Kuchepetsa LPP kwa zithunzi zachiwerewere pazogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhala kofanana ndi mitundu ya zosokoneza bongo. Chilichonse chimadalira mtunduwo (Ndemanga pa Pembedzero, Steele, Staley, Sabatinelli, & Hajcak, 2015)

Ukadaulo wa pa intaneti umapereka mwayi wotsika mtengo komanso wosadziwika wa zolaula zambiri (Cooper, 1998). Zambiri zomwe zapezeka zikuwonetsa kuti 67.6% ya amuna ndi 18.3% ya azimayi achikulire aku Danish (azaka 18-30 wazaka) amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula sabata iliyonse (Hald, 2006). Mwa ophunzira aku koleji aku USA 93.2% ya anyamata ndi 62.1% ya atsikana anali akuonera zolaula pa intaneti asanakwanitse zaka 18 (Sabina, Wolak, & Finkelhor, 2008). Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri, kuwonera zolaula kumawathandiza pa zosangalatsa, chisangalalo, ndi kudzoza (Rothman, Kaczmarsky, Burke, Jansen, & Baughman, 2014) (Häggström-Nordin, Tydén, Hanson, & Larsson, 2009), koma kwa ena , Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi kumabweretsa mavuto (pafupifupi 8% mwa ogwiritsa ntchito malinga ndi Cooper et al., 1999) ndipo imakhala chifukwa chofunira chithandizo (Delmonico ndi Carnes, 1999; Kraus, Potenza, Martino, & Grant, 2015; Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Gola ndi Potenza, 2016). Chifukwa cha kutchuka kwawo komanso kuwonetsa kosagwirizana ndi zamankhwala, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndikofunikira pankhani zachitukuko, zomwe zimakopa chidwi kwambiri munyuzipepala, (mwachitsanzo, makanema otchuka: "Manyazi" a McQueen ndi "Don Jon" a Gordon-Levitt) komanso kuchokera andale (mwachitsanzo, Prime Minister waku UK a David Cameron a 2013 onena zolaula zomwe ana amagwiritsa ntchito), komanso kafukufuku wama neuroscience (Steele, Staley, Fong, & Prause, 2013; Kühn ndi Gallinat, 2014; Voon et al., 2014). Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa kawirikawiri ndi awa: ngati zolaula zingakhale zovuta?

Kupeza kwa Prause, Steele, Staley, Sabatinelli, & Hajcak, (2015) yofalitsidwa mu nkhani ya Juni ya Biological Psychology imapereka chidziwitso chosangalatsa pamutuwu. Ofufuzawa adawonetsa kuti abambo ndi amai omwe amafotokoza zovuta pakuwona zolaula (N = 55),1 kuwonetsa mwayi wotsika kwambiri (LPP - zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika za EEG zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kufunika komanso kudziletsa kusasunthika) ku zogonana poyerekezera ndi zithunzi zosagonana, poyerekeza ndi mayankho oletsa. Amasonyezanso kuti vuto loonera zolaula omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chilakolako chogonana ali ndi zing'onozing'ono zosiyana siyana za kugonana komanso zosagonana. Olembawo anatsimikizira kuti: "Zotsatirazi zikuwoneka zosagwirizana ndi maulosi ena opangidwa ndi zizoloŵezi zowonongeka" (p. 196) ndipo adalengeza izi motsimikiza mu mutu wa mutu wakuti: "Kuwonetseratu kuti zitha kukhala zowonongeka ndi zogonana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ndi zovuta zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi "Zolaula" ".

Tsoka ilo, m'nkhani yawo, Prause et al. (2015) sanafotokoze momveka bwino kuti ndi mtundu wanji wamankhwala omwe anali kuyesa. Zotsatira zomwe zafotokozedwera pokhudzana ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino kwambiri sizipereka umboni wotsimikizira kuti zovuta zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndichizolowezi (monga ngati Incentive Salience Theory; Robinson ndi Berridge, 1993; Robinson, Fischer, Ahuja, Wamng'ono, & Maniates, 2015) kapena kuthandizira izi (monga momwe zingakhalire ndi Reward Deficiency Syndrome; Blum et al., 1996; 1996; Blum, Badgaiyan, & Gold, 2015). Pansipa ndimafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane.

Adiresi ya adiresi: Swartz Center ya Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computations, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093-0559, USA. Imelo adilesi: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]

1 Ndikoyenera kuzindikira kuti olembawo akupereka zotsatira kwa anthu omwe ali nawo pamodzi pamodzi, pomwe kafukufuku waposachedwapa akuwonetsa kuti zojambula zogonana ndi zovunda zikusiyana kwambiri pakati pa amuna okhaokha (onani: Wierzba et al., 2015)

2 Kuganiza uku kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zolemba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Prause et al. (2015) amatanthauzanso IST (mwachitsanzo Wölfling et al., 2011

Chifukwa chake zolemba ndi kufotokozera mfundo

Malinga ndi machitidwe ambiri a mawu akuti "cue-reactivity" omwe olembawo tingaganize kuti olembawo ali ndi malingaliro okhudzidwa ndi zolimbikitsana (IST) omwe anaperekedwa ndi Robinson ndi Berridge (Berridge, 2012; Robinson et al., 2015).2 Ntchito yolingalira imeneyi imasiyanitsa magawo awiri azikhalidwe zoyeserera - "kufuna" ndi "kukonda". Chotsatirachi chimalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi phindu la mphothoyo, pomwe yoyambayo imagwirizana ndi mtengo womwe ungayembekezeredwe, womwe umayesedwa poyerekeza ndi kulosera. Potengera kuphunzira kwa Pavlovian, mphotho ndizolimbikitsa (UCS) yopanda tanthauzo ndipo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi mphothoyi pophunzira ndizoyambitsa (CS). Ma CS ophunzitsidwa amakhala ndi chidwi komanso amatulutsa "kufuna", komwe kumawonetsedwa mwamakhalidwe (Mahler ndi Berridge, 2009; Robinson & Berridge, 2013). Chifukwa chake amakhala ndi zinthu zofananira monga mphotho yomwe. Mwachitsanzo zinziri zowetedwa modzipereka ndi chinthu cha terrycloth (CS) chomwe chidapakidwa kale ndi mwayi wotsata zinziri zazimayi (UCS), ngakhale atakhala wamkazi weniweni (Cetinkaya ndi Domjan, 2006)

Malinga ndi IST, kuledzera kumadziwika ndi "kufuna" kowonjezeka (kukonzanso zochitika zokhudzana ndi cue; mwachitsanzo, LPP yayikulu) ndikuchepetsa "kukonda" (kuchepa kwa ntchito yokhudzana ndi mphotho; mwachitsanzo, kutsika kwa LPP). Pofuna kutanthauzira zomwe zili mkati mwa chimango cha IST ofufuza ayenera kusiyanitsa momveka bwino "kufuna" ndi "kukonda" kokhudzana ndi mphotho. Kuyesa kwa paradigms kuyesa njira zonsezi kumabweretsa magawo ndi mphotho zosiyana (ie Flagel et al., 2011; Sescousse, Barbalat, Domenech, & Dreher, 2013; Gola, Miyakoshi, & Sescousse, 2015). Prause et al. (2015) m'malo mwake gwiritsani ntchito paradigm yosavuta yoyeserera, momwe omvera amangoyang'ana zithunzi zosiyana ndizogonana komanso zosagonana. Pazoyeserera zosavuta izi funso lofunikira kuchokera pakuwona kwa IST ndi ili: Kodi zithunzi zogonana zimagwira ntchito (CS) kapena mphoto (UCS)? Ndipo chotero: kodi LPP yoyezera imasonyeza "kufuna" kapena "kukonda"?

Olembawo amaganiza kuti zithunzi zakugonana ndizomwe zili, ndipo potero kutanthauzira kuchepa kwa LPP ngati njira yochepetsera "kufuna." Kuchepetsa "kufuna" pokhudzana ndi zomwe zingachitike sikungakhale kosemphana ndi mtundu wa IST. Koma kafukufuku wambiri akuwonetsa kuti zithunzi zogonana sizongotengera chabe. Akupindulitsa mwa iwo okha (Oei, Rombouts, Soeter, van Gerven, & Onse, 2012; Stoléru, Fonteille, Cornélis, Joyal, & Moulier, 2012; adawerengedwa mu: Sescousse, Caldú, Segura, & Dreher, 2013; Stoléru Et al., 2012). Kuwona zithunzi zakugonana kumadzutsa zochitika za ventral striatum (mphoto dongosolo) (Arnowet al., 2002; Demos, Heatherton, & Kelley, 2012; Sabatinelli, Bradley, Lang, Costa, & Versace, 2007; Stark et al., 2005; Wehrum-Osinskyet al., 2014), kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine (Meston ndi McCall, 2005) ndipo onse adadzinena okha ndikuwona moyenera kuyerekezera kugonana (kubwereza: Chivers, Seto, Lalumière, Laan, & Grimbos, 2010).

Zopindulitsa pazithunzi zogonana zitha kukhala zachilengedwe chifukwa chakuti kugonana (monga chakudya) ndiye mphotho yayikulu. Koma ngakhale wina atakana mwayi wobadwa nawo wotere, zabwino zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chofuna kuphunzira zolaula zitha kupezeka chifukwa cha kuphunzira kwa Pavlovian. Pazachilengedwe, zoyipa zolaula (monga wamaliseche kapena kanema wolaula) zitha kukhala lingaliro (CS) lazochita zogonana zomwe zimafikitsa pachimake (UCS) chifukwa chazakugonana kapena kuseweretsa maliseche komwe kumayenderana ndi zolaula. Kuphatikiza apo pakakhala zolaula nthawi zambiri, zolaula (CS) zimalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi orgasm (UCS) ndipo zimatha kukhala ndi mphotho (UCS; Mahler ndi Berridge, 2009; Robinson & Berridge, 2013) kenako zimayandikira ( zolaula) ndi machitidwe owonongera (mwachitsanzo, maola owonera asanafike pachimake).

Mosasamala kanthu za phindu lobadwa nalo kapena lophunziridwa, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti zithunzi zachiwerewere zimadzilimbikitsa, ngakhale sizingakhale pachimake. Chifukwa chake ali ndi phindu lofunika kwambiri kwa anthu (Prévost, Pessiglione, Météreau, Cléry-Melin, & Dreher, 2010) komanso ma rhesus macaques (Deaner, Khera, & Platt, 2005) Mtengo wawo wopindulitsa ungakulitsidwe poyesa kolowera, pomwe pachimake pachimake (UCS wachilengedwe) sichikupezeka, monga mu kafukufuku wa Prause et al.'s (2015) ("omwe akuchita nawo kafukufukuyu adalangizidwa kuti asachite maliseche pantchitoyo", p. 197). Malinga ndi Berridge, momwe ntchito imagwirira ntchito imathandizira kuneneratu za mphotho (Berridge, 2012). Chifukwa chake, popeza palibe chosangalatsa china kuposa zithunzi zachiwerewere chomwe chidalipo pano, kuwonera zithunzi inali mphotho yayikulu (osati kungoyerekeza).

Kuchepetsa LPP zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zimakhala zofanana ndi zowonongeka

Poganizira zonsezi pamwambapa tikhoza kuganiza kuti zithunzi zogonana mu Prause et al. (2015), m'malo mongokhala chabe, mwina adasewera gawo la mphotho. Ngati ndi choncho, malinga ndi chimango cha IST, kutsika kwa LPP pazithunzi zosagonana pazovuta zogwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso omwe ali ndi chilakolako chofuna kugonana kwenikweni akuwonetsa kuchepa "kukonda". Zotsatira zoterezi zikugwirizana ndi mtundu waukadaulo womwe Berridge ndi Robinson (Berridge, 2012; Robinson et al., 2015). Komabe, kuti mutsimikizire kwathunthu za chizolowezi chomwa mwaukadaulo mkati mwa chimango cha IST, maphunziro oyesera kwambiri, kusokoneza malingaliro ndi mphotho zimafunikira. Chitsanzo chabwino cha paradigm yoyeserera yoyesedwa idagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro a otchova juga ndi Sescousse, Redouté, & Dreher (2010). Idagwiritsa ntchito ndalama komanso zogonana (zoyimira zofanizira) ndikupeza mphotho (kupambana kwachuma kapena zithunzi zachiwerewere). Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa tanthauzo ndi mphotho mu Prause et al. (2015), gawo lazithunzi zachiwerewere silikudziwika bwino ndipo chifukwa chake zotsatira za LPP ndizosamveka mkati mwa chimango cha IST. Chowonadi chotsimikizika chomwe chaperekedwa pamutu wa kafukufukuyu "Kusinthasintha kwa zomwe zingachitike mochedwa ndi zithunzi zachiwerewere mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zovuta ndikuwongolera kosagwirizana ndi" chizolowezi zolaula "kwazunguliridwa ndi IST

Ngati titenga mtundu wina wotchuka wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo - Reward Deficency Syndrome (RDS; Blum et al., 1996, 2015) chidziwitso chopezeka ndi alembi kwenikweni chimayankhula pofuna kukonda kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ntchito za RDS zimagwiritsa ntchito kuti zamoyo zimayambitsa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya dopaminergic chifukwa cholimbikitsana (zomwe zinafotokozedwa mu BOLD ndi electrophysiological reactivity) zokhudzana ndi kufunafuna, kutengeka mtima komanso chiopsezo chachikulu. Zolemba za olemba a m'munsimu a LPP mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta zogwirizana ndi ndondomeko yoledzera ya RDS. Ngati Prause et al. (2015) anali kuyesa njira ina, yosavomerezeka kwambiri kuposa IST kapena RDS, zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri kuzipereka mwachidule kuntchito yawo.

Ndemanga zomaliza

Phunziro la Prause et al. (2015) imapereka deta yosangalatsa yokhudzana ndi zolaula.3 Komabe, chifukwa chosowa mawu omveka bwino kungoganizira omwe osokoneza chitsanzo mayesero ndi osokoneza mawonedwe experimental (kuulongosola udindo wa zithunzi kumbali), sikutheka kuti ngati zotsatira anapereka kutsutsana kapena mokomera, kungoganizira za "Kuwonetsa zolaula." Maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri ndi zifukwa zomveka bwino zimayitanidwa. Mwamwayi, mutu wolimba wa Prause et al. (2015) nkhani yakhala ikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mauthenga,4 motero kufalitsa kusamveka kosagwirizana ndi sayansi. Chifukwa cha zofunikira za chikhalidwe ndi ndale za zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula, ofufuza amayenera kuganizira mosamalitsa zomwe zidzachitike m'tsogolomu.

3 Ndikoyenera kuzindikira kuti ku Prause et al. (2015) omwe amagwiritsa ntchito vutoli amawonetsa zolaula pafupifupi 3.8 pa sabata (SD = 1.3) zimakhala zofanana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ku Kühn ndi Gallinat (2014) omwe amadya pafupifupi 4.09 pa sabata (SD = 3.9) . Ku Voon et al. (2014) ogwiritsa ntchito osokoneza bongo amalemba 1.75 h / sabata (SD = 3.36) ndi mavuto 13.21 sabata / SD (X = 9.85) - Deta yomwe imapezeka pa nthawi ya American Psychological Science mu May 2015.

4 Zitsanzo za maudindo a zolemba za sayansi za Prause et al. (2015): "Zolaula sizowononga ngati zowonjezereka, zopitiliza kuphunzira" (http://metro.co.uk/2015/07/04/porn-is-not-as-harmful-as-other-addictions- zofufuza-5279530 /), "Zolakolako Zanu Zolaula Sizoona" (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/06/26/your-porn-addiction-isn-t-real.html) , "Zizoloŵezi za Zolaula" Sizowononga Zovuta, Ofufuza za Neurosayansi Amati "(http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/30/porn-addiction- n7696448.html)

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