J Behav Addict. 2017 Oct 16: 1-12. pitani: 10.1556 / 2006.6.2017.063.
Kudalirika
Mbiri ndi zolinga
Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adafufuza zamaganizidwe okhudzana ndi chithandizo chamankhwala chofunafuna vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula (PU) mwa amuna. Phunziroli, tidayang'ana kwambiri za akazi omwe amafuna chithandizo cha PU yovuta ndikuwayerekeza ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula osavuta pokhudzana ndi zosintha zina zokhudzana ndi PU yovuta. Chachiwiri, tidasanthula maubwenzi apakati pazovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndi PU yovuta ndi njira yowunikira njira, ndikugogomezera olosera zamankhwala omwe amafunafuna pakati pa azimayi. Tinayerekezeranso zotsatira zathu ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu pa amuna.
Njira
Kafukufuku wofufuza adachitidwa pa akazi achikulire aku Caucasian aku 719, 14-63 wazaka, kuphatikizapo 39 omwe amafunafuna chithandizo kwa PU yovuta.
Results
Kuyanjana kwabwino pakati pa kuchuluka kwa PU ndi chithandizo chamankhwala kumataya tanthauzo pambuyo pobweretsa ziwonetsero zina ziwiri zakufuna chithandizo: chipembedzo ndi zizindikiro zoyipa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi PU. Mtunduwu ndi wosiyana ndi zotsatira zomwe zimapezeka m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu amuna.
Kukambirana
Mosiyana ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu pamankhwala achimuna, kuwunikira kwathu kunawonetsa kuti mwa amayi, kuchuluka kwa PU komwe kumatha kukhala kogwirizana ndi kufunafuna chithandizo chamankhwala ngakhale mutawerengera zovuta zoyanjana ndi PU. Kuphatikiza apo, chipembedzo chimakhala chiwonetsero chazofunikira chofunira chithandizo pakati pa azimayi, zomwe zingawonetse kuti mwa amayi, chithandizo chofunafuna PU chovuta sichikulimbikitsidwa ndi zokhazo zomwe zimayambitsa PU komanso zikhulupiriro zaumwini za PU ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Kutsiliza
Kwa akazi, Zizindikiro zoyipa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi PU, kuchuluka kwa PU ndi chipembedzo kumaphatikizidwa ndi kufunafuna chithandizo. Zinthuzo ziyenera kuganiziridwanso ngati chithandizo.
Introduction
Khalidwe la anthu pogonana limatengera zochitika zosiyanasiyana zamikhalidwe, zamaganizidwe, chikhalidwe komanso chikhalidwe. Mwina chofunikira kwambiri ndi jenda. Amuna ndi akazi amasiyana malinga ndi momwe thupi lawo limagwirira ntchito komanso malingaliro amtundu wa kugonana.Ciocca et al., 2015; Levin, 2005), zokonda, ndi ntchito (Hsu et al., 1994; Wilson, 1987; Wilson & Lang, 1981; Wood, McKay, Komarnicky, & Milhausen, 2016). Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni titenge magawo anayi otsatizana, monga kukokomeza, mapiri, mapokoso, ndi malingaliro (Georgiadis & Kringelbach, 2012; Gola, Kowalewska, Wierzba, Wordecha, & Marchewka, 2015). Izi zikufotokozera moyenera mayendedwe azimuna koma amayenera kukulitsidwa kuti afotokoze mayendedwe achimvekere pakugonana.Basson, 2000, 2005). Kuphatikiza apo, kugonana kwamphongo kwamunthu ndi zokhudzana ndi jenda pomwe chikazi chazikazi chikuwoneka kuti chikuwonjeza jenda-zosatchulidwa (azimayi amatha kukopeka ndi zomwe amuna ndi akazi amachita)Huberman & Chivers, 2015; Huberman, Maracle, & Chivers, 2015). Kuphatikiza apo, pali gulu lomwe likukula pakuwonetsa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (PU). Malinga ndi chidziwitso kuchokera ku nthumwi yoyimira Danish, pali pafupifupi owerenga 3.7 omwe amakhala ocheperako (sabata iliyonse) ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pakati pa akazi kuposa amuna (18.3% vs. 67.6%) (Wache, 2006). Zambiri zaposachedwa kwambiri kuchokera pa zitsanzo za akulu akulu aku Scandinavia (Kvalem, Træen, Lewin, & Štulhofer, 2014) onetsani zotsatira zofananira: 81% ya amuna ndi 18% ya azimayi omwe amadziwika kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti sabata iliyonse. Gawo lofanana kwambiri lingawonedwe pakati pa anthu omwe akufuna kulandira chithandizo chamakhalidwe azolimbikitsa kugonana (CSB): 19.6% ya akazi ndi 80.4% ya amuna (monga akunenedwa ndi akatswiri achi 47 ochokera ku Germany Society for Sex Research; Klein, Rettenberger, & Briken, 2014). Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonetsa zolaula nthawi yayitali kuli pafupifupi 30% kutsika, 67% motsutsana 94% pama sampuli aku Norway (Træen & Daneback, 2013), ndi 62.1% motsutsana ndi 93.2% mu zitsanzo za nzika zaku US (Sabina, Wolak, & Finkelhor, 2008). Kafukufuku waposachedwa adawonetsanso kuti 11.8% yokha ya zochitika za PU zomwe zimayenda limodzi ndi azimayi omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (23.9% pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha), pomwe anali 42.2% pakati pa amuna achimuna (51.4% pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha)Træen & Daneback, 2013). Kuphatikiza apo, palinso kusiyana pakati pa kugonana pamalingaliro amtundu wamalingaliro oyipa amitundu yoyipa yamtundu wina (Wierzba et al., 2015).
Ofufuza akuwonetsa kuti zolaula zitha kukhala zopindulitsa kwa akazi m'njira zambiri (Leiblum, 2001monga momwe amachitira amuna (Häggström-Nordin, Tydén, Hanson, & Larsson, 2009; Rothman, Kaczmarsky, Burke, Jansen, & Baughman, 2015), ngakhale pali umboni wokulirapo wosonyeza kuti PU ikhoza kukhala vuto pamavuto ena (Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Gola & Potenza, 2016; Gola, Mawuecha, et al., 2017; Kraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016; Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016; Park et al., 2016; Potenza, Gola, Voon, Kor, & Kraus, 2017). Kafukufuku waposachedwa adazindikira mawonekedwe ofunikira a kugonana omwe amasiyanitsa anthu omwe akufuna chithandizo cha PU yovuta kuchokera kwa omwe safuna kulandira chithandizo (Gola et al., 2016; Kraus, Martino, et al., 2016). Maphunzirowa adapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pa PU yovuta (timalongosolanso pankhani iyi), koma malire ake ndikuti adangoyang'ana zitsanzo za amuna. Timanena kuti zotsatira za kafukufukuyu sizingafanane ndi zachikazi chifukwa chosiyana machitidwe ogonana ndi PU pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndipo chifukwa chake timafunikira kusanthula kosiyana pamasampulu achikazi omwe angaganizire za machitidwe awo ogonana. Nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa chosowa kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wofufuza zamankhwala omwe amafunafuna akazi, kafukufuku wofanananso pamasamphu achimuna omwe amapezeka amapanga chidziwitso chofunikira pakuwunikira kwatsopano kwa akazi. Tikufuna kuzigwiritsa ntchito mwanjira iyi, ndipo kuti tichite izi, tikufotokozerani mwachidule zomwe taphunzira m'mbuyomu pa zitsanzo zachimuna zomwe zingakhale poyambira kufufuza zovuta za PU mwa amayi.
Phunziro lomwe talitchulali (Gola et al., 2016), tidayesa abambo omwe amagonana amuna ndi akazi a 132 ofuna chithandizo chovuta pa PU. Poyerekeza ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula za 437 omwe sanafune kulandira chithandizo, tinali ndi cholinga chothana ndi kuchuluka ngati PU (yoyerekezedwa ndi maora / sabata) imakhala yolosera pakufunafuna chithandizo chamankhwala, kapena ngati ubale uwu waphatikizidwa ndi zizindikiro zoyipa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi PU [yowerengedwa ndi Chiyeso Chaukadaulo Woyesa Kugonana - Revised (SAST-R)] (Nkhokwe, Green, & Carnes, 2010; Gola, Skorko, et al., 2017). Kupenda kwathu kunawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa PU kumangokhala kofooka chifukwa chofunafuna chithandizo chamankhwala, ndikuti ubalewu umalumikizidwa kwathunthu ndi kuchuluka kwa zisonyezo zoyipa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi PU. Kusintha kwotsirizaku kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi kufunafuna chithandizo kuposa kuchuluka kwa PU, ndipo adafotokoza 42% ya kusiyanasiyana pakufunafuna chithandizo. Tidapezanso zina zomwe zidapangidwa kuti ndizofunikira PU yovuta m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu, kuphatikizapo kuyambika ndi kuchuluka kwa zaka za PU, chipembedzo, zaka, zochitika zachiwerewere, komanso mawonekedwe a ubale (onani Chithunzi 1 kusangalala koyambirira kwa mawonekedwe amtunduwu kuwonetsa PU yovuta yamkazi ()Gola et al., 2016).
Chithunzi 1. Kusanthula kwapanjira kotsika komwe kumawonetsa coefficients oyenda m'njira yoyesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito 95% kukonzanso kopanda tanthauzo (**p ≤ .001; *p <.05). Miyezo m'mabokosi ndi coefficients yokhazikika pazotsatira zake musanayang'anire njira zosalunjika. Mivi yolimba imayimira maubale okhudzana ndi malingaliro athu akulu. Njira zina zonse zimayimira malingaliro achiwiri. PU mu dzina la mawonekedwe osinthika ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Zingwe zowonongeka zikuwonetsa mayendedwe omwe sanatengedwe mumtundu womaliza wachikazi. Zosintha zazitsanzo pamasinthidwe amodzi zalembedwa mu Gome 1
Poganizira za kusiyana kwakakulu kokhudzana ndi kugonana ku PU, timaganiza kuti chithunzi cha maubwenzi chidzawoneka mosiyana ndi chachikazi. Choyamba, timaganiza kuti kuchuluka kwa PU kumatha kukhala kogwirizana kwambiri ndi makhalidwe omwe amafunafuna amayi mwa abambo, ngakhale atawerengera zizindikiro zoyipa za PU. Monga azimayi a 18% okha (azaka zapakati 18 ndi 30) omwe amawonera zolaula sabata iliyonse (Wache, 2006), imatha kudziwika kuti ndi njira yopatuka mosiyana ndi amuna, omwe mwa iwo machitidwe oterewa amadziwika kuti ndiwofanana. Amuna ambiri (67.6% –81% azaka 18-30) amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula sabata iliyonse (Wache, 2006; Kvalem et al., 2014). Chifukwa chake, uwu ndiye kusiyana kwakukulu kokhudzana ndi kugonana komwe titha kuyembekezera. Kusiyananso kwachiwiri kungakhale kokhudzana ndi kukhudzika kwachipembedzo pofunafuna chithandizo. Pakufufuza kwawo kwaposachedwa, Martyniuk, Dekker, Sehner, Richter-Appelt, ndi Briken (2015) yawonetsa kuyanjana kosangalatsa pakati pa chipembedzo ndi jenda polosera kuchuluka kwa PU. Mwa akazi, kupembedza kwakukulu kunali kogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa PU. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, chipembedzo chodziyimira chokha chinali chokhudzana ndi PU mwa amuna (Martyniuk et al., 2015) monga zawonedwera mu kafukufuku wathu wapitawu (Gola et al., 2016). Grubbs, Exline, Pargament, Volk, ndi Lindberg (2016) adawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa PU (ngakhale kufananizidwa pakati pa anthu achipembedzo ndi omwe si achipembedzo) pagulu la abambo ndi amai kumayenderana ndi zovuta zauzimu zauzimu pakati pa anthu achipembedzo ndipo zimatha kuyambitsa chizolowezi chomawona zolaula. Chifukwa chake, timaganiza kuti zonse zoyipa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi PU komanso chipembedzo zimatha kukhala zotsogola zamankhwala zofunafuna PU yovuta mwa akazi.
M'matanthauzidwe, tili ndi zolinga ziwiri m'nkhaniyi. Yoyamba ndikufanizira magulu omwe azimayi omwe amafuna chithandizo ndi omwe samalandira chithandizo chamankhwala pokhudzana ndi zosintha zina zokhudzana ndi zovuta za PU. Chachiwiri ndikupanga ndikuwunika maubwenzi apakati pa zosinthika zovuta zokhudzana ndi vuto la PU, makamaka kuyang'ana pa olosera zamankhwala omwe angafune pakati pa akazi. Kuti tikwaniritse izi, sitingadalire kuyerekezera kosavuta kwa njira zochiritsira ndi omwe safuna chithandizo - njirayi siyilola kuyesa njira zovuta zomwe zidalembedwa m'mabuku ndipo zikufunika kutsimikiziridwa. M'malo mwake, tidagwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa njira ndikusintha mtundu womwe njira yofunafuna chithandizo ndiyomwe timadalira (onani "Njira" ndi "Zotsatira" kuti mufotokozenso). Mu gawo ili la kuwunikirako, zomwe tinachitapo ngati zomwe tinatengera kwa azibambo ngati poyambira (Gola et al., 2016). Mu gawo lotsatira, tinapanga masinthidwe ofunikira mufanizoli kuti tiwonetsere PU yachikazi. Komanso, mu gawo la "Kukambirana", tawunikira kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa phunziroli pa zitsanzo zachikazi ndi kusanthula koyambirira kwa abambo.
Njira
Zambiri zidasonkhanitsidwa pakati pa Marichi 2014 ndi Seputembara 2015 kuchokera ku zitsanzo za nzika zaku Caucasus, ku Poland kudzera pa kafukufuku wapaintaneti. Zinatenga pafupifupi miyezi 18 kupeza azimayi okwanira omwe akufuna chithandizo cha PU yovuta (N = 39). Kuti tichite izi, tidafunsa akatswiri othandizira 23 (17 psychologists / psychotherapists, 4 psychiatrists, and 2 sexologists) kuti atumizire makasitomala atsopano omwe alengeza za PU pamavuto athu. Momwemonso monga momwe tidaphunzirira kale (Gola et al., 2016), njira zazikulu zophatikizira zinali kufunafuna chithandizo cha vuto la PU ndikukumana ndi 4 kuchokera mu njira za 5 za hypersexual disc (malinga ndi Kafka, 2010). Njira zochotseredwa zinali comorbid bipolar disorder kapena mania, monga momwe mukuwunikira pa funso lotsatirali: Kodi mudapezeka kuti muli ndi vuto la kusinthasintha kwa mapapo? Akazi osafuna chithandizo (N = 676) adalembedwa kudzera pazotsatsa pawailesi yakanema. Atalowa mu kafukufukuyu, omwe anafunsidwa adalandira chidziwitso chazidziwitso. Zaka zapakati pa omwe anali nawo anali 26.5 (SD = 5.93), 462 mwa iwo anali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, 86 amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo 19 anali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (152 sanapereke chidziwitso chokhudza kugonana). Kugonana kunayesedwa ndi kusintha kwa ku Poland kwa Kinsey's Sexual Oriental Scale (Wierzba et al., 2015). Zowunikira zomwe zidasowa sizinaphatikizidwe pawiri (muyeso wonse woyankha = 70%), zomwe zimapatsa omaliza kutengapo gawo mosiyanasiyana, kuyambira 39 mpaka 15 omwe ali mgululi 1). Pankhani yogonana, m'zitsanzo zathu za omwe amafuna chithandizo, tinali ndi akazi a 17 omwe amalengeza kuti ndi amuna okhaokha, 6 ngati bisexual, ndi 1 ngati amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (akazi ena a 15 sanayankhe). Mu gulu la omwe safuna chithandizo, amayi a 444 adalengeza kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, 80 ngati bisexual, ndi 18 ngati amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
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Gulu 1. Ziwerengero zofotokozera ndipo zimatanthawuza masanjidwe ofanana (Mann-Whitney U mayeso, okhala ndi mayeso ofanana) a mitundu yosiyanasiyana yogwiritsidwa ntchito mu zitsanzo zathu, kutengera kufunafuna chithandizo (inde / ayi) kwa akazi
| N | Nenani | SD | zosiyanasiyana | η2 kukula kwa mphamvu | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mayina osintha | inde | Ayi | inde | Ayi | inde | Ayi | inde | Ayi | |
| 1. Zizindikiro zoyipa (0-20) | 29 | 589 | 11.34 | 3.99 | 4.71 | 3.15 | 18 | 20 | 0.081 ** |
| 2. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi (mphindi / sabata) | 13 | 265 | 639.92 | 103.02 | 857.85 | 218.19 | 2,384 | 2,398 | 0.031 ** |
| 3. Chipembedzo cha Subjential (0-4) | 21 | 461 | 2.19 | 1.05 | 1.44 | 1.33 | 4 | 4 | 0.027 ** |
| 4. Zochitika zachipembedzo (mphindi / sabata) | 15 | 185 | 339.93 | 87.70 | 298.31 | 95.73 | 1,140 | 540 | 0.115 ** |
| 5. Chiwerengero cha zaka zolaula | 22 | 420 | 10.36 | 9.20 | 6.32 | 6.15 | 25 | 37 | 0.002 |
| 6.Osewera pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (zaka) | 21 | 412 | 17.00 | 17.52 | 8.59 | 5.56 | 35 | 36 | 0.005 |
| 7. Zaka | 39 | 651 | 27.38 | 26.43 | 8.72 | 5.57 | 27 | 49 | 0.000 |
| 8. Idapita nthawi kuyambira chogonana chomaliza cha zamtunduwu (0-7) | 28 | 549 | 2.96 | 3.80 | 2.59 | 1.98 | 7 | 7 | 0.006 |
| 9. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha maliseche patsiku la 1 | 20 | 433 | 7.15 | 3.72 | 5.74 | 3.00 | 20 | 20 | 0.021 * |
| 10. Nthawi yayitali kwambiri yoonera zolaula osayima | 20 | 433 | 197.05 | 75.40 | 258.75 | 99.15 | 1,199 | 1,199 | 0.088 ** |
Zindikirani. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu mu nambala ya masamu pakati pa magulu, monga momwe Mann-Whitney adayesera U kuyesa. Pankhani yofunafuna chithandizo (0: ayi; 1: inde). Mkhalidwe wamaubwenzi (0: osakhala pachibwenzi; 1: muubwenzi) sizinasiyane kutengera ndi kufunafuna chithandizo (inde / ayi) monga kuyesedwa ndi χ2 kuyesa. χ2(1) = 1.87; p = .172; kukula kwa zotsatira: φ = 0.07.
*p <.05. **p <.001.
Njira zonse zofananira zinali zofanana ndendende ndi maphunziro athu apitawo (Gola et al., 2016), komwe kulongosoledwa kowonjezereka kungapezeke. Muyeso waukulu - Kufuna chithandizo - anali mkhalidwe weniweni wa chithandizo chofunafuna PU yovuta (kulumikizana ndi akatswiri amisala, psychiatrist, kapena psychologist yemwe adayang'ana ndikuwongolera wodwalayo). Pazolinga zowongolera, mkati mwa kafukufuku wa omwe samafuna chithandizo, tafunsa ngati anthu omwe adagwiritsapo ntchito thandizo lamtundu uliwonse chifukwa cha kugonana. Panalibe milandu yotere.
Mulingo wa PU anayeza ngati kuchuluka kwa mphindi / sabata zomwe adagwiritsa ntchito pa PU mwezi watha. Zizindikiro zoyipa zinayesedwa ndi kusintha kwa Chipolopolo kwa zinthu za SAST-R [20 zokhala ndi yankho la inde / ayi (Gola, Skorko, et al., 2017)], kuyeza (a) kukhudzidwa, (b) kukhudza ndi (c) kusokonekera kwa ubale ndi machitidwe akugonana, ndi (d) kumverera kolephera kudziletsa pa kugonana. Chifukwa kupenda mawonekedwe aposachedwa a chizolowezi cha zolaula sikunali cholinga chathu mwachindunji, tinaona kuchuluka konsekufunsidwa kwa SAST-R ngati kusiyanasiyana. Kusasinthika kwamkati mwofunsa mafunso phunziroli kunali kwapamwamba kwambiri (Cronbach's α = .82).
Age mwa omwe adafunsidwa adafotokozedwa zaka, Zowonekera za PU anayeza ngati zaka zomwe anthu amafunsidwa amayang'ana zithunzi kapena makanema olaula, Chiwerengero cha zaka za PU adawerengeredwa kuchokera ku chiyambi cha PU komanso zaka zenizeni zomwe munthu akuyankhira. Kupembedza kokhazikika adayezedwa pamlingo wa Likert-nangula ku 0 (inde ayi) ndi 4 (inde inde) kudzera funso lotsatirali: Kodi mumadziona kuti ndinu munthu wachipembedzo? Anthu omwe adanenapo zofunikira kuposa 0 pamwambowu adafunsidwa mafunso owonjezerapo ake Zochita zachipembedzo, yoyesedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe amathera (mphindi / sabata) pa zochitika zachipembedzo kapena zauzimu, monga mapemphero, kutenga nawo mbali mu zochitika / miyambo, kuwerenga mabuku auzimu, kuyimira pakati, ndi zina zotere. Idapita nthawi kuyambira chogonana chomaliza cha kugonana, kugwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya ordinal kuyambira 0 mpaka 7 (0 - lero; 1 - dzulo; 2 - masiku atatu omaliza; 3 - masiku 3 omaliza; 7 - masiku 4 omaliza; 30 - miyezi itatu yapitayo; 5 - masiku opitilira 3 apitawo; ndi 6 - sindinayambe ndagonanapo ndi munthu wina). Omvera adafunsidwa kuti asankhe yankho lolondola kwambiri. Chikhalidwe cha ubale adayezedwa ngati kulengeza kuti akhale pachiyanjano (chofunikira kapena chosachita = 1 kapena ayi = 0). Kusintha Chiwerengero chambiri chogonana patsiku limodzi ndi chiwerewere chodziwika kwambiri pakadutsa tsiku limodzi, ndikusintha Nthawi yayitali kwambiri yoonera zolaula osayima chimatanthawuza chodzitcha chachitali kwambiri, chosasinthika cha kuwonera zolaula (mumphindi).
Mu gawo loyamba, tinayerekeza tanthauzo la zosintha zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi zovuta za PU komanso kufunafuna chithandizo pogwiritsa ntchito Mann-Whitney U kuyesa. Tidagwiritsa ntchito mayesowa chifukwa cha kukula kosawoneka bwino pakati pamagulu: omwe amafunafuna chithandizo ndi omwe samafuna chithandizo, komanso kusiyana kwakukulu m'magulu onsewa. Kenako, tidagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesera kuti tidziwe tanthauzo la maubale omwe ali pakati pa zosinthika zokhudzana ndi zovuta za PU. Tidasankha njira yowunikira njira chifukwa imatipangitsa kuti tiyese kuyanjana, kusinthika kwa mgwirizano pakati pa kusiyanasiyana kofananira ndi kosiyanasiyana pakati pa mtundu umodzi. Mu gawo lino la kuwunikirako, sitinayerekeze anthu omwe amafuna chithandizo chamankhwala komanso omwe samafuna chithandizo, koma tidaganiza zofunafuna chithandizo ngati njira yayikulu yodalira komanso kuyesa mitundu inanso yovuta yokhudzana ndi PU yovuta ngati owonongera. IBM SPSS Amosi (Arbuckle, 2013) mwakuyerekeza kuthekera kwakukulu kudagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba. Monga momwe zina zathu sizinaperekedwe mwachizolowezi, timaganizira tanthauzo la ma coefficients ofanana ndi 5,000 bootstrap iterations ndikugwiritsa ntchito matrix yolumikizana ngati cholowera. Kukula kwa zotsatira zosakhudzidwa kunayesedwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito 95% kukonzanso kwakanthawi kozungulira kwa bootstrinji (MacKinnon, 2008). Tidayesa kuyesa kwa zitsanzo zathu ndi ziwerengero zingapo zokhazikitsidwa. Chokwanira choyenera chinawonetsedwa ndi zotsatira zosafunikira za χ2 kuyesa, mtengo woyerekeza woyenera (CFI) wokulirapo kuposa 0.95, mzere wolakwika wamakulidwe ofanana (RMSEA) wotsika kuposa 0.06, ndipo mizu yokhazikitsidwa imatanthawuza masentimita angapo otsika (XMR) otsika kuposa 0.08 (Hu & Bentler, 1999).
Zida zophunzirira ndi protocol zidavomerezedwa ndi Ethical Committee of the Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Science. Maphunziro onse adauzidwa za phunziroli ndipo onse adavomerezedwa.
Tinayamba kuwunikira kwathu poyerekeza omwe amafunafuna chithandizo cha amayi ndi omwe safuna chithandizo chamankhwala malinga ndi zosintha zina zokhudzana ndi zovuta za PU. Gome 1 ikuwonetsa zotsatira za Mann-Whitney U zoyeserera komanso zotsatira zakukwanira kosonyezedwa ndi eta zolowa (ongi2) zowerengera zokwanira komanso zofotokozera zamagulu onse awiri. Ofuna chithandizo, poyerekeza ndi omwe safuna kulandira chithandizo, adakwera kwambiri kutengera kuchuluka kwa zizindikilo zoyipa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi PU ndi kuchuluka kwa PU. Kuphatikiza apo, ofunafuna chithandizo adalengeza kuchuluka kwakumapeto kwa maliseche patsiku la 1 komanso magawo ataliatali owonera zolaula. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, gulu la omwe amafunafuna chithandizo adakwaniritsa zambiri pazachipembedzo komanso zipembedzo zina.
Pomaliza, zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti magulu omwe amafunafuna chithandizo komanso osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa sanasiyane ndi nthawi yomwe yadutsa kuyambira mchitidwe womaliza wa zogonana, zaka, zoyambira, komanso zaka zolaula.
Kenako, tidasanthula maubwenzi omwe ali pakati pa zosintha zokhudzana ndi zovuta za PU ndi chithandizo chofunira amayi, pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosanthula m'njira. Malingaliro omwe tidayesa mkati mwazomwezi adatsimikizika potengera zolemba zomwe zilipo (Kraus, Martino, et al., 2016; Kraus, Voon, et al., 2016) ndi zotsatira za kusanthula kofananira komwe tidachita m'mbuyomu pa zitsanzo zachimuna (Gola et al., 2016). Mwanjira ina, gawoli silimayerekezera kuyerekezera kwa zofunikira zamitundu mitundu m'magulu azachipatala ndi omwe safuna chithandizo. M'malo mwake, mu gawo ili la kusanthulaku, tidasanthula kulimba kwa ubale pakati pa zopangika zovuta zokhudzana ndi zovuta za PU, motsimikiza makamaka kwa olosera zamtsogolo omwe angafune chithandizo.
Ma corefficients ophatikizika amitundu yonse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira zathu amaperekedwa mu Gome 2. Tidagwiritsa ntchito cholumikizira cholumikizira cha pophika-pazinthu zosasinthika (kufunafuna chithandizo ndi mawonekedwe aubwenzi) ndi mgwirizano wa Pearson wolumikizana.
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Gulu 2. Ziwerengero zofotokozera ndi ma coefficients olongosoka pazinthu zonse zomwe zimaphatikizidwa pakuphatikizidwa kwa akazi
| Mayina osintha | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Zizindikiro zoyipa (0-20) | 1 | ||||||||||
| 2. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi (mphindi / sabata) | 0.45 ** | 1 | |||||||||
| 3. Chipembedzo cha Subjential (0-4) | 0.09 * | 0.17 * | 1 | ||||||||
| 4. Zochitika zachipembedzo (mphindi / sabata)a | 0.25 ** | 0.55 ** | 0.28 ** | 1 | |||||||
| 5. Chiwerengero cha zaka zolaula | 0.06 | 0.04 | -0.16 * | -0.06 | 1 | ||||||
| 6.Osewera pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (zaka) | -0.14 * | -0.12 | 0.17 * | 0.07 | -0.53 ** | 1 | |||||
| 7. Zaka | -0.01 | -0.15 * | -0.03 | -0.06 | 0.46 ** | 0.45 ** | 1 | ||||
| 8. Idapita nthawi kuyambira chogonana chomaliza cha zamtunduwu (0-7) | -0.09 * | 0.04 | 0.14 * | 0.10 | -0.14 * | 0.09 | -0.01 | 1 | |||
| 9. Kufunafuna chithandizo (1: inde; 0: ayi) | 0.43 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.17 ** | 0.49 * | 0.04 | -0.02 | 0.03 | 0.09 * | 1 | ||
| Mkhalidwe wa 10.Relationship (1: muubwenzi; 0: si muubwenzi) | -0.10 * | -0.08 | -0.01 | -0.12 | 0.16 ** | -0.02 | 0.07 | -0.57 ** | -0.05 | 1 | |
| 9. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha maliseche patsiku limodzi | 0.39 ** | 0.44 ** | -0.06 | 0.28 * | 0.14 * | -0.07 | 0.02 | -0.06 | 0.22 ** | 0.01 | 1 |
| 10. Nthawi yayitali kwambiri yoonera zolaula osayima | 0.39 ** | 0.67 ** | 0.03 | 0.37 ** | 0.17 * | -0.18 ** | -0.05 | 0.01 | 0.22 ** | -0.06 | 0.48 ** |
Zindikirani. aFunso lokhudza chipembedzo limafunsidwa kwa okhawo omwe adanenanso kuti amapemphera pa funso lakale (chipembedzo chokhala).
*p <.05. **p <.001.
Tinayamba gawo lathu la kuwerengera kwathu ndi kupenda malingaliro athu, ndikuti kuchuluka kwa PU mwa amayi kungakhale kofanana kwambiri ndi chithandizo chamankhwala chofunafuna PU. Kusanthula kwathu kunawonetsa kuti ubalewu udalidi wofunikira (kuyerekeza = 0.38, p <.001).
Pambuyo pobweretsa mkhalapakati wa hypothesized (kuopsa kwa zizindikiro zosagwirizana ndi PU), kulimba kwa ubale wolunjika pakati pa kuchuluka kwa PU ndi chithandizo chofunafuna chithandizo kumachepa, koma kukhalabe ndi chiyembekezo komanso chofunikira [kuyerekezera = 0.23 (95% kukondera kosakondera = 0.15- 0.31); p <.001]. Njira yomwe idakambidwayi idakhalanso yofunika [0.15 (0.11-0.19)], ndikukula kwapakatikati: κ2 = 0.130 (kappa squared, malinga ndi malingaliro a Mlaliki & Kelley, 2011). Pomaliza, zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti kuopsa kwa zizindikiro zoyipa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi PU zikuyanjanitsa pang'ono ubale weniweni pakati pa kuchuluka kwa PU ndi kufunafuna chithandizo (Chithunzi 1).
Mu gawo lotsatirali, tinayambitsa zinayi zomwe zingatheke kuzisonyezo zoyipa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi PU (Chithunzi 1): (a) kuyambira ndi (b) zaka zingapo za PU, (c) chipembedzo chogwirizana, ndi (d) machitidwe achipembedzo. Kupenda kwathu kunawonetsa kuti kuyambika kwa PU kokha kumaneneratu kuopsa kwa zizindikiro zoyipa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi PU [kuyerekeza = −0.10, (95% bias-fixed interval = −0.18 to −0.02); p = .002].
Kuwunikiranso kwathu kunawonetsanso kuti zaka zinali zambiri, sizogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa PU [−0.15 (−0.23 to −0.07)]. Akazi achichepere amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwambiri kuposa zachikazi. Kuphatikiza apo, azimayi omwe anali pachibwenzi adalengeza kuti nthawi yayitali yatsala pang'ono kuchokera pakugonana komaliza; kuyerekezera = −0.57 (Chithunzi 1). Komabe, nthawi idadutsa kuyambira momwe kugonana komalizira kwa dyadic sikunayanjane pakati paubwenzi ndi kuchuluka kwa PU (kuyerekeza = 0.001, p = .259; kukula kwa zotsatira: κ2 = 0.001).
Mu gawo lotsatira, tinayerekezera mitundu yosasinthika komanso yotopetsa ya mtundu wathu. Mtundu womwe sunasinthidwe unakhala ndi njira zonse zowunikira. Mu mtundu wovutikira, tinakonza njira zonse zosafunikira ku 0 (njira zonse zopanda tanthauzo zikuwonekera pa Chithunzi. 1). Poyerekeza zitsanzo ziwirizi, tinatha kudziwa ngati njirazi zimapereka chidziwitso chochuluka pamtengo (Byrne, 2009). Pakadali pano, ma fayilo oyenerera omwe anali osasankhidwa a mtunduwo anali: χ2(34) = 2,424.45, p <.001; CFI = 0.215, RMSEA = 0.313, SRMR = 0.1733. Pazowonjezera: χ2(39) = 2,427.63, p <.001; CFI = 0.215, RMSEA = 0.292, SRMR = 0.1749. Mitundu iwiriyi yazomwe takambiranazi sizinasiyane kwambiri, χ2(5) = 3.179, p = .672. Kutsatira izi, tidachotsa njira zonse zosafunikira pachitsanzo. Gawo lotsatira, tidafufutanso njira pakati paubwenzi ndi nthawi yomwe idadutsa kuyambira pachiwonetsero chomaliza chogonana. Njirayi idasokonekera chifukwa idalumikizidwa ndi mtundu wina wonse kudzera mwa imodzi mwamachitidwe osafunikira omwe adachotsedwa kale. Njira zonse zochotsedwa zimadziwika ndi mivi yosweka mu Chithunzi 1.
Pakadali pano, ma fayilo oyenera anali: χ2(6) = 174.20, p <.001; CFI = 0.687, RMSEA = 0.217, SRMR = 0.1231. Tidawonjezeranso mgwirizano pakati pazolakwika zaka ndikubwera kwa PU. Kusanthula kwathu kudawulula kuti zaka zinali zogwirizana ndi kuyambika kwa PU (r = .45): azimayi achikulire adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula m'moyo wawo. Pambuyo pakuphatikizidwa kwa ubalewu mtundu wathu udakwaniritsidwa bwino: χ2(4) = 11.87, p = .018; CFI = 0.985, RMSEA = 0.052, SRMR = 0.0317.
Mtundu wamtunduwu unafotokozera 23% ya kusiyanasiyana kwamankhwala omwe amafunikira gulu la akazi. Maganizo athu am'mbuyomu ofanana ndi amuna amachititsa 43% ya kusiyana komwe tafotokozera, komwe ndi mtengo wokwera kwambiri (Gola et al., 2016). Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi gulu lathu lolemba zaphunziro zaposachedwa komanso maphunziro aposachedwa (Grubbs et al., 2016; Martyniuk et al., 2015; Štulhofer, Jurin, & Briken, 2016), tidaganiza zofufuza ngati chipembedzo chitha kukhala cholosera chofunikira chofunafuna chithandizo (chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chikhale cholosera chachitatu chamankhwala chakufufuza mu mtundu wathu, monga chafotokozedwera Chithunzi. 2). Tawunikiranso za ubale pakati pa chipembedzo ndi kuchuluka kwa PU.
Chithunzi 2. Kusanthula kwapanjira kotsiriza kwa akazi omwe akuwonetsa ma coefficients oyenda mwamayendedwe omwe ayesedwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito 95% kukonzanso mosakondera pakati (**p ≤ .001; *p <.05). Miyezo m'mabokosi ndi coefficients yokhazikika pazotsatira zake musanayang'anire njira zosalunjika. Mivi yolimbidwa ikuyimira ubale pakati pa kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndikufunafuna chithandizo, komanso kuyimira pakati pazizindikiro zoyipa (zomwe timaganiza kwambiri). Njira zina zonse (mivi yosakhala yolimba) zimaimira lingaliro lathu lachiwiri. Mivi yolowetsedwa ikuwonetsa njira zomwe zidakhala zofunikira pambuyo pakuphatikizidwa kwa mkhalapakati kapena wolosera zina. Zitsanzo zazithunzi pamitundu iliyonse zalembedwa m'Mndandanda 1
Kuwunika komwe kunachitika kunawonetsa kuti zochitika zachipembedzo zimawoneka ngati zongoyerekeza zamankhwala zofunafuna amayi (kuyerekeza = 0.40, p <.001). Kuphatikiza apo, anali olosera zamphamvu kwambiri pakufunafuna chithandizo (ngakhale kusiyanasiyana kwa mphamvu yolosera zamatsenga ndi zisonyezo zoyipa sikunali kofunikira). Pambuyo pofotokozera wolosera zam'mbuyomu pamtunduwu, ubale pakati pa kuchuluka kwa PU ndi kufunafuna chithandizo sikunakhale kofunikira (kuyerekezera = 0.01, ns). Zotsatira zakusinthaku, mphamvu yolosera yamtundu wathu idasintha, ndikufotokozera 34% yazosiyanasiyana zamankhwala ofuna pakati pa akazi. Tinaphatikizaponso kulumikizana pakati pa miyambo yachipembedzo ndi kuchuluka kwa PU mu mtunduwo (kuyerekezera = 0.55); izi zafotokozedwanso pansipa. Kuphatikiza apo, tidawonjezeranso nthawi yopanga pakati pa PU ndi kuchuluka kwa PU. Ubalewu unali wofooka (kuyerekezera = 0.10) koma wofunikira (p = .006) - kuwonetsa zolaula kale kumalumikizidwa ndi PU yochulukirapo. Mtundu wathu womaliza wamtundu wa akazi (Chithunzi 2) anali ndi mawonekedwe oyenera: χ2(6) = 22.387, p <.001; CFI = 0.982, RMSEA = 0.062, SRMR = 0.0283.
Kuphatikiza apo, tidayesa ubale wabwino (kuyerekeza = 0.55; N = 89) pakati pa kuchuluka kwa PU ndi miyambo yachipembedzo. Tidazindikira kuti kulimba kwa ubalewu kudapangidwa kokha ndi kagulu kakang'ono (n = 6) ya ofunafuna chithandizo chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwambiri (M = 1,091 min / sabata) ndi machitidwe azipembedzo zambiri (M = 480.83 min / sabata). Ubale womwe wakambidwayo sunafike phindu pamene ofuna chithandizo sanachotsedwe pakuwunika (kuyerekezera = 0.15, p = .165, N = 83). Pomaliza, ubalewu siwofunikira pakati pa omwe samalandira chithandizo koma ndi olimba mgulu lofunafuna chithandizo.
Kukambirana
Monga momwe tingadziwire, iyi ndi imodzi mwamafukufuku ochepa pa akazi omwe amafuna chithandizo chamankhwala ovuta PU ndi woyamba kufufuza zinthu zokhudzana ndi machitidwe ofuna chithandizo. Chifukwa choperewera pa zotere pa azimayi, tidagwiritsa ntchito maphunziro athu am'mbuyomu monga zitsanzo zachikazi kuti tiziwunikira. Zotsatira za phunziroli zikuwonetsa kufanana komanso kusiyana pakati pa zotsatira za zovuta za PU zachikazi ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu pankhaniyi amuna (Gola et al., 2016; Kraus, Martino, et al., 2016). Choyamba, kusanthula kwathu kunawonetsa kuti akazi omwe akufuna chithandizo cha PU ovuta ali ndi zisonyezo zazikuluzikulu zokhudzana ndi PU komanso kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuposa omwe safuna kulandira chithandizo. Zotsatira izi sizosadabwitsa, poganizira zotsatira zomwe mwapeza m'mbuyomu (Gola et al., 2016; Kraus, Martino, et al., 2016). Komabe, chopitilira chidwi, kusanthula kwathu kunawonetsa kuti amayi omwe akufuna kulandira chithandizo amatha kukhala ndi nthawi yopatsirana (poganiza zokwera maliseche nthawi ya 1 tsiku komanso zochitika zazitali za kuyang'ana zolaula). M'mabuku omwe alipo, titha kupeza umboni woti chikhalidwe chokhazikika pamachitidwe ena chimatha kuyambitsa vuto la PU, chifukwa amalimbikitsa nthawi yopewa zolaula, kutsatiridwa ndi nthawi yopatsirana komanso PU yopitilira muyeso (Zojambula, 1983; Kraus, Martino, et al., 2016; Wordecha, Wilk, Kowalewska, Skorko, & Gola, 2017). Umboni woyambirira wotsimikizira kutanthauzira kumeneku ungapezeke mu kusiyana pakati pa chipembedzo pakati pa amayi omwe akufuna komanso osafuna chithandizo. Gulu lofunsira chithandizo lidanenapo zofunikira kwambiri pazachipembedzo chodziimira pawokha komanso kuchuluka kwa miyambo yachipembedzo mkati mwa sabata. Timalongosola za kuthekera kwa miyambo yazikhalidwe komanso chipembedzo pakati pa akazi ovuta PU pansi apa, tikukambirana izi ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wina waposachedwa.
Gawo lachiwiri la kusanthula kwathu lidakhazikitsidwa pa mtundu wa ubale pakati pa zosintha zokhudzana ndi kufunafuna chithandizo chamankhwala ndi PU yovuta. Pogwirizana ndi zotsatira zambiri zam'mbuyomu zomwe zikuwonetsa zosiyana pakukhudzana ndi kugonana, zotsatira zomwe zimapezeka phunziroli pa zitsanzo zachikazi ndizosiyana ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu pamankhwala achimuna. Tisanapereke mwachidule zomwe tapeza kuchokera pakusintha kwaposachedwa pa zitsanzo zachikazi, tikufuna kukumbutsirani mawu omaliza kuchokera ku zomwe taphunzira pa amuna (Gola et al., 2016). Tidawonetsa kuti: (a) kuchuluka kwa PU ndikungoganizira chabe komwe kumangotengera chithandizo koma (b) kukugwirizana ndi kuopsa kwa zizindikiro zosayenera (zoyesedwa ndi SAST-R), ndipo izi zikufotokozera za kufunafuna chithandizo . Kuphatikiza apo, (c) mwa amuna, msambo sugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa PU ndipo (d) kuyambika kwa PU sikukuwonetsa kuwopsa kwa zizindikiro zoyipa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi PU. Momwemonso, (e) kuchuluka kwa zipembedzo zomwe sizimalosera kufunafuna chithandizo kapena kuopsa kwa zizindikiro zoyipa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi PU (Gola et al., 2016).
Momwe timaganizira, kwa akazi, kuchuluka kwa PU kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi chithandizo chofunafuna PU yovuta. Kuchuluka kwa PU kunkhudzanso ndi kuopsa kwa zizindikiro zoyipa (Chithunzi 1), komanso kuopsa kwa zizindikiro zogwirizana ndi zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kufunafuna chithandizo. Ubale wotsirizawu unali wocheperako pakati pa amuna (ad. B). Komanso, mosiyana ndi kusanthula kwathu amuna, ubale wapakati pa PU ndi chithandizo chofunafuna pakati pa akazi umakhalabe wofunikira, ngakhale atawerengera zovuta pazovuta zoyipa. Zotsatira zosangalatsa izi zikuwonetsa kuti amayi omwe ali ndi vuto la PU mwina samalandira chithandizo osati chifukwa cha zovuta za PU pa moyo wawo komanso chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa PU (pomwe m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu omwe amayang'ana kwambiri zitsanzo za amuna, zotsiriza izi sizofunika ). Izi zikuyambitsa funso pofotokozera chifukwa chake kufalikira kwa PU kumadziwika kuti ndi vuto pakati pa akazi. Chifukwa chachikulu ndichakuti PU yokhazikika imatha kudziwika ndi akazi ambiri kuti ndiochulukirapo kuposa momwe amachitira amuna. Mwa amuna, PU sabata iliyonse imawoneka ngati yokhazikika (pafupifupi 70% -80% ya amuna azaka zapakati pa 18-30), pomwe mwa akazi, ochepera 20% amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula sabata iliyonse (monga zikuwonetsedwa ku Danish ndi Scandinavia yayikulu maphunziro: Wache, 2006; Kvalem et al., 2014). Kusiyana kumeneku kungapangitse chikhulupiliro (pakati pa azimayi) chomwe chimakonda kukhala PU ndi mtundu wina wakhalidwe losiyana ndi amuna, pakati pawo omwe amadziwika kuti omwewa amakhalanso ndi chikhalidwe chimodzi. Chifukwa chake, kungokhala kwa PU yokhazikika kumatha kubweretsa lingaliro loti azimayi ena amasiyana ndi azimayi ambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kutanthauzira kwa PU nthawi zonse ngati chikhalidwe chovuta chomwe chikufunika chithandizo. Ngati kutanthauziraku ndikolondola, lingaliro lakelo lokumana ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi PU mwa akazi litha kukulitsidwa ndi zikhulupiriro kapena chipembedzo pazakuwonera zolaula. Kafukufuku waposachedwa pa anthu wamba adawonetsa kuti kupembedza kungakhale kokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chapamwamba chodziona kuti ndi "zolaula"Grubbs et al., 2016) kapena wanena zoyipa zapaŠtulhofer et al., 2016). Tidayesa ngati chipembedzo chitha kuphatikizanso ndi kufunafuna chithandizo (Chithunzi 2) (ad. e) pophatikiza kuchuluka kwa machitidwe achipembedzo ngati olosera zamankhwala ofuna chithandizo, kwinaku akufufuzira za ubale wake ndi kuchuluka kwa PU. Zowonadi, kuchuluka kwa miyambo yachipembedzo ndikulosera kwamphamvu kwambiri kwa akazi omwe ali ndi vuto la PU (pomwe sikunali kofunikira pakuwunika kofanana kwa amuna; Gola et al., 2016). Komanso, kuwunikira kwathu kunawonetsa kuti atayambitsa miyambo yazachipembedzo mumalowedwe, ubale wapakati pa PU ndi chithandizo chofunafuna chithandizo wataya tanthauzo (Chithunzi 2). Kupeza kotereku kukugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wambiri omwe akuwonetsa kuti kugonana kwa akazi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe komanso chikhalidwe kuposa abambo (Adams & Turner, 1985; Barry & Schlegel, 1984; Baumeister, 2000; Christensen & Carpenter, 1962; Earle & Perricone, 1986; Ford & Norris, 1993). Apa, titha kunena kuti zikhalidwe izi zimathandizira kutanthauzira kwapadera kwa PU ngati yovuta ndipo kumabweretsa kufunafuna chithandizo.
Pachitsanzo chathu, kuchuluka kwa miyambo yachipembedzo kunalinso kogwirizana ndi kumwa zolaula (kuyerekeza = 0.55). Komabe, chiyanjano ichi chidakhala chofunikira kwa okhawo omwe amafunafuna chithandizo, osati chofunikira mu gulu lomwe silifuna chithandizo. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti kuyanjana kotereku kumawoneka ngati kakhalidwe ka gulu lachipatalachi ndipo sikuyenera kupezeka mwa anthu onse. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kuchuluka kwa zolaula ndi zochitika zachipembedzo (zomwe zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa zikhalidwe zachipembedzo) kunali kwakukulu pakati pa ofuna chithandizo. Kutanthauzira komwe kungakhalepo pazotsatira izi ndikuti kwa anthu ena omwe amafuna chithandizo, machitidwe omwe amathandizira pazikhalidwe zachipembedzo (machitidwe achipembedzo) akhoza kukhala chida chowongolera kukhumudwitsidwa komwe kumachitika chifukwa chochita zikhalidwe zotsutsana ndi izi. Njira ina yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndikuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso kuchita zinthu zachipembedzo zitha kuwonedwa ngati chifukwa chomawonjezera mphamvu pazowonera zolaula pakati pa omwe amafuna chithandizo. Chifukwa chake, kumwa zolaula kungakhale chizindikiro chololera zokakamiza, ndipo zochitika zachipembedzo zitha kuonedwa ngati njira yochitira nawo. Ngati izi ndi zoona, kuchuluka kwa miyambo yonse ya PU ndi zinthu zachipembedzo kukhale koyenera, ngakhale ubalewu ungakhazikike ndi chomwe chimayambitsa chidwi cha PU.
Kutanthauzira kwina komwe kungachitike pakukhudzana kwakukulu pakati pa PU ndi machitidwe achipembedzo pakati pa anthu ofuna chithandizo kungapangike pokhudzana ndi njira zamaganizidwe a malingaliro am'maganizo (Wegner, 1994). Mfundo zachipembedzo zolimba komanso zokhwima zimatha kuyambitsa magwiridwe antchito (kapena malingaliro okhudzana ndi machitidwe) omwe amawoneka ngati osagwirizana ndi izi (mwachitsanzo, kuwonera zolaula). Komabe, monga zikuwonetsedwa m'maphunziro ambiri azidziwitso (onani Abramowitz, Tolin, & Street, 2001 kuwunikira) nthawi zina, zopinga zimatha kukhala ndizovuta, zomwe zimayambitsa mayendedwe apamwamba omwe amaphwanya chikhalidwe. Izi zitha kupanga chizolowezi chokha kukhala chotsika komanso chokweza machitidwe omwe amathandizira - pankhani iyi - machitidwe achipembedzo. Chifukwa chake, machitidwe amtundu uliwonse omwe amalimbikitsa miyambo yachipembedzo chosasunthika, komanso machitidwe omwe akuphwanya malamulo awa akhoza kukhala othandizira, ngakhale lingaliro la munthu lingakhale ndi zotsutsana kwathunthu. Ngakhale maphunziro am'mbuyomu okhudzana ndi kuponderezedwa amayang'ana kwambiri kuponderezedwa kwa malingaliro (Abramowitz et al., 2001), tili ndi umboni wina wotsimikizira kuti kuponderezana mtima kumatha kubweretsa zotsatirazi, zovuta zina (Webb, Miles, & Sheeran, 2012). Kuphatikiza apo, ochita kafukufuku ena amati gawo la zovuta zachiponderezi zoponderezedwa pakukhudza matenda osokoneza bongo monga obsessive-activive disorder (OCD; Purdon, 2004), ndipo azachipatala ambiri amalozera zofanana pakati pa CSBs ndi OCD (onani Gola, 2016; Kor, Fogel, Reid, & Potenza, 2013 kuwunikira). Njira zonse zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambazi ndi zongoganiza ndipo sizingatsimikizidwe pamaziko a deta yathu yokha. Komabe, tikukhulupirira kuti akuyenera kufufuza m'maphunziro amtsogolo omwe cholinga chake chidzafotokozere bwino za ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa zipembedzo zachipembedzo ndi kumwa mwa zolaula pakati pa omwe amafuna chithandizo chamankhwala PU yovuta.
Kuphatikiza apo, kusanthula kwathu kukukula pazotsatira zamaphunziro am'mbuyomu pokhudzana ndi ubale pakati pa chipembedzo ndi kuopsa kwa zizindikiro zoyipa (Grubbs et al., 2016; Štulhofer et al., 2016). Mukamaganizira za mgwirizano wapakati pa zinthu ziwirizi, zotsatira zathu zimatsimikizira zotsimikiza kuchokera ku maphunziro am'mbuyomu ndikuwonetsa kuti ubale womwe ukufunsidwawu ndi wabwino komanso wofunika (r = .25 pazochita zachipembedzo komanso r = .09 pachipembedzo chodalira; Gome 2). Komabe, kuchuluka kwa PU kumaphatikizidwa ngati chowonetseratu chowonjezera cha zovuta zoyipa, chipembedzo sichimagwirizana ndi zotsirizika zam'mbuyo, pomwe chimatsalira cholosera champhamvu chofuna chithandizo (Chithunzi 2).
Zotsatira zokhudzana ndi kupembedza kwa zizindikilo zoipa ndi chithandizo chovuta cha PU ndizosangalatsa makamaka pakumvana pakati pa chipembedzo pakati pa zipembedzo ndi mitundu ina ya psychopathology. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu, chipembedzo chapamwamba chidawonetsedwa kuti chimakhudzana ndi thanzi lamaganizidwe (Dilmaghani, 2017; Ismail & Desmukh, 2012; Joshi, Kumari, & Jain, 2008), moyo wokhutira (Pfeifer & Waelty, 1995), komanso yogwirizana ndi psychopathology mwa odwala azachipatala (Gupta, Avasthi, & Kumar, 2011; Sharma et al., 2017). Komabe, kafukufuku wina (McConnell, Pergament, Ellison, & Flannelly, 2006) ikuwonetsa kuti kulimbana kwakukuru mu uzimu kungaphatikizidwe bwino ndi mtundu wina wa psychopathology (kuda nkhawa, nkhawa za phobic, kukhumudwa, malingaliro okayikira, kuzengereza, ndi kusasinthika). Kuphatikiza apo, tawona kuti zipembedzo zina zingakhale zogwirizana ndi zizindikiro zapamwamba za OCD (Abramowitz, Dikoni, Woods, & Tolin, 2004; Gonsalvez, Hain, & Stoyles, 2010). Izi zikuwonetsa kuti kukhudzika kwa zikhulupiriro pazachipembedzo pa psychopathology zitha kusinthidwa ndi mtundu wa psychopathology ndi mawonekedwe a zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo. Kuphatikiza apo, monga tawonetsera mchitsanzo chathu chomaliza, mu vuto lenileni la PU mwa amayi, chipembedzo chimawoneka ngati chokhudzana ndi chithandizo chamankhwala m'malo mowonetsa zizindikiro za psychopathological. Pano, zotsatira zathu zikugwirizana ndi maphunziro apitawa omwe akuwonetsa kuti kulimba kwa zikhulupiliro zachipembedzo komanso kuchuluka kwa zochitika zachipembedzo ndizogwirizana ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kaumoyo wam'maganizo (Pickard, 2006).
Chochititsa chidwi, kwa akazi, zaka zimagwira gawo lalikulu mu PU; Izi zikuphatikiza zaka zonse zamaphunziro (ad. c) ndi msinkhu wa kuyambitsidwa kwa PU (ad. d), pomwe sizili zonse mwazinthu izi zomwe zinali zofunikira kwambiri phunziro lathu lapitalo la abambo (Gola et al., 2016). Amayi achichepere amalengeza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri kuposa achikulire, ndipo omwe adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ali ocheperako amakonda kunena kuwonongeka kwakuya kwa zisonyezo zoyipa zokhudzana ndi PU. Malongosoledwe opezedwa ndikuyenera kuyesedwa. Kafukufuku wotereyu atha kuyankha mafunso awiri osangalatsa: (Q1) Kodi kutchuka kwa PU kumachulukanso pakati pa mibadwo yaying'ono ya akazi? (Q2) Kodi ubongo wachikazi umakhala pachiwopsezo chazovuta zina zakutsogolo kuposa ubongo wamphongo?
(Q1) Malinga ndi kudziwa kwathu, palibe data yakutali yotilola kuyankha funsoli. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, kafukufuku waposachedwa kwambiri waku UK (Kafukufuku wa Opinium, 2014) akuwonetsa kuti pofika zaka 18, kuwonera zolaula kunali kofala komanso kodziwika kwa 98% ya anyamata ndi atsikana. Zotsatira zoterezi zitha kunena kuti PU pakati pa atsikana yakula mzaka zapitazi (mwina chifukwa chopezeka pa intaneti) ndikufananitsidwa pakati pa anyamata, popeza kafukufuku wakale adawonetsa kusiyana kwakugonana mu PU. Mwachitsanzo, Sabina et al. (2008) adanenanso kuti pakati pa ophunzira aku koleji aku America, 93.2% ya amuna ndi 62.1% ya azimayi amawonera zolaula za pa intaneti atakwanitsa zaka 18, pomwe Træen, Spitznogle, ndi Beverfjord (2004) adati pakati pa oyimira anzawo aku Norwegians, pa moyo wawo wonse, 87.9% ya amuna ndi 62.9% ya azimayi adawona magazini yolaula, 77.2% motsutsana ndi 55% adaonera zolaula, ndipo ndi 36.6% yokha poyerekeza ndi 8.9% yoonera zolaula Intaneti. Zina zimanena kuti mbiri ya zochitika zolimbitsa thupi pakati pa akazi itha kusinthanso pazaka khumi zapitazi. Briken, Habermann, Berner, ndi Hill (2007) adanenanso kuti machitidwe azakugonana kwambiri pakati pa azimayi omwe amafunafuna chithandizo chamankhwala anali pachiwopsezo chogonana (mwa amuna, anali PU ndi maliseche), pomwe gulu Klein et al. (2014) adatinso PU ndi chikhalidwe chofala kwambiri pakati pa azimayi omwe amapeza kuchuluka kwambiri mu Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (Reid, Garos, & Carpenter, 2011). M'malingaliro athu, malingaliro onena za kuchuluka kwa akazi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula akuyenera kuphunzira mosamala. Zingakhale zosangalatsa kupenda momwe mitundu yayikulu ya machitidwe akugonana imasinthira mwa amayi omwe akufuna chithandizo.
(Q2) M'maphunziro ambiri pazogwiritsa ntchito zinthu (Grant & Dawson, 1998), kuyambika kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndichinthu chofunikira chokhudzana ndi kuopsa kwa zizindikiro. M'maphunziro athu aamuna (Gola et al., 2016), timayembekezera kuwona ubale woterewu ndi kuyambika kwa PU. Modabwitsa, sitinatero. Koma mwa akazi, kuyambika kwa PU kumakhudzana kwambiri ndi kuopsa kwa zizindikiro zoyipa komanso kuchuluka kwa PU. Ndizotheka kuti zogonana zazimayi zimatha kuphunzitsidwa (Baumeister, 2000). Ngati ndi choncho, ndiye kuti funso lokhuza kutchuka kwa PU pakati pa akazi achichepere (Q1) lingakhale lofunika kwambiri kuti liphunzire.
Kuphatikiza pazomwe takambirana pamwambapa, tawonanso kuchuluka kwakukulu pakukula kwa amuna ndi akazi omwe akufuna chithandizo cha PU yovuta. Njira zathu zolembera zinali zofanana ndendende kwa amuna ndi akazi. Pankhani ya amuna, zidatitengera miyezi 12 kuti tipeze anthu 132 ofuna chithandizo, pomwe mwa akazi, timafunikira miyezi 18 kuti tipeze maphunziro 39. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti amuna akufuna chithandizo chifukwa cha PU 5.07 nthawi zambiri kuposa akazi. Zotsatirazi zimapereka chitsimikiziro chokwanira cha 5: 1 chiyerekezo choyambirira chomwe Kuzma ndi Black (2008), ndipo ikugwirizana ndi maphunziro apitawa omwe akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa 4: 1 ratio (Briken et al., 2007).
M'malingaliro athu, zotsatira zomwe zaperekedwa zikuwonetsa kuti ndikofunikira kukambirana za zomwe amakhulupirira pazokhudza zolaula komanso miyambo yachipembedzo kwa azimayi omwe akufuna chithandizo chamankhwala ovuta PU, chifukwa miyambo iyi imawoneka kuti ndiyo yofunika kwambiri pakusankha chithandizo. Zikhulupiriro zanu, zokhudzana ndi chipembedzo zimatha kuthandizanso pa chithandizo. Mbali iyi ndiyoyenera kukambirana mozama. Chachiwiri, chinthu choyenera kukambirana pakafunsidwa pazachipatala ndi kuyambitsidwa kwa PU. Zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti kuyambitsidwa koyambirira kwa PU kumakhudzana ndi zizindikiro zoyipa kwambiri mwa akazi (zomwe sizinali choncho mwa abambo; Gola, Skorko, et al., 2017). Kukhazikika kwa PU ndikofunika kuti muwerenge monga wowerengera wazotsatira zamankhwala pakati pa azimayi.
Pomaliza, pamene World Health Organisation ikulingalira za kuphatikiza chisokonezo cha CSB mu gulu la ICD-11 lomwe likubweraBungwe la World Health, 2017,, tikufuna kuti tikambirane za mtsogolo zithandizo la amayi ndi abambo poganizira zakusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi mu chithunzi cha chipatala cha CSB (Briken et al., 2007; Reid, Dhuffar, Parhami, & Fong, 2012) ndi zinthu zomwe zimatsogolera pakufuna chithandizo.
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Ngakhale tapereka chidziwitso chatsopano chazinthu zomwe zimayambitsa kufunafuna chithandizo kwa amayi omwe ali ndi vuto la PU, kafukufukuyu ali ndi malire ofunikira kutchulapo. Choyamba, tili nawo ochepa pagulu lofuna chithandizo. Komabe, kuphatikiza azimayi ambiri omwe amafuna chithandizo ndikovuta kwambiri, monga tidanenera kale. Tikukhulupirira kuti kuvutikaku ndi chifukwa chomwe kafukufukuyu ali m'modzi mwa owerengeka omwe amapangidwa kwa azimayi omwe amafuna chithandizo chenicheni ndipo ndi woyamba kufufuza zomwe zimapangitsa kufunafuna chithandizo, monga momwe maphunziro am'mbuyomu adaganizira za kuzindikiraBriken et al., 2007) ndi kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi omwe amafuna chithandizo (Reid et al., 2012, komanso gawo la manyazi (Dhuffar & Griffiths, 2014) ndi zovuta pakupeza chithandizo (Dhuffar & Griffiths, 2016). Chifukwa cha nkhaniyi, kuwunikira kwathu kunali kofukufuku ndipo sitigwiritsa ntchito njira zowonjezera, zomwe zingakweze kuthekera kwa vuto la 1. Izi zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwakubwereza pamitundu yayikulu pakufuna akazi. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwerengetsa komweku kwa anthu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana kungathandizenso kutsimikizira zotsatira zathu, chifukwa chitsanzo chathu chidalembedwa ku Poland - dziko lomwe limadziwika kuti ndi losasangalatsa komanso lachipembedzo. Monga tidakambirana kale, chikhalidwe (mwa iwo ndiachipembedzo) chimatha kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu kwa azimayi podziyimira pawokha ngati chovuta kapena chodziwika bwino. Komabe, kulumikizana kofanana pakati pa chipembedzo ndi kudziona kovuta kwamachitidwe azakugonana kunawonekeranso ku America (Grubbs et al., 2016) ndi Chikroatia (Štulhofer et al., 2016) anthu.
Tikukhulupirira kuti zomwe tapeza zitha kukhala zothandiza pofotokoza za kafukufuku wamtsogolo, komanso kwa othandizira omwe amagwira ntchito ndi akazi omwe akufuna chithandizo cha PU yovuta.
MG idapeza ndalama zochitira kafukufukuyu. MG, KL, ndi MS adapanga, adachita kafukufuku, ndikulemba protocol yoyamba. JS ndi MG adasaka mabuku ndikupereka chidule cha kafukufuku wakale. KL idachita kafukufuku wowerengera. MG, KL, ndi JS adalemba kulemba koyamba pamanja. Olemba onse adathandizira ndipo avomereza mtundu womaliza wolemba pamanja. Olemba onse anali ndi mwayi wodziwa zambiri mu phunziroli ndipo amatenga nawo mwayi pakukhudzika kwa chidziwitso ndi kulondola kwa kusanthula kwa deta.
Olembawo akuti palibe kutsutsana kwa chidwi.
Zothokoza
Olembawa akufuna kuthokoza onse othandizira ma psychologist, akatswiri azakugonana, komanso akatswiri amisala omwe adatsogolera odwala awo pakuwunika kwathu pa intaneti, makamaka, Dr. Michał Lew-Starowicz, Dr. Paweł Holas, Dorota Baran, Daniel Cysarz, Joanna Santura, komanso gulu la Ogrody Zmian (www.matodyzmian.pl). Amayamikiranso gulu la www.onanizm.pl zolimbikitsa maphunziro athu.
Zothandizira
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