Iingcaphephe zokuhlaziywa kontanga zikaSteele et al., 2013

imvelaphi: Steele et al., 2013 kunye noDavid Ley "Ubuchopho Bakho kwi-Porn - AYIKHULI".

Ngomhla we-6 ku-Matshi 2013 UDavid Ley kunye nesithethi UNicole Prause iqela ukuya kubhala Psychology Namhlanje iposi ngeposi Steele et al., 2013 ebizwa ngokuba "Ubuchopho Bakho kwi-Porn - AYIKHULI". Isihloko sawo-so-catch catching because it has nothing to do with Ubunjani bakho kwiSigonyo okanye i-neuroscience eboniswe apho. Endaweni ka-Matshi ka-David Ley, iposti yebhlog ye-2013 iyazilinganisela kwiakhawunti ebubuxoki yesifundo esinye se-EEG esineempazamo- Steele et al., 2013.

Ibhokisi lebhu yeLey yabonakala iinyanga 5 phambi kokuba Steele okqhubekayo. yapapashwa ngokusesikweni. Inyanga kamva (ngo-Apreli 10th) Psychology Namhlanje abahleli bengashicileli iposi yeblo ye-blog ngenxa yeengxabano ezungeze iimangalo zayo ezingabonakaliyo kunye nokukhanyela kukaPrause ukuba anike isifundo sakhe esinganyathelwanga kwabanye. Usuku Steele et al., Imithombo yeendaba ehambelana nayo yaya esidlangalaleni, uLey wayipapasha ingxelo yakhe yebhlog. U-Ley utshintshe umhla weposti yakhe ngoJulayi 25 2013, ekugqibeleni ukuvala izimvo (Uhlaziyo, i-2019: UDavid Ley ngoku ubuyekezwa ngumzi mveliso we-porn xHamster ukukhuthaza iiwebhusayithi zakhe kunye nokwazisa abasebenzisi ukuba iziyobisi ze-porn kunye nezesini ziintsomi!).

I-Prause ye-PR ekhankanyiweyo ngokukhawuleza yabangela ukusasazwa kweendaba kwihlabathi lonke kunye neentloko ezithi ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kwadalwa (!). Ngaphakathi Ndlebe zeTV kunye UCLA u kukhutshwa UNicole Prause wenza izibini ezimbini ezingaxhaswanga ngokupheleleyo malunga nesifundo sakhe se-EEG:

  1. Ubungqina bezakhono abazange baphendule njengamanye amanxeba.
  2. Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini (ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini) kuqondwa kakuhle ngokuthi "umnqweno ophezulu."

Akukho kwezo ziphumo zikhoyo Steele et al. 2013. Ngapha koko, uphononongo luxele ngokuchaseneyo ngqo noko kuthethwa nguNicole Prause noDavid Ley:

Intoni Steele et al., 2013 eneneni ichazwe njenge "iziphumo ze-neurological":

"I-P300 ithetha ukuphakama kwimeko emnandi-ngokwesondo ezithe tye kuneemeko ezingathandekiyo, nezithandekayo – ezingezozesini ”

translation: Abasebenzisi bezononophelo abaqhelekileyo babenomsebenzi omkhulu wokuziphendulela (ukufundwa kwe-EEG ephezulu) ukucacisa imifanekiso yesondo ngokumalunga nemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi. Oku kuyafana nento eyenzekayo xa izilonda zonyango zivezwe kwiinkcukacha ezihlobene zabo umlutha.

Intoni Steele et al., 2013 eneneni ichazwe njengeziphumo zayo "zesini"

"Ulwahlulo olukhulu lwe-P300 ukulinganiswa kwezinto zesini esithandekayo, ngokunxulumene nesisombululo sokungathathi hlangothi, kwakunjalo kakubi ezinxulumene nemilinganiselo yesifiso sesondo, kodwa engahambelani nemilinganiselo yoxhatshazo. "

translation: Ngokungekhoyo kuthetha umnqweno ophantsi. Abantu abanomdla omkhulu-ukusetyenziswa kwezononwabo kwakunjalo ezantsi unqwenela ukulala ngesondo kunye neqabane (kodwa kungekhona umnqweno omncinci wokugcoba). Ukubeka enye indlela - abantu abaneentshukumo zobuchopho kunye nezifiso zoononophala ezikhethwa ukuba zihlaziye ngokugqithiseleyo kunononophala kunokuba zilalane nomntu ongokoqobo.

Hlanganisa ezi zibini Steele et al. Iziphumo zibonisa umsebenzi omkhulu wobuchopho kwii-cues (imifanekiso engamanyala), ukanti incinci ukusebenza kwakhona kwimivuzo yendalo (isini nomntu). Zombini ziimpawu ezibonisa ukuba likhoboka, libonisa ubuntu kunye nokuthanda.

Ngelixa amaphepha angama-XNUMX aphononongwa ngoontanga abaza kuyiveza le nyaniso (ingezantsi), ingcali yokuqala eyakhwaza uPemuse ngenxa yokuchazwa okungachanekanga yayingu Unjingalwazi ogqwesileyo kwizifundo zengqondo u-John A. Johnson {https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-sexual-continuum/201307/new-brain-study-questions-existence-sexual-addiction/comments#comment-556448}. Ukuphawula phantsi kwe Psychology Namhlanje udliwanondlebe ka-Prause, uJohn A. Johnson waveza le nyaniso:

"Ingqondo yam isabambekile kuPrause ngelithi iingqondo zezifundo zakhe aziphendulanga kwimifanekiso yesondo njengeziyobisi 'iziyobisi' ziyaphendula kwiziyobisi, zinikwa ingxelo yeP300 ephezulu yemifanekiso yezesondo. Njengabakhobisi abonisa i-P300 spikes xa iziswa ziziyobisi zabo. Unokusifumana njani isigqibo esichasene neziphumo ezizezona? Ndicinga ukuba inokubangelwa kukuqonda kwakhe oko ebekulindele.

UJohn Johnson kwelinye uluvo:

I-Mustanski iyabuza, "Yintoni eyayiyinjongo yokufunda?" Kunye noPrause uyaphendula, "Uphononongo lwethu luvavanywe ukuba ngaba abantu abavakalisa iingxaki ezinjalo [iingxaki ekulawuleni ukujonga kwabo kwi-online eerotica] bafana nezinye izilonda ezivela kwiimpendulo zabo zobuchopho kwimifanekiso yesondo."

Kodwa isifundo asizange siqhathanise ukurekhoda kwengqondo kubantu abaneengxaki ezilawula ukujonga kwabo kwi-online eerotica ekugqibeleni ubuchopho bezilwanyana eziluthayo kunye nokuqoshwa kwengqondo kwiqela elingalawulwa ngumlutha, eliya kuba yindlela ecacileyo yokubona ukuba ubuchopho buphendula njani iqela libukeka ngakumbi njengeempendulo zobuchopho bezilutha okanye ezingekho izilonda.

Kunoko, i-Prause ithi i-design-subject subject wayindlela engcono, apho izifundo zophando zisebenza njengeqela labo lolawulo. Ngalolu qulunqo, bafumene ukuba iimpendulo ze-EEG zezifundo zabo (njengeqela) kwimifanekiso e-erotic yayinamandla kuneempendulo zabo ze-EEG kwezinye iintlobo zemifanekiso. Oku kuboniswa kwisigcawu somgca ogqithiseleyo (nangona ngesizathu esithile igrafu ihluke kakhulu kwigrafu yangempela kwinqaku elipapashwe).

Ngoko eli qela elibika ingxaki ekulawuleni ukujonga kwabo kwi-eerotic online ine-EEG impendulo enamandla kwiimifanekiso ezikhulayo kunezinye iintlobo zemifanekiso. Ngaba iziyobisi zibonisa impendulo efanayo neyomeleleyo ye-EEG xa zinikwa ichiza lokukhetha? Asazi. Ngaba izinto eziqhelekileyo, ezingezozamakhoboka zibonisa impendulo ezinamandla njengeqela elinenkathazo kwi-erotica? Kwakhona, asazi. Asazi nokuba le patheni ye-EEG ifana kangakanani na neepateni zobuchopho beziyobisi okanye ezingekho iziyobisi.

Iqela lophando le-Prause libanga ukuba likwazi ukubonisa ukuba impendulo ephezulu ye-EEG yezifundo zabo kwi-erotica yindlela yokuphendula kwengqondo okanye umqondo ophakamileyo we-libido ngokulungelelanisa iseti yamanqaku emibuzo kunye nantlukwano kwimpendulo ye-EEG. Kodwa ukuchaza iyantlukwano kwimpendulo ye-EEG ngumbuzo owahlukileyo ekufumaneni ukuba impendulo yeqela liphela ikhangeleka iyongxaki na okanye hayi.

Ngaphandle kwamanqaku amaninzi angaxhaswanga kumaphephandaba, okuphazamisayo Steele et al. kudluliselwe ukuhlaziywa kontanga, njengoko ihlupheke kwiindlela eziphambili zendlela: i-1) zifundo i-heterogeneous (abesilisa, amabhinqa, abangenabo abathathu); Izifundo ze-2) ingakhange ihlolwe ingxaki yengqondo okanye izilingo; 3) akukho liqela lolawulo lokuthelekisa; Imibuzo yee-4) ayivumelekanga ukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana okanye utywala (Bona oku I-YBOP ebanzi ihlalutya ukugqitywa ngokupheleleyo kweebango ezijikeleze Steele et al., 2013).

Ngaphambi kokuba sifike Sibhozo Uhlalutyo olwenziwe ngoontanga Steele et al., 2013 Ndibonelela nge- imeko yophando kwi2020:

Uhlalutyo oluphinda luhlaziywe kontanga Steele et al., 2013

Ngaphezulu kweminyaka edlulileyo ezininzi izifundo ze-neuroscience-based based zipapashiwe (i-MRI, i-fMRI, i-EEG, i-neuropsychological, i-hormonal). Zonke zibonelela ngenkxaso eyomeleleyo yemodeli yokulutha njengoko iziphumo zabo zibonisa isiphelo semithambo-luvo esichazwe kwizifundo zeziyobisi. Uluvo lweengcali lokwenyani malunga neziyobisi ezingamanyala / ezesondo zinokubonwa kolu luhlu 30 Ukuphononongwa koncwadi kwangoku kunye neenkcazo (yonke inkxaso ngenkxaso yomzobo).

Asixhenxe amaphepha aqwalaselwe ngoontanga akhethe ukuhlalutya ntoni Steele et al. U-2013 uxele ngenene-ayisiyiyo le nto yenziwe nguPrause kwiphulo lakhe le-PR. Zonke zichaza indlela i Steele et al. iziphumo zibolekisa inkxaso kumzekelo wokuxhatshazwa koonwabo. Amaphepha alungelelaniswa ne-YBOP. Amathathu amaphepha achaza kwakhona indlela yokuziphatha ephosakeleyo kunye nezigqibo ezingenakulinganiswa. Iphepha #1 lizinikele kuphela Steele et al., 2013. Amaphepha 2-8 aqule iziqendu zokuhlalutya Steele et al., 2013. Zibhalwe ngomhla wokupapashwa:

1) 'Isifiso esiphakamileyo', okanye 'ngokukhawuleza' Isiyobisi? Impendulo Steele et al. nguDonald L. Hilton, Jr., MD. (2014)

Ukusebenza kwempikiswano kuxhomekeke kwisandi sendawo yaso. Kwiphepha lwakutshanje nguSteele et al., Izigqibo zisekelwe ekuqalisweni kokuqala kweengcaciso eziphathelele 'umnqweno' kunye 'nokulutha'. Ezi nkcazo zisekelwe kwichungechunge lweengqiqo kunye neziqinisekiso, ekunciphisweni kwazo ezifunyenwe ngabalobi ekuqaleni, kodwa zingakhange zikhohlwe ngokucacileyo ekufikeleleni kwizigqibo eziqinileyo abalobi abazenzayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqina kwezi zigqibo akuvumelekanga, kungekhona nje ngokuba ngumphumo weengxaki zokuqala ezinengxaki kodwa nangenxa yendlela yokwenza ingxaki.

Cinga, umzekelo, ingcamango 'yesondo'. Umhlathi wokuqala uyavuma ukuba 'iminqweno yesondo kufuneka ilawulwe ngokuqhubekayo ekulawuleni iziphathamandla zesondo, kwaye kufuneka ilawulwe xa ingekho mthethweni (i-pedophilia) okanye ingalunganga (ukungathembeki). Umhlathi uphela ngegama lokuba igama elithi 'umlutha wesondo' alichazi into ebomngcipheko ngecala, kodwa lichaza nje i-subset yabantu abanamanqanaba aphezulu.

Umhlathi olandelayo ubhekisa kwiphepha likaWinters et al., Elicebisa ukuba 'ulwabelwano ngesondo ... inokuba nje luphawu lomnqweno wesini ophezulu kunye noxinzelelo olunxulunyaniswa nokulawula inqanaba eliphezulu leengcinga zesini, iimvakalelo kunye neemfuno' (Winters, Christoff , Kunye neGorzalka, ). Isekelwe kwezi ngcamango ezithi uSteele et al. ke uqhubeka ukubuza umzekelo wesifo kule 'xinzelelo' ehambelana nokulawula isondo 'umnqweno'. Ukuqhathaniswa kweempawu ezihlukeneyo 'zomnqweno', ukubukela ithelevishini kubantwana kusetyenziswa njengomzekelo. Izivakalisi ezibini zokugqibela kule mhlathi ziqinisekisa ukuba zonke ezinye iphepha lizama ukubonisa:

Unyango lujolise ekunciphiseni inani leeyure zokujonga isimilo sikamabonwakude ngaphandle kwesifo esigqume ngathi 'likhoboka likamabonwakude' kwaye liyasebenza. Oku kuphakamisa indlela efanayo inokuthi ifaneleke kwiminqweno ephezulu yesondo ukuba imodeli yesifo ecetywayo ayongezi amandla achazayo ngaphezulu komnqweno wesini ophezulu. (Steele, Staley, Fong, kunye noPrause, )

Ngokusekelwe kulo mzekeliso, umnqweno wokubukela i-TV kubantwana kunye nomnqweno wokulala ngesondo kubantu abadala, abalobi baqalisa ingxoxo kwiingxaki ezinxulumene nesiganeko (ERPs) kunye nenkcazo elandelayo yoyilo lwabo lokufunda, olulandelwe iziphumo kunye nengxoxo, kwaye igqitywe kwisishwankathelo esilandelayo:

Ekugqibeleni, amanyathelo okuqala e-neural reactivity kwi-stimuli ebonakalayo yesondo kunye nokungaboni ngesondo kwisampula zokubika iingxaki ezilawula ukubukela kwabo okufanayo okuhlulekayo ukubonelela ngemilinganiselo yokuxhatshazwa koxhatshazo ngokwesifo, njengoko kulinganiswa ngamanqaku. Ngokukodwa, ukungafani kwindwangu ye-P300 phakathi kwezesondo kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kwachazwa ngumnqweno wesini, kodwa kungekhona nayiphi na (emithathu) imilinganiselo yoxhatshazo. (Steele et al., )

Ngale ngxelo abalobi bafaka phambili ukuba umnqweno ophakamileyo, nokuba ngaba yingxaki kulabo bafumanayo, akusiyo i-pathologic, kungakhathaliseki ukuba umphumo.

Abanye baye bachaza ukukhawuleka okukhulu kwesi sifundo. Ngokomzekelo, umbhali uNicole Prause wathetha ngodliwano-ndlebe, 'Ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa zeziyobisi, ezifana ne-cocaine, kukhombise indlela yokuphendula ingqondo ngokubhekiselele kwimifanekiso yecandelo lokusetyenziswa kakubi, ngoko saxela ukuba kufuneka sibone indlela efanayo kubantu iingxelo zengxaki zesondo xa kunjalo, ngokwenene, umlutha '. UJohn Johnson ubonise imiba emininzi ebalulekileyo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-Dunning et al. (I) iphepha elichaza njengesiseko sokuthelekisa noSteele et al. iphepha. Okokuqala, i-Dunning et al. iphepha lisetyenziselwa ukulawula ezintathu: abasebenzisi be-cocaine abangabikhoyo, abasebenzisi bamanje, kunye nokulawulwa kwezidakamizwa. USteele et al. iphepha alikho iqela lokulawula laluphi uhlobo. Okwesibini, i-Dunning et al. iphepha lilinganisa ii-ERP ezahlukeneyo kwingqondo, kubandakanywa kwangaphambili kokungabikho komsebenzi (EPN), kucinga ukubonisa ingqwalasela yokuqala, kunye nokunika ithuba elihle lokugqibela (LPP), kucinga ukubonisa ukuqhutyelwa phambili kwezinto eziphathekayo ezibalulekileyo. Ukongezelela, isifundo se-Dunning sahlula iinqununu zokuqala kunye nexesha elide le-LPP, kucinga ukuba liboniswe ngokuqhubekayo. Ngaphezu koko, i-Dunning et al. iphepha elihlukileyo phakathi kwezi-ERP ezahlukeneyo ngokungabonakalisi, okwangoku kusetyenziswa, kunye namaqela okulawula impilo. USteele et al. Kodwa, iphepha, lalijonga kuphela kwi-ERP enye, i-p300, eyenziwa yi-Dunning ngokuthelekiswa nefestile yokuqala ye-LLP. USteele et al. Ababhali bade bavuma le mpazamo ebalulekileyo ekwakheni: 'Enye inokwenzeka kukuba i-p300 ayiyona indawo efanelekileyo yokuchonga ubudlelwane kunye nefuthe lokuziphatha ngesondo. I-LPP emva kamva ibonakala ixhomekeke kakhulu kwi-motivation '. I-Steel et al. bavume ukuba abakwazi ukuthelekisa iziphumo zabo kwi-Dunning et al. ukufundisisa, kodwa izigqibo zabo zenza okuthelekisayo. Ngokuphathelele uSteele et al. ukufundisisa, uJohnson wasifingqa, esithi, 'Ukufumana okubalulekayo okubalulekayo akuchazi nto ngomlutha. Ukongezelela, oku kufumanisekileyo kukufumana ezimbi ulungelelaniso phakathi kwe-P300 nomnqweno wesondo kunye nomlingane (r = -0.33), ebonisa ukuba ubukhulu beP300 buhlobene ezantsi umnqweno wesondo; oku kuhambelana ngqo nokutolika kwe-P300 phezulu umnqweno. Akunakuqhathaniswa kwamanye amaqela omlutha. Akunakuqhathaniswa ukulawula amaqela. Izigqibo ezithatyathwe ngabaphandi zixhamla kwi-data, ezingatsho nto malunga nokuba abantu abavakalisa ingxaki ekulawuleni ukujonga kwabo imifanekiso yesondo okanye abanakho ukuphendula ngengqondo efana ne-cocaine okanye nayiphi na intlobo yokulumkisa (ukuthetha, John A. Johnson, PhD, 2013).

Nangona ezinye iimpazamo ezinzulu kule nkqubo yokufunda ziquka ukungabi nxaxheba kweqela elaneleyo lokulawula, ukuchithwa kwe-sampuli yesampula, kunye nokuhluleka ukuqonda ukulinganiselwa kwekhono le-P300 ukuze kulungelelanise kwaye kulandelelanise kwaye kuhlukanise phakathi 'kwesifiso esinqwenela ngesondo' kunye ne pathologically ukunyanzeliswa kwezesondo ezingafunekiyo, mhlawumbi ilahleko ebalulekileyo ngokuphathelele ekusebenziseni nasekuqondeni kwegama elithi 'umnqweno'. Kucacile ukuba ekwakheni leli qonga elincinane, abalobi banciphisa umxholo womnqweno ngegama elithi 'nje'. Isifiso, njengento enxulumene neenkqubo zezinto eziphilayo kwiimeko zesini, yinto eyinkimbinkimbi ye-mesencephalic drive ye-dopaminergic ne-telencephalic cognitive and affective mediation and expression. Njengento ebalulekileyo yokuziphatha ngesondo, i-dopamine iyabonakala njengento ebalulekileyo kwisistim sezesondo, esilondolozwe ngokubanzi kumthi wokuziphendukela kwemvelo (Pfaus, ). Imfuza enxulumene noyilo kunye nokubonisa inkuthazo yezesondo ibonwa kwi-phyla kunye nobunzima be-intra-phyla. Ngelixa kukho umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kwesini, ukufuna ukutya, kunye nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha, ezibalulekileyo kwimpilo yomzimba, ngoku siyazi ukuba kukho ukufana koomatshini beemolekyulu apho 'umnqweno' ophuma kuyo uvela. Ngoku siyazi ukuba ezi ndlela zenzelwe ukuba 'zifunde', ngendlela yokuxhuma kunye neendlela zokumodareyitha. Njengoko umthetho ka-Hebb usitsho, 'IiNeurons ezitshisa kunye, iingcingo kunye'. Saye sazi ukuba amandla engqondo okutshintsha unxibelelwano lwayo kunye nokufunda umvuzo kwincwadi yokuqala enxulumene nesiyobisi, kodwa ngoku sibonile kwimfundo esekwe kumvuzo nge-neuronal kunye neminqweno yendalo ebonakala yahlukile ngokunxulumene nokwabelana ngesondo kunye nokunqwenela ityuwa.

Iinkcazo ezinxulumene nomnqweno zibalulekile apha; intetho yezinto eziphilayo, okanye 'ukufuna', yinto enye, ngoxa sicinga ukuba 'ukulangazelela' ukuba neempembelelo ezininzi njengoko zisetyenziswe kwiincwadi ezinxulumene nokuxilwa kweziyobisi kunye nokubuyela kuphinda. Ububungqina bubonisa ukuba amazwe anomnqweno ophathelene nokufunwa kwezinto ezifunekayo zezinto eziphilayo ezibalulekileyo njengetyuwa kunye nesondo - ukunyanzelwa okulandelwa ngu-satiation-inkqubo ye-neuroplastiki equka ukulungiswa kunye nokuxubusha kwe-connections neuronal (Pitchers et al., ; Roitman et al., ). Ngokucacileyo, umnqweno onqwenelayo uyenziwa ngokufunwa kwezinto ezichaphazelekayo ezichaphazelekayo kunye nezimo ezibonisa ukufa kwasemzimbeni njengokwenziwa kwetyuwa, okubangela ukuba isilwanyana siphele kwaye siphephe ukufa. Ukuxhatshazwa kwezidakamizwa kubantu, ngokukhawuleza, kunokuchaphazela ukufuna ukufana nokukhokelela ukuxhalaka okufanayo ukuxhamla naphezu komngcipheko wokufa, ukuguqulwa kweli qela lokuqalisa. Iimeko ezifanayo zifumaneka kunye nezilingo zendalo, ezifana nomntu ogqithisekayo kunye nesifo esiyingozi se-heart continuing to consume a fat fat fat, okanye omnye onomdla wokuziphatha ngokwesondo oqhubekayo ekubandakanyekeni izenzo zesondo ezingaqhelekanga kunye nabantu abangaziwayo nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba izifo ezithathelwana ngesondo ezifana ne-HIV kunye ne-hepatitis. Loo mfuziselo ubeka ukutshintsha kweempawu ezifunekayo kulo mgaqo-mkhono wokukhanga zifana nxamnye nokukhwela iziyobisi kunye neyona nto iminqweno yemvelo, ityuwa, isekela ukuxotsha, inxaxheba yokubamba umlutha (Liedtke et al., ). Siphinde siqonde ukuba iinkqubo eziyinkqubo ezinxulumene nazo kwaye zenza ukuba utshintsho olubandakanya ukuguqulwa kwamathambo, iimveliso kunye nabaxhasi be-DeltaFosB, i-orexin, i-Cdk5, i-neural plasticity regulator-protein-related protein (ARC), i-protein protein tyrosine phosphatase ( STEP), nabanye. Ezi zixhobo zenza i-cascade ebonisa ukutyhafaza, okubalulekileyo ekufundeni i-neural.

Oko sikufumanayo ngokufana 'nokuthanda', okanye 'umnqweno omkhulu,' ngumkhiqizo we-mesencephalic kunye ne-hypothalamic impetus apho iprojekthi, inxaxheba kuyo, kwaye iyinxalenye yokucubungula i-cortical ngenxa yokulethwa kolwazi olungenanto nolwazi. Njengoko siboniswe kwiphepha lethu le-PNAS lwakutshanje, ezi zinto zendalo zibonisa ukuba 'zibonakalisa ukuguqulwa kweenkqubo ezidlulileyo zezinto eziphilayo ngokubaluleka kokuhlaziywa kwama-indulgences' (i-Liedtke et al., , I-PNAS), ngokuba siye safumanisa ukuba ezi zethimba zeenqwenela zetyukliya ezifanayo zadlulelwe ngaphambili kunye ne-cocaine ne-opiate umlutha. Ukubonakaliswa kwengcamango yalesi 'nqwenelo', oku kugxininisa ekufumaneni umvuzo, 'ukuthanda' ukuvavanya kwakhona kukubonakalisa 'ukuchaneka' kwindlela efanelekileyo yokuhlala kunye ne-phyolgenetically primitive drive evela kwi-hypothalamic / mesencephalic axis. Xa kubangela ukungalawulwa kwaye-xa kubonakaliswa-ukukhanga okubi komvuzo, sinokuhlula njani iinwele ze-neurobiological kwaye sikhetha 'nje' umnqweno ophezulu kunokuba umlutha?

Omnye umba unxulumene nokungaguquki. Akukho ndawo kwi-Steele et al. Kwiphepha kukho ingxoxo malunga nokuba kutheni aba bantu 'benomnqweno omkhulu'. Ngaba bazalwa benjalo? Iyintoni indima, ukuba ikho, yendalo esingqongileyo kuwo omabini umgangatho wokulinganisa kunye nobungakanani balo mnqweno? Ngaba ukufunda kungayichaphazela iminqweno ubuncinci kolu hlolisiso lwabantu? (Hoffman kunye neSafron, ). Umbono wababhali kule meko uswele ukuqonda kwenkqubo yokumodareyitha rhoqo kumanqanaba eselfowuni kunye nemacroscopic. Siyazi, umzekelo, ukuba olu tshintsho lwezinto ezincinci ezibonwe ngokufunda kwe-neuronal zinxulunyaniswa notshintsho olukhulu. Izifundo ezininzi ziqinisekisa ukubaluleka kweplastikhi, njengoko uninzi luye lwanyanzelisa ukuba: 'Ngokuchasene nokucinga ukuba utshintsho kuthungelwano lobuchopho lunokwenzeka kuphela ngexesha elinzima lophuhliso, i-neuroscience yanamhlanje yamkela umbono wobuchopho beplastikhi ngokusisigxina' (Draganski kunye noMeyi, ); 'Ingqondo yomntu yokucinga icacise utshintsho kulwakhiwo kumcimbi ongwevu nomhlophe owenzeka ngokufunda… ukufunda kubeka ubume bengqondo' (iZatorre, Field, & Johansen-Berg, ).

Okokugqibela, jonga kwakhona igama lombhali 'ngumnqweno ophezulu wesini'. IGeorgiadis (Kutshanje ndicebise indima ephambili yedopaminergic ebantwini kule midbrain ukuya kwistriatum pathway. Kuyo yonke imivuzo yendalo, i-orgasm yesondo ibandakanya eyona spike iphakamileyo kwi-striatum, ngamanqanaba ukuya kuthi ga kwi-200% yesiseko (Fiorino kunye nePhillips, ), ethelekiswa ne-morphine (iDi Chiara kunye neImperato, ) kwiimodeli zokulinga. Ukunciphisa, ukunciphisa, kunye ne-pathologize ukuziphatha ngokwesini ukunyanzela ukungaqondakali indima ebalulekileyo yezobulili kwimpembelelo yabantu kunye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ibonisa i-naiveté ngokubhekiselele kwinto eyiyo ngoku ukuqonda ukufumana umvuzo we-neuroscience, ngoku ukuba ifuna isondo ngohlobo oluthile, olungenakuguquguquka, kunye nolwazi olukhuselweyo lwe-immune ukusuka kunokwenzeka ukuba utshintsho lunobunjani okanye buninzi. Nangona kunjalo, ngakumbi, njengoko kuboniswa nguSteele et al. iphepha, kukuba le mfundiso ye-myopic ayiphumeleli ukuqonda inyaniso yokuba i-neuroscience ngoku isitsho ukuba 'umnqweno ophezulu,' xa iphumela ekuziphatheni okunyanzelekileyo, okungafunekiyo kunye nokuwonakalisayo, 'kungumlutha'.

Ucaphulo

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  • Dunning J. P, Parvaz M. A, Hajcak G, Maloney T, Alia-Klein N, Woicik P. A, et al. Ukunyamekela ingqalelo kwi-cocaine kunye neengcinga zengqondo kubasebenzisi be-cocaine abangenanto kunye nabangoku: Isifundo se-ERP. I-European Journal ye-Neuroscience. 2011;33(9): 1716-1723. [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]

  • I-Fiorino D. F, i-Phillips AG Ukuguqulwa kwamandla kwi-nucleus iqokelela i-dopamine efflux ngexesha le-Coolidge Impembelelo kwiisundu zamadoda. Journal of Neuroscience. 1997;17(12): 4849-4855. [PubMed]

  • UGeorgiadis JR Uyenze ... yinyango? Kwindima ye-cortex ye-cerebral kwimisebenzi yesondo yomntu. I-Socioffective Neuroscience kunye ne-Psychology. 2012;2: 17337. [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]

  • UHoffman H, uSarron A. Umhleli wokuqala 'I-Neuroscience ne-Evolutionary Origins of Learning Learning' I-Socioffective Neuroscience kunye ne-Psychology. 2012;2: 17415. [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]

  • Liedtke W. B, McKinley M. J, Walker L. L, Zhang H, uPfenning A. R, Drago J, et al. Ulwalamano lwezilonda zomlingo kwi-hypothalamic gene luguquka ukugcina i-genees and gratification of instinct instinct, i-sodium appetite. Iinkqubo ze-National Academy of Sciences. 2011;108(30): 12509-12514. [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]

  • I-Pfaus JG Dopamine: Ukunceda abesilisa balandele ubuncinane iminyaka eyi-200. I-Neuroscience. 2010;124(6): 877-880. [PubMed]

  • I-Pitchers K. K, iBalfour M. E, Lehman M. N, Richtand N. M, Yu L, Coolen LM I-neuroplasticity kwinkqubo ye-mesolimbic eyenziwa ngumvuzo wendalo kunye nokuziyeka ukuzithiba. Psychiatry. 2010;67: 872-879. [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]

  • U-Roitman M. F, no-E, no-Anderson G, uJonathan T. A, i-Berstein IL Ukuchithwa kwesityuwa sosawoti kutshintsha i-morphology yedendritic kwi-nucleus i-accumbens kwaye ikhuthaza iiphunga ukuba i-amphetamine. Journal of Neuroscience. 2002;22(11): RC225: 1-5. [PubMed]

  • Steele V. R, Staley C, Fong T, Prause N. Inqweno yesondo, kungekhona ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini, inxulumene neempendulo ze-neurophysiological ezifunyenwe yimifanekiso yesondo. I-Socioffective Neuroscience kunye ne-Psychology. 2013;3: 20770. [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]

  • Winters J, Christoff K, Gorzalka BB Ulwabelana ngesondo kunye nesifiso esiphakamileyo sesondo: Ukwahlukana kwakha? Iingxelo zoLuntu. 2010;39(5): 1029-1043. [PubMed]

  • I-Zatorre R. J, uMmandla R. D, uJohansen-Berg H. Iiplastiki kwiigrey nemhlophe: Iinguqu ze-neuroimaging kwisakhiwo sengqondo ngexesha lokufunda. Indalo Neuroscience. 2012;15: 528-536. [Inkcazelo yamahhala ye-PMC] [PubMed]

2) I-Neural Correlates ye-Reac Reactivity Reactivity kuBantu ngabanye kunye nangaphandle kokuxhaswa kwezesondo (2014)

Inkcazo yokugxeka Steele et al., 2013 (Icatshulwe 25 nguSteele et al.)

Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba umsebenzi we-DACC ubonisa indima yesifiso sesini, esinokufana nokufunda kwi-P300 kwizifundo ze-CSB ezihambelanayo nomnqweno [25]. Sibonisa ukungafani phakathi kweqela le-CSB kunye namavolontiya anempilo ngelixa isifundo sangaphambili asizange sibe neqela lolawulo. Ukuthelekiswa kwesi sifundo samanje kunye neempapasho zangaphambili kwi-CSB egxile kwi-MRI ye-diffusion kunye ne-P300 kunzima kunikwa ukuhluka kweendlela. Izifundo ze-P300, isakhono esinxulumene nesiganeko esisetyenziselwa ukutyikitya ingqalelo kwiingxaki zokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa, bonisa amanyathelo aphezulu malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-nicotine [54], utywala [55], kunye neopiates [56], ngamanyathelo aqhelekileyo ahambelana namaqhinga anqwenelayo. I-P300 iphinda isetyenziswe ngokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa zokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa kusetyenziswa imisebenzi engaqhelekanga apho iithagethi ezincinci zihlala zixutywe kunye neentlobo ezingenakucinga. Uhlalutyo lwe-meta lubonise ukuba izifundo ezixhatshazwayo ngeziyobisi kunye namalungu entsapho angenakuchaphazeleka ziye zanciphisa ubukhulu beP300 xa kuthelekiswa namavolontiya anempilo [57]. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunokubonakaliswa kukungabikho kolwabiwo lwezixhobo zokuqwalaselwa kulwazi olufanelekileyo lomsebenzi (ekujoliswe kuko okungekho kweziyobisi) ngokunyusa ingqalelo yokujonga iziyobisi. Ukwehla kwe-P300 amplitude nako kunokuba sisiphawuli se-endophenotypic sokuphazamiseka ekusebenziseni iziyobisi. Izifundo ezinokubakho ezinxulumene nomsitho kugxilwe ekukhuthazeni ukubaluleka kwecocaine kunye ne-heroin cues eqhubeka inika ingxelo yokungaqhelekanga kwizinto ezisemva kwexesha le-ERP (> 300 milliseconds; [58]-[60]. I-LPP ikholelwa ukuba ibonakalisa kokubanjwa kokuqala kwangoko (400 ukuya kwi-1000 msec) kunye nokuqhutyelwa phambili kokuqhutyelwa kwe-stimuli ebalulekileyo. Izifundo nge-cocaine yokusetyenziswa kwezifo ziye zaphakamisa amanyathelo aseLPP kwangaphambili xa kuthelekiswa namavolontiya anempilo acetyisa indima ekuqwalaselweni kwangoko kwenkqantosi yenkxalabo ekhuthazayo kunye neempendulo ezithintekayo kwiimpawu ezimnandi zemoya. Nangona kunjalo, amanyathelo okugqibela we-LPP awazange ahluke kakhulu kwala mavolontiya anempilo [61]. Izixhobo ze-P300 ezinxulumene nomcimbi weempendulo ezichaphazelekayo zikholelwa ukuba yi-cortex yepariet [62]. Ngaloo ndlela, umsebenzi womsebenzi we-DACC kwi-CSB yophando kunye nomsebenzi we-P300 ochazwe kwisifundo sangaphambili se-CSB unokubonakalisa iinkqubo ezifanayo zenkqubo yokubanjwa kwenkcazo. Ngokufanayo, zombini ezi zifundo zibonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwala manyathelo kunye nomnqweno ophuculweyo. Apha sicebisa ukuba umsebenzi we-DACC uhambelane nomnqweno, onokuthi ubonakalise isalathiso sokunqwenela, kodwa ungahambelani nokuthanda ukucebisa kwimodeli yokukhuthaza intsholongwane.

3) I-neuroscience ye-Intanethi yoTywala: Ukubuyiselwa nokuHlaziya (2015)

Inkcazo yokugxeka Steele et al., 2013 (umsila wenkundla 303):

Ucwaningo lwe-EEG kulabo abakhalazayo ngeengxaki ezilawula ukujonga kwabo kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi uye wabika ingxelo ye-neural reactivity kwi-sexual stimulus [303]. Isifundo senzelwe ukuhlolisana ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-ERP amplitudes xa ubukela imifanekiso yesimo sengqondo kunye nesondo kunye nemilinganiselo yemibuzo yoxhatshazo ngokwesini. Ababhali baphetha ngokuthi ukungabikho kwamanyano phakathi kwamanqaku kwi-questionnaires kunye nokuthetha i-P300 amplitudes xa ubukela imifanekiso yesondo "ayiphumeli ukubonelela ngemilinganiselo ye-hypersexual" [303] (iphe. 10). Nangona kunjalo, ukungabikho kwemibutho kunokuchazwa bhetele ngeempembelelo ezichasene nendlela. Ngokomzekelo, olu phofu lisetyenziselwa i-pool (subjects and females), okubandakanya i-7 engeyiyo isondo). Izifundo zokufumana iziphumo zokuqhathanisa impendulo yengqondo yezilingo ezilawulwayo ezinempilo zidinga izifundo ezifanayo (isondo esifanayo, iminyaka efanayo) ukuba nemiphumo evumelekileyo. Ngokucacileyo kwizifundo zokuxhatshazwa kwezesondo, kuyacaca ngokucacileyo ukuba amadoda nabesifazane bahluke ngokugqithiseleyo kwingqondo kunye nokuzimela ngokuzimela kwizinto ezibonakalayo zobulili obubonakalayo [304, 305, 306]. Ukongezelela, ezimbini zeemviwo zemibuzo ezingagqityiweyo zingagunyazisiweyo kubasebenzisi be-IP abanomdla, kwaye izifundo zazingakhange zihlolwe ezinye izibonakaliso zokuxilisa okanye ukuphazamiseka kwemizwelo.

Ngaphezu koko, isiphelo esichazwe kwi-abstract, "Impembelelo yokuqonda ukuxhatshazwa kobuxhakaxhaka njengokuba unomnqweno ophakamileyo, kunokuba ungakhathazeki, kuxutyushwa" [303] (iphe. 1) ibonakala ingekho kwindawo ecinga ukuba uphando lubona ukuba ukuphakama kwe-P300 kwakunxulumene kakubi nomnqweno wesondo kunye nomlingane. Njengoko kuchaziwe ku-Hilton (2014), oku kufumaniswa "ngokuchasene ngqo nokuchazwa kweP300 njengomnqweno ophezulu" [307]. Uhlalutyo lukaHilton lubonisa ukuba ukungabikho kweqela lolawulo kunye nokuhluleka kobuchwepheshe be-EEG ukubandlulula phakathi "umnqweno ophezulu wesondo" kunye "nokunyanzelwa kwezesondo" kwenza uSteele et al. iziphumo ezingenakuthenjwa [307].

Ekugqibeleni, ukufumanisa okubalulekileyo kwiphepha (ukuphakama kweP300 ephezulu kwimifanekiso yesondo, ngokuphathelele kwimifanekiso engathathi hlangothi) kunikwe ingqalelo encinci kwinqanaba leengxoxo. Oku kungalindelekanga, njengoko kufumaneka ngokuqhelekileyo kunye nezidakamizwa ze-intanethi ukuphakama kwe-P300 ngokumalunga nokungahambisani nokungathathi hlangothi xa kuboniswe kwiimpawu ezibonakalayo ezinxulumene nomlutha wazo [308]. Enyanisweni, iVoon, et al. [U262] banikezela icandelo leengxoxo zabo ngokuhlalutya oku kufundwa kweP300 kwangaphambili. Voon et al. unikeze inkcazelo yokubaluleka kwe-P300 engakhange ifakwe kwiphepha le-Steele, ngokukodwa ngokubhekiselele kwimimiselo yokulutha, ekugqibeleni,

"Ngoko ke, umsebenzi we-DACC kwisifundo se-CSB kunye nomsebenzi we-P300 ochazwe kwisifundo se-CSB sangaphambili[303] ingabonakalisa iinkqubo ezifanayo zenkqantosi yokuqwalaselwa. Ngokufanayo, zombini izifundo zibonisa ukulungiswa phakathi kwezi nyathelo kunye nomnqweno ophuculweyo. Apha siphakamisa ukuba umsebenzi we-DACC uhambelana nomnqweno, ongabonakalisa inkcazo yokulangazelela, kodwa awuhambelani kunye nokuthandabuza okuthandwayo kwindlela yokukhuthaza umlutha. "[262] (iphe. 7)

Ngoxa abo babhali [303] Bathi isifundo sabo sichasa ukusetyenziswa kwesimo somlutha kwi-CSB, Voon et al. kwacaca ukuba aba bhali banikezela ubungqina obuxhasayo lo mzekelo.

5) Imilinganiselo yokuCamngca kunye engeyiyo yoMvakalelo: Ngaba iyayikhathaza ngokuphindaphindiweyo kweeNografi? (2017)

I-YBOP IMIBUZO: Olu pho nonongo lwe-2017 lwe-EEG kubasebenzisi bezononografi lucacise izifundo ze-EEG ze-3 Nicole Prause. Ababhali bakholelwa ukuba zonke izifundo ze-3 Prause EEG zifumene imfucuza okanye ukuhlala kubasebenzisi bezononophelo (ngokuqhelekileyo kubakho ngokugqithisa). Yiyo kanye eyona nto i-YBOP isoloko ifunayo (ichazwe kule ngxabano: Critique ye: Incwadi kumhleli "Prause et al. (2015) ukutshatyalaliswa kwangoku kwezabelo zokubakhoboka " 2016).

Kule ngcaciso engezantsi kwezi zihlomelo ze-3 zibonisa ezi zilandelayo zifundo ze-EEE Praue EEG (#14 Steele et al., 2013):

  • 7 - I-Prause, N .; Steele, VR; Staley, C; Sabatinelli, D. Ukufumana ithuba elihle lokubonisa imifanekiso yesondo ehambelana nenani lezentsebenziswano zesondo. ISoc. Cogn. Cha phazela. Neurosc. 2015, 10, 93-100.
  • 8 - I-Prause, N .; Steele, VR; Staley, C; Sabatinelli, D .; I-Hajcak, G. Ukumodareyitha kwezinto ezinokuthi zenzeke ngokukhawuleza ngeemifanekiso zesondo kubasebenzisi beengxaki kunye nokulawula okuhambelaniyo "nokuluthwa koonobumba". Biol. Psychol. 2015, 109, 192-199.
  • 14 - Steele, VR; IStaley, C .; Fong, T .; Ukuncama, N. Umnqweno wesondo, hayi i-hypersexourse, unxulumene neempendulo ze-neurophisiological ezivezwa yimifanekiso yesondo. Intlalontle. Neurosci. Psychol. Ngo-2013, 3, 20770

Amacatshulwa achaza Steele et al., 2013:

Iziganeko ezinxulumene nesiganeko (ERPs) ziye zisoloko zisetyenziswe njengesilinganiselo somzimba sempendulo kwiimpawu zengqondo, umzekelo, [24]. Izifundo ezisetyenziselwa i-ERP idatha zihlala zijolise kwiimpembelelo ze-ERP ezinjenge-P300 [14] kunye neZithuba ezinokuthi zenzeke emva kwexesha (LPP) [7, 8] xa uphando ngabantu abajonga imifanekiso engamanyala. Le miba kamva yefom ye-ERP ifakwe kwiinkqubo ezinokwenkcazo ezifana nokuqwalasela kunye nememori yokusebenza (P300) [25] kwakunye nokuqhutyelwa kokuqhubekayo kwezinto ezichaphazelekayo ngokomzwelo (LPP) [26]. Steele et al. [U14] wabonisa ukuba ulwahlulo olukhulu lwe-P300 lubonakele phakathi kokubukela kwezithixo ezicacileyo zesondo ngokuphathelele kwimifanekiso engathathi hlangothi yayingqinelana kakubi nemilinganiselo yesondo, kwaye ayizange ibe nempembelelo kwi-hypersexual participants. Ababhali basikisela ukuba ukufumanisa oku kungalungi kubangelwa yimifanekiso eboniswayo engenayo nayiphi na into ebalulekileyo kwintlanzi inxaxheba, njengoko bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bebhengeze ukujonga izinto eziphezulu zoononografi, ngenxa yoko kuholele ekukhutshweni kweP300. Ababhali baqhubeka bacetyisa ukuba mhlawumbi ukujongwa emva koko kuvela kwi-LPP kunokubonelela ngethuluzi eluncedo ngakumbi, njengoko liboniswe kwiinkqubo zokukhuthaza inkcazo. Uphando oluphanda umphumo wokusetyenziswa koononografi usetyenziso lwe-LPP lubonise ukuphakama kwe-LPP ukuba kubanzi kuncinci kubathathi-nxaxheba ababika ukuba banesifiso esiphezulu sesondo kunye neengxaki ezilawula ukujonga kwabo izinto eziphathekayo zobulili [7, 8]. Le miphumo ayilindelekanga, njengoko ezinye iinjongo ezinxulumene nezidakamizwa zibonise ukuba xa zinikwe umsebenzi wokuvalelwa kwemizwa, abantu abathile baneengxaki zokuxoxisana nezidakamizwa zabo bavame ukubonisa iifom zefayile ezinkulu zeLPP xa beboniswa imifanekiso yezilwanyana zabo ezinokwenza umlutha [27]. Prause et al. [U7, 8] unikele ngeengcebiso malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezononografi kunokubangela ukuba kube nemiphumo emincinci ye-LPP ngokucebisa ukuba kungenxa yempembelelo yokuhlala, njengoko abo bathathi-nxaxheba kwisifundo sokubika ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwezinto eziphathekayo zobulili ezingcolileyo bafumana kakhulu phezulu kwixabiso leeyure ezichithwa ukubukela izinto eziphathekayo .

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Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ngokuqhubekayo ukuhlaliswa komzimba ekusebenziseni umxholo wesondlo ngenxa yempembelelo yomntu kubantu abahlala befuna izinto zobulili [3, 7, 8]. Kubangelwa ngababhali ukuba le miphumo ingaba i-akhawunti yeziphumo ezibonwe.

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Iingxelo zexesha elizayo zingadinga ukusebenzisa i-database eneenkcukacha ezisezantsi ukuya kwi-akhawunti yokuguqula iinkcubeko. Kwakhona, mhlawumbi abasebenzisi abancinci bezononophelo bahlukunyezwa kwiimpendulo zabo zesondo ngexesha lokufunda. Le ncazelo ibincinci isetyenziswe [7, 8] ukuchaza zabo iziphumo ezibonisa indlela ebuthakathaka yokukhuthaza i-LPP encinci (ubuchule obude bexesha elide). I-LPP amplitudes iboniswe ukunciphisa ukulawulwa komthetho ngokwemigaqo [62, 63]. Ngako oko, i-LPP engavaliyo kwimifanekiso engabonakaliyo inokuthi ilandele ukungabikho kwemiphumo ebalulekileyo efunyenweyo kwiphononongo lwakweliqela kwiimeko "zesifo".

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6) Iinkqubo ze-neurocognitive in disorder of behavior behavior disorder (2018).

Ukucatshulwa okufutshane Steele et al., I-2013 (okuyi-citation 68):

I-klucken kunye noogqirha baqaphele nje ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba be-CSB xa kuthelekiswa nabathathi-nxaxheba ngaphandle kokubonisa ukusebenze okukhulu kwe-amygdala ngexesha lokuboniswa kweziqulatho ezimiselweyo (izikwere zemibala) ziqikelele imifanekiso engabonakaliyo (imivuzo) [66]. Ezi ziphumo zinjengezo zivela kwezinye iincwadi ezihlola ukusebenzisiswa kwe-amygdala phakathi kwabantu abaneengxaki zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa kunye namadoda ane-CSB ebukela iziqeshana zevidiyo ezicacileyo [1, 67]. UUkucula ii-EEG, uSteele kunye noogxa baqaphele ukuphakama kweP300 kwimifanekiso yesondo (xa kuthelekiswa nemifanekiso engathathi hlangothi) phakathi kwabantu abathile abazibandakanya neengxaki ze-CSB.68, 69].

Amazwana eYBOP: Kule ngentla ngasentla abalobi bokuhlaziywa kwangoku bathetha oko USteele et al iziphumo zibonisa ukukhwabanisa-abasebenzisa abasebenzisi bezononophelo rhoqo. Oku kulungelelaniswa nemodeli yoxhatshazo kunye no-cac-reactivity ngumakishi we-neuro-physiological for addiction. Ngexesha Steele et al. Isithethi sikaNicole Prause sithi izifundo 'zempendulo zengqondo zahluke kwezinye iintlobo zokulutha (i-cocaine ngumzekelo owawunikwa nguMduduzi) - oku kwakungekho nyaniso, kwaye akukho ngxelo echazwe naphi na Steele et al., 2013

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Ukongezelela, ukuqhutyelwa kwendawo kungabonakaliswa ngokunciphisa umonde wokuba nomvuzo ngokuqhelekileyo kwisisombululo esingaqhelekanga kwaye kunokuchaphazela iimpendulo zomvuzo kwisistim esinikwa ngokwesini, kubandakanya ukujonga iifografi nokubukela ngesini esahlukileyo [1, 68]. Ukuhlala kwenzelwe kwakhona kwizinto eziphathekayo kunye nokuziphatha okubi [73-79].

Amazwana eYBOP: Kule ngentla ngasentla ababhali beli phengululo babhekiselele kulo USteele et al ku fu maneka ukukhwabanisa okukhulu kwe-pornography uhlobene ne umnqweno omncinci wesondo kunye nomlingane . Ukubeka enye indlela - abantu abane-activation ebukrelekrele ngakumbi kunye neminqweno enxulumene ne-porn bakhetha ukuphulula amalungu esini kunokuba babelane ngesondo nomntu wokwenyani. Owona mvuzo mncinci kukufumana "isini esahlulekileyo", esiba "sisishukumisi esiqhelekileyo". Ndawonye ezi zimbini Steele et al. Iziphumo zibonisa umsebenzi ophezulu wengqondo kwiingcamango (imifanekiso engamanyala), kodwa kungaphantsi kokunciphisa imivuzo yemvelo (isondo kunye nomntu). Zombini ziimpawu zokulutha.

7) Ukuxhatshazwa koThutho lwe-intanethi: Yintoni esiyayaziyo kunye nento esiyiyiyo-Ukuhlolwa kweNkqubo (2019)

Inkcazo yokugxeka Steele et al., 2013 (icatshulwa 105 is Steele et al.)

Ubu bungqina bale misebenzi ye-neural yokumisela umnqweno ikakhulukazi kwi-correx ye-prefrontal [101] kunye ne-amygdala [102,103], kuba ubungqina bokukhuthaza. Ukusebenza kule mimandla yengqondo kukukhumbuza umvuzo wemali [104] kwaye inokuthi ithwale impembelelo efanayo. Ngaphezu koko, kukho ukufundwa kwe-EEG ephakamileyo kulaba basebenzisi, kunye nesifiso esinciphile ngesondo kunye nomlingane, kodwa kungekhona ukuphinga i-pornography [105], into ebonakalayo kumgangatho ophezulu wokwakhiwa komgangatho [8]. Oku kunokuthathwa njengophawu lokwenyusa. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lukaSteele luqulethe iindlela ezininzi zokungaqwalasela (ngokuxhomekeka kwintlupheko, ukungabikho kwengxaki yokukhathazeka kwengqondo okanye ukunyanzeliswa, ukungabikho kweqela lokulawula, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemibuzo engagunyazisiweyo ekusebenziseni ubulili) [106]. Uphando lwe Prause [107], ngeli xesha kunye neqela elilawulayo, luchaza ezi ziphumo. Inxaxheba yecuac reactivity kunye nesifiso ekuphuhlisweni kwezilwanyana ezinobungozi be-inthanethi ziye zaxhaswa kumfazi wesibini [108] kunye namasampula esithandana [109].