Ngati mwakhala mukutsatira gawo la "kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta" (PPU), mwina mukudziwa za kampeni yochokera kwa ogwirizana ndi makampani opanga zolaula kuti alimbikitse anthu kuti "PPU ndi manyazi achipembedzo omwe amavala ngati nkhawa yokhudzana ndi chizolowezi." Malemu Gary Wilson analemba za "red herring" yodziwika bwino iyi .
Poyamba kampeniyi inali ndi chipambano (chosayenera), mothandizidwa ndi makampani opanga zolaula ndi anzawo a maphunziro. Komabe, pang'onopang'ono, ofufuza ayamba kufunsa mafunso abwino. Komanso, owunikira alola kafukufuku wina wosachirikiza lingaliroli kuti apititse patsogolo ndemanga yawo. (Komabe, nthawi zambiri, pofika nthawi yomwe kafukufukuyo wasinthidwa ndi owunikira omwe amakonda "kusalingana kwa makhalidwe," zikumveka ngati lingalirolo lili bwino, mosasamala kanthu za zomwe ofufuza apeza, monga momwe zilili mu chitsanzo chaposachedwapa .)
Kotero, zingakhale zovuta kudziwa momwe zinthu zilili panopa pa mkangano wa "kusalingana kwa makhalidwe abwino". Kuti tithandize alendo omwe ali ndi maganizo okayikira, nayi nkhani yatsopano yochokera kwa wofufuza m'munda uno:
Akatswiri ambiri a zachiwerewere amati kuonera zolaula nthawi zambiri ndi chizolowezi chabwino. Amati anthu akamavutika kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, khalidwe/zomwe zili mkati mwawo si vuto. M'malo mwake, amanena za "manyazi okhudzana ndi kugonana," kudzimva kuti ndi olakwa chifukwa cha chipembedzo, kapena kuganiza kuti khalidwelo ndi lolakwika. Ngakhale kuti n'zoona kuti anthu achipembedzo nthawi zambiri amadzitcha kuti "okonda chizolowezi," zikuvuta kunena kuti manyazi ndiye chifukwa chokhacho chomwe anthu amamvera kuti ali ndi vuto.
Mu magulu ofufuza, mkangano uwu umadziwika kuti Moral Incongruence (MI). Izi zimachitika munthu akamaganiza kuti zolaula ndi zolakwika koma amazionera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mkangano wamkati. Pamene lingaliro ili linatchuka cha m'ma 2015, linkaonedwa ngati "wotsutsa" chitsanzo cha chizolowezi. Ambiri ankaganiza kuti ngati mumadzimva kuti muli ndi chizolowezi cha zolaula (zomwe zimayesedwa ngati Problematic Pornography Use, kapena PPU), simunali kulimbana ndi khalidweli; munkangodzimva kuti muli ndi mlandu. Komabe, tsopano tikudziwa kuti lingaliro ili linali losavuta kwambiri.
Kuganiziranso za Mkangano wa “Kudzimva Wolakwa ndi Woledzera”
Zaka pafupifupi zisanu zapitazo, akatswiri anayamba kunena kuti PPU ndi MI si mbali ziwiri zokha za ndalama imodzi, koma kwenikweni ndi njira ziwiri zosiyana zomwe zingakhalepo nthawi imodzi kapena zokha. Mapepala atatu ofunikira a chiphunzitso kuyambira 2019 anayamba kutsutsa lingaliro la "PPU vs MI": Kraus & Sweeney (2019; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1301-9), Brand et al. (2019; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1293-5), ndi Vaillancourt-Morel & Bergeron, 2019; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1292-6). Ofufuzawa pamodzi adawona zolakwika ziwiri zazikulu mu kafukufuku wakale: 1) lingaliro lakuti anthu adakumana ndi chizolowezi choledzera komanso kudzimva kuti ndi olakwa mwanjira yomweyo, ndi 2) kuti MI imaganiziridwa kuti ndi manyazi achipembedzo chabe.
Mwachidule, mfundo zotsatirazi zinaonekera:
- Anthu ndi osiyanasiyana: Munthu akhoza kulimbana ndi khalidwe lokakamiza, longa la chizolowezi choledzera popanda kumva mkangano wamphamvu wa "makhalidwe abwino".
– Kudzimva kukhala ndi mlandu si nkhani yachipembedzo yokha: Mikangano ya makhalidwe abwino siimachokera ku chikhulupiriro chokha; ingachokere ku mfundo zaumwini kapena zachikhalidwe.
– Wogwiritsa ntchito “Woyera” wa Mkangano Wamakhalidwe: Kumbali ina, anthu ena amadzimva kuti ali ndi mlandu waukulu chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zazing'ono, ngakhale kuti sakusonyeza zizindikiro za kulimbana ndi khalidwe.Kupitiliza kuchoka ku mitundu yakale
Kafukufuku wotsatira wochokera kwa anthu zikwizikwi wathetsa lingaliro lakuti kumva "woledzera" ku zolaula nthawi zonse kumangokhala zotsatirapo za kudzimva wolakwa chifukwa cha chipembedzo.
Apa pali kusanthula kwa zomwe sayansi yaposachedwa imatiuza za kusiyana pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu molakwika ndi mikangano ya makhalidwe abwino.1. Nkhani Zambiri Zokhudza Makhalidwe Abwino Si Zachipembedzo
Ndi nthano yodziwika bwino kuti anthu amangomva chisoni ndi zolaula chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro chawo. Komabe, kafukufuku wa anthu oposa 1,000 aku America omwe sankakonda zolaula adawonetsa kuti zifukwa zawo zinali zosiyanasiyana kwambiri (Hoagland et al., 2023; https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2023.2186992). Ngakhale kuti pafupifupi 30% adatchula za chipembedzo, ena ambiri anali ndi nkhawa ndi izi:
Makhalidwe Abwino: 27% anali ndi nkhawa ndi nkhanza kapena kuzunzidwa kwa ochita sewero.
Makhalidwe Abwino a Anthu: 20% adawona izi kudzera mu malingaliro a akazi, ndipo 19% adada nkhawa ndi momwe mabanja awo ndi maukwati awo zingakhudzire.
Kukula kwa Munthu Payekha: 16% amangoganiza kuti ndi "kungotaya nthawi."2. PPU Yopanda Kusagwirizana kwa Makhalidwe Abwino
Deta yochokera ku kafukufuku waukulu wapadziko lonse wa anthu 66,000 (Bőthe et al., 2025; doi: 10.1556/2006.2024.00054) inapeza kuti pafupifupi 20% ya ogwiritsa ntchito anali m'gulu la PPU-yokha. Anthuwa anali ndi zizindikiro zambiri zogwiritsa ntchito molakwika koma anali ndi mikangano yochepa kwambiri ya makhalidwe abwino.
Izi zinathandizidwa ndi maphunziro ku China (Jiang et al., 2022, https://doi.
org/10.1556/2006.2022.00065; Chen et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000714), yomwe idapeza kuti ngakhale m'mabwalo ochezera pa intaneti, mamembala ambiri anali ndi "zotsutsa zapakati pa msewu" za makhalidwe oipa pa zolaula. Ngati kulimbana kwawo kunali kokhudza manyazi, mungayembekezere kuti zigoli zawo zosavomereza makhalidwe abwino zikhale zapamwamba kwambiri.3. Zizindikiro Zofanana ndi Kusuta Zingayambitse Mavuto Ambiri Kuposa Kudziimba Mlandu
Kafukufuku wa amuna 2,300 (Ince et al., 2025; doi: 10.1556/2006.2025.00022) adapeza "mbiri" zosiyanasiyana za ogwiritsa ntchito. Ena ankadzimva kuti ali ndi mlandu waukulu koma analibe zizindikiro za chizolowezi, pomwe ena anali ndi zizindikiro za chizolowezi koma anali ndi chizolowezi chochepa.
Ndipotu, gulu la "MI-only" (lomwe lili ndi PPU yochepa) linali ndi thanzi labwino la maganizo kuposa magulu omwe anali ndi zizindikiro za PPU. Izi zikusonyeza kuti khalidwe lenileni—osati manyazi—ndilo limayambitsa kuvutika maganizo ndi kufunikira thandizo la akatswiri.Muyenera Kudziwa
Sitinganenenso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika ndi "manyazi achipembedzo chabe," ngakhale mosakayikira ndikofunikira kwa anthu ena. M'malo mwake, deta ikuwonetsa kuti:
- Kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika ndi kudzimva wolakwa m'makhalidwe abwino/chipembedzo ndi zinthu ziwiri zosiyana.
- Mutha kukhala ndi chilakolako choonera zolaula popanda kuchita manyazi chifukwa cha makhalidwe abwino kapena chipembedzo.
- Kusakondwera ndi makhalidwe abwino nthawi zambiri kumachokera ku nkhawa za dziko, makhalidwe abwino, kapena ubale osati chipembedzo chokha.