Masalimo a Prause et al., 2015

Introduction

Phunziro la EEG: "Kusinthasintha kwazomwe zingatheke posachedwa ndi zionetsero za kugonana kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ndi mavuto omwe sagwirizana ndi zolaula"(Prause et al., 2015)

Funsani: Mpaka pano, ofufuza wakale a UCLA Chithunzi cha Nicole molimba mtima kuti kafukufuku yemwe anali payekha wa EEG "adamunamizira kuti azichita zolaula."

Zowonadi: Zotsatira zimasonyeza chizoloŵezi / chizoloŵezi cha anthu ogwiritsira ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri. Chifukwa pepala ili linanena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kwakukulu kwakukulu Zochepa ubongo wamagetsi ku vilala zolaula zomwe zalembedwa pa izi Webusaitiyi ikuthandizira kuganiza kuti zolaula zosagwiritsidwa ntchito zimagwiritsira ntchito malamulo oletsa kugonana. Mwachidule, anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri ankasokonezeka ndi zithunzi zolaula za zolaula zolaula. (Zotsatira izi zikufanana Kuhn & Gallinat., 2014.) Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi kulolerana, chizindikiro cha osokoneza. Kulekerera kumafotokozedwa ngati kuchepa kwa munthu poyankha mankhwala kapena kukondoweza komwe kumachitika chifukwa chogwiritsidwanso ntchito. Mapepala asanu ndi anayi owunika zomwe zidafotokozedwa pansipa akuvomereza izi Kuyesa YBOP Prause et al., 2015.

Kafukufuku makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri awonetsa zomwe zapezedwa zogwirizana ndi kulimbikitsa / kuyambiranso. Chifukwa chakuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri anali ndi zowerengera zochepa za EEG kuposa zowongolera, wolemba wamkulu Nicole Prause adati pepala lake, ndi malingaliro olakwika, "adalakwitsa" mtundu wazolowera zolaula. Amati kuwerengetsa kwake kwa EEG kumayesa "cue-reacaction," osati chizoloŵezi. Ngakhale kuti Prause anali wolondola, iye amanyalanyaza mosapita m'mbali chitsimikizocho mu "malingaliro" ake. Ziribe kanthu zomwe akunena za iye Prause et al. 2015 kupeza zochepa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi, 26 ena Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi matenda a ubongo adanena kuti anthu ochita zolaula amafunikanso kuganizira kapena kulakalaka: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Sayansi sizimapita ndi phunziro lokhalo lokhalitsa lomwe likukhudzidwa ndi zolakwika zolakwika komanso otsutsa olankhula; sayansi ikupita ndi kusokonezeka kwa umboni.

Zindikirani: Phunziroli la 2018 Gary Wilson akutsutsa choonadi cha maphunziro a 5 okayikitsa komanso osocheretsa, kuphatikizapo maphunziro awiri a Nicole Prause EEG (Steele et al., 2013 ndi Prause et al., 2015): Kafukufuku Wosaka: Zoona Kapena Zopeka?

Zowunikira khumi zomwe anzawo amachita Prause et al., 2015. Pazaka zotsatizana maphunziro ambiri okhudza ubongo zasindikizidwa (MRI, fMRI, EEG, neuropsychological, hormonal). Onse amapereka chithandizo champhamvu pamachitidwe osokoneza bongo momwe zomwe apezazi zikuwonetsera zomwe zimapezeka m'mitsempha yomwe imanenedwa m'maphunziro osokoneza bongo. Malingaliro a akatswiri enieni pa zolaula / zolaula amatha kuwoneka pamndandanda wa Ndemanga za 25 zaposachedwa & ndemanga (zonse zogwirizana ndi chitsanzo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo). Mapepala apansi onse amavomereza kuti Prause et al. Zotsatira za kachitidwe kazomwe zimapereka chithandizo ku zolaula chitsanzo. Pepala #2 (ndi Gola) limangoperekedwa chabe Prause et al., 2015. Mapepala ena a 9 ali ndi zigawo zochepa zomwe zikufufuza Prause et al., 2015 (onse nenani kafukufuku wa EEG yemwe adapeza malo okhala kapena kutsimikiza mtima). Mapepalawa adalembedwa pofika tsiku lomwe amafalitsa.

1) Katswiri wa sayansi ya zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti: Kukonzanso ndi Kuonjezera (2015)

Kufotokozera momveka bwino Prause et al., 2015 (ndemanga 309)

Phunziro lina la EEG lokha lokhala ndi olemba atatu omwewa linafalitsidwa posachedwapa [309]. Mwamwayi, phunziro latsopanoli linayambitsidwa ndi zinthu zambiri zomwezo monga momwe zinalili kale [303]. Mwachitsanzo, amagwiritsa ntchito dziwe lopanda ntchito, ofufuzawa anagwiritsa ntchito mayankho a mafunso owonetsa zithunzi omwe sanagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa owonetsa zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti, ndipo nkhanizo sizinawonedwe kuti ziwonetsedwe zina ndizovuta.

Mu phunziro latsopano, Prause et al. poyerekeza ndi zochitika za EEG za anthu owonetsa zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti omwe ali ndi maulamuliro pamene amayang'ana zogonana ndi zosavomerezeka [309]. Malingana ndi kuyembekezera, kukula kwa LPP pazithunzi zopanda ndale kunawonjezeka kwa magulu awiriwa, ngakhale kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kunali kochepa kwa maphunziro a IPA. Poyembekeza kukula kwakukulu kwa owonerera zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti, olembawo anati, "Njirayi ikuwoneka mosiyana ndi mankhwala oledzeretsa".

Ngakhale kuti ERP amplitudes yowonjezereka chifukwa cha zizoloŵezi zowononga zokhudzana ndi zochitika zapadera zimawonedwa mu maphunziro oledzeretsa, zomwe zikupezeka tsopano sizodziwika, ndipo zikugwirizana ndi zomwe apeza a Kühn ndi Gallinat [263], amene adapeza ntchito zambiri zolimbirana ndi ubongo wochepa poyankha zogonana. M'gawo la zokambilana, olembawo adatchula Kühn ndi Gallinat ndipo adapereka chizoloŵezi kuti ndizofotokozera mwatsatanetsatane chitsanzo cha LPP chochepa. Kufotokozeranso kwina kwa Kühn ndi Gallinat, komabe, ndiko kuti kukondoweza kwakukulu kungayambitse kusintha kwa mpweya. Mwachidziwitso, zolaula zozembera zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zochepetsetsa zomwe zili mu dorsal striatum, chigawenga chogonana chokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso chikoka [265].

Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti zomwe apeza ndi Prause et al. zinali zosiyana ndi zomwe ankayembekezera [309]. Munthu akhoza kuyembekezera kuti anthu ambiri omwe amaonera zolaula ndi intaneti pa Intaneti amakhala ndi LPP amplitudes ofanana poyang'ana mwachidule zithunzi zachiwerewere ngati zithunzi zolaula za pa Intaneti sizikhala ndi zotsatirapo. M'malo mwake, kupeza mwadzidzidzi kwa Prause et al. [309] amasonyeza kuti nthawi zambiri owonerera zithunzi zolaula amapezeka pafupipafupi. Mwinamwake wina angaganizizane mofanana ndi izi kuti apirire. M'dziko lamakono lakuthamanga kwambiri kwa intaneti, zimakhala zovuta kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti akuwonera mafilimu ndi mavidiyo ogonana mosiyana ndi pulogalamu. Mafilimu opatsirana pogonana amachititsa zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe komanso zowonjezera kuposa zithunzi zachiwerewere [310] ndi kuwonera mafilimu ogonana amachititsa chidwi chochepa ndi kugonana kwa zithunzi zachiwerewere [311]. Kuphatikizidwa pamodzi, Prause et al., Ndi maphunziro a Kühn ndi Gallinat amatsimikizira kuti anthu ambiri omwe amaonera zolaula amafunika kuwonekera kwambiri kuti athetse mayankho a ubongo ngati ofanana ndi ochita bwino kapena ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Komanso, mawu a Prause et al. [309] kuti, "Awa ndiwo machitidwe oyamba a anthu omwe amafotokoza mavuto a VSS" ndizovuta chifukwa amanyalanyaza kafukufuku omwe anafalitsidwa kale [262,263]. Komanso, n'kofunika kuona kuti chimodzi mwa mavuto akuluakulu pofufuza momwe ubongo umayankhira pazinthu zolaula zolaula pa Intaneti ndikuti kuyang'ana zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndiko khalidwe lachiwerewere. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi mankhwala a cocaine amagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala a cocaine (mizere yoyera pagalasi), m'malo mokhala ndi maphunziro enieni a cocaine. Popeza kuyang'ana kwa mafano ndi mavidiyo ogonana ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere, kufufuza kwa ubongo wam'tsogolo pa owonetsa zithunzi zolaula ku intaneti ayenera kusamala pazojambula zonse ndikuyesera zotsatira. Mwachitsanzo, mosiyana ndi chigawo chimodzi chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zithunzi za Prause et al. [309], Voon et al. adasankha mavidiyo omveka bwino a 9 pamasewero awo omwe amachititsa kuti azimvetsetsa zolaula pa intaneti [262]. Mosiyana ndi chiwonetserochi chachiwiri pa zithunzi (Prause et al. [309]), kuwonetsa mafilimu a 9-kachiwiri kunachititsa kuti ubongo ukhale wovuta kwambiri kuwonerera zithunzi zolaula kwambiri kuposa momwe anawonetsera mafano amodzi. Ponena za olemba omwe adatchula phunziro la Kühn ndi Gallinat, omasulidwa panthawi imodzimodzimodzi ndi kufufuza kwa Voon [262], komabe iwo sanavomereze Voon et al. Phunzirani paliponse pamapepala awo ngakhale kuti ndi zofunika kwambiri.

2) Kuchepetsa LPP kwa zithunzi zachiwerewere pazogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhala kofanana ndi mitundu ya zosokoneza bongo. Chilichonse chimadalira mtunduwo: Ndemanga pa Pembedzero, Steele, Staley, Sabatinelli, & Hajcak, 2015 (2016)

Biol Psychol. 2016 May 24. pii: S0301-0511 (16) 30182-X. onetsani: 10.1016 / j.biopsycho.2016.05.003.

Gola Matuesz1. 1Swartz Center ya Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computations, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA; Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland. Adilesi ya makompyuta: [imelo ndiotetezedwa].

Full Paper

Ukadaulo wa pa intaneti umapereka mwayi wotsika mtengo komanso wosadziwika wa zolaula zambiri (Cooper, 1998). Zambiri zomwe zapezeka zikuwonetsa kuti 67.6% ya amuna ndi 18.3% ya azimayi achikulire aku Danish (azaka 18-30 wazaka) amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula sabata iliyonse (Hald, 2006). Mwa ophunzira aku koleji aku USA 93.2% ya anyamata ndi 62.1% ya atsikana anali akuonera zolaula pa intaneti asanakwanitse zaka 18 (Sabina, Wolak, & Finkelhor, 2008). Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri, kuwonera zolaula kumawathandiza pa zosangalatsa, chisangalalo, ndi kudzoza (Rothman, Kaczmarsky, Burke, Jansen, & Baughman, 2014) (Häggström-Nordin, Tydén, Hanson, & Larsson, 2009), koma kwa ena , Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi kumabweretsa mavuto (pafupifupi 8% mwa ogwiritsa ntchito malinga ndi Cooper et al., 1999) ndipo imakhala chifukwa chofunira chithandizo (Delmonico ndi Carnes, 1999; Kraus, Potenza, Martino, & Grant, 2015; Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Gola ndi Potenza, 2016). Chifukwa cha kutchuka kwawo komanso kuwonetsa kosagwirizana ndi zamankhwala, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndikofunikira pankhani zachitukuko, zomwe zimakopa chidwi kwambiri munyuzipepala, (mwachitsanzo, makanema otchuka: "Manyazi" a McQueen ndi "Don Jon" a Gordon-Levitt) komanso kuchokera andale (mwachitsanzo, Prime Minister waku UK a David Cameron a 2013 onena zolaula zomwe ana amagwiritsa ntchito), komanso kafukufuku wama neuroscience (Steele, Staley, Fong, & Prause, 2013; Kühn ndi Gallinat, 2014; Voon et al., 2014). Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa kawirikawiri ndi awa: ngati zolaula zingakhale zovuta?

Kupeza kwa Prause, Steele, Staley, Sabatinelli, & Hajcak, (2015) yofalitsidwa mu nkhani ya Juni ya Biological Psychology imapereka chidziwitso chosangalatsa pamutuwu. Ofufuzawa adawonetsa kuti abambo ndi amai omwe amafotokoza zovuta pakuwona zolaula (N = 55),1 kuwonetsa mwayi wotsika kwambiri (LPP - zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika za EEG zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kufunika komanso kudziletsa kusasunthika) ku zogonana poyerekezera ndi zithunzi zosagonana, poyerekeza ndi mayankho oletsa. Amasonyezanso kuti vuto loonera zolaula omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chilakolako chogonana ali ndi zing'onozing'ono zosiyana siyana za kugonana komanso zosagonana. Olembawo anatsimikizira kuti: "Zotsatirazi zikuwoneka zosagwirizana ndi maulosi ena opangidwa ndi zizoloŵezi zowonongeka" (p. 196) ndipo adalengeza izi motsimikiza mu mutu wa mutu wakuti: "Kuwonetseratu kuti zitha kukhala zowonongeka ndi zogonana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ndi zovuta zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi "Zolaula" ".

Tsoka ilo, m'nkhani yawo, Prause et al. (2015) sanafotokoze momveka bwino kuti ndi mtundu wanji wamankhwala omwe anali kuyesa. Zotsatira zomwe zafotokozedwera pokhudzana ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino kwambiri sizipereka umboni wotsimikizira kuti zovuta zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndichizolowezi (monga ngati Incentive Salience Theory; Robinson ndi Berridge, 1993; Robinson, Fischer, Ahuja, Wamng'ono, & Maniates, 2015) kapena kuthandizira izi (monga momwe zingakhalire ndi Reward Deficiency Syndrome; Blum et al., 1996; 1996; Blum, Badgaiyan, & Gold, 2015). Pansipa ndimafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane.

Adiresi ya adiresi: Swartz Center ya Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computations, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093-0559, USA. Imelo adilesi: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]

1 Ndikoyenera kuzindikira kuti olembawo akupereka zotsatira kwa anthu omwe ali nawo pamodzi pamodzi, pomwe kafukufuku waposachedwapa akuwonetsa kuti zojambula zogonana ndi zovunda zikusiyana kwambiri pakati pa amuna okhaokha (onani: Wierzba et al., 2015)

2 Kuganiza uku kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zolemba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Prause et al. (2015) amatanthauzanso IST (mwachitsanzo Wölfling et al., 2011

Chifukwa chake zolemba ndi kufotokozera mfundo

Malinga ndi machitidwe ambiri a mawu akuti "cue-reactivity" omwe olembawo tingaganize kuti olembawo ali ndi malingaliro okhudzidwa ndi zolimbikitsana (IST) omwe anaperekedwa ndi Robinson ndi Berridge (Berridge, 2012; Robinson et al., 2015).2 Ntchito yolingalira imeneyi imasiyanitsa magawo awiri azikhalidwe zoyeserera - "kufuna" ndi "kukonda". Chotsatirachi chimalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi phindu la mphothoyo, pomwe yoyambayo imagwirizana ndi mtengo womwe ungayembekezeredwe, womwe umayesedwa poyerekeza ndi kulosera. Potengera kuphunzira kwa Pavlovian, mphotho ndizolimbikitsa (UCS) yopanda tanthauzo ndipo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi mphothoyi pophunzira ndizoyambitsa (CS). Ma CS ophunzitsidwa amakhala ndi chidwi komanso amatulutsa "kufuna", komwe kumawonetsedwa mwamakhalidwe (Mahler ndi Berridge, 2009; Robinson & Berridge, 2013). Chifukwa chake amakhala ndi zinthu zofananira monga mphotho yomwe. Mwachitsanzo zinziri zowetedwa modzipereka ndi chinthu cha terrycloth (CS) chomwe chidapakidwa kale ndi mwayi wotsata zinziri zazimayi (UCS), ngakhale atakhala wamkazi weniweni (Cetinkaya ndi Domjan, 2006)

Malinga ndi IST, kuledzera kumadziwika ndi "kufuna" kowonjezeka (kukonzanso zochitika zokhudzana ndi cue; mwachitsanzo, LPP yayikulu) ndikuchepetsa "kukonda" (kuchepa kwa ntchito yokhudzana ndi mphotho; mwachitsanzo, kutsika kwa LPP). Pofuna kutanthauzira zomwe zili mkati mwa chimango cha IST ofufuza ayenera kusiyanitsa momveka bwino "kufuna" ndi "kukonda" kokhudzana ndi mphotho. Kuyesa kwa paradigms kuyesa njira zonsezi kumabweretsa magawo ndi mphotho zosiyana (ie Flagel et al., 2011; Sescousse, Barbalat, Domenech, & Dreher, 2013; Gola, Miyakoshi, & Sescousse, 2015). Prause et al. (2015) m'malo mwake gwiritsani ntchito paradigm yosavuta yoyeserera, momwe omvera amangoyang'ana zithunzi zosiyana ndizogonana komanso zosagonana. Pazoyeserera zosavuta izi funso lofunikira kuchokera pakuwona kwa IST ndi ili: Kodi zithunzi zogonana zimagwira ntchito (CS) kapena mphoto (UCS)? Ndipo chotero: kodi LPP yoyezera imasonyeza "kufuna" kapena "kukonda"?

Olembawo amaganiza kuti zithunzi zakugonana ndizomwe zili, ndipo potero kutanthauzira kuchepa kwa LPP ngati njira yochepetsera "kufuna." Kuchepetsa "kufuna" pokhudzana ndi zomwe zingachitike sikungakhale kosemphana ndi mtundu wa IST. Koma kafukufuku wambiri akuwonetsa kuti zithunzi zogonana sizongotengera chabe. Akupindulitsa mwa iwo okha (Oei, Rombouts, Soeter, van Gerven, & Onse, 2012; Stoléru, Fonteille, Cornélis, Joyal, & Moulier, 2012; adawerengedwa mu: Sescousse, Caldú, Segura, & Dreher, 2013; Stoléru Et al., 2012). Kuwona zithunzi zakugonana kumadzutsa zochitika za ventral striatum (mphoto dongosolo) (Arnowet al., 2002; Demos, Heatherton, & Kelley, 2012; Sabatinelli, Bradley, Lang, Costa, & Versace, 2007; Stark et al., 2005; Wehrum-Osinskyet al., 2014), kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine (Meston ndi McCall, 2005) ndipo onse adadzinena okha ndikuwona moyenera kuyerekezera kugonana (kubwereza: Chivers, Seto, Lalumière, Laan, & Grimbos, 2010).

Zopindulitsa pazithunzi zogonana zitha kukhala zachilengedwe chifukwa chakuti kugonana (monga chakudya) ndiye mphotho yayikulu. Koma ngakhale wina atakana mwayi wobadwa nawo wotere, zabwino zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chofuna kuphunzira zolaula zitha kupezeka chifukwa cha kuphunzira kwa Pavlovian. Pazachilengedwe, zoyipa zolaula (monga wamaliseche kapena kanema wolaula) zitha kukhala lingaliro (CS) lazochita zogonana zomwe zimafikitsa pachimake (UCS) chifukwa chazakugonana kapena kuseweretsa maliseche komwe kumayenderana ndi zolaula. Kuphatikiza apo pakakhala zolaula nthawi zambiri, zolaula (CS) zimalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi orgasm (UCS) ndipo zimatha kukhala ndi mphotho (UCS; Mahler ndi Berridge, 2009; Robinson & Berridge, 2013) kenako zimayandikira ( zolaula) ndi machitidwe owonongera (mwachitsanzo, maola owonera asanafike pachimake).

Mosasamala kanthu za phindu lobadwa nalo kapena lophunziridwa, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti zithunzi zachiwerewere zimadzilimbikitsa, ngakhale sizingakhale pachimake. Chifukwa chake ali ndi phindu lofunika kwambiri kwa anthu (Prévost, Pessiglione, Météreau, Cléry-Melin, & Dreher, 2010) komanso ma rhesus macaques (Deaner, Khera, & Platt, 2005) Mtengo wawo wopindulitsa ungakulitsidwe poyesa kolowera, pomwe pachimake pachimake (UCS wachilengedwe) sichikupezeka, monga mu kafukufuku wa Prause et al.'s (2015) ("omwe akuchita nawo kafukufukuyu adalangizidwa kuti asachite maliseche pantchitoyo", p. 197). Malinga ndi Berridge, momwe ntchito imagwirira ntchito imathandizira kuneneratu za mphotho (Berridge, 2012). Chifukwa chake, popeza palibe chosangalatsa china kuposa zithunzi zachiwerewere chomwe chidalipo pano, kuwonera zithunzi inali mphotho yayikulu (osati kungoyerekeza).

Kuchepetsa LPP zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zimakhala zofanana ndi zowonongeka

Poganizira zonsezi pamwambapa tikhoza kuganiza kuti zithunzi zogonana mu Prause et al. (2015), m'malo mongokhala chabe, mwina adasewera gawo la mphotho. Ngati ndi choncho, malinga ndi chimango cha IST, kutsika kwa LPP pazithunzi zosagonana pazovuta zogwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso omwe ali ndi chilakolako chofuna kugonana kwenikweni akuwonetsa kuchepa "kukonda". Zotsatira zoterezi zikugwirizana ndi mtundu waukadaulo womwe Berridge ndi Robinson (Berridge, 2012; Robinson et al., 2015). Komabe, kuti mutsimikizire kwathunthu za chizolowezi chomwa mwaukadaulo mkati mwa chimango cha IST, maphunziro oyesera kwambiri, kusokoneza malingaliro ndi mphotho zimafunikira. Chitsanzo chabwino cha paradigm yoyeserera yoyesedwa idagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro a otchova juga ndi Sescousse, Redouté, & Dreher (2010). Idagwiritsa ntchito ndalama komanso zogonana (zoyimira zofanizira) ndikupeza mphotho (kupambana kwachuma kapena zithunzi zachiwerewere). Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa tanthauzo ndi mphotho mu Prause et al. (2015), gawo lazithunzi zachiwerewere silikudziwika bwino ndipo chifukwa chake zotsatira za LPP ndizosamveka mkati mwa chimango cha IST. Chowonadi chotsimikizika chomwe chaperekedwa pamutu wa kafukufukuyu "Kusinthasintha kwa zomwe zingachitike mochedwa ndi zithunzi zachiwerewere mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zovuta ndikuwongolera kosagwirizana ndi" chizolowezi zolaula "kwazunguliridwa ndi IST

Ngati titenga mtundu wina wotchuka wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo - Reward Deficency Syndrome (RDS; Blum et al., 1996, 2015) chidziwitso chopezeka ndi alembi kwenikweni chimayankhula pofuna kukonda kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ntchito za RDS zimagwiritsa ntchito kuti zamoyo zimayambitsa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya dopaminergic chifukwa cholimbikitsana (zomwe zinafotokozedwa mu BOLD ndi electrophysiological reactivity) zokhudzana ndi kufunafuna, kutengeka mtima komanso chiopsezo chachikulu. Zolemba za olemba a m'munsimu a LPP mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta zogwirizana ndi ndondomeko yoledzera ya RDS. Ngati Prause et al. (2015) anali kuyesa njira ina, yosavomerezeka kwambiri kuposa IST kapena RDS, zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri kuzipereka mwachidule kuntchito yawo.

Ndemanga zomaliza

Phunziro la Prause et al. (2015) imapereka deta yosangalatsa yokhudzana ndi zolaula.3 Komabe, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chidziwitso chodziwikiratu chomwe chizoloŵezi choyendetsa bwino chimayesedwa ndi zojambula zowonongeka (zovuta kufotokoza mbali ya zithunzi zolaula), sikutheka kunena ngati zotsatirazo zikutsutsana, kapena kuti, zoganiza za "Kuwonetsa zolaula." Maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri ndi zifukwa zomveka bwino zimayitanidwa. Mwamwayi, mutu wolimba wa Prause et al. (2015) nkhani yakhala ikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zofalitsa zamalonda, 4 potero kumatulutsa kumapeto kwasayansi kosagwirizana. Chifukwa cha kufunika kwa chikhalidwe ndi ndale za zotsatira za zolaula, ochita kafukufuku ayenera kusamala kwambiri m'tsogolo. (kutsindika kumaperekedwa)

3 Ndikoyenera kuzindikira kuti ku Prause et al. (2015) omwe amagwiritsa ntchito vutoli amawonetsa zolaula pafupifupi 3.8 pa sabata (SD = 1.3) zimakhala zofanana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ku Kühn ndi Gallinat (2014) omwe amadya pafupifupi 4.09 pa sabata (SD = 3.9) . Ku Voon et al. (2014) ogwiritsa ntchito osokoneza bongo amalemba 1.75 h / sabata (SD = 3.36) ndi mavuto 13.21 sabata / SD (X = 9.85) - Deta yomwe imapezeka pa nthawi ya American Psychological Science mu May 2015.

4 Zitsanzo za maudindo a zolemba za sayansi za Prause et al. (2015): "Zolaula sizowononga ngati zowonjezereka, zopitiliza kuphunzira" (http://metro.co.uk/2015/07/04/porn-is-not-as-harmful-as-other-addictions- zofufuza-5279530 /), "Zolakolako Zanu Zolaula Sizoona" (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/06/26/your-porn-addiction-isn-t-real.html) , "Zizoloŵezi za Zolaula" Sizowononga Zovuta, Ofufuza za Neurosayansi Amati "(http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/30/porn-addiction- n7696448.html)

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3) Nthenda ya Neurobiology ya Kugonana Kwachinyengo: Sayansi Yoyambira (2016)

MAFUNSO: Ngakhale pepala ili ndifupikitsa mwachidule, lili ndi zofunikira zochepa. Mwachitsanzo, izo zimanena kuti zonsezi Prause et al., 2015 ndi Kuhn & Gallinat, 2014 Lembani zotsatira zofanana: Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi zolaula. Maphunziro onsewa anafotokoza m'munsi kusinthika kwa ubongo poyankha mwachidule zithunzi zolaula za vanilla. M'chigawo chotsatira "Chochepera chokhazikika" chimatanthauza zofufuza za EEG Prause et al.:

"Motsutsana, Kuphunzira kwa anthu abwino kumapangitsa kuti ntchito yowonjezera yowonjezereka ikugwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kwa amuna abwino, nthawi yochulukirapo yowonerera zolaula zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zolemba zolaula (Kühn ndi Gallinat, 2014). Pewani zochitika zowonongeka zochitika zolaula zinawonetsedwa m'nkhani zomwe zili ndi vuto lowonetsa zolaula. " (kutsindika kumaperekedwa)

Mapepala akunena kuti zonsezi Prause et al., 2015 ndi Kuhn & Gallinat, 2014 apezeka chizoloŵezi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri.

Ndemanga yathunthu:

Khalidwe lachiwerewere lachiwerewere (CSB) limadziwika ndi kukhumba, kukhudzidwa, kufooka kwa anthu / ntchito, ndi matenda okhudza maganizo. Chiwerengero cha CSB chikulingalira pozungulira 3-6%, ndichimuna wamwamuna. Ngakhale kuti sali m'gulu la DSM-5, CSB ikhoza kupezedwa mu ICD-10 ngati vuto lodziletsa. Komabe, mkangano ulipo ponena za chiwerengero cha CSB (mwachitsanzo, ngati matenda osokoneza bongo, chizoloŵezi cha matenda okhudzana ndi kugonana, kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kapena kupitiliza chizolowezi chogonana).

Umboni woyambirira umasonyeza kuti dopamine ikhoza kuthandizira CSB. Mu Parkinson's (PD), dopamine mankhwala othandizira (Levo-dopa, dopamine agonists) akhala akugwirizanitsidwa ndi CSB ndi mavuto ena oyendetsa mphamvu (Weintraub et al, 2010). Kafukufuku ochepa omwe amagwiritsira ntchito naltrexone kumathandiza kuti achepetse zovuta ndi makhalidwe omwe amapezeka ndi CSB (Raymond et al, 2010), mogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa opioidergic ya mesolimbic dopamine ntchito yochepetsera CSB. Pakalipano, zazikulu, zoyenera kuchita, kufufuza za m'magazi ndi mayesero a mankhwala ndizofunika kuti mudziwe bwino CSB.

Zokakamizira zotsitsimula zimakhudzana ndi kugonana kokwanira. A CSB ndi amuna omwe si a CSB anali ndi chigwirizano chochulukitsa kugonana, ventral striatum, ndi amygdala (Voon et al, 2014). Muzochitika za CSB, kugwirizanitsa ntchito kwaukonde umenewu kumakhudzana ndi chilakolako chogonana chokhudzana ndi chilakolako cha kugonana, motero kuwonetsa ndi zomwe zapezeka m'zoledzeretsa za mankhwala (Voon et al, 2014). Amayi a CSB akuwonetsanso chidwi choyang'ana zolaula, zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kuyankhapo mofulumira monga momwe amachitira (Mechelmans et al, 2014). Mu CSB ndi odwala omwe si a CSB PD, kufotokoza zolaula kumawonjezereka kuchitapo kanthu pazomwe zimagwira ntchito pochita zinthu, komanso kugwirizana ndi chilakolako cha kugonana (Politis et al, 2013). Kuphunzira mwachidule kowonongeka kumaphatikizapo zovuta zowonongeka mu CSB ndi amuna omwe si a CSB (Miner et al, 2009).

IMosiyana ndi zimenezi, maphunziro a anthu abwino amagwira ntchito yowonjezera chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kwa amuna abwino, nthawi yochulukirapo yowonerera zolaula zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zolemba zolaula (Kühn ndi Gallinat, 2014). Pewani ntchito yochepetsetsa yochepetsetsa Zithunzi zolaula zinawonetsedwa m'nkhani zomwe zili ndi vuto la zolaula. Zotsatirazi, pamene zikusiyana, sizili zofanana. Kuchita chithunzi pazithunzi zokhudzana ndi kanema kavidiyo kungapangidwe kwa anthu abwino omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri; pamene, maphunziro a CSB omwe ali ndi mphamvu / zovuta kwambiri angathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ayambe kugwira ntchito.

Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wamakono aposachedwapa awonetsa kuti njira zina zothetsera ubongo za CSB zikhoza kuchitika, zotsatirazi ziyenera kuchitidwa ngati zowonongeka zopatsidwa njira zoperewera (mwachitsanzo, kukula kwazing'ono, zojambula, magawo a amuna okha, ndi zina zotero). Ziphuphu zamakono zofukufuku zikuphatikiza zovuta kutsimikizira ngati CSB ikuyendetsedwa ngati mowa kapena ayi. Kafukufuku wowonjezera amafunika kuti amvetsetse momwe zigawo zogwirira ntchito zimagwirizanirana ndi zofunikira zogonana monga zotsatira za mankhwala a CSB. Kuwonetsa CSB monga 'chizoloŵezi chochita chizoloŵezi cha khalidwe' kungakhale ndi zotsatira zazikulu pa zoyendetsera ndondomeko, zopewera ndi zachipatala; Komabe, panthawiyi, kafufuzidwe ndiyake. Chifukwa cha zofanana pakati pa CSB ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, njira zowonjezereka zowonjezereka zingakhale ndi lonjezo kwa CSB, motero zimapereka chidziwitso cha kafukufuku wamtsogolo kuti akafufuze zomwe zingatheke mwachindunji. (kutsindika kumaperekedwa)

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  2. Mechelmans DJ, Irvine M, Banca P, Porter L, Mitchell S, Mole TB ndi al (2014). Kupititsa patsogolo chisankho chokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa anthu omwe ali ndi makhalidwe osagonana. PloS One 9: e105476.

  3. Miner MH, Raymond N, Mueller BA, Lloyd M, Lim KO (2009). Kufufuza koyambirira za makhalidwe osokoneza bongo ndi chikhalidwe cha chiwerewere. Psychiatry Res 174: 146-151.

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  7. Weintraub D, Koester J, Potenza MN, Siderowf AD, Stacy M, Voon V et al (2010). Kusokoneza matenda osokoneza bongo ku Parkinson matenda: Kufufuza kwa anthu odwala 3090. Arch Neurol 67: 589-595. Maphunziro a Neuropsychopharmacology (2016) 41, 385-386; onetsani: 10.1038 / npp.2015.300

4) Kodi khalidwe loyenera la kugonana liyenera kuonedwa kuti ndiloledwetsa? (2016)

MAFUNSO: Kupenda uku, monga mapepala ena, akunena zimenezo Prause et al., 2015 ikugwirizana ndi Kühn & Gallinat, 2014 (Citation 72) omwe adapeza kuti zithunzi zolaula zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zochepetsera ubongo pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula za vanila.

Zowonjezera kufotokozera Prause et al., 2015 (ndemanga 73):

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, maphunziro ena omwe akuyang'ana pa anthu omwe alibe CSB adatsindika kuti ntchitoyi ndi yotani. M'mabambo omwe si a CSB, mbiri yakale yowonerera zolaula inagwirizanitsidwa ndi mayankho a m'munsi a putaminal ku zithunzi zolaula, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti zingatheke kuchitapo kanthu [72] Mofananamo, pa zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika zogwirizana ndi amuna ndi akazi popanda CSB, omwe amaonetsa zovuta zolaula ankagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula mobwerezabwereza kwa omwe sali olemba ntchito zovuta. Zotsatira zabwino zowonjezereka ndizokwera kwambiri poyankhidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo mu maphunziro oledzera [73]. Zotsatirazi zikusiyana ndi, koma sizigwirizana ndi, lipoti la ntchito yowonjezereka mu maphunziro a fMRI mu maphunziro a CSB; Maphunzirowa amasiyana mosiyana ndi mtundu wachinyengo, mofanana ndi anthu omwe akuphunzira. Kusanthula kwa CSB kunkawonetseratu mavidiyo poyerekeza ndi zithunzi zobwereza; chiwerengero cha kuwonetseratu chawonetsedwa kuti chikusiyana ndi mavidiyo motsutsana ndi zithunzi ndi chizolowezi chingakhale chosiyana malinga ndi zosokoneza. Kuwonjezera apo, pa zovutazo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitikazo, nambala ya maola ogwiritsira ntchito inali yochepa [vuto: 3.8, kutembenuka kwapadera (SD) = 1.3 motsutsana: 0.6, SD = maola 1.5 / sabata] poyerekeza ndi Sukulu ya CSB fMRI (CSB: 13.21, SD = 9.85 motsutsana ndi: 1.75, SD = Maola 3.36 / sabata). Motero, chizoloŵezi chikhoza kukhala chogwirizana ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwachizoloŵezi, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu komwe kungagwirizane ndi cue-reactivity yowonjezereka. Maphunziro akuluakulu akufunika kuyesa kusiyana kumeneku. (kutsindika kumaperekedwa)

5) Kodi Zithunzi Zolaula za pa Intaneti Zimayambitsa Mavuto Ogonana? Kubwereza ndi Zipatala zapadera (2016)

MAFUNSO: Kupenda uku, monga mapepala ena, akunena zimenezo Prause et al., 2015 ikugwirizana ndi Kühn & Gallinat, 2014 (Citation 72) omwe adapeza kuti zithunzi zolaula zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zochepetsera ubongo pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula za vanila.

Ndemanga yofufuza Prause et al., 2015 (ndemanga 130):

A Kuphunzira kwa 2015 EEG ndi Prause et al. poyerekeza ndi anthu omwe amaonera zolaula pa Intaneti (amatanthauza 3.8 pa sabata) omwe anali okhumudwa chifukwa cha kuwona kwawo (kutanthauza 0.6 pa sabata) pamene ankawona zithunzi zachiwerewere (1.0 s exposure) [130]. Pofufuza kuti zikufanana ndi Kühn ndi Gallinat, anthu oonera zolaula amakonda kuonetsa zithunzi zochepa zogonana kusiyana ndi kulamulira [130]. Zotsatira za maphunziro awiriwa zikusonyeza kuti anthu owonerera zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti amafunika kuwongolera kwambiri kuti ayambe kukweza ubongo poyerekeza ndi kulamulira bwino kapena ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti [167,168]. Kuphatikizanso apo, Kühn ndi Gallinat adanena kuti zithunzi zolaula za pa Intaneti zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwirizanitsa kwapakati pakati pa striatum ndi prefrontal cortex. Kulephera kugwira ntchito m'dongosololi kumayenderana ndi zosankha zosayenera ngakhale titakhala opanda zotsatira [169]. Mogwirizana ndi Kühn ndi Gallinat, kafukufuku wamaganizo amachititsa kuti nkhanizi zikhale ndi chizoloŵezi chokwanira kugwiritsira ntchito kugonana kwa azimayi, zachepetsa mphamvu zowonongeka pamene zikukumana ndi zolaula [53,114]. (kutsindika kumaperekedwa)

6) "Kusamala ndi Kusadziŵa Zomwe Zimakhumudwitsa: Kodi Zimathetsa Nthawi Zambiri Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito?" (2017)

MAFUNSO: Kuphunzira kwa EEG kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunatchula maphunziro a 3 Nicole Prause EEG. Olembawo amakhulupilira kuti maphunziro onse a 3 Prause EEG kwenikweni adapeza kukhumudwa kapena kuzoloŵera anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (omwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka ndi chizolowezi choledzera). Zithunzi zomwe zili m'munsimu ndi ziganizo za 3 zikuwonetsa zotsatirazi za maphunziro a Nicole Prause EEG (#8 ndi Prause et al., 2015):

  • 7 - Pemphero, N .; Steele, VR; Staley, C .; Sabatinelli, D. Zomwe zingatheke kukhala ndi zithunzi zolaula zogonana zogwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu ogonana. Soc. Dziwani. Zakhudza. Neurosc. 2015, 10, 93-100.
  • 8 - Pemphero, N .; Steele, VR; Staley, C .; Sabatinelli, D ;; Hajcak, G. Kusinthasintha kwa zizindikiro zabwino zowonongeka ndi kugonana kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ndi zovuta zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi "zolaula". Ubweya. Psychol. 2015, 109, 192-199.
  • 14 - Steele, VR; Staley, C .; Fong, T .; Pembedzero, N. Chilakolako cha kugonana, osati chiwerewere, chimakhudzana ndi mayankho okhudza kugonana. Socioaffect. Neurosci. Psychol. 2013, 3, 20770

Zithunzi zofotokozera Prause et al., 2015 (ndemanga 8):

Zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi zochitika (ERPs) zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito monga chiyero cha thupi la zomwe zimachitika pamaganizo, mwachitsanzo, [24]. Maphunziro ogwiritsa ntchito data ya ERP amakonda kuganizira zotsatira za ERP monga P300 [14] ndi Zomwe Zitha Posachedwapa (LPP) [7, 8] pofufuza anthu omwe amaonera zolaula. Zinthu zotsatirazi za mawonekedwe a ERP zatsimikiziridwa kuti zimakhala ndi zidziwitso monga kusamalira ndi kukumbukira (P300) [25] komanso kugwiritsabe ntchito mosamala zokhudzana ndi maganizo (LPP) [26]. Steele et al. [14] anawonetsa kuti kusiyana kwakukulu kwa P300 komwe kunawona pakati pa kuyang'ana zithunzi zolaula zokhudzana ndi zojambula zandale kunali kolakwika kwambiri ndi zofuna za kugonana, ndipo sizinakhudze kugonana kwa anthu. Olembawo adanena kuti kupeza kolakwika kumeneku sikungakhale chifukwa cha zithunzi zosonyeza kuti palibe chidziwitso chodziwika kwa phukusi lomwe ophunzirawo adanena, pamene onse akuwonetsa kuti akuwona zithunzi zambiri zolaula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti P300 iwonongeke. Olembawo adanena kuti mwina kuyang'ana zomwe zikuchitika pambuyo pa LPP kungapereke chida chofunikira kwambiri, monga chasonyezedwera kuti chiwonetsere njira zolimbikitsira. Kafukufuku wofufuzira za momwe zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsidwira ntchito pa LPP zasonyeza kukula kwa LPP kukhala ofooka kwambiri mwa ophunzira omwe amanena kuti ali ndi chilakolako chogonana komanso mavuto omwe amachititsa kuti azionera zolaula [7, 8]. Zotsatirazi ndi zosadabwitsa, monga momwe kafukufuku wina wokhudzana ndi chiwerewere wasonyeza kuti pamene ali ndi ntchito yokhudzidwa ndi vutoli, anthu omwe amawauza kuti ali ndi mavuto odzudzula awo amaonetsa mawonekedwe akuluakulu a mawonekedwe a LPP pamene akuwonetsa zithunzi za mankhwala awo okhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo [27]. Prause et al. [7, 8] perekani malingaliro a momwe kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kungawononge zotsatira zazing'ono za LPP posonyeza kuti zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha chizoloŵezi, monga momwe omwe akuyendera mu phunziroli akunena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumawombera kwambiri mopitirira malire a maola omwe amawonera zolaula .

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Kafukufuku akhala akuwonetsa kusokonezeka kwa thupi pakukonzekera chilakolako chokhutira chifukwa cha kachitidwe ka anthu omwe kawirikawiri amafufuza zolaula [3, 7, 8]. Ndizolemba za olemba kuti zotsatirazi zikhoza kuwerengera zotsatira zomwe zachitika.

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Maphunziro amtsogolo angafunikire kugwiritsa ntchito mndandanda wazithunzi wamakono kuti aziwerengera zikhalidwe. Ndiponso, mwinamwake ogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula amaweruziratu zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwawo panthawi yophunzira. Kulongosola uku kunali kosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi [7, 8] kuti afotokoze zotsatira zawo zomwe zimasonyeza kuti ndi zochepa poyandikira zolimbikitsa zowonjezedwa ndi zing'onozing'ono za LPP (kuchepa kwabwino) mphamvu ya zithunzi zolaula ndi anthu omwe amafotokoza zolaula zosagwiritsidwa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito. LPP amplitudes yasonyezedwa kuti ichepetse pakutsata malamulo mwachidziwitso [62, 63]. Choncho, LPP yoletsedwa kwa mafano osokoneza bongo angayese chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zotsatira zopezeka m'magulu amodzi pa magulu a "chikhalidwe". (kutsindika kumaperekedwa)

7) Njira zokhudzana ndi kugonana mwachisawawa (2018)

Zomwe zikuwunikira Prause et al., 2015 (yomwe ili ndemanga 87):

Kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito EEG, yomwe inachitidwa ndi Prause ndi anzake, inalimbikitsa anthu omwe akuvutika maganizo chifukwa cha zolaula zawo, poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira lomwe silikumva chisoni chifukwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula, zingafunikire kuwonetseratu zochitika zowonongeka kuti zitsatire ubongo. [87]. Ochita zachiwerewere-anthu omwe akukumana ndi mavuto owonetsa momwe amaonera zithunzi zachiwerewere '(M= Maola a 3.8 pa sabata) -kuwonetseratu kutengeka kochepa kwa thupi (kuyerekezedwa ndi mphamvu zotha kusintha mu chizindikiro cha EEG) poyerekeza ndi zojambula zogonana kusiyana ndi momwe gulu lofananirana limawonetsera zithunzi zomwezo. Malinga ndi kutanthauzira zokhudzana ndi kugonana mu phunziro lino (monga chidziwitso kapena mphotho, chifukwa zambiri zimawona Gola et al. [4]), zomwe zapezazi zingathandize zowonjezera zomwe zikusonyeza kuti nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta [4]. Mu 2015, Banca ndi anzake amagwira ntchito kuti amuna omwe ali ndi CSB amasankha malingaliro opatsirana pogonana ndikuwonetsa zomwe zimawoneka kuti zikuwonetsa kachitidwe ka DACC povumbulutsidwa mobwerezabwereza ku zithunzi zomwezo [88]. Zotsatira za maphunziro omwe tazitchulawa zikusonyeza kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zingachepetse mphamvu zowonjezera mphotho, zomwe zingabweretse kuwonjezeka kwa chizoloŵezi ndi kulekerera, motero kuonjezera kufunikira kokakamiza kwambiri kugonana. Komabe, kufufuza kwa nthawi yaitali kumawonetsedwa kuti izi zitheke. Kuphatikizidwa pamodzi, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi ubongo wazomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano wathandizira kuti lingaliro la CSB lifanane ndi mankhwala, njuga, ndi zisokonezo za masewera pokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe a ubongo ndi ndondomeko, kuphatikizapo kulimbikitsa komanso kukhala ndi chizoloŵezi. (kutsindika kumaperekedwa).

8) Kugonjetsa Kwachinyamata pa Intaneti: Zimene Timadziwa ndi Zimene Sitikuzidziwa-Kusanthula Kwambiri (2019)

Kufotokozera momveka bwino Phunziro la 2 EEG la Prause: Steele et al., 2013 & Prause et al., 2015 (ndemanga 105 ndi Steele, ndemanga 107 ndi Pemphero):

Umboni wa chilakolako ichi chachisindikizo chachisudzo chapamwamba kwambiri chikuwonekera makamaka ku prefrontal cortex [101] ndi amygdala [102,103], pokhala umboni wolimbikitsa. Kugwira ntchito m'zigawo za ubongo uku kukumbukira za ndalama zapadera [104] ndipo zingakhale ndi zotsatira zofanana. Komanso, pali mawerengedwe apamwamba a EEG mwa ogwiritsira ntchitowa, komanso chilakolako chogonana ndi wokondedwa, koma osati kugonana ndi zolaula [105], chinachake chomwe chimasonyezanso kusiyana kwa khalidwe la erection [8]. Izi zikhoza kuonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha deensitization. Komabe, kufufuza kwa Steele kuli ndi zolakwika zingapo zomwe angaganizire (monga kugonana kosatha, kusowa kwa kuyang'ana kwa matenda a m'maganizo kapena kuledzeretsa, kusakhala gulu lolamulira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mayankho osatsimikiziridwa pa zolaula) [106]. Phunziro la Prause [107], nthawi ino ndi gulu lolamulira, linayankhulanso zotsatirazi. Udindo wa chidziwitso chokhudzidwa ndi chilakolako cha chitukuko cha kugonana kwa azimayi ogonana ndi azimayi ogonana ndi abambo amathandizidwa kuti azigonana ndi amuna okhaokha [108] ndi zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha [109].

Comments: Zomwe tafotokoza pamwambazi zimati Pemphero la 2015 EEG linatsindika zomwe adazipeza pa phunziro lake la 2013 EEG (Steele et al.): Kafukufuku onsewo adawonetsa umboni wa chizoloŵezi kapena chizoloŵezi chochotsera chizoloŵezi, chomwe chimagwirizana ndi chizolowezi choledzera (kulekerera). Ndiloleni ndifotokoze.

Ndikofunika kudziwa zimenezo Prause et al., 2015 AND Steele et al., 2013 anali nawo zofanana "zolaula". Vuto ndilo Steele et al. analibe gulu lolamulira kuti lifanane! Choncho Prause et al., 2015 amafanizira maphunziro a 2013 kuchokera Steele et al., 2013 kwa gulu lenileni lolamulira (komabe linayesedwa ndi zolakwika zofanana zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa). Zotsatira: Poyerekeza ndi machitidwe "anthu omwe akukumana ndi mavuto owonetsa zolaula zawo" anali ndi ubwino wochepa wa kuchitapo kanthu kwa kamodzi kamodzi ku zithunzi za zolaula za vanilla. Zotsatira za ZOCHITIKA za Prause awiri a EEG amaphunzira:

  1. Steele et al., 2013: Anthu omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chochulukira-zolaula zolaula anali nazo Zochepa chilakolako chogonana ndi mnzanu, koma osati zofuna zodzikweza.
  2. Prause et al., 2015: "Ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" anali nawo Zochepa kugwiritsira ntchito ubongo kuti ziwononge zithunzi za vilonda zolaula. Mavesi a m'munsi a EEG amatanthauza kuti "zolaula" nkhani sizingasamalire zithunzizo.

Zitsanzo za 2 zimatuluka bwino: "Anthu osokoneza bongo omwe amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula" anali osasamala kapena akuzoloŵera kuonera zolaula, ndipo iwo omwe ali ndi chilakolako chofuna kuonera zolaula amakonda kukonda zolaula kuposa kugonana ndi munthu weniweni. Mwachidule iwo anali osowa mtendere (chiwonetsero chofala cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo) ndipo ankakonda kukakamiza zochitika zowonjezera zachilengedwe (kugonana pakati pawo). Palibe njira yowatanthauzira zotsatira izi monga kunamizira zolaula. Zomwe anapezazi zimathandizira njira yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

10) Kodi Mumasiyanitsa Zithunzi Zolaula ndi Ziwawa Mukhale Ndi Zotsatira Zokhudza Kusazindikira Kwa Amuna (2020)

Comments: Kunyalanyaza Prause et al mutu wosathandizidwa, olemba adavomereza kufotokozera komwe kungakhale komwe kwatchulidwa Prause et al., 2015: "Pembedzero et al. adanenanso kuti izi sizingachitike chifukwa chakubwera, monga omwe atenga nawo gawo omwe adatsitsa LPP aladakwera kwambiri kuposa maola omwe amathera akuonera zolaula. ”

Kutchulapo za Prause Et al., 2015:

Kafukufuku wofufuza zokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi zolaula pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kapena pafupipafupi ndizosowa. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mosasamala kapena kaonedwe kabwino ka zinthu zolaula nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa kuti chiwonetsero cha LPP chikhale cholimba pamene anthu apatsidwa chidziwitso cholakwika (Pembedzero et al., 2015). A matalikidwe akulu LPP ndi mndandanda wa makonzedwe okhazikika azokondweretsa ndipo ndi chisonyezo chofunikira (Voon et al., 2014). Mosiyana ndi izi, zokhudzana ndi zotsatira za ERP zowonera zovuta zomwe zimawoneka pakugonana, mabuku omwe alipo kale akuwonetsa gawo lakuchepa la LPP. Pembedzero et al. adapereka anthu omwe adanenapo kapena kukana kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula molimbikitsa (kuphatikizapo zithunzi zolaula). Omwe adanenanso za mavuto omwe amapangitsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso omwe anali ndi chidwi chachikulu chakugonana adawonetsa kuchepa kwa LPP poyankha zithunzi zolaula. Pembedzero et al. adanenanso kuti izi zidachitika mosayembekezereka. Kafukufuku wambiri wa anthu omwe ali ndi zizolowezi zoipa zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito zochita zawo molakwika. Mwambiri, kafukufukuyu wapeza kukwezedwa kwa LPP ikaperekedwa ndi zithunzi zomwe zimapangitsa munthu kukhala ndi vuto losokoneza bongo (Minnix et al., 2013). Pembedzero et al. adanenanso kuti izi sizingachitike chifukwa chakubwera, monga omwe atenga nawo gawo omwe adatsitsa LPP alkotero adakweza kwambiri mu kuchuluka kwa maola omwe amakhala ndikuwonera zolaula.