Kuchepetsa LPP kwa zithunzi zachiwerewere pazogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhala kofanana ndi mitundu ya zosokoneza bongo. Chilichonse chimadalira mtunduwo (Ndemanga pa Pembedzero, Steele, Staley, Sabatinelli, & Hajcak, 2015)

Ukadaulo wa pa intaneti umapereka mwayi wotsika mtengo komanso wosadziwika wa zolaula zambiri (Cooper, 1998). Zambiri zomwe zapezeka zikuwonetsa kuti 67.6% ya amuna ndi 18.3% ya azimayi achikulire aku Danish (azaka 18-30 wazaka) amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula sabata iliyonse (Hald, 2006). Mwa ophunzira aku koleji aku USA 93.2% ya anyamata ndi 62.1% ya atsikana anali akuonera zolaula pa intaneti asanakwanitse zaka 18 (Sabina, Wolak, & Finkelhor, 2008). Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri, kuwonera zolaula kumawathandiza pa zosangalatsa, chisangalalo, ndi kudzoza (Rothman, Kaczmarsky, Burke, Jansen, & Baughman, 2014) (Häggström-Nordin, Tydén, Hanson, & Larsson, 2009), koma kwa ena , Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi kumabweretsa mavuto (pafupifupi 8% mwa ogwiritsa ntchito malinga ndi Cooper et al., 1999) ndipo imakhala chifukwa chofunira chithandizo (Delmonico ndi Carnes, 1999; Kraus, Potenza, Martino, & Grant, 2015; Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Gola ndi Potenza, 2016). Chifukwa cha kutchuka kwawo komanso kuwonetsa kosagwirizana ndi zamankhwala, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndikofunikira pankhani zachitukuko, zomwe zimakopa chidwi kwambiri munyuzipepala, (mwachitsanzo, makanema otchuka: "Manyazi" a McQueen ndi "Don Jon" a Gordon-Levitt) komanso kuchokera andale (mwachitsanzo, Prime Minister waku UK a David Cameron a 2013 onena zolaula zomwe ana amagwiritsa ntchito), komanso kafukufuku wama neuroscience (Steele, Staley, Fong, & Prause, 2013; Kühn ndi Gallinat, 2014; Voon et al., 2014). Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa kawirikawiri ndi awa: ngati zolaula zingakhale zovuta?

Kupeza kwa Prause, Steele, Staley, Sabatinelli, & Hajcak, (2015) komwe kunafalitsidwa mu magazini ya June ya Biological Psychology kumapereka deta yosangalatsa pankhaniyi. Ofufuzawo adawonetsa kuti amuna ndi akazi omwe akuwonetsa zithunzi zolaula zovuta (N = 55), 1 adawonetsa kuthekera kochepa kwabwino (LPP - kuthekera kogwirizana ndi chochitika mu EEG signaling yogwirizana ndi kufunika ndi chete cha zomwe zimayambitsa) ku zithunzi zogonana poyerekeza ndi zithunzi zopanda kugonana, poyerekeza ndi mayankho a olamulira. Akuwonetsanso kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta omwe ali ndi chilakolako chachikulu chogonana ali ndi kusiyana kochepa kwa LPP pazithunzi zogonana ndi zosagonana. Olembawo adatsimikiza kuti: "Kachitidwe ka zotsatira kameneka kakuwoneka kosagwirizana ndi maulosi ena opangidwa ndi zitsanzo zoledzera" (tsamba 196) ndipo adalengeza izi pamutu wa nkhaniyi: "Kusintha kwa kuthekera kwabwino kochedwa ndi zithunzi zogonana mwa ogwiritsa ntchito ovuta ndi zowongolera zosagwirizana ndi "chizolowezi cholaula"".

Tsoka ilo, m'nkhani yawo, Prause et al. (2015) sanafotokoze momveka bwino kuti ndi mtundu wanji wamankhwala omwe anali kuyesa. Zotsatira zomwe zafotokozedwera pokhudzana ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino kwambiri sizipereka umboni wotsimikizira kuti zovuta zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndichizolowezi (monga ngati Incentive Salience Theory; Robinson ndi Berridge, 1993; Robinson, Fischer, Ahuja, Wamng'ono, & Maniates, 2015) kapena kuthandizira izi (monga momwe zingakhalire ndi Reward Deficiency Syndrome; Blum et al., 1996; 1996; Blum, Badgaiyan, & Gold, 2015). Pansipa ndimafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane.

Adilesi yolemberana makalata: Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computations, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093-0559, USA. Imelo adilesi: [email protected]

1 Ndikoyenera kuzindikira kuti olembawo akupereka zotsatira za amuna ndi akazi omwe akutenga nawo mbali pamodzi, pomwe kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti ziwerengero za zithunzi zogonana za kudzuka ndi valence zimasiyana kwambiri pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (onani: Wierzba et al., 2015)

2 Kuganiza kumeneku kumathandizidwa ndi mfundo yakuti maumboni omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito mu Prause et al. (2015) amanenanso za IST (monga Wölfling et al., 2011).

Chifukwa chake zolemba ndi kufotokozera mfundo

Kutengera ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kambiri ka mawu oti "cue-reactivity" ndi olemba, tingaganize kuti olembawo ali ndi malingaliro a Incentive Salience Theory (IST) yomwe idaperekedwa ndi Robinson ndi Berridge (Berridge, 2012; Robinson et al., 2015). 2 Ndondomeko iyi ya chiphunzitso imasiyanitsa magawo awiri oyambira a khalidwe lolimbikitsidwa - "kufuna" ndi "kukonda". Chomalizachi chikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi phindu la mphotho, pomwe choyamba chikugwirizana ndi phindu loyembekezeredwa la mphotho, lomwe nthawi zambiri limayesedwa poyerekeza ndi chizindikiro cholosera. Ponena za kuphunzira kwa Pavlovian, mphotho ndi chilimbikitso chosakhazikika (UCS) ndipo zizindikiro zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mphotho iyi kudzera mu kuphunzira ndi zolimbikitsa zokhazikika (CS). Ma CS ophunzirira amapeza mphamvu zolimbikitsira ndikuyambitsa "kufuna", zomwe zimawonetsedwa mu khalidwe lolimbikitsidwa (Mahler ndi Berridge, 2009; Robinson & Berridge, 2013). Chifukwa chake amapeza zinthu zofanana ndi mphotho yokha. Mwachitsanzo, zinziri zoweta zimagonana ndi chinthu cha terrycloth (CS) chomwe kale chinali ndi mwayi wogonana ndi zinziri zazikazi (UCS), ngakhale zinziri zenizeni zitakhalapo (Cetinkaya ndi Domjan, 2006).

Malinga ndi IST, chizolowezi chimadziwika ndi "kufuna" kowonjezeka (kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yokhudzana ndi cue; mwachitsanzo LPP yapamwamba) ndi kuchepa kwa "kukonda" (kuchepa kwa mphamvu yokhudzana ndi mphotho; mwachitsanzo LPP yotsika). Pofuna kutanthauzira deta mkati mwa dongosolo la IST, ofufuza ayenera kusiyanitsa momveka bwino "kufuna" kokhudzana ndi cue ndi "kukonda" kokhudzana ndi mphotho. Ma paradigms oyesera omwe amayesa njira zonse ziwiri amayambitsa zizindikiro ndi mphotho zosiyana (monga Flagel et al., 2011; Sescousse, Barbalat, Domenech, & Dreher, 2013; Gola, Miyakoshi, & Sescousse, 2015). Prause et al. (2015) m'malo mwake amagwiritsa ntchito njira yosavuta yoyesera, pomwe anthu amangoyang'ana zithunzi zosiyanasiyana zokhala ndi zinthu zogonana komanso zosagonana. Mu kapangidwe kosavuta koyesera kotere, funso lofunika kwambiri kuchokera ku lingaliro la IST ndilakuti: Kodi zithunzi zogonana zimagwira ntchito ya zizindikiro (CS) kapena mphotho (UCS)? Ndipo chifukwa chake: kodi LPP yoyezedwayo ikuwonetsa "kufuna" kapena "kukonda"?

Olembawo amaganiza kuti zithunzi zakugonana ndizomwe zili, ndipo potero kutanthauzira kuchepa kwa LPP ngati njira yochepetsera "kufuna." Kuchepetsa "kufuna" pokhudzana ndi zomwe zingachitike sikungakhale kosemphana ndi mtundu wa IST. Koma kafukufuku wambiri akuwonetsa kuti zithunzi zogonana sizongotengera chabe. Akupindulitsa mwa iwo okha (Oei, Rombouts, Soeter, van Gerven, & Onse, 2012; Stoléru, Fonteille, Cornélis, Joyal, & Moulier, 2012; adawerengedwa mu: Sescousse, Caldú, Segura, & Dreher, 2013; Stoléru Et al., 2012). Kuwona zithunzi zakugonana kumadzutsa zochitika za ventral striatum (mphoto dongosolo) (Arnowet al., 2002; Demos, Heatherton, & Kelley, 2012; Sabatinelli, Bradley, Lang, Costa, & Versace, 2007; Stark et al., 2005; Wehrum-Osinskyet al., 2014), kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine (Meston ndi McCall, 2005) ndipo onse adadzinena okha ndikuwona moyenera kuyerekezera kugonana (kubwereza: Chivers, Seto, Lalumière, Laan, & Grimbos, 2010).

Zopindulitsa pazithunzi zogonana zitha kukhala zachilengedwe chifukwa chakuti kugonana (monga chakudya) ndiye mphotho yayikulu. Koma ngakhale wina atakana mwayi wobadwa nawo wotere, zabwino zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chofuna kuphunzira zolaula zitha kupezeka chifukwa cha kuphunzira kwa Pavlovian. Pazachilengedwe, zoyipa zolaula (monga wamaliseche kapena kanema wolaula) zitha kukhala lingaliro (CS) lazochita zogonana zomwe zimafikitsa pachimake (UCS) chifukwa chazakugonana kapena kuseweretsa maliseche komwe kumayenderana ndi zolaula. Kuphatikiza apo pakakhala zolaula nthawi zambiri, zolaula (CS) zimalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi orgasm (UCS) ndipo zimatha kukhala ndi mphotho (UCS; Mahler ndi Berridge, 2009; Robinson & Berridge, 2013) kenako zimayandikira ( zolaula) ndi machitidwe owonongera (mwachitsanzo, maola owonera asanafike pachimake).

Mosasamala kanthu za phindu lobadwa nalo kapena lophunziridwa, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti zithunzi zachiwerewere zimadzilimbikitsa, ngakhale sizingakhale pachimake. Chifukwa chake ali ndi phindu lofunika kwambiri kwa anthu (Prévost, Pessiglione, Météreau, Cléry-Melin, & Dreher, 2010) komanso ma rhesus macaques (Deaner, Khera, & Platt, 2005) Mtengo wawo wopindulitsa ungakulitsidwe poyesa kolowera, pomwe pachimake pachimake (UCS wachilengedwe) sichikupezeka, monga mu kafukufuku wa Prause et al.'s (2015) ("omwe akuchita nawo kafukufukuyu adalangizidwa kuti asachite maliseche pantchitoyo", p. 197). Malinga ndi Berridge, momwe ntchito imagwirira ntchito imathandizira kuneneratu za mphotho (Berridge, 2012). Chifukwa chake, popeza palibe chosangalatsa china kuposa zithunzi zachiwerewere chomwe chidalipo pano, kuwonera zithunzi inali mphotho yayikulu (osati kungoyerekeza).

Kuchepetsa LPP zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zimakhala zofanana ndi zowonongeka

Poganizira zonsezi pamwambapa tikhoza kuganiza kuti zithunzi zogonana mu Prause et al. (2015), m'malo mongokhala chabe, mwina adasewera gawo la mphotho. Ngati ndi choncho, malinga ndi chimango cha IST, kutsika kwa LPP pazithunzi zosagonana pazovuta zogwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso omwe ali ndi chilakolako chofuna kugonana kwenikweni akuwonetsa kuchepa "kukonda". Zotsatira zoterezi zikugwirizana ndi mtundu waukadaulo womwe Berridge ndi Robinson (Berridge, 2012; Robinson et al., 2015). Komabe, kuti mutsimikizire kwathunthu za chizolowezi chomwa mwaukadaulo mkati mwa chimango cha IST, maphunziro oyesera kwambiri, kusokoneza malingaliro ndi mphotho zimafunikira. Chitsanzo chabwino cha paradigm yoyeserera yoyesedwa idagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro a otchova juga ndi Sescousse, Redouté, & Dreher (2010). Idagwiritsa ntchito ndalama komanso zogonana (zoyimira zofanizira) ndikupeza mphotho (kupambana kwachuma kapena zithunzi zachiwerewere). Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa tanthauzo ndi mphotho mu Prause et al. (2015), gawo lazithunzi zachiwerewere silikudziwika bwino ndipo chifukwa chake zotsatira za LPP ndizosamveka mkati mwa chimango cha IST. Chowonadi chotsimikizika chomwe chaperekedwa pamutu wa kafukufukuyu "Kusinthasintha kwa zomwe zingachitike mochedwa ndi zithunzi zachiwerewere mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zovuta ndikuwongolera kosagwirizana ndi" chizolowezi zolaula "kwazunguliridwa ndi IST

Ngati titenga mtundu wina wotchuka wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo - Reward Deficency Syndrome (RDS; Blum et al., 1996, 2015) chidziwitso chopezeka ndi alembi kwenikweni chimayankhula pofuna kukonda kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ntchito za RDS zimagwiritsa ntchito kuti zamoyo zimayambitsa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya dopaminergic chifukwa cholimbikitsana (zomwe zinafotokozedwa mu BOLD ndi electrophysiological reactivity) zokhudzana ndi kufunafuna, kutengeka mtima komanso chiopsezo chachikulu. Zolemba za olemba a m'munsimu a LPP mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta zogwirizana ndi ndondomeko yoledzera ya RDS. Ngati Prause et al. (2015) anali kuyesa njira ina, yosavomerezeka kwambiri kuposa IST kapena RDS, zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri kuzipereka mwachidule kuntchito yawo.

Ndemanga zomaliza

Kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi Prause et al. (2015) akupereka deta yosangalatsa yokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika. 3 Komabe, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa lingaliro lomveka bwino lomwe limafotokoza mtundu wa chizolowezi chomwe chimayesedwa komanso njira yoyesera yosamveka bwino (yovuta kufotokoza udindo wa zithunzi zolaula), sizingatheke kunena ngati zotsatira zomwe zaperekedwa zikutsutsana, kapena zikugwirizana ndi, lingaliro lonena za "chizolowezi cha zolaula." Maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri okhala ndi malingaliro omveka bwino akufunidwa. Tsoka ilo, mutu wolimba wa Prause et al. (2015) wakhudza kale ma TV, 4 motero kufalitsa mfundo zosavomerezeka zasayansi. Chifukwa cha kufunika kwa chikhalidwe ndi ndale kwa mutu wa zotsatira za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ofufuza ayenera kupanga zisankho zamtsogolo mosamala kwambiri.

3 Ndikoyenera kuzindikira kuti mu Prause et al. (2015) ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi vuto amaonera zolaula pafupifupi maola 3.8 pa sabata (SD = 1.3) ndizofanana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe alibe vuto mu Kühn ndi Gallinat (2014) omwe amaonera zolaula pafupifupi maola 4.09 pa sabata (SD = 3.9). Mu Voon et al. (2014) ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi vuto adanena kuti 1.75 pa sabata (SD = 3.36) ndi 13.21 pa sabata (SD = 9.85) - deta yomwe Voon adapereka pamsonkhano wa American Psychological Science mu Meyi 2015.

4 Zitsanzo za mitu ya nkhani zodziwika bwino za sayansi zokhudza Prause et al. (2015): “Zolaula sizowopsa monga zizolowezi zina, malinga ndi kafukufuku” (http://metro.co.uk/2015/07/04/porn-is-not-as-harmful-as-other-addictions-study-claims-5279530/), “Zolaula Zanu Si Zenizeni” (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/06/26/your-porn-addiction-isn-t-real.html), “'Zolaula' Sizoledzeretsa Kwenikweni, Akatswiri a Sayansi ya Mitsempha Amati” (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/30/porn-addiction- n7696448.html)

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