Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndiko kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kosokoneza bongo kwambiri:
"PIU inali yochuluka kwambiri mwa achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti zolaula (19.6%), ndikutsatira (9.3%) ndi gulu la intaneti (8.4%)"
"Komabe, kuchuluka kwa PIU pakati pa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti makamaka zolaula kunali kwakukulu kwambiri, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri zolaula zomwe zingachitike pa intaneti poyerekeza ndi ntchito zina za intaneti"
Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi ntchito yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi kukhumudwa, psychopatholgy:
"Zotsatira izi zikusonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti makamaka zolaula kumalumikizidwa ndi matenda amisala, monga kukhumudwa komanso kudzipha, komanso kuthekera kwakukulu komwe kumapangitsa kuti munthu akhale osokoneza bongo."
———————————————————————————————————––
Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020 Apr 20; 16: 1031-1041. doi: 10.2147 / NDT.S247292
Kudalirika
Cholinga:
Kafukufukuyu adafufuza kufalikira komanso kusakanikirana kwa magwiritsidwe antchito ovuta pa intaneti (PIU) mu zitsanzo zazikulu za achinyamata kutengera mtundu wa ntchito ya intaneti yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zida ndi njira:
Phunziroli lidachitika kuyambira 2008 mpaka 2010, ndipo achinyamata 223,542 azaka 12 mpaka 18 adatenga nawo mbali phunziroli. Ophunzirawo adayankha pafunso la mafunso omwe amapezeka kuphatikizapo zinthu zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti, ntchito yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti komanso thanzi lam'mutu. PIU idayesedwa ndi Internet Addiction Proneness Scale for Youth-Short Fomu.
Results:
Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa PIU kunali 5.2%, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka komwe kumagwiriridwa ndi kugonana kunali 7.7% mwa anyamata ndi 3.8% mwa atsikana. Kugawidwa kwa ma intaneti omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kunali kosiyana kwambiri pakati pa akazi. Ntchito zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa intaneti zinali masewera a masewera (58.1%) mwa anyamata ndi olemba mabulogu (22.1%) ndi messenger / chatting (20.3%) mwa atsikana. Chiwerengero cha zovuta pa PIU chinali chosiyana kwambiri ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito kwambiri intaneti; kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri kwa zolaula poyerekeza ndi kusaka zidziwitso anali ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu kwambiri (4.526-fold). Ma episode okhumudwitsa, malingaliro ofuna kudzipha, komanso kuyesa kudzipha adalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi ziwerengero zapamwamba za PIU (1.725-, 1.747- ndi 1.361-fold, motsatana).
Kutsiliza:
Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa chidziwitso chofunikira cha PIU mwa achinyamata. Kugawidwa kwa PIU kumakhala kosiyanasiyana malinga ndi kugonana komanso ntchito zach intaneti. Maphunziro a PIU ndi njira yofotokozedwera bwino komanso zida zowunikira za PIU pamtundu uliwonse wa intaneti ndizofunikira.
MALANGIZO: kusuta; unyamata; kusiyana kwazakugonana; kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti
- PMID 32368065
- PMCID: PMC7182452
- DOI: 10.2147 / NDT.S247292
Introduction
Zaka makumi awiri zapitazi, intaneti yalowa mu moyo wa anthu mwachangu kwambiri komanso m'njira zofunikira kwambiri pamoyo wamasiku onse, monga kugula, kupeza nkhani ndi kulumikizana ndi abwenzi. Zotsatira zakufufuza zaku US zidafotokoza kuti pafupifupi 90% ya achikulire adatha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mu 2019, ndipo kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe sanagwiritse ntchito intaneti kunatsika kuchoka pa 48% mu 2000 mpaka 10% yokha mu 2019.1 Makamaka, achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri m'moyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku kuposa anthu ena. Mu 2018, 95% ya achinyamata aku US akuti akupezeka ndi ma foni a m'manja, ndipo 45% ya achinyamata ali pa intaneti nthawi zonse.2
Ngakhale intaneti imapereka zopindulitsa zosiyanasiyana, monga maphunziro, zosangalatsa, kulumikizana ndi anthu, kupatsa mwayi, komanso kukhala ndi malingaliro abwino,3 Kafukufuku wambiri wanena zakuphatikiza koyipa kwa intaneti ndi thanzi la maganizo a achinyamata, kuphatikizapo kukhumudwa, nkhawa zamagulu, kudzipha, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti.4-7 Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwamavuto (PIU) yodziwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri komanso zinthu zomwe zimawonjezera bongo ndivuto lalikulu kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti m'masiku a achinyamata, momwe kufalikira kwanenedwa kukhala kokwanira mpaka 26.7% mwa maphunziro apitawa.8,9
Achinyamata amadziwika kuti ali pachiwopsezo cha PIU chifukwa cha kukokomeza kwakukulu komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi kusakhazikika kwa wachibale wa preortal cortex (PFC), makamaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapakati paubwana.10-12 Kuphatikiza apo, kusokonekera kwamalingaliro mu nthawi ya khanda yoyambirira (zaka 2) akuti akuti akukhudza kwambiri PIU mwa achinyamata, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kubadwa mwa mkwiyo ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zowopsa za PIU.13 Kugonana kumadziwika kuti ndikusinthanitsa kwina kwa PIU. Anyamata amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, pomwe atsikana amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri intaneti kuposa anyamata.14,15 Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza omwe adalumikizana ndi makolo ndi anzawo zimanenedwanso kuti ndiwodziwonetseratu za PIU mu achinyamata. Mwachitsanzo, Badenes-Ribera et al16 adati maubwenzi ndi makolo awo amathandizira kwambiri pakukula kwa PIU makamaka paubwana, pomwe kucheza ndi zomwe zinali zoyenera kwambiri panthawi yachinyamata.
Momwemonso, kafukufuku wambiri adafufuza nkhawa zomwe zikupezeka pa PIU komanso zokhudzana ndi chiopsezo cha achinyamata, Komabe, tanthauzo lomveka la PIU silinapangidwe. Ofufuzawo adafufuza PIU ndi mawu osiyanasiyana ndi malingaliro, monga "kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti",17 "Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti",18 "Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zovuta"19 ndi "kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti".20 Kafukufuku wina yemwe amayang'ana pa kusewera pa intaneti agwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kugwiritsa ntchito masewera ovuta pa intaneti",21 "Chizolowezi cha intaneti"22 ndi "intaneti masewera".23
Ngakhale mawu awa osiyanasiyana ndi matanthauzidwe ake zimaphatikizapo kupangika kwa malingaliro komwe kukusonyeza njira yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti yosagwirizana yomwe ikupangitsa kuti matenda asokonezeke,24 Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kusowa kwa tanthauzo la golide ndichakuti intaneti imapereka zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi zosokoneza monga masewera, juga, kucheza kapena zolaula. Wamng'ono25 adanenanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kumabweretsa mavuto osiyanasiyana amtundu wa makulidwe ndipo zimagawidwa ndi ma subtypes asanu, kuphatikizapo kugonana kwa cyber, ubale wa cyber, kukakamiza maukonde, kuchuluka kwa zambiri, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta.
Mwa zina mwa ma subtypes a PIU, "vuto la masewera pa intaneti" ndi "masewera a masewera" adaphatikizidwa monga matenda mu Gawo 3 la Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disrupt (DSM-5)26 komanso kukonzanso kwaposachedwa kwa International Classization of Diseases (ICD-11) ndi World Health Organisation (WHO).27 Ngakhale zochitika za pa intaneti zosayankhula sizinatengedwe ngati njira yodziwira chifukwa chosowa umboni,24 Pali nkhawa za zochita za intaneti zosokoneza bongo monga kutchova juga pa intaneti,28 malo ochezera a pa Intaneti29 komanso zolaula za pa intaneti.30
Komabe, ngakhale ali ndi nkhawa za kagawo kakang'ono ka PIU, kafukufuku wofufuza zomwe zingachitike pazosankha za intaneti sizikupezeka. Kafukufuku waposachedwa waku Germany ndi ophunzira 6,081 wazaka 12 - 19 adafufuza kufalitsa kwa mapulogalamu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa intaneti mu PIU komanso omwe si a PIU.31 Pakuwerenga kwa Rosenkranz et al31 ntchito yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa intaneti inali malo ochezera ochezera a pa Intaneti komanso kucheza, ndipo mapulogalamu ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti omwe adalosera pa PIU anali masewera ndi njuga. Komabe, kafukufuku wofufuza momwe amagawidwira komanso zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito intaneti inayake adakalibe; M'malo mwake, ku chidziwitso chathu, ku Korea kulibe maphunziro. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wapanoyo amafufuza kufalikira ndi kuwonjezeredwa kwa PIU mu zitsanzo zazikulu za achinyamata potengera gawo laling'ono lazogwiritsa ntchito intaneti.
Zida ndi njira
ophunzira
Phunziro lathu lidachitidwa ndi zambiri kuchokera ku 2008, 2009 ndi 2010 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS). KYRBS ndi kafukufuku wazaka zingapo womwe wakhala ukuchitika chaka chilichonse ndi Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) kuyambira 2005.32 KYRBS imayang'ana machitidwe owononga thanzi pakati pa achinyamata. Kafukufukuyu adachitika ndi mafunso omwe achinyamata adamaliza, omwe ali ndi zinthu zokwana 125, kuphatikizapo chidziwitso chakugwiritsa ntchito fodya, kumwa mowa, kunenepa kwambiri, masewera olimbitsa thupi, kugonana, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, komanso thanzi lamisala. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akuyembekezeredwa kuyimira ana asukulu a sekondale komanso azaka zapakati pa 12-18 ku Korea, omwe amaphunzitsidwa masukulu 400 apakatikati ndi 400 apamwamba chaka chilichonse. Onse omwe anali nawo anali 223,542, ndipo a 2008, 2009 ndi 2010 KYRBS adaphatikizapo 75,238, 75,066 ndi 73,238 onse nawo. Asanayambe kuphunzira, malangizo onse okhudza cholinga ndi njira za phunziroli anaperekedwa kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi ophunzitsidwa bwino, ndipo zolembedwa zodziwitsa zomwe amaphunzirazo zimapezeka kuchokera kwa ophunzira. Ophunzira omwe adavomera kuchita nawo anamaliza kufunsa mafunso osadziwika, omwe amaperekedwa pakompyuta. Bungwe la CDC's Institutional Review Board lavomereza ma protocol a KYRBS.
Kufufuza
Kuyesa PIU, Internet Addiction Proneness Scale for Youth-Short form (KS wadogo) yopangidwa ndi Kim et al33 idagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mulingo wa KS ndiwodzilemba pamakwerero 20 pamndandanda wa Likert (4 = konse, 1 = nthawi zina, 2 = nthawi zambiri, kapena 3 = nthawi zonse). Lili ndi othandizira asanu ndi amodzi: (4) kusokonezeka kwa ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito (zinthu 1), (6) kuyembekeza koyenera (chinthu 2), (1) kuchotsedwa (zinthu 3), (4) ubale wothandizirana (zinthu 4), (3) ) machitidwe osokera (zinthu 5), ndi (2) kulolerana (zinthu 6). Wofunsidwa amakhala m'magulu awiri am'magulu atatu: PIU yotsimikizika, PIU, komanso wogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Deflete PIU imatanthauzidwa ndi chiwerengero chonse cha 4 kapena pamwamba kapena kupezeka kwa zonse zotsatirazi: magwiridwe antchito a 53 kapena pamwambapa; kuchuluka kwa 17 kapena kupitirira; ndi kulolerako kuchuluka kwa 11 kapena kupitirira. PIU yomwe mwina ikuyenera kufotokozedwa ndi chiwerengero pakati pa 13 ndi 48 kapena kukhalapo kwa zonse zotsatirazi: magwiridwe antchito a 52 kapena pamwambapa; kuchuluka kwa 15 kapena kupitirira; ndi kulolerako kuchuluka kwa 10 kapena kupitirira. Mu kafukufuku wapano, gulu la PIU limafotokozedwa ngati otenga nawo mbali m'magulu enieni a PIU.
Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti idafunsidwa ndi "Kodi mwakhala mukugwiritsa ntchito intaneti maola angati pa sabata komanso sabata kumapeto kwa masiku 30?" Tsamba la intaneti lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi omwe anafunsidwa anafunsidwa ndi chinthu "Kodi mumakonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri bwanji?" ndi zosankha zomwe zikuphatikizapo kusaka zidziwitso, kutumiza mauthenga / kucheza, kusewera, kuwonera makanema, kumvera nyimbo, kuwona makanema monga zinthu zopangidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito, imelo, malo ogulitsa, zolaula, mabulogu, ndi zina zotere. kuyesa kudzipha kudafunidwa ndi chinthu chazomwe zachitika m'miyezi 12 yapitayo poyankha kuti “inde” kapena “ayi” motere: “Kodi mudamvapo chisoni kapena kukayika kuti mungoimitsa moyo wanu watsiku ndi tsiku kwa milungu 12 yapitayi? ” pa kukhumudwa, "Kodi mudaganizapo zodzipha mozama m'miyezi 12 yapitayi?" pa malingaliro ofuna kudzipha, ndipo "Kodi mwayesa kudzipha m'miyezi 12 yapitayo?" kuyesera kudzipha.
Statistics
Ziwerengero zofotokozera zidagwiritsidwa ntchito posanthula kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero. Kuti muwunike kuyanjana pakati pa ntchito yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa intaneti, kuchuluka ndi kuwongolera kwa PIU ndi ziwerengero zofotokozera, kuyesa kwa chi-mraba ndikuwunika kwa kusiyanasiyana (ANOVA) kukhazikitsidwa. Kuwona kuchuluka kwa zovuta za PIU malinga ndi zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa, kusintha kwamalingaliro ndi PIU monga kutengera kosadalira kunagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mitundu iwiri. Mtundu woyamba udaphatikizapo kugonana, kalasi, ntchito yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti, gawo lokhumudwitsa, malingaliro ofuna kudzipha komanso kuyesa kudzipha ngati zosintha zina. Model 2 idawonjezera chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kukwaniritsa masukulu monga covariates kuti atengere chitsanzo 1. Kusanthula kwa Statistics kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya SPSS 25.0 ya Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).
Results
Zizindikiro za anthu
Makhalidwe a anthu akuwonetsedwa Gulu 1. Onse, 223,542 pakati - ndi ana asukulu za sekondale adatenga nawo mbali pa phunziroli, ndipo 52.5% anali amuna. Kukula konse kwa PIU kunali 5.8%, ndipo ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu pagulu la PIU anali 3.2%. Kufalikira kwa PIU potengera kugonana kunali 7.7% mwa anyamata ndi 3.8% mwa atsikana. Gawo la otenga nawo gawo omwe adakumana ndi gawo lokhumudwitsa, malingaliro ofuna kudzipha, komanso kuyesa kudzipha anali 38.0%, 19.1%, ndi 4.8%, motsatana.
Gulu 1
n (%) | |
---|---|
Total | 223542 |
chaka | |
2008 | 75238 (33.7) |
2009 | 75066 (33.6) |
2010 | 73238 (32.8) |
kugonana | |
Male | 117281 (52.5) |
Female | 106261 (47.5) |
kalasi | |
Sukulu yapakatikati 1 | 38219 (17.1) |
Sukulu yapakatikati 2 | 38423 (17.2) |
Sukulu yapakatikati 3 | 38280 (17.1) |
Sukulu yasekondale 1 | 37218 (16.6) |
Sukulu yasekondale yachiwiri | 36926 (16.5) |
Sukulu yasekondale 3 | 34476 (15.4) |
PIU | |
Total | 13056 (5.8) |
Wogwiritsa ntchito pachiwopsezo chachikulu | 7183 (3.2) |
Wogwiritsa ntchito pachiwopsezo | 5873 (2.6) |
Chokhumudwitsa; inde | 84848 (38.0) |
Maganizo ofuna kudzipha; inde | 42728 (19.1) |
Kuyesera kudzipha; inde | 10778 (4.8) |
Mkhalidwe Wachuma | |
High | 13775 (6.2) |
Wapakatikati | 48348 (21.6) |
Middle | 105472 (47.2) |
Otsika-pakati | 41322 (18.5) |
Low | 14625 (6.5) |
Kukwaniritsa Sukulu | |
High | 25440 (11.4) |
Wapakatikati | 52399 (23.4) |
Middle | 60448 (27.0) |
Otsika-pakati | 57183 (25.6) |
Low | 28072 (12.6) |
Zotsatira: PIU, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zovuta.
Prevalence and Correlates of PIU Kutengera Ntchito Kwambiri Paintaneti
Mwa onse omwe atenga nawo mbali, ntchito yapaintaneti yomwe inali yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri inali kusewera pa intaneti (35.0%), kutsatiridwa ndi kufufuza kwa chidziwitso (16.2%), kucheza (14.1%), ndi mabulogu (12.1%) (Gulu 2 ndi Chithunzi 1). Komabe, kuchuluka kwa ntchito zapaintaneti zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito zinali zosiyana pakati pa anyamata ndi atsikana (x2 = 9144.0; p <0.001). Pomwe ntchito yomwe anyamata amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri inali masewera a pa intaneti (58.1%), atsikana amagwiritsa ntchito mabulogu (22.1%) ndikucheza (20.3%) kwambiri.
Gulu 2
Ntchito Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Pa intaneti Kwambiri | Kufufuza Zachidziwitso | Mtumiki / Macheza | Masewero | Kuonera Kanema | Nyimbo Zomvera | Kuonera Kanema (mwachitsanzo UCC) | Internet Community kapena Club | Kugula pa Intaneti | Zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti | lembera mabulogu | etc | Total | Ziwerengero F kapena χ2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | ||||||||||||||
n | 36,150 | 31,446 | 78,325 | 8248 | 21,075 | 2896 | 4032 | 1147 | 5315 | 1716 | 27,142 | 6050 | 223,542 | |
% | 16.2 | 14.1 | 35.0 | 3.7 | 9.4 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 12.1 | 2.7 | 100.0 | |
kugonana | ||||||||||||||
Mwamuna; n | 16,857 | 9873 | 68,139 | 4415 | 7257 | 1158 | 1064 | 313 | 780 | 1565 | 3637 | 2223 | 117,281 | 69144.0 * |
% | 14.4 | 8.4 | 58.1 | 3.8 | 6.2 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 100.0 | |
Mkazi; n | 19,293 | 21,573 | 10,186 | 3833 | 13,818 | 1738 | 2968 | 834 | 4535 | 151 | 23,505 | 3827 | 102,434 | |
% | 18.2 | 20.3 | 9.6 | 3.6 | 13.0 | 1.6 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 4.3 | 0.1 | 22.1 | 3.6 | 100.0 | |
Nthawi Yogwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti; Kutanthauza (SD) | ||||||||||||||
Tsiku la sabata; maola | 1.1 (1.3) | 1.6 (1.6) | 1.6 (1.8) | 1.3 (1.5) | 1.1 (1.3) | 1.4 (1.4) | 1.7 (1.5) | 1.0 (1.2) | 1.3 (1.3) | 2.0 (3.0) | 1.4 (1.4) | 1.5 (1.7) | 457.5 * | |
Sabata; maola | 1.8 (1.8) | 2.4 (2.1) | 3.1 (2.5) | 2.4 (2.1) | 1.8 (1.7) | 2.4 (2.1) | 3.0 (2.2) | 1.5 (1.7) | 2.1 (1.8) | 2.8 (3.4) | 2.2 (1.9) | 2.4 (2.3) | 1112.5 * | |
Mulingo wa KS | 1298.4 * | |||||||||||||
Nenani | 27.8 | 29.6 | 33.0 | 29.1 | 27.0 | 29.8 | 32.9 | 26.4 | 27.8 | 36.2 | 28.7 | 28.6 | ||
SD | 8.6 | 9.0 | 10.5 | 8.9 | 7.7 | 8.9 | 9.7 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 18.1 | 8.1 | 8.9 | ||
PIU yonse; Inde | 3791.9 * | |||||||||||||
n | 1217 | 1534 | 7317 | 334 | 516 | 122 | 339 | 25 | 149 | 336 | 911 | 256 | 13,056 | |
% | 3.4 | 4.9 | 9.3 | 4.0 | 2.4 | 4.2 | 8.4 | 2.2 | 2.8 | 19.6 | 3.4 | 4.2 | 5.8 | |
PIU Yotsalira Yokha; Inde | 2624.9 * | |||||||||||||
n | 666 | 817 | 4026 | 195 | 272 | 60 | 174 | 11 | 84 | 269 | 456 | 153 | 7183 | |
% | 1.8 | 2.6 | 5.1 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 4.3 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 15.7 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 3.2 | |
Ndime Yokhumudwitsa; Inde | 3867.8 * | |||||||||||||
n | 13,412 | 15,171 | 24,081 | 3307 | 8288 | 1104 | 1585 | 443 | 2225 | 858 | 12,149 | 2225 | 84,848 | |
% | 37.1 | 48.2 | 30.7 | 40.1 | 39.3 | 38.1 | 39.3 | 38.6 | 41.9 | 50.0 | 44.8 | 36.8 | 38.0 | |
Malingaliro Odzipha; Inde | 1918.0 * | |||||||||||||
n | 6107 | 7947 | 12,307 | 1662 | 3999 | 545 | 876 | 212 | 1100 | 533 | 6,208 | 1,232 | 42,728 | |
% | 16.9 | 25.3 | 15.7 | 20.2 | 19.0 | 18.8 | 21.7 | 18.5 | 20.7 | 31.1 | 22.9 | 20.4 | 19.1 | |
Kuyesera Kudzipha; Inde | 1386.4 * | |||||||||||||
n | 1332 | 2458 | 2813 | 401 | 972 | 102 | 180 | 58 | 274 | 235 | 1665 | 288 | 10,778 | |
% | 3.7 | 7.8 | 3.6 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 13.7 | 6.1 | 4.8 | 4.8 |
Zindikirani: * p <0.001.
Machaputala: PIU, Kugwiritsa ntchito kovuta pa intaneti; UCC, zopangidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito; Mulingo wa KS, Internet Addiction Proneness Scale for Youth-Short Fomu; SD, kupatuka muyezo.
Kuchuluka kwa PIU mwa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti iliyonse kunalinso kosiyana kwambiri potengera intaneti yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri (x2 = 3791.9; p <0.001). Kukula kwa PIU kunali kwakukulu mwa achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti zolaula kwambiri (19.6%), ndikutsatira masewera (9.3%) ndi gulu la intaneti (8.4%) (Gulu 2 ndi Chithunzi 2). Gawo la ogwiritsa ntchito masewera a intaneti pakati pa gulu lonse la omwe ali ndi PIU anali okwera kwambiri ngati 56.0%.
Gawo la otenga nawo gawo pazokhumudwitsa, malingaliro ofuna kudzipha komanso kuyesera anali okwera kwambiri pakati pa achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti zolaula kwambiri (50.0%, 31.1% ndi 13.7%, motsatana), akutsatiridwa ndi kucheza (48.2%, 25.3 %, ndi 7.8%, motsatana) ndikulemba mabulogu (44.8%, 22.9%, ndi 6.1%).
Zovuta Zosowa Kukhala mgulu la PIU Kutengera ndi Chiwerengero cha Anthu ndi Zogwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti
Gulu 3 ikuwonetsa zovuta zomwe zimakhala mgulu la PIU potengera kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Chiwerengero cha zovuta chinali chachikulu kwambiri mwa anyamata kuposa atsikana (OR = 1.520; p <0.001). Poyerekeza ndi omwe adatenga nawo gawo kwambiri, magulu ophunzira akale adawonetsa kuchuluka kwakukulu, 1.274- mpaka 1.319-fold, kwa PIU.
Gulu 3
Zosiyanasiyana | Chitsanzo 1 | Chitsanzo 2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |||||
kugonana | ||||||||||
Female | referent | |||||||||
Male | 1.501 | 1.432 | ku | 1.573 | .000 | 1.520 | 1.450 | ku | 1.593 | .000 |
kalasi | ||||||||||
Sukulu yapakatikati 1 | referent | |||||||||
Sukulu yapakatikati 2 | 1.303 | 1.223 | ku | 1.387 | .000 | 1.274 | 1.196 | ku | 1.357 | .000 |
Sukulu yapakatikati 3 | 1.368 | 1.285 | ku | 1.457 | .000 | 1.327 | 1.246 | ku | 1.413 | .000 |
Sukulu yasekondale 1 | 1.334 | 1.251 | ku | 1.423 | .000 | 1.286 | 1.205 | ku | 1.373 | .000 |
Sukulu yasekondale yachiwiri | 1.310 | 1.226 | ku | 1.399 | .000 | 1.238 | 1.158 | ku | 1.323 | .000 |
Sukulu yasekondale 3 | 1.404 | 1.313 | ku | 1.501 | .000 | 1.319 | 1.232 | ku | 1.411 | .000 |
Ntchito Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Pa intaneti Kwambiri | ||||||||||
Kusaka zambiri | referent | |||||||||
Mtumiki / kucheza | 1.378 | 1.274 | ku | 1.490 | .000 | 1.285 | 1.188 | ku | 1.391 | .000 |
Masewero | 2.824 | 2.644 | ku | 3.015 | .000 | 2.661 | 2.491 | ku | 2.843 | .000 |
Kuwonera kanema | 1.127 | .995 | ku | 1.276 | .060 | 1.096 | .967 | ku | 1.241 | .152 |
Kumvetsera nyimbo | .743 | .668 | ku | .825 | .000 | .733 | .660 | ku | .814 | .000 |
Kuwonera kanema (ie UCC) | 1.287 | 1.063 | ku | 1.559 | .010 | 1.278 | 1.055 | ku | 1.548 | .012 |
Gulu la intaneti kapena kalabu | 2.785 | 2.453 | ku | 3.162 | .000 | 2.822 | 2.485 | ku | 3.206 | .000 |
.682 | .456 | ku | 1.019 | .062 | .658 | .440 | ku | .985 | .042 | |
Kugula pa Intaneti | .893 | .750 | ku | 1.063 | .203 | .873 | .733 | ku | 1.040 | .128 |
Zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti | 4.944 | 4.311 | ku | 5.670 | .000 | 4.526 | 3.941 | ku | 5.198 | .000 |
lembera mabulogu | 1.058 | .967 | ku | 1.158 | .217 | 1.023 | .935 | ku | 1.120 | .616 |
etc | 1.341 | 1.167 | ku | 1.541 | .000 | 1.335 | 1.162 | ku | 1.535 | .000 |
Vuto Losokoneza | ||||||||||
Ayi | referent | |||||||||
inde | 1.782 | 1.710 | ku | 1.857 | .000 | 1.725 | 1.655 | ku | 1.798 | .000 |
Malingaliro Odzipha | ||||||||||
Ayi | referent | |||||||||
inde | 1.813 | 1.728 | ku | 1.903 | .000 | 1.747 | 1.664 | ku | 1.833 | .000 |
Kuyesera Kudzipha | ||||||||||
Ayi | referent | |||||||||
inde | 1.450 | 1.353 | ku | 1.553 | .000 | 1.361 | 1.270 | ku | 1.459 | .000 |
Ndemanga: Model 1 idaphatikizapo kugonana, kalasi, ntchito yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti, gawo lokhumudwitsa, malingaliro odzipha komanso kuyesa kudzipha ngati othandizira. Model 2 idaphatikizaponso chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kukwaniritsa masukulu monga othandizira kuwonjezera pa chithunzithunzi 1.
Machaputala: PIU, kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta pa intaneti; UCC, zopangidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito
Poyerekeza ndi achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuti adziwe zambiri, kuchuluka kwa PIU mwa achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti zolaula kwambiri anali apamwamba kwambiri (OR = 4.526, p <0.001), lotsatiridwa ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti pagulu (OR = 2.822, p <0.001) ndi masewera (OR = 2.661, p <0.001). Omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri pomvera nyimbo (OR = 0.733, p <0.001) ndi imelo (OR = 0.658, p = 0.042) adawonetsa kuchepa kwamalingaliro kuposa omwe achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti posaka zidziwitso. Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pamagulu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti makamaka pakufufuza zambiri komanso magulu akuwonera makanema, kugula pa intaneti komanso kulemba mabulogu.
Mayanjano Pakati pa Psychopathology ndi Chiwopsezo cha PIU
Kuchuluka kwa omwe atenga nawo gawo pazokhumudwitsa, malingaliro ofuna kudzipha, komanso kuyesa kudzipha m'miyezi 12 yapitayi anali okwera kwambiri m'magulu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri zolaula (50.0%, 31.1%, ndi 13.7%, motsatana), ndi mthenga / kucheza (48.2%, 25.3%, ndi 7.8%, motsatana) ndikulemba mabulogu (44.8%, 22.9%, ndi 6.1%, motsatana) (Gulu 2). Kupezeka kwa gawo lokhumudwitsa, malingaliro ofuna kudzipha komanso kuyesa kudzipha kunalumikizidwanso kwambiri ndi chiwonetsero chachikulu cha PIU pakati pazitsanzo zonse. (OR = 1.725, p <0.001; OR = 1.747, p <0.001; ndi 1.361, p <0.001, motsatana) (Gulu 3).
Kukambirana
Kafukufuku wathu adafufuza kufalikira ndi kusakanikirana kwa PIU mu unyinji wa achinyamata potengera ntchito zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti. Pakufufuza kwathu, kuchuluka konse kwa PIU kunali 5.4%, zomwe zikufanana ndi maphunziro apitawa omwe adachitika m'maiko ena. Maphunziro angapo am'mbuyomu a PIU adanenanso kuchuluka kwa kufalikira kwa PIU. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku yemwe adachitika m'maiko asanu ndi anayi ku Europe adanenanso kuti kuchuluka kwa 25%, kuyambira 14% mpaka 55% m'maiko onse.34 Kafukufuku wina yemwe adachitika m'maiko asanu ndi limodzi ku Asia adanenanso kuti kuchuluka kwa makina ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti omwe adawonetsedwa ndi Internet Addiction Test (IAT) kuchokera ku 1% ku South Korea mpaka 5% ku Philippines, ndipo kuchuluka kwa PIU kuyambira 13% mpaka 46% .35 Ndemanga zina zaukadaulo pa intaneti zidanenanso kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kuchokera pa 1% mpaka 18.7%9 ndi 0.8% mpaka 26.7%.8 Kafukufukuyu adanenanso kuti kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kufala kwa PIU mwina kuyambitsidwa ndi kusagwirizana kwa njira, monga matanthauzidwe, zida zowunikira komanso maoffoff a PIU.8,36 Chifukwa chake, maphunziro amtsogolo omwe ali ndi matanthauzidwe ambiri ovomerezeka ndi zida zowunika za PIU amafunikira kuti atsimikizire kuchuluka kwa PIU. Komabe, kuwunika kwa meta komwe kunachitika ndi maphunziro 27 kuyambira 1998 mpaka 2006 kunanenanso kuchuluka kwa vuto lakusewera pa intaneti kwa 4.7%, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka,37 zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kuphunzira kwathu.
Pakufufuza kwathu, anyamata adawonetsa kuchuluka kwa PIU kuposa atsikana kangapo konse. Uku ndikupeza kosasintha ndi maphunziro angapo apitawa omwe akuti kugonana kwa amuna ndikoyika pachiwopsezo cha PIU.38-40 Komabe, kafukufuku wina wanena za kusiyana kwakusiyana kwa kugonana pakufalikira kwa PIU. Mwachitsanzo, Durkee et al39 adanenanso kuti kusiyanasiyana pang'ono pa kuchuluka kwa PIU kwapezeka pakati pa akazi ndi amuna omwe amaphunzira nawo achinyamata ochokera m'maiko aku Europe 11 ngakhale panali kusiyana kwazikhalidwe zina. Kafukufuku waku Canada adanenanso kuti palibe kusiyana kulikonse pakugonana kwa PIU.15 Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku yemwe anachita ndi akulu ochokera kumayiko 9 ku Europe adanenanso kuti PIU inali yotchuka kwambiri kuposa akazi.34 Izi zimasiyana pakumasiyana pakati pa kugonana mu PIU zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha kusiyana pakati pa chikhalidwe. Komabe, kuti timvetsetse kusiyanasiyana kumeneku pakukula kwa kugonana kwa PIU, kuwunika ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti ndi amuna ndi akazi kuyeneranso kukumbukiridwa.
Pakafukufuku wathu, ntchito yapaintaneti yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakati pa ophunzira onse inali kusewera pa intaneti komwe kunatsatiridwa posaka zidziwitso, mauthenga / macheza, ndi ma blog. Komabe, magawidwe a intaneti omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri anali osiyana kwambiri pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Pomwe anyamatawo amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri pamasewera, atsikana amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti polemba mabulogu ndi mauthenga / macheza kwambiri. Izi zizolowereka zimagwirizana ndi zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufuku wakale. Atsikana amadziwika kuti amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mauthenga pompopompo (74%) ndi ntchito zamagulu ochezera (70%) kuposa anyamata a zaka zapakati pa 15 mpaka 17 (62% ndi 54%, motsatana).14,41 Dufour et al15 adanenanso kuti kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi mabulogu kunali kokulirapo mwa atsikana kuposa anyamata. Mosiyana ndi izi, kugwiritsa ntchito masewera a intaneti kwakhala kukunenedwa kuti ndi okwera kwambiri kuposa amuna.15,26,34,42 Ngakhale zifukwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana pakati pa kugonana pa intaneti sizimamveka bwino,42 Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wofotokozera kusiyana kwa kugonana pamasewera a pakompyuta amayang'ana kwambiri zinthu monga zomwe zili mkati ndi kapangidwe ka masewera wamba, ziwawa zamasewera, mpikisano wamasewera, komanso zochitika pagulu pamasewera.43 Zotsatira zathu pakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri polemba mabulogu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwa intaneti kwa atsikana kuposa anyamata zitha kukhala zogwirizana ndi umboni wotsimikizira kuti akazi ndi omwe amatsogozedwa ndi amuna, pomwe amuna amakhala ndi chidziwitso chochulukirapo.44
Pakufufuza kwathu, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi PIU anali okwera kwambiri pa intaneti omwe amagwiritsa ntchito masewerawa (kupanga oposa 50% ya gulu lonse la PIU), ndipo kuchuluka kwa zovuta pa PIU kunalinso kwakukulu kwambiri pa ogwiritsa ntchito masewera a intaneti. Zotsatira izi zimapereka umboni wothandizira pakukhudzidwa komwe kumachitika pa intaneti komanso kuphatikizidwa kwa zovuta zamasewera pa intaneti.26,27 Komabe, kuthekera koonetsa zolaula za intaneti kuyenera kudziwikanso. Kuchuluka kwa zolaula za intaneti monga ntchito yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa intaneti sikunali kwakukulu (0.8%) komanso ngakhale osowa kwambiri mwa atsikana (0.1%). Komabe, kuchuluka kwa zosagwirizana ndi PIU mwa iwo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwambiri pazithunzi zolaula kunali kwakukulu kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuthekera kwamphamvu kwa zolaula za intaneti poyerekeza ndi ntchito zina za intaneti. Inde, kudya zolaula sikuli vuto lopezeka ndi intaneti yokha. Amatsutsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ochulukirapo sakhala ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti koma amangogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngati njira pazolowera zina.45,46 Komabe, kafukufuku wakale adawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti zikukwera, ndipo kuchuluka “katatu A” (kufikika, kuthekera, ndi kusadziwika) koperekedwa ndi intaneti kwawonjezera chiopsezo chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti.47 Kuphatikiza apo, zomwe tapeza sizikugwirizana ndi zotsatira zakafukufuku wa Rosenkranz et al31 omwe adanenanso zakususidwa kopitilira muyeso pazakugonana poyerekeza ndi masewera ndi kutchova juga. Zotsatira zakusiyana izi mwakuwonetsa kuthekera kwakugonana pakati pa kafukufukuyu zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha kusiyana kwachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, maphunziro owonjezereka kuti amvetsetse ndikuteteza achinyamata ku chiopsezo chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula za intaneti akufunika.
Chinanso chozindikira mu phunziroli chinali mgwirizano wapakati pa zovuta zapakati pa PIU ndi psychopathology, kuphatikizapo kukhumudwa ndi malingaliro ofuna kudzipha komanso kuyesa, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufuku wakale24 yomwe idanenanso kuti gulu la ophunzira omwe ali ndi PIU amawonetsa kuti akuwonetsa kukhumudwa kwambiri komanso kudzipha komanso kudzivulaza kuposa gulu lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Makamaka, ndizosangalatsa kuti gawo la mayankho a 'inde' ku zochitika zowopsya, malingaliro odzipha komanso kuyesa kudzipha anali apamwamba mwa ogwiritsa ntchito amithenga / ochezera komanso olemba mabulogu kuposa ogwiritsa ntchito zina, kupatula ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zamtaneti, ndipo gawo ili linali lotsika kwambiri pa ogwiritsa ntchito masewera a intaneti. Izi zikutanthauza kuti achinyamata omwe ali ndi nkhawa amakhala ndi intaneti kuposa zosangalatsa. Zotsatira izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale24 yomwe idanenanso kuti panali chiopsezo chachikulu cha kukhumudwa kwa ophunzira omwe ali ndi PIU yongoyipa kuposa ophunzira omwe ali ndi PIU yamasewera. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa "inde" pamavuto okhumudwitsa, malingaliro odzipha komanso kuyesa kudzipha anali apamwamba kwambiri pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula za intaneti. Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti makamaka pazithunzi zolaula kumayenderana ndi psychopathology yayikulu, monga kukhumudwa ndi kudzipha, komanso kuthekera kochita nazo chidwi kwambiri.
sitingathe
Phunziro lathu lili ndi malire omwe ayenera kudziwika. Ngakhale tidachita kafukufukuyu ndi achinyamata ambiri, kuphunzira kwathu kumakhazikitsidwa, komwe kumapangitsa kuti kumasulira kwake kukhale kopanda tanthauzo. Mwachitsanzo, zochitika zododometsa, malingaliro ofuna kudzipha komanso kuyesa kudzipha zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa PIU, ndipo sitingadziwe komwe kukuyambira. Chifukwa chake, maphunziro amtsogolo omwe amakhala ndi mapangidwe aatali amakhala ovomerezeka. Chachiwiri, ngakhale tidayesetsa kuphatikiza ma intaneti osiyanasiyana omwe achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito mafunso, sitinaphatikizepo mautumiki onse. Mwachitsanzo, kutchova juga pa intaneti ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti,28 zomwe sizinaphatikizidwe mu mafunso. Chachitatu, kuphunzira kwathu kudakhazikitsidwa ndi kudziwonetsa kwa achinyamata okha, zomwe zingasangalatse malipoti. Kulengeza za matenda amisala kumadziwika kuti sikusiyana pakati pa akatswiri, monga makolo ndi achinyamata.48 Chifukwa chake, kupeza chidziwitso kuchokera kwa ophunzitsa ambiri, kuphatikiza makolo, ndikofunikira kuti mawunikidwe azizindikiro. Mwamwayi, kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adanenanso kuti malipoti onena za achinyamata omwe anangonena za omwe ali ndi vuto la zakumwa zoledzeretsa monga kumwa mowa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi zovuta zenizeni kuposa malipoti ochokera kwa makolo.48 Kuphatikiza apo, tidagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosavuta zamagulu kuyesa kukhumudwa, malingaliro ofuna kudzipha, komanso kuyesa kudzipha ndipo sitinaphatikizepo zida zowunikira zovomerezeka. Ngakhale zinthu zosavuta izi zidatengedwa kuti zithandizire kuyankha mwa mafunso ambiri opezekapo, izi zitha kuchititsa kuti pakhale chidziwitso chokwanira komanso kusokonekera kwa ubale weniweni pakati pa PIU ndi psychology ya achinyamata, monga kukhumudwa komanso kudzipha. Pomaliza, zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi mabanja, monga kuyenderana ndi makolo ndi ana, sizinaphatikizidwe paphunziroli, lomwe ndi lofunika kuyang'anira PIU mwa achinyamata.16 Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wamtsogolo kuphatikizapo zambiri mwatsatanetsatane pa psychopathology ya achinyamata ndi mawonekedwe a mabanja kuchokera pazidziwitso zambiri ndizoyenera kutsimikizira zomwe zapezeka.
Mawuwo
Ngakhale pali zolephera zina, kafukufuku wathu adazindikira zambiri zokhudzana ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana mu achinyamata. Kugawidwa kwa ma intaneti omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuli ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana kutengera kugonana. Kufalikira kwa PIU kunawonetsanso kusiyana kwakukulu kutengera kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Maphunziro amtsogolo a PIU omwe ali ndi njira zofotokozedwera bwino komanso zida zowunikira pa intaneti iliyonse yofunikira akufunika kuti apange njira zotetezera achinyamata omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha PIU.
Kuvomereza
Olembawa akufuna kuthokoza Unduna wa Zamaphunziro, Unduna wa Zaumoyo ndi Moyo Wathanzi, ndi Malo Oyang'anira Matenda ndi Kuteteza Matenda ku Korea Othandizira Kudwala ndi Kuteteza Matenda, omwe adapereka zambiri.
Ndondomeko ya Zothandizira
Ntchitoyi idathandizidwa ndi thandizo la National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) lolipiridwa ndi boma la Korea (MSIP; Ministry of Science, ICT & future Planning) (NRF-2018R1C1B5041143).
Zopereka za Wolemba
Olemba onse adathandizira pakukonzekera ndi kupanga, kupeza deta, kapena kusanthula ndi kumasulira kwa deta; adatenga nawo gawo pokonza nkhaniyi kapena kuibwereza mozama kuti ikhale yanzeru; adapereka kuvomereza komaliza kwa mtunduwo kuti afalitsidwe; ndikuvomera kuti mudzadziyankhira pazantchito zonse.