetsedwa pafupipafupi kumam'khumudwitsa munthu posintha pang'ono ndi pang'ono zinthu zake momwe zimakhudzira chidwi (Bushman, 2005; Carich & Calder, 2003; Jansen, Linz, Mulac, & Imrich, 1997; Malamuth, Haber, & Feshbach, 1980; Padgett & Brislin-Slutz, 1989; Silbert & Pines, 1984; Wilson, Colvin, & Smith, 2002; Winick & Evans, 1996; Zillmann & Weaver, 1999).
Mwachidule, kafukufuku yemwe wachitika mpaka pano sanawonetse kulumikizana pakati pazogwiritsira ntchito zolaula komanso zachiwerewere, koma chowonadi ndichakuti ofufuza ambiri amavomereza chinthu chimodzi: Kuwonera zolaula nthawi yayitali ayenera kupha munthuyo. Izi zidatsimikiziridwa ndi Linz, Donnerstein ndi Penrod ku 1984, kenako Sapolsky chaka chomwecho, Kelley mu 1985, Marshall kenako Zillmann mu 1989, Cramer, McFarlane, Parker, Soeken, Silva, & Reel mu 1998 ndipo, posachedwapa, Thornhill ndi Palmer mu 2001, ndi Apanovitch, Hobfoll ndi Salovey mu 2002. Malinga ndi ntchito yawo, ofufuza onsewa adazindikira kuti kuwonera zolaula kwanthawi yayitali kumatha kuyambitsa mavuto ndipo kumapangitsa olakwira kuti achepetse ziwawa zomwe amachita.
;