Anal heterosex pakati pa achinyamata komanso zomwe zimakhudza kupititsa patsogolo umoyo: maphunziro apamwamba ku UK (2014)

BMJ Open. 2014 Jul 18; 4 (8): e004996. onetsani: 10.1136 / bmjopen-2014-004996.

Marston C, Lewis R.

Kudalirika

KUCHITA:

Kufufuza zoyembekezeredwa, zochitika ndi zochitika za kugonana kwa abambo pakati pa achinyamata.

Kupanga:

Oyenerera, kufufuza kwa nthawi yaitali pogwiritsa ntchito zokambirana ndi gulu limodzi.

ACHINYAMATA:

1Amuna ndi akazi a 30 a zaka 16-18 ochokera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

SETTING:

Zithunzi zosiyana za 3 ku England (London, mzinda wa kumpoto kwa mafakitale, kumwera cha kumadzulo kwakumadzulo).

ZOKHUDZA:

Anal heterosex nthawi zambiri amawoneka opweteka, owopsa komanso okakamiza, makamaka kwa azimayi. Omwe amafunsidwa nthawi zambiri amatchula zolaula ngati 'tanthauzo' logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma nkhani zawo zimawonetsa zovuta ndi kupezeka kwa zolaula kukhala chinthu chimodzi chokha. Zina mwa zinthu zazikulu zinaphatikizapo mpikisano pakati pa amuna zonena kuti 'anthu ayenera kuzikonda ngati atazichita' (zopangidwa pamodzi ndi chiyembekezo chowoneka chotsutsana kuti zidzakhala zopweteka kwa akazi); ndipo, mozama, kuwongolera kukakamiza komanso kulowa mwangozi 'mwangozi'. Zikuwoneka kuti abambo amayembekezeka kukopa kapena kukakamiza anzawo omwe akukayikira.

MAFUNSO:

Nkhani za achichepere zimakhazikika mokakamiza, zopweteka komanso zosatetezeka. Kafukufukuyu akusonyeza kufunika kwachangu kuchitapo kanthu kuti pakhale kuchepetsa mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa abambo pofuna kuthandiza kulimbikitsa zokambirana ndi kuvomereza, kuchepetsa njira zopweteka komanso zopweteka komanso kutsutsa maganizo omwe amawumiriza.

MAFUNSO:

Chiwerewere; Research Qualitative; Kugonana; Achikulire

Mphamvu ndi zoperewera za phunziro lino

  • Phunziroli limagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zazikulu zochokera ku malo atatu osiyanasiyana ku England ndipo ndizoyamba kutenga zochitika zosiyanasiyana zozungulira komanso zifukwa zogonana ndi abambo pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pakati pa zaka za 16 ndi 18.

  • Kufufuza kumafufuza zomwe zimachitika mwakuya, kutanthauzira mophweka zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zolimbikitsa zogonana ndi abambo ndi zolaula.

  • Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti nkhani za achinyamata zokhudzana ndi kugonana kumatako zinali ndi malingaliro okhwima ogonana mokakamiza, opweteka komanso osatetezeka. Malingaliro awa akhoza kuthandizidwa pantchito yolimbikitsa zaumoyo.

  • Phunziroli linachitidwa ku England ndipo ntchito yowonjezera ikufunika kuti aone momwe nkhani zomwezo zimagwirira ntchito pakati pa achinyamata m'mayiko ena.

Introduction

Kugonana kwapakati kumafala pakati pa achinyamata, komabe kugonana pakati pa abambo ndi amai-ngakhale kawirikawiri komwe kumawonetsedwa muzofalitsa zolaula-kawirikawiri kulibe maphunziro apakati pa chiwerewere ndipo amawoneka ngati osayesedwa m'maganizo ambiri.

Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti anyamata ndi atsikana-ndi achikulire-akugonana kwambiri kuposa kale lonse.1-4 Zithunzi zofotokoza zolaula zimatchulidwa monga momwe zimakhudzira momwe kugonana kumawonedwera ndi kumachitidwa ndi achinyamata,5-7 ndi kugonana ndi kugonana kukhala chimodzi mwa ziopsezo zazikulu zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti zimalimbikitsa ndi zoterezi,8 ,9 ngakhale umboni wokhudzana ndi chiwonetsero cha zolaula pazochitika zoyamba ndi zoonda.5

Maphunziro a zizoloŵezi zakale, zomwe kawirikawiri zimakhala zoposa-18 wazaka,10-12 amasonyeza kuti anyamata achigololo amafunidwa ndi anyamata kuposa amayi ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupeŵa mimba,12 ,13 kapena kugonana kumaliseche pa nthawi ya kusamba,12 nthawi zambiri kukhala opanda chitetezo ndi makondomu.12-14 Zingakhale zopweteka kwa akazi,12 ,13 ,15 ndipo akhoza kukhala gawo losangalatsa la kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi.16 ,17 Pafupifupi mmodzi pa asanu aliwonse a zaka 16-24 (19% a amuna ndi a 17% a akazi) adanena kuti anali atagonana chaka chatha mu kafukufuku wapadziko lonse ku Britain.4

Zing'onozing'ono zimadziwika bwino pazinthu zomwe zilipo kapena zifukwa zogonana ndi abambo pakati pa zaka zakubadwa za 18 paliponse, kapena zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale ndi thanzi labwino. Kafukufukuyu akuwoneka mwatsatanetsatane pa zochitika zakale pakati pa achinyamata a zaka zapakati pa 18 ndi pansi, akukulitsa zifukwa zowonjezera kuphunzira ndikupanga malingaliro opititsa patsogolo kugonana.

njira

Kupanga ndi kusonkhanitsa deta

Nkhani zokhudzana ndi matenda a anal analongosola pano zikupezeka ngati mbali ya kutalika, njira zamakono zowerengera (polojekiti ya'teenteen18 ') yomwe inafotokoza zosiyana ndi zogonana zosiyanasiyana pakati pa achinyamata a 130 achinyamata a 16-18 omwe amasiyana kwambiri malo ku England: London; malo aakulu omwe ali kumpoto kwa mafakitale ndi kumidzi yakum'mwera chakumadzulo. Kuchokera mu January 2010, tinayambitsa zokambirana za gulu la 9 ndi mafunso ozama a 71 (kuwunika limodzi: akazi a 37 ndi amuna a 34), kukafunsanso 43 kwa omwe anafunsidwa mozama chaka cha 1 (maulendo awiri), mpaka June 2011. Komiti ya London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Research Ethics Committee inavomereza phunzirolo ndipo onse omwe adalembapo adalemba chilolezo.

Pofuna kuyankhulana kwakukulu, tinagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zapadera kuti tipeze kusiyana pakati pa anthu. Pakati pa malo aliwonse, tinasankhidwa kuchokera ku mapangidwe osiyanasiyana monga: masukulu / makoleji; Ntchito zachinyamata zomwe zikuwongolera achinyamata osati maphunziro kapena maphunziro; mabungwe a achinyamata; Ntchito yomanga nyumba kwa achinyamata omwe sakhala ndi mabanja awo; ndi osalumikiza mauthenga. Tinagwiritsanso ntchito sampuli ya 'snowball' ndipo, kumidzi yakum'mwera cha kumadzulo, tinkafikira anthu mwapadera m'tawuni. Zitsanzozo zinali zosiyana ndi zachuma ndi chikhalidwe, komanso zosiyana mosiyana ndi mtundu wa anthu (ambiri omwe anali nawo anali a British British). Onani Lewis Et al18 kuti mudziwe zambiri. Tinalongosola mu kapepala kathu kazokambirana ndi zokambirana zathu ndi anthu omwe tingafunse kuti tinkafuna kulankhula ndi anyamata aliyense, zirizonse zomwe anakumana nazo. Ngakhale kuti ophunzira anali osiyanasiyana potsata zochitika zomwe adakumana nazo, komanso chiwerengero ndi chikhalidwe chawo cha kugonana, ambiri amanena za amuna okhaokha kapena akazi okhaokha.

Pakufunsidwa kozama, tidafunsa omwe adafunsidwa mafunso pazomwe amachita zogonana, mikhalidwe yawo komanso momwe amamvera ndi izi. Tidasiya dala 'zachiwerewere' osadziwika, kuti tipeze tanthauzo la achinyamata. Pa zokambirana za gululi, tinkakambirana mafunso ambiri omwe ali nawo, malingaliro awo pazochitazo komanso ngati amaganiza kuti achinyamata a msinkhu wawo amachita zambiri makamaka, ndipo ngati zili choncho, muzochitika zotani. Ambiri mwa omwe anafunsidwawo adalankhula za makhalidwe achiwerewere omwe sagwirizane nawo (kaya iwo anali atachita nawo kapena ayi) ndipo kotero mu mafilimu awiri, ife tinapempha mwachindunji onse omwe timagwirizana nawo za momwe iwo amachitira, ndipo ngati zili zofunikira, zomwe iwo amachitako akale (pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a omwe anafunsidwa mwakuya akufotokoza zochitika za kugonana kwa abambo). Cholinga chathu chinali kufufuza nkhani zazikulu zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwachilendo pakati pa zaka zino komanso kupanga zolemba zambiri za zochitika zina.

Kusanthula deta

Tinalemba ndi kulemba mafunso onse. Tinagwiritsa ntchito kusanthula mwachidule19 kuti tikulitse kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa deta. Izi zinaphatikizapo 'kulembera' zolemba19 ndi zokambirana zambiri pakati pa ofufuza kuti atanthauzire limodzi nkhani za achinyamata zokhudzana ndi kugonana kumatako, poganizira zomwe tili nazo (mwachitsanzo, azungu, azimayi apakatikati achikulire kuposa omwe adafunsidwapo) ndi momwe izi zingawakhudzire zomwe tapeza. Tidafanizitsa pafupipafupi pamilandu ndi mitu, ndipo tidafunafuna 'milandu yokhotakhota' kuti titsutse matanthauzidwe athu omwe akutuluka. Pakuwunika konseku, nthawi imodzi tinkachita nawo zolemba zamatsenga kuti tiwonetsetse ntchitoyi.

Timagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zosadziwika ponseponse. Ndemanga zimachokera ku zokambirana zamodzi ndi imodzi pokhapokha ngati zitasonyezedwapo, ndi zolakwika zomwe zinalembedwa [...].

Results

Zizolowezi zowonongeka zowonjezera zinkalowetsa kulowa mkati kapena kuyesera kulowa mkati mwa munthu yemwe ali ndi mbolo kapena chala chake, ndipo, mosiyana, anali pakati pa anthu osagonana. Mchitidwe wamagulu kawirikawiri unkachitika pakati pa anyamata ndi atsikana mu 'chibwenzi / chibwenzi' maubwenzi. Ngakhale anthu ochepa omwe anafunsidwawo ananena kuti kugonana kwa abambo (ie, kulowa mkati ndi mbolo) kunangokhala "gay", komabe kunkadziwikiratu kuti kumachitika pakati pa abambo ndi amai.

Zochitika zoyambirira za kugonana kwa abambo sizinalembedwe kawirikawiri potsata zokondweretsa za kugonana. Azimayi analongosola zolaula zogonana: Nkhani yonseyi itangochitika pomwe sanandichenjeze zimangopweteka. Zinangokhala kuwawa [Anaseka]. Zinali ngati: ayi. Palibe amene akanatha kusangalala ndi izi. Zinali zowopsa […] Ndikuganiza kuti akadatha kugwiritsa ntchito lube, mwina zomwe zikadathandiza, koma sindikudziwa. Zikuwoneka kuti ngati mukuvutikabe zimapweteka kwambiri, ndikuganiza, ndizomveka kwenikweni, koma sindikuwona momwe mungakhalire osakhazikika [Anaseka] mu mkhalidwe woterewu. (Emma)

Achinyamata mu phunziro lathu, pomwe nthawi zambiri ankafuna kugonana ndi abambo, nthawi zina sankachita chidwi ndi zinthu zenizeni: "Ndinaganiza kuti zikhala bwino kwambiri kukhala woona mtima" (Ali); "Nthawi zina zimamveka bwino [kuposa kugonana kwanyini] koma sindinganene kuti ndimakonda" (Max).

Malinga ndi nkhani za achichepere, zikuwoneka kuti makondomu samakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo pomwe anali ogwiritsira ntchito nthawi zambiri anali aukhondo, osati kupewa matenda opatsirana pogonana: “kuti musayipire vuto lanu” (Carl) . Ena omwe anafunsidwa ananena molakwika kuti kufalikira kwa matenda opatsirana pogonana kumathekera kunali kosatheka, kapena kochepa poyerekeza ndi kugonana.

Panali kusiyana pakati pa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pa momwe kugonana kwa abambo kunanenedwa: zotsatira zake (zosangalatsa, chiwonetsero cha kugonana) zinkayembekezeredwa kwa amuna koma osati akazi; Zoopsa zake-omwe amafunsidwa kawirikawiri sankatchulapo zoopsa za matenda opatsirana pogonana, makamaka kuika pangozi ya ululu kapena mbiri yowonongeka-amayembekezeredwa kwa amayi koma osati amuna. Ofunsidwa athu sananene kuti kugonana kwa abambo ndi njira yotetezera namwali kapena kupewa mimba.

Zifukwa za kugonana kwa anam

Zifukwa zazikulu zoperekera achinyamata ogonana kumatako ndikuti amuna amafuna kutengera zomwe adawona pa zolaula, ndikuti 'ndizolimba'. Tanthauzo lake ndikuti 'kulimbikira' kunali kwabwino kwa amuna ndipo ndizomwe amuna amanenedwa kuti amafuna, pomwe akazi amayembekezeredwa kuti azipeza zogonana zopweteka, makamaka nthawi yoyamba. Kulongosola kwa "zolaula" kumawoneka ngati kopanda tanthauzo, makamaka chifukwa achinyamata amangowoneka kuti ndi amuna olimbikitsa, osati akazi. Tidapeza mafotokozedwe ena ofunikira komanso zolimbikitsa m'mabuku a achinyamata, monga tiwonera pansipa.

Mitu yayikulu idatuluka pamafunso omwe amatithandizira kufotokoza chifukwa chake mchitidwewu udapitilira ngakhale nkhani zakuti amayi amakana, ziyembekezo zakumva kuwawa kwa azimayi komanso kusowa chisangalalo kwa amayi ndi abambo mpikisano pakati pa amuna; chidziwitso chakuti 'anthu ayenera kuchikonda ngati atachichita' (pamodzi ndi chiyembekezo chowoneka chotsutsana kuti chidzakhala chowawa kwa akazi); ndi-kupachika-kuimirira kwa kuumirizidwa ndi 'mwangozi' kulowa mkati.

Mpikisano pakati pa amuna

Ngakhale kuti si anyamata onse mu phunziroli ankafuna kukhala ndi kugonana kofanana (mwachitsanzo, kunena kuti si 'kwa iwo'), Amuna ambiri adalimbikitsana kuti ayesetsedwe, ndipo abambo ndi amai amati amuna amafuna kuuza anzawo kuti agonana kugonana kumatako. Amuna pokambirana pagulu adati kugonana kumatako ndi "china chake chomwe timachita pampikisano", ndipo "bowo lililonse ndicholinga". Mosiyana ndi izi, abambo ndi amai adati azimayi amaika pachiwopsezo mbiri yawo chifukwa cha zomwezo, zomwe zimakhala zachiwerewere zomwe zimadziwika m'mabuku akale.20

Anthu ayenera kuti azikonda ngati atero

Ngakhale akunena kuti kugonana kwa abambo kumakhala kowawa kwambiri kwa amayi, ndipo ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri sagwirizanitsa ululu ndi zosangalatsa zina zogonana, abambo ndi amai nthawi zambiri amawonanso malingaliro ooneka ngati otsutsana kuti kugonana kwa abambo kunali kosangalatsa kwa akazi: Mwachiwonekere anthu amasangalala nazo ngati atero. (Naomi) Pali ochepa, atsikana ambiri amasangalala nawo. Koma ndikuganiza atsikana ambiri angafune, ndikuganiza atha kutero, ali phee. (Shane)

Kuti 'ziyenera' kukhala zosangalatsa zomwe kawirikawiri zimaperekedwa monga kufotokoza ndi omwe sankachita nawo ntchitoyi.

Amayi omwe amakumana ndi ululu nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ngati osadziwika kapena olakwika. Amuna ndi akazi adanena kuti amayi amafunika 'kumasuka' kwambiri, kuti 'azizoloŵera': Ndikuganiza kuti mnyamatayo amasangalala nazo. Ndikuganiza kuti ndi mnyamatayo yemwe amangokhalira kuyang'ana zolaula ndi zinthu zina, akufuna ayese. Mtsikanayo akuchita mantha ndipo amaganiza kuti ndizodabwitsa, ndiyeno amayesa chifukwa chibwenzi chimawafuna. Nthawi zambiri samakondwera nazo chifukwa amawopa ndipo ine, ndikudziwa kuti monga ndi anal, ngati simukufuna, simupuma, ngati mutakhala nawo, mumakhala ndi mphamvu yolamulira minofu iwiri yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndiyeno mkatimo imakhala ngati yopanda chochita ndipo ngati mukuwopa kapena simunawachepetse ngati akukhala olimba kenako mutha kung'amba ' em ngati mungayese kukakamiza kugonana kumatako. (Maliko [kutsindika kwathu])

Tawonani kuti Marko akunena, mwachidziwitso, lingaliro lakuti mkazi akhoza 'kuwopsyezedwa' kapena 'wosafuna' pa zochitika zomwe kugonana kwachilendo kumachitika, zomwe zikuwoneka kuti akuganiza kumvetsetsana pakati pa wofunsayo kuti izi nthawi zambiri zidzakhala vuto. Kumalo ena oyankhulana, amalankhula za kukhumudwitsa mnzake pa nthawi yogonana ndi abambo (onani m'munsimu), kotero kuti nkhani yake yonena za 'kuchepetsa' ingaganizire zake-mwinamwake kumvetsa kwatsopano za momwe ziyenera kukhalira adachitidwa.

Kukhazikitsa kwachinyengo ndi "mwangozi" kulowa mkati

Lingaliro lakuti akazi nthawi zambiri sangafune kugonana ndi abambo, ndipo motero ayenera kuwatsitsimula kapena kuwanyengerera, akuwoneka kuti amanyalanyaza ndi ophunzira ambiri. Ngakhale powoneka kuti akulankhulana komanso akugwirizana, amuna ena amawoneka kuti akukakamiza kugonana ndi abwenzi awo osakayika ngakhale kuti amamukhumudwitsa (ngakhale ziyenera kudziwikanso kuti amuna ena adati amapewa kugonana kumatako chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti zitha kupweteketsa anzawo). Kukopa kwa akazi kunali gawo lalikulu kapena locheperako munkhani za abambo ndi amai zokhudzana ndi zochitika zogonana kumatako, ndikupempha mobwerezabwereza, motsimikiza kuchokera kwa amuna omwe atchulidwa kale.

Akazi ankawoneka kuti amatsutsa kuti angakonde kapena kukana nawo anzawo, mobwerezabwereza, osati kukhala nawo ogwirizana nawo kupanga chisankho. Kutha kunena kuti 'ayi' nthawi zambiri kumatchulidwa ndi amayi ngati chitsanzo chabwino cha kulamulira kwawo.

Amuna ena adalongosola kuti akuyesa "kuyesera ndi kuyang'ana," komwe adalowetsa mkazi ndi zala kapena mbolo ndikuyembekezera kuti sadzawaletsa.

Shane anatiuza ngati mkazi wanena kuti "ayi" pamene anayamba "kuika chala chake", akhoza kuyesa kuti: "Nditha kukhala wokonzeka [...]. Monga nthawi zina mumangopitirira, pitirirani mpaka iwo atangodyetsedwa ndi kukulolani kuti muchite izo ".

'Yesani kuti muwone' nthawi zambiri zimapweteketsa mkaziyo kapena 'sizinachite bwino' (malinga ndi malingaliro a mwamunayo) potengera kuti sizilowera 'sizinalowe kwenikweni'. (Jack) Mawu oti "ayi" ochokera kwa mayiyu sanathetse kuyeserera kolowera kumatako: Iye anayesa kuyika izo pamenepo. [Interviewer] Kumanja Ndipo ndinangoti 'ayi'. [Wofunsana] Kodi anali atakufunsani choyamba kapena kodi anangoyesera? Um, amapitiliza kundifunsa. Ndili ngati 'ayi', koma kenako adaziyesa ndipo ndidati 'ayi'. [Interviewer] Kumanja 'Palibe mwayi'. (Molly)

Nthaŵi zina, kulumikiza kwa mwana wamkazi-digito kapena penile-kunafotokozedwa ndi amuna ndi akazi ngati kuti mwachitika mwadzidzidzi ('itagwa'). Mwachitsanzo, Mark, yemwe tam'tchula pamwambapa, anatiuza za nthawi yomwe 'adathamangira' pa nthawi yogonana ndi abambo ake ndipo adalowa mu chibwenzi chake.

Chifukwa cha chiwerengero cha deta-tikudalira pa malipoti oyankhulana-zovuta kuwona momwe zochitika zomwe zimatchulidwa kuti 'zowonongeka' zinali zenizeni mosaganizira. Mwamuna wina, adafotokozera kuti paliponse pamene akufunsa mafunso, ndipo adanena kuti adamuuza chibwenzi chake kuti ndi ngozi, nkhani yomwe adaisintha pafunso lachiwiri: [Interviewer] Ndikuganiza kuti munati [...] poyambitsirana koyamba kuti pakhala nthawi yomwe [...] munanena kuti [mbolo] yake yatha. Chabwino, ine ndinayesera, ndipo ine ndinati izo zinatsika. [Wofunsa mafunso] Ndiye kuti sizinaterere? Sanali ngozi? Ayi, ayi, ayi sizinali ngozi. (Jack) Zowonjezera

Kulongosola zochitika monga 'zotchinga', ndiye, kungathandize abambo ndi amai kuganizira kuti mwina kulowa mkati mwadongosolo ndi kosagwirizana.

Nkhanizi zimapereka chiyembekezo chochepa choti atsikana omwe angafunike kugonana. Amuna ambiri, mosiyana, amafotokoza momveka bwino kuti akufuna kulowa mkati mwa mkazi. Kulephera izi kungathandize kufotokoza chifukwa chake 'kugwedeza' ndi 'kunyengerera' kwa mkazi zinali zofala zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa abambo.

Chiwerewere ndi zosangalatsa

Pakati pa anthu omwe anali ndi chilakolako chogonana, amuna owerengeka ndi amayi amodzi okha pakati pa achinyamatawa adatchula zosangalatsa zakuthupi m'mabuku awo. Alicia, mkazi yekhayo amene akufotokoza kupititsa patsogolo kwa anal, ndi zina mwa zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndi machitidwe azimayi ogwirira ntchito (ndikufotokozera) zachiwerewere. Adafotokoza zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri: wokondedwa wake adapempha kuti agonane, zomwe adakana poyamba koma pambuyo pake adavomera. Adapeza zopweteka, komanso adakumana ndi chidziwitso chachiwiri pomwe chilolezo chake cholowera kumatako chinali chokayikitsa ('adangolowa'). Anali wamanyazi, komabe, chifukwa anafotokoza nkhaniyi moyenera kutsimikizira bungwe lake ('Ndinali ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa izi') ndikufotokozera momwe amasangalalira ndikugonana kumatako, kutanthauza kuti apeza njira yokhutiritsira pochita.

Wokondedwa wake anali atagonana ndi abambo kale. Nthawi yoyamba yomwe ankagonana ndi agonana naye anali 'zopweteka kwambiri': Sindinkafuna kuyesera [kugonana kumatako] poyamba, sindinali wotsimikiza za izi poyamba. Koma ndimakhala ngati, sanatero, adati 'zili bwino', komabe ndimafuna kumuyeserera chifukwa ndinali ndi chidwi. Ndikuganiza kuti ndinali ndi chidwi ndi chifukwa chake anali ndi chidwi. Ndinali ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa izi […] Kotero ine ndikuganiza ndizo […] ine ndinangomuyesera iye.

Iye adalongosola mwambo wachiwiri omwe anali ndi kugonana kwa agonana mosiyana pa zoyankhulana zoyamba ndi zachiwiri: [Kuyankhulana koyamba] Tinkakhala ndi kugonana [nthawi yogonana] nthawi yina ndipo [mbolo yake] imangobwera mwachangu. [Kuyankhulana kwachiwiri] Anangokhala otsika [...] Ndikuganiza kuti angandichitire zopweteka kwambiri. Ndipo ine ndikuganiza iye ankaganiza kuti akhoza kundipanga ine monga izo monga choncho.

Poyamba kuyankhulana, Alicia anali wosakayika pa zomwe zinachitika, pofotokoza zomwe zinachitikazo mwangozi ('zangokhala mkati'), mwinamwake osakayikira kuti asagwirizane nawo. Pambilano lachiwiri, amamveka bwino kuti adamulowetsa mwadala (angakhale atayankhulana naye pazokambirana pakati pa mafunso). Amapereka mwa njira yabwino ('amaganiza kuti akhoza kundipangitsa ine') koma chilolezo chake sichinaoneke bwino.

Pa zokambirana ziwirizi, adatsindika za momwe ankasangalalira ndi kugonana kwa abambo pambuyo pake ndi mwamuna yemweyo, komanso kuti aliyense wa iwo akhoza kuyambitsa. Alicia ndiye mkazi yekha amene tinamufunsa yemwe adalongosola zochitika zokondweretsa, kuphatikizapo chilakolako, kugonana. Inde. Ndimazikonda kwambiri chifukwa ndimaganiza kuti ndimakonda kumumvera iye polimbana ndi bulu wanga, monga motsutsana ndi nyama yanu, ngati mtundu wa khushoni. Chifukwa chake eya, ndikuganiza ndizomwe ndimakonda za izi, sindikutsimikiza.

Mlandu wa Alicia udalinso wachilendo momwe adadziwonetsera yekha okhudzana ndi wokondedwa wake monga okonda zachiwerewere. ndinene kuti ndipitebe zambiri. Ndikanayambitsa zambiri ”.

M'ntchito yapitayi, tawonetsa momwe kutanthauzira kwa zochitika zolimbitsa zikhoza kusintha pakapita nthawi21 ndipo nkutheka kuti bwino, zomwe zimachitika pambuyo pake pa chiyanjano chotsatira zimamuloleza kuti aphatikizepo poyamba, osakondweretsa kukhala nkhani yokhudzana ndi kugonana kwaumwini mu chibwenzi chokhazikika, makamaka m'mene adakondwera ndi zomwe anali nazo poyamba zakupweteka.

Ngakhale zinali zabwino, nkhani ya Alicia ilinso ndi zisonyezo zakukayikira ("sindinkafuna kuyesera […] sindinali wotsimikiza"). Ndizotheka kuti pomwe amalankhula zakusangalala ndi mchitidwewu, nkhani yake idapangidwa motengera zomwe amayembekeza azimayi omwe akukana kugonana kumatako. Mofananamo, amuna samangolankhula zokha za kusasangalala ndikulowerera mkazi, amangotchula pambuyo pamafunso achindunji, ndikuthandizira ntchito zina zofotokozera za udindo wa amuna kuti afotokozere zabwino zokha zakugonana.22 ,23

Kukambirana

Ambiri mwa amuna kapena akazi amodzi amanena kuti kugonana kwa abambo ndi kosangalatsa komanso kugonana kwa abambo kuti agwire akazi. Phunziroli limapereka ndondomeko chifukwa chake kugonana kwa abambo kumachitika ngakhale izi.

Ofunsidwa kawirikawiri amatchula zolaula monga "kufotokoza" kwa kugonana kwa abambo, komabe zikuwoneka kuti akuwona izi monga cholimbikitsa kwa amuna. Chithunzi chokwanira cha chifukwa chake abambo ndi abambo amayamba kugonana ndi abambo kuchokera ku akaunti zawo. Zikuwoneka kuti kugonana kwa abambo kumachitika m "nkhani yomwe ili ndi malemba asanu okhudzana ndi mfundo zofunikira zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa:

Choyamba, nkhani za amuna ena zimati kukondana ndi kuvomerezana zogonana kumatako sichinali chofunikira kwambiri kwa iwo nthawi zonse. Omwe amafunsidwa nthawi zambiri amalankhula momasuka za kulowa mkati komwe azimayi amatha kupwetekedwa kapena kukakamizidwa (“Ukhoza kung'amba ngati ungakakamize kugonana kumatako”; Mwambiri, ngakhale atakhala kuti alibe okha), koma kuti ambiri a iwo amavomereza kapena osatsutsa. Zochitika zina, makamaka kulowa 'mwangozi' komwe ena amafunsidwa, zinali zododometsa ngati angawerengedwe ngati kugwiriridwa (mwachitsanzo, kulowa kosavomerezeka), koma tikudziwa kuchokera pamafunso a Jack kuti 'ngozi' zitha kuchitika cholinga.

Chachiwiri, zikuoneka kuti akazi omwe ali ndi chilakolako chogonana ndi achilendo amawoneka ngati abwino.

Chachitatu, maganizo omwe anthu ambiri amakhala nawo, komanso kuti amayi omwe sali olakwika kapena kusunga chinsinsi chawo, amathandizira lingaliro lolakwika kuti munthu akukakamiza kugonana ndi abambo kumangokakamiza mnzake kuti achite chinthu chimene 'atsikana ambiri angafune'. Ngakhale nkhani ya Alicia ili ndi zina mwazokakamiza zokhudzana ndi kugonana kumatako zomwe azimayi ena amafotokoza molakwika, ngakhale Alicia akuti amasangalala ndi kugonana kumatako.

Chachinai, kugonana kwa abambo lero kumawoneka ngati chizindikiro cha (hetero) kukwaniritsa kugonana kapena zochitika, makamaka kwa amuna.18 Gulu lomwe amafunsidwa omwe akukhalamo likuwoneka kuti limapereka mphotho kwa amuna pazogonana paokha ('cholinga chilichonse') ndipo, pamlingo winawake, amapatsa mphotho azimayi chifukwa chotsatira zachiwerewere (chisangalalo chosonyeza kuti ndiopusa, osapumira, ndi zina zambiri) , ngakhale azimayi amayenera kuyerekezera izi ndikuwopseza mbiri yawo. Amayi amathanso kukakamizidwa kuti awoneke ngati akusangalala kapena akusankha zikhalidwe zina zakugonana: Gill akufotokoza za 'chidwi chazaka zaposachedwa' pazofalitsa zamasiku ano, pomwe azimayi akuyenera kudziwonetsa kuti ali ndi machitidwe omwe amatsata malingaliro amalingaliro achimuna kapena akazi okhaokha.24 Kuwonetsera kofala kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumatako mwa amuna omwe akuswa kukana kwa akazi kumatha kufananizidwa ndi nkhani zakugonana koyambirira25 ndipo mwinamwake mwawagonjetsa iwo pamlingo winawake ku Britain momwe chiwerewere chisanachitike chimaonedwa kuti ndi chachilendo ndipo mwinamwake sichikhala 'kugonjetsa'.

Chachisanu, amuna ambiri samangodandaula za zovuta zomwe akazi amavutika nazo, kuziwona ngati zosapeweka. Njira zopweteka zochepa (monga kuchepetsera pang'onopang'ono) sizinafotokozedwe kawirikawiri.

Pakadali pano, mchitidwe woponderezawu, komanso mchitidwe wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ukuwoneka kuti umanyalanyazidwa mu mfundo komanso maphunziro azakugonana kwa gulu laling'ono ili. Maganizo monga kusapeweka kwa azimayi, kapena kulephera kuzindikira kapena kuwunika pamachitidwe okakamiza, zimawoneka ngati zosatsutsidwa. Nkhani ya Alicia ikuwonetsa momwe azimayi angatengere zokumana nazo zomwe zitha kukhala zovuta pakufotokoza za kuwongolera, kukhumba komanso chisangalalo, zonse zomwe amatsindika mu akaunti yake.

Sitikuwuza kuti zizoloŵezi zomwe zimakhala zosangalatsa zomwe sizingatheke pakati pa msinkhu uwu, kapena kuti anthu onse amafuna kukakamiza anzawo. M'malo mwake, tikufuna kutsindika momwe kusagwirizana ndi chisangalalo cha amayi nthawi zambiri sikupezeka munkhani zakugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso momwe kupezeka kwawo sikungosiyidwa kopanda chidwi, komanso zikuwoneka kuti zikuyembekezeredwa ndi achinyamata ambiri.

Ntchito yapitayi yanena kuti mphamvu ya kugonana ingagwire ntchito mosiyana pazochitika zosiyana zogonana, komanso kuti zolemba za kugonana (mwachitsanzo, kuyembekezera za momwe zichitidwe zidzayambidwira ndi kuchitidwa) zogonana sizingakhale zovomerezeka ngati zogonana.13 Zomwe tapeza zikusonyeza kuti kukakamizidwa kungakhale ngati chilembo chachikulu cha kugonana pazaka zazing'ono izi ngati zatsala zosagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ntchito yowonjezereka ikufunika kuti muone momwe ziganizo zofanana zolimbirana zimagwirira ntchito pakati pa achinyamata m'mayiko ena. Izi ndi phunziro loyenerera, ndi kufufuza mozama zitsanzo zazing'ono kusiyana ndi zomwe zimakhala zochitika pamaphunziro a epidemiological, koma zomwe zimapangitsa malo atatu komanso magulu osiyanasiyana. Kaya kapena kuti 'chidziwitso' chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popenda kafukufuku ndi nkhani yotsutsana,26 koma tikhoza kunena kuti phunziroli limapereka malingaliro othandiza, odalirika ogwira ntchito kapena ziphunzitso zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa abambo pakati pa abambo ndi amai omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kunja kwa gulu lathu la ofunsidwa.

Maphunziro a chiwerewere, komanso makamaka zomwe ayenera kukhala nazo, ndizokambirana zapadziko lonse.27 ,28 Kupewa matenda opatsirana pogonana, kachilombo ka HIV ndi chiwawa ndizofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha thanzi padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale maphunziro a chiwerewere, komwe kulipo, sagwiritsa ntchito njira zogonana zenizeni, monga kugonana kwa abambo pakati pa abambo ndi amai-ngakhale kuti akhoza kupatsirana matenda, ndipo monga momwe nkhaniyi ikusonyezera, kuumiriza. Ku England, kumene phunziroli linali, zokambirana za zosangalatsa, zopweteka, kuvomereza ndi kuumirira zimaphatikizidwa mu maphunziro abwino a kugonana koma maphunziro amenewa amakhala okhaokha, osayenera komanso osayenera.

Kutsiliza

Kugonana pakati pa achinyamata pa phunziro lino kukuwoneka kuti ukuchitika mu nkhani yolimbikitsa ululu, chiopsezo ndi kuumirizidwa. Kuwongolera kuchitapo kanthu pofuna kuchepetsa kugonana kwa abambo kungathandize kulimbikitsa kukambirana za mgwirizano ndi kuvomereza, kuchepetsa njira zopweteka komanso zopweteka komanso kutsutsana ndi maganizo omwe amawumiriza kuti agwirizane.

Kuvomereza

Olembawo ayamika Kaye Wellings ndi Tim Rhodes chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yomanga polojekiti, olemba awiri omwe amapereka chithandizo chawo, ndi Amber Marks ndi Crofton Black chifukwa cha ndemanga zawo pamndandanda wakale wa zolembazo.

Mawu a M'munsi

  • CM yowonjezera ndi RL yathandizira pakukonzekera, kuchita ndi kulengeza za ntchito yomwe inalembedwa m'nkhaniyi. CM ndi guarantor pamanjayi.

  • Zopereka zothandizira pa phunziroli zinaperekedwa ku Economic and Social Research Council (UK) RES-062-23-1756.

  • Zosangalatsa zovuta.

  • Kupititsa patsogolo ndi kukambirana kwa anzanu Osatumidwa; kunja kwapamwamba kukambirana.

  • Kuvomerezeka pamakhalidwe Kuvomerezedwa kwamakhalidwe kunaperekedwa ndi London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Research Ethics Committee (Kugwiritsa Ntchito # 5608). Onse omwe atenga nawo mbali adapereka chidziwitso asanadziwe nawo kafukufukuyu.

  • Ndondomeko yogawa deta Palibe zina zowonjezera zomwe zilipo.

Ichi ndi nkhani yotsegulidwa yotsegulidwa malinga ndi chilolezo cha Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 3.0), chomwe chimalola ena kuti azigawira, kuwunikira, kusintha ndi kumanga pa ntchitoyi, kuti agwiritse ntchito malonda, atapereka ntchito yoyamba idafotokozedwa bwino . Onani: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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