Lumikizani - Zithunzi zolaula zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mwayi wosudzulana
SEATTLE - Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumayenderana ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kutha kwa chisudzulo kwa okwatirana aku America, ndipo chiwonjezeko ichi ndi chachikulu makamaka kwa azimayi, apeza kafukufuku watsopano yemwe adzafotokozedwe pa Msonkhano Wapachaka wa 111th wa American Sociological Association (ASA) .
"Kuyambira zolaula kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa mafunde owerengera pafupifupi kuwirikiza mwayi wamunthu wosudzulidwa ndi kafukufuku wotsatira, kuyambira 6 peresenti mpaka 11 peresenti, ndipo pafupifupi kuwirikiza katatu azimayi, kuyambira 6 peresenti mpaka 16%," atero a Samuel Perry, wolemba wamkulu wa kafukufukuyu ndi pulofesa wothandizira za chikhalidwe cha anthu ku University of Oklahoma. "Zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti kuonera zolaula, pamikhalidwe ina, kumatha kukhala ndi mavuto m'banja."
Umutu, "Mpaka pa Zithunzi Zotigawanika? Zotsatira Zotengera Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito Kusudzulana, "Kafukufukuyu akugwiritsa ntchito gulu lomwe likuyimira gulu la General Social Survey lomwe lasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kwa zikwi zambiri za akuluakulu aku America. Omwe anafunsidwa anafunsidwa katatu za momwe amaonera zolaula komanso maukwati awo - zaka ziwiri zilizonse kuyambira 2006-2010, 2008-2012, kapena 2010-2014. Phunziroli limagwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri pakusintha kwa omwe adayankha omwe anali okwatirana pazithunzi zolaula komanso banja pakati pa mafunde ofufuza. Omwe adayankha omwe sananene kuti akuwonera zolaula chaka chatha pamafunde oyambilira, koma adatero ndi mafunde otsatirawa amadziwika kuti ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Phunziroli limasiyanitsa kulumikizana pakati pa kusinthaku pazogwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso kuthekera kwa omwe anafunsidwa atasudzulidwa ndi kafukufuku yemwe adachitika pambuyo pake, poyerekeza ndi kuthekera kosudzulana pakati pa iwo omwe sanayang'ane zolaula zilizonse zowunikira.
Kuphatikiza pa kufufuza za mgwirizano pakati pa kusintha khalidwe loonera zolaula komanso kuthekera kwa kusudzulana kwachibadwidwe, Perry ndi wolemba mabuku wina dzina lake Cyrus Schleifer, wothandizira pulofesa wa zaumulungu ku yunivesite ya Oklahoma, adawonanso momwe zaka, chikhulupiliro, ndi chisangalalo cha banja zimakhazikika kugwirizana pakati pa kusintha machitidwe oonera zolaula ndi kukhazikika kwa banja.
Poyamba kuyang'ana zolaula zinkakhudzidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuthetsa banja kwa anthu a ku America okwatirana, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa achinyamata akuluakulu. Ndipotu, kafukufukuyu anapeza kuti wamkulu wamkulu ndiye pamene anayamba kuyang'ana zolaula, amatha kukhala osudzulana ndi sewero lotsatira.
"Achichepere aku America amakonda kuwona zolaula nthawi zambiri kuposa achikulire aku America, ndipo achikulire aku America amakhala ndi mabanja okhazikika chifukwa amakhala okhwima, okhazikika pachuma, ndipo mwina amakhala ndi nthawi yochulukirapo pachibwenzi," adatero Perry. "Chifukwa chake, tinaganiza kuti ndizomveka kuti zomwe zolaula zimasokoneza chisudzulo zikuchepa ndikukula."
Kuyambira kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kunakhudzidwanso kwambiri ndi maukwati a anthu omwe sanali achipembedzo, omwe amawerengedwa ndi kupezeka kwachipembedzo. Kwa omwe sanapite ku misonkhano yachipatala sabata iliyonse kapena kuposerapo, kuyambitsa zolaula kunkagwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa peresenti ya 6 kufika pa 12 peresenti pokhapokha atasudzulidwa ndi kufufuza kwotsatira. Mosiyana ndi iwo, omwe amapita kumisonkhano yachipembedzo kamodzi pamlungu sanaone kuti palibe chiwerengero chokwanira kuti athetse zolaula. Malingana ndi Perry, kuti kukhala ndi chipembedzo chowoneka ngati kuchepetsa chikoka choipa cha zolaula kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikika m'banja kumachokera ku kafukufuku wina wakale.
"Kafukufuku angapo wam'mbuyomu wapeza kuti kulumikizana koyipa pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi mkhalidwe wabanja kunawonetsa kuti zotsatira zake zinali zamphamvu kwa omwe amapita kutchalitchi pafupipafupi," adatero Perry. "Izi zimaganiziridwa kuti ndichifukwa choti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumawononga kwambiri anthu komanso madera omwe amasala chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Koma zomwe tapeza zikusonyeza kuti chipembedzo chimateteza ukwati, ngakhale zitakhala kuti zolaula zimawonetsedwa. Popeza magulu achipembedzo amaonetsetsa kuti anthu akusudzulana komanso amaika banja patsogolo, zikuwoneka kuti okwatirana aku America omwe amakonda kupembedza azikakamizidwa kuti azikhalabe m'banja, ngakhale zitakhala kuti zolaula zimawononga banja lawo. ”
Kuphatikiza apo, ofufuzawo adawona kuti omwe adayankha omwe adafunsidwa kuti ali ndi chisangalalo chokwatirana adachita gawo lofunikira pakuzindikira kukula kwa kuyanjana ndi zolaula zomwe zingachitike posudzulana. Mwa anthu omwe adanena kuti anali "osangalala kwambiri" muukwati wawo pamafunde oyamba, kuwonera zolaula zisanachitike kafukufukuyu adalumikizidwa ndikuwonjezeka kwakukulu - kuchokera pa 3% mpaka 12% - mwayi woti banja lithe posachedwa kafukufuku wotsatira uja.
Komabe, kuyambitsa zolaula sikunayanjanepo kwenikweni ndi anthu omwe amafotokoza kuchepa kwachuma m'banja. "Tidatanthawuza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula - mwina ngati munthu atazindikira mwadzidzidzi - kumatha kuyambitsa banja losangalala mpaka banja litha, koma zikuwoneka kuti sizingapangitse banja kukhala losasangalala kuposa kale." Perry adati.
Chochititsa chidwi, Perry ndi Schleifer anapeza kuti kutha kwa zolaula kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kusudzulana kwa amayi. Azimayi omwe adawonetsa zolaula pachiwopsezo choyambirira komanso mkutsinjika kumeneku adakhala ndi mwayi wa 18 wokhala ndi banja lomwe linatha, poyerekeza ndi mwayi wa 6 kwa amayi omwe anasiya zolaula amagwiritsa ntchito pakati pa mafunde. Koma, pakati pa anthu, kusiya kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kunalibe gulu lothandizira kwambiri, limene ochita kafukufuku ananena kuti akhoza kukhala chifukwa chakuti amuna amakhala osiyana kwambiri ndi zolaula zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito, zomwe zimayambitsa kukula kwake kochepa kuti aone kugwirizana kotheka.
Potengera tanthauzo la kafukufukuyu, ofufuzawo ati zomwe apeza zitha kuthandiza maanja kupanga zisankho mozindikira pazinthu zomwe zingasokoneze maanja awo, koma adanenetsa kuti sakupereka lingaliro loti kukonzanso mfundo kuyenera. "Tilibe chikhumbo chofuna kupititsa patsogolo" kuletsa zolaula "pachifukwa choti zitha kukhala zowononga maukwati," adatero Perry. “Palibe aliyense wa ife amene ali pa nkhondo yachipembedzo. Tikuganiza kuti zidziwitso ndizothandiza, ndipo aku America akuyenera kudziwa zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha zolaula nthawi zina. "
American Sociological Association
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