Zotsalira Zotsalira za Mphotho: Kukonda, Kufuna, ndi Kuphunzira (2010)

Mphotho: Ndemanga - Gulu ili lili ndi maphunziro ndi kuwunika kambiri komwe kumawunika magawo a neural ofuna kapena kukonda. Malingaliro apano akuwonetsa kuti njira za dopamine ndizokonda ndipo njira za opioid zikufuna. Kuledzera kumafuna kwambiri kotero kuti mupitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito ngakhale mutakumana ndi zovuta.

Phunziro Lathunthu: Dissecting zigawo za mphotho: 'kukonda', 'kufuna', ndi kuphunzira

Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2009 February; 9 (1): 65-73.

Idasindikizidwa pa intaneti 2009 January 21. yani: 10.1016 / j.coph.2008.12.014.

Kent C Berridge, Terry E Robinson, ndi J Wayne Aldridge

Dipatimenti ya Address of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109-1043, USA

Wolemba wofanana: Berridge, Kent C (Email: [imelo ndiotetezedwa])

Kudalirika

M'zaka zaposachedwapa zapita patsogolo kwambiri zakhala zikupangidwira kulingalira kwazigawo zamaganizo za mphotho ndi njira zawo zoyambirira zaukodzo. Apa tikufotokozera mwachidule zotsatira za magawo atatu a dissociable maganizo a mphotho: 'kukonda'(hedonic impact),'akufuna'(kulimbitsa mtima), ndi learning (mayanjano okhudzidwa ndi zidziwitso). Kumvetsetsa bwino za zigawo za mphotho, ndi magawo awo a ubongo, zingathandize pakukonza chithandizo chamankhwala chifukwa cha kusokonezeka maganizo ndi zolimbikitsa, kuyambira kuvutika maganizo mpaka ku matenda, kusokoneza bongo, ndi zofuna zowonjezera zomwe zimapindulitsa.

Pitani ku:

Introduction

sanakonde

Kwa anthu ambiri 'mphotho' ndi yofunikanso chifukwa imapereka chidziwitso cha zosangalatsa - motero liwulo lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kutanthauza zochitika zamaganizo ndi zamaganizo zomwe zimabweretsa zokondweretsa. Koma umboni umasonyeza kuti zosangalatsa zokhazokha ndi gawo limodzi la mphotho, ndipo mphotho imeneyo ingakhudze khalidwe ngakhale ngati palibe kudziŵa bwino za iwo. Zoonadi, kufotokozera mwachidwi nthaŵi zina kungachititse kuti chisokonezo chikhale chokwanira, pomwe zochitika mwamsanga zingakhale zolondola kwambiri [1].

Mochulukitsa, ngakhale kusazindikira kapena kusakhudzika kwa 'zomwe' zimakhudzidwa ndi hedonic stimuli zitha kuyerekezedwa pamakhalidwe kapena zolimbitsa thupi popanda kusangalala ndi chisangalalo (monga mwa kuwonetsa mwachidule mawonekedwe osangalatsa a nkhope kapena mankhwala ochepa a cocaine wochepa) [2,3]. Choncho, ngakhale mwina zozizwitsa, njira zowonetsera zofuna zowonjezera nthawi zina zimapereka mwayi wowonjezera machitidwe a hedonic kusiyana ndi malipoti ovomerezeka.

Cholinga chachikulu cha chidziwitso cha ubongo ndi kudziwa kuti ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chisangalalo chikhale chosangalatsa. Kafukufuku wa neuroimaging ndi neural zolemba maphunziro apeza kuti mphotho yochokera ku kukoma kokoma kwa cocaine intravenous, kupindula ndalama kapena kumwetulira nkhope amachititsa ambiri ubongo nyumba, kuphatikizapo orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate ndi insula, ndi structures subcortical monga nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, ventral tegmentum, ndi mesolimbic dopamine malingaliro, amygdala, ndi zina zotero [4 •,5,6,7 ••,8,9 •,10 •,11-13].

Koma ndi uti mwa machitidwe aubongo amenewo omwe amayambitsa chisangalalo cha mphothoyo? Ndipo ndi ziti zomwe zimayambitsa ntchito ndizongolumikizitsa (mwachitsanzo chifukwa chofalitsa maulamuliro) kapena zotsatira za chisangalalo (kuyanjanitsa m'malo ena ozindikira, zolimbikitsa, zamagalimoto, ndi zina. Ife ndi ena tapeza kufunafuna kosangalatsa m'maphunziro a nyama pozindikiritsa kuwongolera kwa ubongo komwe kumakulitsa mphamvu ya hedonic [6,14 ••,15,16,17 •,18-22].

Kuti tiphunzire machitidwe a neural omwe amachititsa zotsatira za hedonic za mphotho, ife ndi ena tapindula ndi cholinga chofuna 'kukonda' zomwe zimapatsa mphoto zokoma, monga maonekedwe a makanda obadwa kumene ndi maonekedwe a orangutans, chimpanzi, nyani, ngakhale makoswe ndi mbewa [4 •,18,23,24]. Maswiti amachititsa kuti maonekedwe a "nkhope" aziwoneka bwino (milomo ya lipilomo, zilembo zamalankhula, etc.), pamene zokonda zowawa mmalo mwake zimapangitsa kuti 'kusokoneza' mau (gapes, etc ;; Chithunzi 1; Chithunzi chowonjezera cha 1). Kukonda kotereku kumayendetsedwe ndi utsogoleri wa ubongo chifukwa cha mphamvu ya hedonic m'magulu ndi ubongo, ndipo zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zimasintha zokondweretsa, monga njala / satiety ndi zokonda zozizwitsa kukoma kapena zovuta.

Chithunzi 1

Zitsanzo zabwino zokhudzana ndi khalidwe labwino komanso ubongo wa hedonic wokhala ndi zosangalatsa. Pamwamba: Zochitika zabwino za hedonic 'zokondweretsa' zimapangidwa ndi sucrose kukoma kwa makoswe a ana ndi akuluakulu (mwachitsanzo chilankhulidwe cha malirime). ...

Njira zochepa zokha za m'magazi zakhala zikupezeka pakalipano kuti zitha kukondweretsa zomwe zimakhudza zokoma pamphuno, komanso m'malo ochepa chabe a ubongo. Opioid, endocannabinoid, ndi njira za GABA-benzodiazepine zokhudzana ndi matenda a ubongo ndizofunikira kuti apange zosangalatsa zokhazokha [14 ••,15,16,17 •,25,26] makamaka pa malo enieni a ziwalo zamagulu (Chithunzi 1 ndi Chithunzi 2) [15,16,17 •,21,27]. Tinawatcha malo otchedwa hedonic hotspots 'chifukwa amatha kuonjezera machitidwe a' kukonda ', ndi mwachindunji, zosangalatsa. Malo amodzi otchedwa hedonic for optimization opioid of pleasure sensory ali mu nucleus accumbens mkati mwa rostrodorsal quadrant ya yake yapakati chigoba, pafupifupi mamita millimeter mu volume [14 ••,15,28].

Ndiye kuti, hotspot imakhala ndi 30% yokha ya kuchuluka kwa zigamba zamankhwala, ndipo zosakwana 10% ya maukosi onse am'madzi. Mkati mwa hedonic hotspot, microinjection ya mu opioid agonist, DAMGO, imawonjezera kapena kutsata kuchuluka kwa zosintha zomwe zachitika chifukwa cha kukoma kwa sucrose [14 ••,28]. Malo ena otchedwa hedonic hotspot amapezeka kufupi ndi theka la pallidum yamakono, kumene DAMGO imapanganso mwakuya kuchitapo kanthu 'kukonda' ku kukoma kwake [17 •,21,28]. M'malo onse awiriwa, microinjection yomweyi imaphatikizapo 'kufuna' chakudya pofuna kutengera khalidwe la kudya komanso kudya zakudya.

Chithunzi 2

Kuwonjezeka kwa malo opioid hotspot mumtengowo kumaphatikizapo kufotokoza 'kukonda' ndi 'kufuna' zones. Chobiriwira: chigoba chonse chokhala pakati chimaphatikizapo kuwonjezeka kwa opioid kuwonjezeka mu 'kufuna' kwa mphotho ya chakudya. ...

Kunja kwa malo oterewa, ngakhale mu dongosolo lomwelo, zokopa za opioid zimapangitsa zotsatira zosiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku NAc kumalo ena onse DAMGO microinjections akadakalipira 'kufuna' chakudya monga momwe zilili mu hotspot, koma musamangokonda 'kukonda' (ngakhale kulepheretsa 'kukonda' pamalo enaake otentha kwambiri mu chipolopolo chamkati. akadakalipira chakudya chodyera; Chithunzi 2). Choncho, kuyerekezera zotsatira za ntchito ya opioid kapena kunja kwa malo osungirako zida ku NAC zimagwiritsa ntchito malo omvera opioid omwe amachititsa kuti 'akondwere' ali osiyana kwambiri ndi omwe amachititsa kuti '14 ••,16].

Endocannabinoids imapangitsanso 'kukonda' zomwe zimachitika mu NAC hotspot yomwe imadutsa malo opioid [16,27]. Microinjection ya anandamide mu endocannabinoid hotspot, mwinamwake mukukakamiza CB1 receptors kumeneko, zambiri kuposa kawiri kuchuluka kwa 'kukonda' zochita kuti sucrose kulawa (ndipo oposa kaŵirikaŵiri kudya). Izi zotchedwa hedonic endocannabinoid substrate zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi zotsatira za mankhwala a antagonist endocannabinoid pamene amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala omwe angakhale olemera kwambiri kapena oledzeretsa [16,29,30].

Palralum yotchedwa ventral ndichinthu chachikulu chomwe chimapangitsa kuti phokoso likhale lopangidwa, ndipo theka lachimake liri ndi kachiwiri kokhala ndi opioid hotspot [17 •,21]. Mu pallidum hotspot, microinjections ya DAMGO kawiri 'yokonda' ya sucrose ndi 'kufuna' chakudya (kuyezedwa monga kudya). Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, microinjection ya DAMGO yapansi kumalo otsekemera amatsitsa 'kukonda' ndi 'kufuna'. Mosiyana, 'kufuna' kulimbikitsidwa mosiyana kumalo onse a ventral pallidum mwa kutsekedwa kwa GABAA malonda kudzera bicuculline microinjection, popanda kusintha 'kukonda' pamalo alionse [17 •,31].

Udindo wa ventral pallidum mu 'kukonda' ndi 'kufuna' umapangitsa chidwi cha maphunziro a neural activation chifukwa cha mphotho. Kwa anthu, cocaine, kugonana, chakudya, kapena mphotho ya ndalama zonse zimalimbikitsa ventral pallidum, kuphatikizapo malo apansi omwe amatsatira zomwe zimagwirizana ndi hedonic hotspot mu makoswe [9 •,10 •,11,21]. Pafupikitsa zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo timene timakhala tomwe timapanga timadzi timene timapanga timadzi timene timapanga timadzi timene timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timapanga timadzi timene timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala timchere tambiri (salatu madzi amchere) [7 ••]. Komabe, palokha kusiyana pakumawombera pakati pa sucrose ndi mchere sikutsimikizira kuti ma neuron amawononga mphamvu yawo ya hedonic ('kukonda' motsutsana ndi 'kusaya') m'malo mwakuti, ndi lingaliro chabe lazomwe limalimbikitsa ).

Komabe, tidapezanso kuti zochitika za m'magazi zimatsata kusintha kwa mphamvu ya hedonic ya kukondwerera pamene kukoma kwa NaCl kunasinthidwa mwakufuna ndikupangitsa chidwi cha thupi. Pamene makoswe atatha sodium (ndi mineralocorticoid mahomoni ndi makonzedwe a diuretic), kukoma kwamchere kwambiri kunakhala kokhala "kosangalatsa" mochuluka monga sucrose, ndipo ma neurons mu ventral pallidum adayamba kuyaka ndi mchere mokulira ngati sucrose [7 ••] (Chithunzi 3). Timaganiza kuti ziwonetsero zoterezi zimasonyeza kuti, zenizeni zowombera za pallidal neurons zowonjezera zimapangitsa hedonic 'kukonda' kuti zikhale zosangalatsa, m'malo mochita zinthu zosavuta kumva [21,32].

Chithunzi 3

Kulemba kwa Neuronal 'kukonda' chifukwa cha zokondweretsa zokoma za zokoma ndi zamchere. Mayankho a Neuronal kuwombera amasonyeza kuchokera ku ventral pallidum electrode kujambula kwa zokonda za sucrose ndi mchere wochuluka zomwe zimalowetsedwa mkamwa mwa makoswe. Awiri ...

Malo otchedwa Hedonic hotspots omwe amagawidwa mu ubongo angakhale ogwirizana pamodzi mu dera lophatikizana lodziwika bwino lomwe limaphatikizapo maulendo angapo omwe amachititsa kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino, komanso kuzilumba zambirimbiri zomwe zimagulitsa limodzi [21,24,27]. Pamwamba pamtunda wa ziwalo zam'mimba muzitsulo zam'tsogolo, kukondweretsa 'kukonda' ndi malo omwe amapezeka mu accumbens ndi ventral pallidum amatha kugwira ntchito limodzi monga wogwirizanitsa ntchito limodzi, akusowa mavoti amodzi mwa mavoti onse awiri [28]. Mwachitsanzo, hedonic amplification ndi opioid stimulation ya hotspot imodzi ikhoza kusokonezeka ndi opioid receptor blockade pa malo ena hotspot ngakhale 'kufuna' amplification ndi NAc hotspot anali amphamvu, ndipo anapitiriza pambuyo VP hotspot blockade [28].

Kuyanjana kofananako komwe 'kukonda' kwawonedwa potsatira maopioid ndi benzodiazepine pamankhwala (mwina kuphatikizira gawo la parabrachial nucleus of the brainstem pons) [27]. Kufuna 'kukumbitsa' kupangidwa ndi benzodiazepine kayendedwe kumawoneka kuti akuyenera kuitanitsa opioids osakwanira, chifukwa amaletsedwa ndi naloxone administration [33]. Potero dera limodzi la hedonic lingaphatikize pamodzi njira zambiri za m'maganizo ndi njira zamagetsi zowonjezera zomwe zingawathandize kuti akondwere ndi zosangalatsa.

'Kufuna'

Kawirikawiri ubongo 'umakonda' mphoto zomwe 'ukufuna'. Koma nthawi zina zingangowonjezera. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti zopindulitsa ndi 'kufuna' mphotho zimakhala zosagwirizana kwambiri ndi maganizo komanso zamaganizo. Mwa 'kufuna', tifunika kulimbitsa mtima, mtundu wa chilimbikitso chomwe chimalimbikitsa kuyandikira ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphotho, komanso zomwe zimakhala zosiyana ndi zamaganizo. Mwachitsanzo, kulimbikitsidwa kumaphatikizidwa ndi mitundu yambiri ya chidziwitso chomwe chimatanthauzidwa ndi mawu wamba, kufuna, omwe akuphatikizapo zolinga zowonetsera kapena zoyembekezeratu za zotsatira za mtsogolo, zomwe makamaka zimayimira pakati pa maulendo oyendetsa [34-37].

Poyerekeza, masisitini olimbikitsira amayendetsedwa ndi machitidwe olemera kwambiri a masikono omwe amaphatikiza ma mesolimbic dopamine zowerengera, safuna kuyembekezera kopindulitsa ndipo amayang'ana kwambiri kukondweretsa kokhudzana ndi mphotho [34,35,38]. Pazochitika monga kuledzera, kukhudzidwa, kulimbikitsa pakati pa kulimbikitsana ndi zikhumbo zambiri zokhudzana ndi chidziwitso nthawi zina kumayambitsa zomwe zingatchedwe zosayenerera 'kufuna': ndiko, 'kusowa' kwa zomwe sizikudziwika, chifukwa chochuluka chilimbikitso [39 •,40 •,41].

'Kufuna' kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchitsogozo chokhazikika (zosalimbikitsa zosavomerezeka, UCS) kapena kuphunzira zomwe poyamba sizinalowerere koma tsopano zikulosera kupezeka kwa mphoto za UCS (Mavoti a Pavlovian, CSs) [38,40 •]. Izi ndizokuti CSs ikhale ndi zolimbikitsa zokhazikika pamene CS imayang'anizana ndi kulandira malipiro a innate kapena 'zachilengedwe' kudzera m'magulu a Pavlovian stimulus-stimulus (S-S learning). Kulimbikitsidwa kumachitika chifukwa cha a CSs ndi njira zamaganizo zomwe zimagwira pa mayanjano panthawi yomwe akufuna, ndikupanga machitidwe okongola, olimbikitsa ndi othandizira okhudzana ndi mphoto [35].

Pamene CS imati ndi mphamvu zolimbikitsa zimapezeka kuti zimakhala zosiyana ndi zofunikira zowoneka [35,42], zomwe zingayambitse pamene CS atha kukumana (ngakhale kuti zithunzi zowonetsera mphoto zingakwanire, makamaka mwa anthu). Zowonjezera zomwe zimayambitsa zomwe zimapatsidwa mphoto zikuphatikizapo zotsatirazi:

  1. Chiwonetsero cha maginito cholimbikitsira chilimbikitso. A CS chifukwa cha kulimbikitsana kumakhala kokondweretsa, mtundu wa 'maginito okakamiza', omwe amaufikiridwa ndipo nthawi zina amatenthedwa (Supplemental Movie 1) [43,44 •,45]. Zomwe zimakhudza maginito a CS zitha kukhala zamphamvu kwambiri kuti CS ikhoze kukakamiza njira [46]. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri amalonda a cocaine amawotcha 'kuthamangitsa mizimu' kapena kuwombera pambuyo pa zikopa zoyera zomwe amadziwa kuti si cocaine.
  2. Zomwe zinayambitsa zofuna za US. Kukumana ndi CS chifukwa cha mphotho kumayambitsanso 'kufuna' kwa UCS yake yovomerezeka, mwinamwake kupyolera mwa kutengeka kolimbikitsana kophatikizapo kuyanjanitsa kwazithunzi za malipiro omwe salipo [34,47,48]. Kuyesedwa kwa ma laboratory, izi zikuwonetsedwa ngati chiwerengero cha kuwonjezeka kwa chidziwitso chomwe chinayambira pakugwira ntchito kwa malipiro omwe salipo (makamaka omwe amayesedwa pamayesero omwe amatchedwa PIT kapena Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer opangidwa ndi ziwonongeko; Chithunzi 4). Chidziwitso-chomwe chinayambitsa 'kufuna' chingakhale chodziwika bwino pa mphoto yomwe ikugwirizanitsidwa, kapena nthawi zina imatsanulira mwa njira yowonjezereka kuti iwonetsere 'kufuna' kwa mphotho zina (monga mwinamwake pamene akudziwitsidwa odwala kapena dopamine-dysregulation odwala akuwonetsa zolimbitsa thupi, kugonana khalidwe, ndi zina zotero, kuphatikizapo khalidwe lopangira mankhwala osokoneza bongo) [49,50]. Choncho, kukumana ndi zolimbikitsa zomwe zingakulimbikitseni kungakulimbikitseni kufunafuna mphotho, ndi kukulitsa mphamvu zomwe akufunidwa, chinthu chomwe chingakhale chofunika kwambiri pamene zizindikiro zimayambanso kubwerera.

    Chithunzi 4

    NAc amphetamine kukulitsa chidziwitso-choyambitsa 'kufuna.' Zithunzi zochepa za 'kufuna' kwa sucrose mphotho zimayambitsidwa ndi maonekedwe a 30 a pulogalamu ya Pavlovian sucrose mu test Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer test (CS +; pomwe). ...
  3. Wowonjezera reinforcer mbali. Kulimbikitsanso kumapangitsa CS kukhala okongola ndi 'kufuna' m'lingaliro lakuti munthu adzagwira ntchito kuti apeze CS mwiniyo, ngakhale pokhapokha kulibe mphoto ya US. Izi nthawi zambiri zimawamasulira kuti zipangizo zowonjezera. Mofananamo, kuwonjezera CS ku zomwe wapatsidwa pamene nyama ikugwiritsira ntchito mphoto ya US monga cocaine kapena chikonga, imakula momwe amachitira ntchito mwakhama, mwinamwake chifukwa CS imapanga zolinga zina zomwe akufuna '51]. Komabe, tikuwona kuti kulimbikitsidwa kulimbikitsa kwambiri kuposa 'kufuna', kukusowa njira zina zothandizira kuti zithandize ntchitoyi. Ndiponso, njira zina zothandizila za SR zimatha kugwirizana kuti zikhazikike pamakhalidwe ena popanda kuwalimbikitsa konse. Izi zimapangitsa maginito ndi zokopa zomwe zimayambitsa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunikira makamaka kuti zizindikiritse zovuta kwambiri.

Zowonjezera zolimbikitsana

  1. Kuchita kwachangu? Tisanachoke pamaganizo a 'kufuna', timayesedwa kuti tiyerekeze kuti khalidwe linalake zochita kapena mapulogalamu angakhalenso 'wofunidwa', pafupifupi ngati zolimbikitsana, kupyolera mu mawonekedwe olimbikitsa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku ubongo kuwonetsera kayendetsedwe ka mkati mmalo mowonetsera zokhuza kunja. Timatcha lingaliro limeneli 'kukhala olimba' kapena 'kufuna' kuchita. Zovuta zachangu zomwe timapereka zingakhale motengera momwe zimakhalira zolimbikitsa, komanso zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi machitidwe a ubongo (monga dorsal nigrostriatal dopamine dongosolo lomwe limagwirizana ndi ventral mesolimbic). Mbadwo wa zolimbikitsidwa kuchita, mwinamwake kuphatikizapo magalimoto ndi zolimbikitsa pantchito mkati mwa neostriatum (chiwonetsero chomwe chimadziŵika kuti chimachita nawo kayendetsedwe ka gulu) chikuwoneka chosagwirizana ndi mayiko angapo omwe akutulukira za basal gang function [52,53,54 •,55].
  2. Kodi chikhumbo chingakhale chogwirizana ndi mantha? Pomalizira pake, tikuwona kuti kulimbikitsidwa kungapatsenso nawo zozizwa zodabwitsa mu njira za mesocorticolimbic ndi mantha oopsa [56,57 •,58,59]. Mwachitsanzo, ma dopamine ndi ma glutamate omwe amawoneka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono samakhala ndi chilakolako chokha, koma amawopa, amawongolera mwachidule ngati makiyi othandizira, momwe kusokoneza kwa makiyi am'kati mwawo kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zosautsa komanso zochititsa mantha [57 •]. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ena 'mafungulo' am'kati mwa kucleus accumbens akhoza kuchotsedwa kuchoka ku chikoka chimodzi chosiyana ndi kusintha maganizo kwa anthu ena kunja kwa thupi (mwachitsanzo, kusintha kuchokera ku malo abwino a nyumba kumalo ovuta kwambiri komanso odzaza nyimbo za rock)56].
    Zomwe zapezedwa posachedwa zikuwonetsa kuti ma neurochemical specializations kapena anatomical localizations of 'ukuthanda' kapena 'ndikufuna' ntchito zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa sizingasonyeze machitidwe odzipereka a 'zilembo' pomwe 'gawo limodzi = ntchito imodzi'. M'malo mwake zimatha kuwonetsa kuthekera kwapadera (mwachitsanzo, ma hedonic hotspots) kapena kulimbikitsidwa kwa valence biase (mwachitsanzo. Zina mwazigawozi zimatha kukhala ndi magwiridwe antchito angapo, kutengera zinthu zina munthawi yomweyo, kotero kuti amatha kusintha pakati pa kupanga ntchito mosiyana ndi kukhudzana ndi mantha.

Zipangizo za Neurobiological za 'kufuna'

Posiyanitsa njira zamaganizo za 'kufuna' kukondweretsa ', timaona kuti ubongo umagwiritsira ntchito' kufuna 'kumagawidwa kwambiri ndipo kumangowonjezedwa mosavuta kuposa magawo oti' akondwere '[38,53,60,61 •,62-65]. Njira zokhudzana ndi 'njira zofuna' zimakhala zambiri komanso zosiyana mu madera onse a m'maganizo ndi m'magazi, mwinamwake maziko a chosowa cha 'kufuna' mphotho popanda "kulakalaka" mphotho yomweyo. Kuphatikiza pa ma opioid, dopamine ndi dopamine kuyanjana ndi chidziwitso glutamate ndi njira zina zamagetsi zimayambitsa kulimbikitsa 'kufuna'. Mapulogalamu azachipatala ena a machitidwewa akhoza kusintha mosavuta 'kufuna' osasintha 'kukonda'. Mwachitsanzo, kuchotsedwa kwa dopamine kutsegula m'mimba kumachepetsa 'kufuna' koma osati 'kukonda' [38,64].

Komanso, kukulitsa kwa 'kufuna' popanda 'kukonda' kwapangidwa ndi kutsegulira kwa ma dopamine machitidwe ndi amphetamine kapena mankhwala ofananitsa a catecholamine opatsidwa mwanjira kapena ma microinjected mwachindunji mu maukosi a nucleus, kapena mwa kusintha kwa majini komwe kumakweza milingo yapamwamba ya dopamine (kudzera kugogoda kwa ma dopamine onyamula mu synapse) m'mabwalo a mesocorticolimbic, komanso machitidwe aposachedwa kwambiri a machitidwe okhudzana ndi mesocorticolimbic-dopamine mwa kutsatiridwa kwakanthawi kwaminyewa yayikulu ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Chithunzi 3-Chithunzi 5) [39 •,40 •,61 •,66]. Tanena kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lachisokonezo, omwe amachititsa kuti anthu asamangogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo angapangitse kuti 'azifuna' kutenga mankhwala ambiri, kaya mankhwala omwewo ndi ovomerezeka kapena ayi,39 •,40 •,42] (Chithunzi 5).

Chithunzi 5

Chitsanzo cholimbikitsana cha kuledzera. Chitsanzo cha momwe 'kufuna' kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kungakulire pakapita nthawi popanda 'kukonda' zosangalatsa za mankhwala monga munthu amakhala woledzera. Kusintha kuchokera ku mankhwala osokoneza bongo ...

Kusokoneza chidziwitso kuchokera ku 'kufuna': zotsatila ndi zolimbikitsa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi mphoto

Pomwe mphoto zokhudzana ndi mphoto zimaphunziridwa, zomwezo zimalongosola mphotho zawo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonjezera kuwalimbikitsa 'kufuna' kupeza madalitso. Kodi kuneneratu ndi 'kufuna' chimodzimodzi? Kapena kodi zimaphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana? Lingaliro lathu ndilo kuti malingaliro ophunziridwa ndi luso lolimbikitsana lingathe kupatulidwa, monga 'kukonda' ndi 'kufuna' akhoza [37,38,39 •,41,46,61 •]. Kuwongolera ntchito zamaganizo ndi magawo awo okhudza ubongo ndizofunikira pazoyesa zodziyesa zophunzira kuphunzira ndi zolimbikitsa, ndipo zimakhudza mavuto, kuphatikizapo kuledzera. Tidzafotokozera mwachidule maumboni atatu kuchokera ku mabotolo athu omwe amasonyeza kuti kutsogolo ndi zolimbikitsa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi malipiro zimakhala zosokonezeka.

Chitsanzo choyamba chimabwera kuchokera ku zitsanzo zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti CSs ikhoza kuyambitsa njira - ndiko kuti, imakhala ngati 'maginito olimbikitsa', kukopa munthuyo kwa iwo. Zofufuza zambiri zatsimikizira kuti pamene chidziwitso kapena 'chizindikiro' (CS), monga kuika kwa chiwindi mwa khoma, chikugwirizanitsa ndi kuwonetsa US opindulitsa, monga chakudya, nyama zimakonda kufikitsa ndi kugwirizana nazo [43,44 •]. Chinsinsi chosiyanitsa malingaliro kuchokera ku zifukwa ndi mbali mwa chikhalidwe cha yankho la munthu (CR) [43].

Makoswe ena amayandikira kwa wobwereketsa pafupipafupi ndikuwonetsa chilichonse ndipo amabwera kudzawagwiritsa ntchito mosinkhina, kuwombera, ngakhale kuyiluma - zikuwoneka ngati akufuna 'kudya' wakhate.Supplemental Movie 1) [45]. Chinthu chomwe chimaneneratu kuti cocaine mphotho imayandikira ndikugwirizanitsa ndi kayendedwe kake ka khalidwe lachisangalalo cha sniffing [44 •], zomwe zikhoza kuwerengera kuti zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala kuti zikhale zovuta, kukopa anthu oledzera kwa iwo. CRs zoterezi zanenedwa kwa CS iwowo amatchedwa 'kufufuza chizindikiro'.

Komabe, osati makoswe amayamba CR. Ngakhalenso zovuta zomwezo zimakhala ndi CR yosiyana - zimaphunzira kuti zifike pa 'cholinga' (chakudya chotengera), osati chiwindi, pamene chiwindi-CS chikufotokozedwa. CR iyi imatchedwa 'kufufuza zolinga'. Choncho, ali ndi zolinga zothandizira zolinga zimabwera kuti akwaniritse cholinga chake mofulumira komanso mofulumira pamsonkhano uliwonse wa lever-CS, ndipo amayamba kugwiritsira ntchito tray avidly, nibbling, ngakhale kuyimba [43,44 •,45]. Pa makoswe onse, CS (lever insertion) imakhala ndi tanthauzo lolosera zofananira: imayambitsa ma CR-onsewo ndikutsata ma CR.

Kusiyanitsa kokha ndi komwe CR imatsogozedwa. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti mu ma track-trackers a lever-CS amadziwika chifukwa chakutsatsa chifukwa kwa iwo ndizowoneka bwino, ndipo zimathandizidwa ndikuwona kuti owerenga-siginecha makamaka aphunziranso kuyankha mwatsopano kuti CS (yoyenera kuti ikhale yolimba) kulimbitsa) [46]. Kwa otsogolera zolinga a CS akulosera chakudya, ndipo amatsogolera ku chitukuko cha CR, koma CS mwiniyo sawoneka kuti ali ndi mphamvu zolimbikitsira m'njira izi (m'malo mwake ngati chiri chonse, cholinga chiri "kufuna") [43,46]. Zomwe zapezazi zikugwirizana ndi malingaliro athu akuti kuwerengera malipiro kapena kuyanjana kwa wophunzira CS kungasokonezedwe ndi chikhumbo chake cholimbikitsa, malingana ndi momwe akulimbikitsira [46].

Umboni wachiwiri kuti ukhale wolimbikitsana umachokera ku zolemba za "kufuna" zamtundu wa neural, makamaka pambuyo pochita maubongo okhudza dopamine (mwa amphetamine kapena kupititsa patsogolo). Kuphulika kwa dopamine kumawonekera makamaka kukulitsa ziwalo zamagetsi zowonjezera zizindikiro zomwe zimapangitsa mphamvu zolimbikitsa kwambiri (Chithunzi 6) [61 •]. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, dopamine activation sizinapangitse chizindikiro cha neural chomwe chimatchulidwa kwambiri [61 •].

Chithunzi 6

Kulekanitsa kwa CS kukakamiza (kufuna) kuchokera ku CS predictive value (kuphunzira) ndi mesolimbic activation (chifukwa cha mphamvu kapena acute amphetamine administration). Kufufuza kwa mbiri ya neuronal kuwombera njira mu ventral pallidum kumasintha ...

Umboni wachitatu umachokera ku kusintha kwa "kusowa" kwa CS pamene akugwiritsabe ntchito nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, chidziwitso chomwe chimatchula kuti saltiness nthawi zambiri sichikufunidwa koma chingasinthidwe kuti chilakolako cha thupi chimapangidwe. Palibe kuphunzira kwatsopano, ndipo kotero kusasinthika muzinthu zodziŵika, ziyenera kuchitika chifukwa chaichi chimasintha kuti chichitike. Komanso, chilakolako chosavomerezekachi sichiyenera kukhalapo kale, ndipo CS sichiyenera kuyanjana ndi kukoma kowoneka kale. Komabe, pomwepo CS imakhala "yofunidwa" mdziko latsopano ndipo ikhoza kuyambitsa machitidwe omwe amawathandiza kukhala olimbikitsa. Pa zoyesedwa zoyambirira mu chilakolako cha mchere, CS modzidzimutsa amachititsa kuti zizindikiro zonyansa zowonjezera zikhale zovuta, ngakhale mchere wa UCS usanamveko ngati 'wakonda' [67]. Zochitika zoterezi zimasonyeza kuti chidziwitso chodziwika bwino ndi chosiyana ndi mphamvu yake yofuna 'kufuna', popeza kuti kumapeto kwake kumafuna njira zina zowonjezera zowonjezera kuti zikhale ndi mphamvu zolimbikitsana ndikuyesa "kufuna" ku cholinga cholimbikitsa.

Kufufuzanso kwina kudzafunikanso kuti mudziwe momwe 'kufuna' potsata kuphunzira ndi kuneneratu kumachotsedwa mkati mwa ubongo. Komabe, umboniwu pakali pano ukusonyeza kuti izi zigawozi zimakhala ndi zizindikiro zosiyana ndi zamaganizo ndi zosiyana siyana za neural substrates.

Pitani ku:

Kutsiliza

Maphunziro okhudza maganizo a 'kukonda', 'kufuna', ndi zigawo zophunzirira za mphotho zavumbula kuti mapu a mapulogalamu a m'maganizo amasiyana ndi mapulogalamu a ubongo ndi ubongo wa ubongo ku digiri yoyenerera. Kuzindikira kumeneku kungathandize kumvetsetsa bwino momwe ubongo umapangira mphotho yeniyeni, komanso ku matenda opatsirana omwe amachititsa chidwi ndi maganizo. Ntchito zoterezi zimaphatikizapo makamaka momwe kulimbikitsira machitidwe owonetsa mphamvu kungapangitse kukakamizika kupeza zotsatira zakumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zovuta zina zomwe zimayambitsa kusokoneza 'kufuna' kwa mphotho.

Pitani ku:

Zowonjezera Zowonjezera

Kukonda kwa Hedonic 'kukonda'

Pitani ku:

Zothokoza

Kafukufuku wa olembawo adathandizidwa ndi mabungwe ochokera ku National Institute on Abuse and National Institute of Mental Health (USA).

Pitani ku:

Zowonjezera A. Deta yowonjezera

Deta yowonjezera yogwirizanitsidwa ndi nkhaniyi ingapezeke, pa intaneti, pa yani: 10.1016 / j.coph. 2008.12.014.

Pitani ku:

Zolembazo ndikulimbikitsani kuwerenga

Mapepala ofunika kwambiri, ofalitsidwa mkati mwa nthawi yopitiliza, awonetsedwa monga

• za chidwi chapadera

•• za chidwi kwambiri

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