YBOP Comments: zotsatirazi ndizoyankha kwa Phunziro la EEG (Steele et al. 2013) inasindikizidwa mu July, 2013 ndi SPAN Lab. Phunziroli linalimbikitsidwa ndi Nicole Prause monga vuto lalikulu pa zolaula ndi kugonana. YBOP inafotokoza phunziro ili lopanda pake panthaŵi yomwe ilo linatulutsidwa: Labani la SPAN Limakhudza Zosavuta Zophunzira Phunzirani Monga Pansi-Kuthetsa. Onaninso - Kafukufuku wambiri amanamizira kuti zachiwerewere & zolaula "amangokhala ndi chilakolako chofuna kugonana"
LINK KU PAPA YOYAMBA
Donald L. Hilton, Wamng'ono, MD*
Dipatimenti ya Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Sciences Center ku San Antonio, USA
Lofalitsidwa: 21 February 2014
Ichi ndi nkhani yotsegulidwa yotsegulidwa pansi pa lamulo la Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), kulola anthu atatu kuti azifaniziranso ndi kufalitsa uthengawo mwachinthu chilichonse kapena zojambulajambula ndi kusindikiza, kusintha, ndi kumanga pazinthu zilizonse, ngakhale malonda, kupatula kuti ntchito yoyamba idafotokozedwa bwino ndi kunena chilolezo chake.
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Kutsimikiza kwa kutsutsana kumadalira kumveka kwa malo ake. Mu pepala laposachedwapa la Steele et al., Ziganizidwe zimachokera pa kumanga koyamba kwa matanthauzo okhudzana ndi 'chikhumbo' ndi 'chizoloŵezi'. Izi zikutanthawuza pazinthu zoganizira ndi ziyeneretso, zomwe malirewo amavomerezedwa ndi olemba poyamba, koma mosadziwika kuti ananyalanyaza kuti atsimikizire mfundo zomwe olemba amapanga. Komabe, kutsimikizika kwazifukwazi sikoyenera, osati chifukwa chokhalira ndi vuto loyambitsa mavuto komanso chifukwa cha njira zovuta.
Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani lingaliro la 'chilakolako cha kugonana'. Ndime yoyamba ikuvomereza kuti 'zilakolako za kugonana ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa nthawi zonse kuti zithetse khalidwe la kugonana', ndipo ziyenera kulamulidwa ngati zili zoletsedwa (pedophilia) kapena zosayenera (kusakhulupirika). Chigawocho chimathera ndi chidziwitso kuti mawu akuti 'kugonana' samatanthauzira vuto linalake pokhapokha, koma limangotanthauzira gawo la anthu omwe ali ndi chikhumbo chachikulu.
Ndime yotsatira ikufotokoza zomwe Winters et al., Zomwe zikusonyeza kuti 'Kugonana kocheperako ... kumatha kungokhala chisonyezo chazakugonana komanso zovuta zomwe zimadza chifukwa chothana ndi malingaliro, zogonana, ndi zosowa zambiri' (Winters, Christoff , & Gorzalka, 2010). Zimachokera pamaganizo awa Steele et al. ndiye amayamba kukayikira chitsanzo cha matenda pa "vuto" lomwe limagwirizanitsidwa ndi kulamulira chilakolako cha kugonana. Poyerekezera zojambula zosiyanasiyana za 'chilakolako', kuyang'ana pa TV pa ana akugwiritsidwa ntchito monga chitsanzo. Masentensi awiri omalizira mu ndimeyi amatsimikiziranso kuti mapepala onsewa amayesera kutsimikizira kuti:
Kuchiza kumawunikira kuchepetsa maola ochuluka akuwonera machitidwe a televizioni popanda matenda omwe amawagwiritsira ntchito monga "mankhwala osokoneza bongo" komanso ogwira ntchito. Izi zikusonyeza kuti njira yomweyi ingakhale yoyenera chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana if chitsanzo cha matendawa sichimangowonjezera mphamvu zopitilira chilakolako chofuna kugonana. (Steele, Staley, Fong, & Pembedzero, 2013)
Malingana ndi kufanana kwake, chilakolako chowonera TV kwa ana komanso chilakolako chogonana ndi anthu akuluakulu, olembawo amayamba kukambirana pazokambirana zochitika (ERPs) ndi kufotokoza motsatira ndondomeko yawo yophunzira, zotsatira ndi zotsatira ndi kukambirana, ndikufika pamapeto:
Pomalizira, miyeso yoyamba ya neural reactivity ku zolaula zogonana ndi zosagonana pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chofotokozera mavuto omwe akuwonetsa momwe akuwonera zovuta zofanana ndizo zimapereka chithandizo cha zitsanzo za kugonana kosagonana, monga momwe zilili ndi mafunso. Mwachindunji, kusiyana pakati pawindo la P300 pakati pa zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi ndale kunanenedweratu ndi chilakolako cha kugonana, koma osati ndi njira iliyonse (ya zitatu) yokhudzana ndi kugonana. (Steele et al., 2013)
Ndi mawu awa olemba adanena kuti chikhumbo chachikulu, ngakhale ngati chiri chovuta kwa iwo omwe amachiwona, sichiri cholakwika, ziribe kanthu zotsatira.
Ena adanena zolephera zazikulu za phunziro lino. Mwachitsanzo, wolemba nyuzipepala Nicole Prause adayankha kuti, 'Zofufuza za mankhwala osokoneza bongo, monga cocaine, zasonyeza momwe ubongo umayankhira pa zithunzi za mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kotero tinaneneratu kuti tiyenera kuona chitsanzo chomwecho mwa anthu omwe Kufotokozera mavuto ndi kugonana ngati akadali chidakwa '. John Johnson wanena zinthu zingapo zovuta ndi ntchito iyi ya Dunning et al. (2011) pepala akunena ngati maziko oyerekeza ndi Steele et al. pepala. Choyamba, Dunning et al. pepala amagwiritsidwa ntchito katatu: osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a cocaine, ogwiritsira ntchito panopo, ndi machitidwe oletsa mankhwala. The Steele et al. pepala linalibe gulu lolamulira la mtundu uliwonse. Chachiwiri, Dunning et al. mapepala anayeza ma ERP angapo m'mabongo, kuphatikizapo posachedwa kusamvetsetsa (EPN), kulingalira kusonyeza chidwi cha chisankho cham'mbuyomu, ndi luso lochedwa (LPP), lomwe linalingalira kuti liwonetsedwenso zowonongeka. Kuwonjezera apo, maphunziro a Dunning anadziwika bwino kwambiri ndi mbali zoyambirira ndi zomalizira za LPP, zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti ziwonetsedwe mosalekeza. Komanso, Dunning et al. mapepala osiyana pakati pa ERP izi mosiyana, posagwiritsa ntchito, komanso magulu olamulira bwino. The Steele et al. mapepala, komabe, ankawoneka pa ERP imodzi, p300, yomwe Dunning inayerekeza ndi mawindo oyambirira a LLP. The Steele et al. olemba ngakhale adavomereza cholakwika ichi chowongolera: 'Njira ina ndi yakuti p300 si malo abwino kwambiri owonetsera maubwenzi ndi zokakamiza zokhuza kugonana. LPP pang'ono pang'onopang'ono ikuwoneka kwambiri yogwirizana ndi zifukwa '. Steel ndi al. avomereze kuti sangathe kuyerekezera zotsatira zawo ku Dunning et al. kuphunzira, komabe ziganizo zawo bwino zimapanga kufanana kwake. Ponena za Steele et al. Johnson anafotokoza mwachidule kuti, 'Kupeza chiwerengero chodziwika bwino sikunatanthauzenso za kuledzera. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kupeza kwakukulu ndi zoipa Kugwirizana pakati pa P300 ndi chilakolako chogonana ndi mnzanu (r = -0.33), kusonyeza kuti kukula kwa P300 kumagwirizana ndi m'munsi chilakolako cha kugonana; Izi zikutsutsana mwachindunji kutanthauzira kwa P300 monga mkulu chikhumbo. Palibe kusiyana kwa magulu ena osokoneza bongo. Palibe kusiyana kwa magulu olamulira. Zotsatira zomwe ochita kafukufuku amachokera ndizomwe zimatuluka kuchokera ku deta, zomwe sizimanena kanthu ngati anthu omwe amafotokoza mavuto omwe amachititsa kuti aziwona zojambula zogonana kapena alibe ubongo amayankha mofananamo ndi cocaine kapena mitundu ina ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo ' John A. Johnson, PhD, 2013).
Ngakhale kulephera kwina kulikonse mu phunziroli ndikuphatikizapo kusowa gulu lokwanira lolamulira, kusagwirizana kwa phunziro lachitsanzo, ndi kulephera kumvetsa zolephera za P300 kuti zikhale zoyenerera komanso zogwiritsira ntchito moyenerera ndikusiyanitsa pakati pa 'chikhumbo chogonana chokha' komanso pathologically zofuna za kugonana zosayenera, mwinamwake cholakwika chachikulu kwambiri chikukhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kumvetsetsa mawu akuti 'chikhumbo'. N'zoonekeratu kuti pomanga nsanja yeniyeniyi, olembawo amachepetsera lingaliro la chikhumbo ndi mawu akuti 'chabe'. Chilakolako, chokhudzana ndi zamoyo zokhudzana ndi kugonana, ndizovuta zogwiritsira ntchito mesencephalic dopaminergic drive ndi maulendo omwe amatha kuzindikira komanso kugwirizana. Monga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa kugonana, dopamine imadziwika kuti ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa zokhudzana ndi kugonana, zomwe zakhala zikusungidwa mu mtengo wokhazikika (Pfaus, 2010). Chibadwa chokhudzana ndi kapangidwe komanso chiwonetsero chazakugonana chimapezeka ponseponse pa phyla komanso chimakhala chovuta kuvuta. Ngakhale pali kusiyana koonekeratu pakati pa kugonana, kufunafuna chakudya, ndi machitidwe ena, omwe ndi ofunikira pakusintha kwamphamvu, tsopano tikudziwa kuti pali kufanana kwama makina am'magazi omwe 'kukhumbira' kwawo kumachokera. Tsopano tikudziwa kuti makinawa adapangidwa kuti 'aphunzire', m'njira yolumikizira ndi kusintha njira. Monga momwe lamulo la Hebb limanenera, 'Neurons omwe amayaka pamodzi, amatulutsa waya pamodzi'. Tidazindikira kuthekera kwaubongo kusintha mawonekedwe ake ndi kuphunzira kwamalipiro m'maphunziro oyambilira okhudzana ndi chizolowezi chomwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, koma tsopano tawona maphunziro ozungulira mphotho ya neuronal ndi zikhumbo zowoneka ngati zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso kulakalaka mchere.
Mafotokozedwe okhudzana ndi chikhumbo ndi ofunika apa; chinthu chokha, pamene tikuganizira kuti 'tikulakalaka' kukhala ndi zovuta zambiri monga momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito m'mabuku okhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kubwereranso. Umboni umasonyeza kuti zida zokhumba zokhumba zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe monga mchere ndi kugonana zimapempha - ndi kunyalanyaza ndikutsatiridwa - njira yokhala ndi ubongo wothandizira kukonzanso ndi kugwedeza maulendo a neuronal (Pitchers et al., 2010; Roitman et al., 2002). Chodziwika, chilakolako choipa chimayambika pofuna kuti ziganizidwe zokhudzana ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zimapangitsa kufa kwa nyama monga kusowa kwa mchere, komwe kumapangitsa nyamayo kuti ipewe imfa ndi kupewa. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo mwa anthu, mochititsa chidwi, kungakhudze chilakolako chofanana chomwe chimayambitsa zovuta zofanana kuti zikhalebe mosasamala kanthu za chiopsezo cha imfa, kusokonezeka kwa galimotoyi. Chochitika chomwechi chimapezeka ndi chizoloŵezi cha chizoloŵezi cha thupi, monga munthu wokhala ndi nthenda yambiri yam'mimba ndi matenda aakulu a mtima omwe akupitiriza kudya zakudya zamtundu wapatali, kapena wina amene ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana kupitilira kuchita zachiwerewere ndi alendo ngakhale ali ndi mwayi wopeza matenda opatsirana pogonana monga HIV ndi hepatitis. Geniyo imapangitsa kuti anthu azikonda kwambiri mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso chilakolako chofuna kuwononga chilengedwe, mchere, zimathandiza kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Liedtke et al., 2011). Timamvetsetsanso kuti zovuta zokhudzana ndi kusintha kumeneku zimaphatikizapo kusintha kwa maselo, mapulogalamu, ndi ma modulator monga DeltaFosB, orexin, Cdk5, neural plasticity regulator (anti-cytoskeleton-protein protein) (ARC), yomwe imayambitsa mapuloteni tyrosine phosphatase ( STEP), ndi ena. Mabungwe amenewa amapanga zovuta kuwonetsa, zomwe ndi zofunika kuti maphunziro a neural asinthe.
Zomwe timakumana nazo monga 'kukhumba', kapena 'kukhumba kwakukulu', ndizochokera kwa meseniphalic ndi hypothalamic impetus zomwe zimapanga, kutenga nawo mbali, ndipo ndi mbali ya kugwiritsidwa ntchito kotsitsimutsa chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa chidziwitso chodziwika ndi chosadziwika. Monga momwe tawonetsera m'nyuzipepala yathu yaposachedwapa ya PNAS, zilakolako za chibadwidwechi zimati "zikuoneka kuti zikuwonetsa kuti zamoyo zakale zakhala zogwirizana ndi kukondweretsedwa kwa zifukwa zamakono zotchedwa hedonic '(Liedtke et al., 2011, PNAS), poti tapeza kuti mchere womwewo umakhala ndi chilakolako cha mchere. Kulingalira kwa chidziwitso cha "chikhumbo" ichi, cholinga chofuna kupeza mphotho, 'kukhumba' kuti mutenge kachilombo kachiwiri ndikutanthauza kugwiritsidwa ntchito molunjika kwa kayendedwe ka pansi kwambiri komwe kamakhala koyambira mu hypothalamic / mesencephalic axis. Pamene zimadzetsa kusadzitetezedwa ndipo_pamene ziwonetsedwe - zilakolako zowononga mphotho, kodi timagawaniza ubweya wa ubongo ndikutanthauza kuti 'kungokhala' chilakolako chokwanira m'malo moledzera?
Nkhani inayo ikukhudzana ndi kusasintha. Palibe paliponse mu Steele et al. papepala pali zokambirana pazifukwa zomwe anthu awa ali ndi 'chidwi chachikulu'. Kodi anabadwa choncho? Udindo wake ndi uti, ngati ulipo, wachilengedwe pamakhalidwe oyenera komanso owerengera pazokhumba zomwe zanenedwa? Kodi kuphunzira kumatha kukhudza chikhumbo mwa ena mwa anthu owerengerawa? (Hoffman & Safron, 2012). Lingaliro la olemba pankhaniyi silingamvetsetse momwe kusinthasintha kosasintha kwama cell ndi ma macroscopic. Tikudziwa, mwachitsanzo, kuti kusintha kwazinthu zazing'ono zomwe zimawoneka ndimaphunziro a neuronal kumalumikizidwanso ndi kusintha kwakukulu. Kafukufuku wochuluka amatsimikizira kufunikira kwa pulasitiki, monga ambiri adanenetsa motere: 'Mosiyana ndi malingaliro akuti kusintha kwamaubongo amtundu wa ubongo kumatheka pokhapokha munthawi yovuta kwambiri, neuroscience yamakono imatenga lingaliro la ubongo wapulasitiki wosatha' (Draganski & May, 2008); 'Kulingalira kwaubongo wamunthu kwazindikira kusintha kwakapangidwe kazinthu zoyera ndi zoyera zomwe zimachitika ndimaphunziro… 2012).
Pomaliza, ganiziraninso mawu a wolemba kuti 'chilakolako chofuna kugonana'. Georgiadis (2012) posachedwa akuti gawo lapakati la dopaminergic kwa anthu mkatikati mwa ubongo kupita ku striatum pathway. Mwa zabwino zonse zachilengedwe, chilakolako chogonana chimaphatikizapo kukwera kwambiri kwa dopamine mu striatum, ndimagawo mpaka 200% oyambira (Fiorino & Phillips, 1997), yofanana ndi morphine (Di Chiara & Imperato, 1988) mu zitsanzo zoyesera. Kuchepetsa, kuchepetseratu, ndi kusokoneza chilakolako chogonana ndi kulephera kumvetsetsa mbali yeniyeni yokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi zolinga za anthu ndi kusinthika. Zimasonyezeranso kuti ndiiveté chotani pa zomwe tsopano zikuvomerezeka kumvetsetsa za mphotho yamakono, chifukwa imatchula chilakolako chogonana monga chobadwa, chosasinthika, komanso chitetezo cha mthupi mwakuya chifukwa chazotheka kusintha kaya chikhalidwe kapena quantitatively. Zovuta kwambiri, komabe, monga momwe Steele et al. pepala, ndiye kuti chiphunzitso cha myopic sichimvetsetsa kuti chiphunzitso cha sayansi tsopano chimatiuza kuti 'chilakolako chachikulu', pamene chimachititsa chizoloŵezi chovuta, chosafuna, ndi chowononga, ndi 'kungokhala' chidakwa.
Zothandizira
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Zatorre, RJ, Munda, RD, & Johansen-Berg, H. (2012). Mapulasitiki okhala ndi imvi ndi yoyera: Kusintha kwa neuroimaging pakapangidwe kaubongo pophunzira. Nature Neuroscience, 15, 528-536. Zosindikizidwa M'Buku | Zatchulidwa Pakati Pathunthu | Wolemba Wathunthu Wofalitsa
*Donald L. Hilton 4410 Medical Drive
Maapatimenti 610
San Antonio
Texas, 77829
USA
Email: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
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