Masalimo a Prause et al., 2015

Introduction

Kafukufuku wa EEG: " Kusintha kwa zinthu zabwino zomwe zingachitike mochedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zogonana mwa ogwiritsa ntchito mavuto ndi zowongolera zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi chizolowezi cholaula " ( Prause et al ., 2015 )

Nenani: Mpaka lero, wofufuza wakale wa UCLA Nicole Prause akunena molimba mtima kuti kafukufuku wake wa EEG "unanama za chitsanzo cha chizolowezi chogonana."

Zoona: Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza chizolowezi/kusiya kukhudzidwa ndi anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi. Chifukwa pepalali linanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa ubongo ku zolaula za vanilla, zalembedwa patsamba lino ngati zothandizira lingaliro lakuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zonse kumaletsa chilakolako chogonana. Mwachidule, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri adatopa ndi zithunzi zosasinthika za zolaula za ho-hum. (Zomwe zapezekazi zikufanana ndi Kuhn & Gallinat., 2014. ) Zomwe zapezekazi zikugwirizana ndi kulekerera , chizindikiro cha chizolowezi . Kulekerera kumatanthauzidwa ngati kuchepa kwa yankho la munthu ku mankhwala kapena chilimbikitso chomwe chimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza. Mapepala asanu ndi anayi omwe awonedwa ndi anzawo omwe alembedwa pansipa akugwirizana ndi kuwunika kwa YBOP kwa Prause et al. , 2015.

Kafukufuku makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri awonetsa zomwe zapezedwa zogwirizana ndi kulimbikitsa / kuyambiranso. Chifukwa chakuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri anali ndi zowerengera zochepa za EEG kuposa zowongolera, wolemba wamkulu Nicole Prause adati pepala lake, ndi malingaliro olakwika, "adalakwitsa" mtundu wazolowera zolaula. Amati kuwerengetsa kwake kwa EEG kumayesa "cue-reacaction," osati chizoloŵezi. Ngakhale kuti Prause anali wolondola, iye amanyalanyaza mosapita m'mbali chitsimikizocho mu "malingaliro" ake. Ziribe kanthu zomwe akunena za iye Prause et al. 2015 kupeza zochepa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi, 26 ena Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi matenda a ubongo adanena kuti anthu ochita zolaula amafunikanso kuganizira kapena kulakalaka: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Sayansi sizimapita ndi phunziro lokhalo lokhalitsa lomwe likukhudzidwa ndi zolakwika zolakwika komanso otsutsa olankhula; sayansi ikupita ndi kusokonezeka kwa umboni.

Zindikirani: Mu nkhani iyi ya 2018 Gary Wilson akuulula zoona zomwe zili kumbuyo kwa maphunziro 5 okayikitsa komanso osokeretsa, kuphatikizapo maphunziro awiri a Nicole Prause EEG ( Steele et al. , 2013 ndi Prause et al ., 2015): Kafukufuku wa Zolaula: Zoona Kapena Zongopeka?

Kusanthula khumi kowunikidwa ndi anzawo kwa Prause et al., 2015. Kwa zaka zambiri, maphunziro ena ambiri ozikidwa pa sayansi ya ubongo afalitsidwa (MRI, fMRI, EEG, neuropsychological, hormonal). Onse amapereka chithandizo champhamvu cha mtundu wa kuledzera pamene zomwe apeza zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zapezeka mu maphunziro okhudzana ndi kuledzera. Malingaliro enieni a akatswiri pankhani ya kuledzera zolaula/kugonana akuwoneka pamndandanda uwu wa ndemanga 25 zaposachedwa zamabuku ndi ndemanga (zonse zikugwirizana ndi mtundu wa kuledzera). Mapepala omwe ali pansipa onse akuvomereza kuti zomwe Prause et al. adapeza za kuledzera zimathandizira mtundu wa kuledzera zolaula . Pepala #2 (lolembedwa ndi Gola) ladzipereka kokha pakufufuza Prause et al. , 2015. Mapepala ena 9 ali ndi magawo achidule omwe amafufuza Prause et al., 2015 ( onse amati kafukufuku wa EEG adapezadi kuledzera kapena kuletsa kukhudzidwa). Mapepalawa alembedwa pofika tsiku lofalitsidwa.

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1) Katswiri wa sayansi ya zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti: Kukonzanso ndi Kuonjezera (2015)

Kufotokozera momveka bwino Prause et al., 2015 (ndemanga 309)

Kafukufuku wina wa EEG wokhudza olemba atatu omwewo wafalitsidwa posachedwapa [ 309 ] . Tsoka ilo, kafukufuku watsopanoyu adakumana ndi mavuto ambiri ofanana ndi omwe adachitika kale [ 303 ]. Mwachitsanzo, adagwiritsa ntchito gulu la anthu osiyanasiyana, ofufuza adagwiritsa ntchito mafunso ofufuza omwe sanatsimikizidwe kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, ndipo anthuwo sanafufuzidwe kuti awone ngati ali ndi vuto lina la chizolowezi kapena matenda amisala.

Mu kafukufuku watsopano, Prause et al. anayerekeza zochitika za EEG za owonera zolaula pa intaneti pafupipafupi ndi za olamulira pamene ankawona zithunzi zogonana komanso zosalowerera ndale [ 309 ]. Monga momwe ankayembekezera, kukula kwa LPP poyerekeza ndi zithunzi zosalowerera ndale kunawonjezeka kwa magulu onse awiri, ngakhale kuti kukula kwa kukula kunali kochepa kwa anthu omwe anali ndi IPA. Poyembekezera kukula kwa kukula kwa owonera zolaula pa intaneti pafupipafupi, olembawo anati, "Kachitidwe aka kakuwoneka kosiyana ndi mitundu yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo".

Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa ERP komwe kumayankhira zizindikiro za chizolowezi chokhudzana ndi zithunzi zosalowererapo kumawoneka m'maphunziro okhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zomwe zapezeka pano sizosayembekezereka, ndipo zikugwirizana ndi zomwe Kühn ndi Gallinat adapeza [ 263 ], omwe adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kumakhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa ubongo poyankha zithunzi zogonana. Mu gawo lokambirana, olemba adatchula Kühn ndi Gallinat ndipo adapereka chizolowezi ngati kufotokozera koyenera kwa kapangidwe ka LPP kotsika. Komabe, kufotokozera kwina komwe Kühn ndi Gallinat adapereka ndikuti kukondoweza kwakukulu kungakhale komwe kudapangitsa kusintha kwa mitsempha. Makamaka, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa imvi yotsika mu dorsal striatum, dera lomwe limakhudzana ndi chilakolako chogonana komanso chilimbikitso [ 265 ].

Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti zomwe Prause et al. adapeza zinali zosiyana ndi zomwe ankayembekezera [ 309 ] . Munthu angayembekezere kuti owonera pafupipafupi zolaula pa intaneti ndi zowongolera azikhala ndi ma amplitude ofanana a LPP poyankha kuwonetsedwa kwakanthawi pazithunzi zogonana ngati kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti sikunakhudze. M'malo mwake, zomwe Prause et al. adapeza mosayembekezereka [ 309 ] zikusonyeza kuti owonera pafupipafupi zolaula pa intaneti amakhala ndi chizolowezi chowonera zithunzi zosasunthika. Munthu angayerekeze izi ndi kulolerana. M'dziko lamakono la intaneti yothamanga kwambiri, ndizotheka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti amawonera makanema ndi makanema ogonana mosiyana ndi makanema osasunthika. Makanema ogonana amabweretsa chidwi cha thupi komanso chamalingaliro kuposa zithunzi zogonana [ 310 ] ndipo kuonera makanema ogonana kumapangitsa kuti anthu asamasangalale kwambiri komanso asayankhe zithunzi zogonana [ 311 ]. Ponseponse, kafukufuku wa Prause et al., ndi Kühn ndi Gallinat akuwonetsa kuti owonera pafupipafupi zolaula pa intaneti amafunika kukhudzidwa kwambiri kuti abweretse mayankho a ubongo ofanana ndi owongolera athanzi kapena ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula moyenera.

Kuphatikiza apo, mawu a Prause et al. [ 309 ] akuti, "Izi ndi deta yoyamba yogwira ntchito ya anthu omwe akufotokoza mavuto okhudzana ndi malamulo a VSS" ndizovuta chifukwa zimanyalanyaza kafukufuku wofalitsidwa kale [ 262 , 263 ]. Komanso, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu poyesa momwe ubongo umayankhira ku zizindikiro za anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la zolaula pa intaneti ndikuti kuonera zolaula ndi khalidwe lokonda chizolowezi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, maphunziro okhudza cocaine omwe amagwiritsa ntchito cocaine amagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito cocaine (mizere yoyera pagalasi), m'malo mopangitsa kuti anthu adye cocaine. Popeza kuonera zithunzi ndi makanema ogonana ndi khalidwe lokonda chizolowezi, maphunziro amtsogolo okhudza ubongo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ayenera kusamala pakupanga ndi kutanthauzira zotsatira. Mwachitsanzo, mosiyana ndi kuwonetsedwa kwa sekondi imodzi ku zithunzi zosasunthika zomwe Prause et al. [ 309 ] amagwiritsa ntchito, Voon et al. adasankha makanema omveka bwino a masekondi 9 mu njira yawo yochitira chizolowezi cha chizolowezi kuti agwirizane kwambiri ndi zolaula za pa intaneti [ 262 ]. Mosiyana ndi kuwonetsedwa zithunzi zosaoneka kwa sekondi imodzi (Prause et al. [ 309 ] ), kuwonetsedwa makanema a masekondi 9 kunayambitsa ubongo kugwira ntchito kwambiri mwa owonera kwambiri zolaula pa intaneti kuposa kuwonetsedwa zithunzi zosaoneka kwa sekondi imodzi. N'zodetsa nkhawa kuti olembawo adatchula kafukufuku wa Kühn ndi Gallinat, womwe unatulutsidwa nthawi yomweyo ndi kafukufuku wa Voon [ 262 ], komabe sanavomereze kafukufuku wa Voon et al. kulikonse m'nkhani yawo ngakhale kuti unali wofunikira kwambiri.

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2) Kuchepetsa LPP kwa zithunzi zachiwerewere pazogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhala kofanana ndi mitundu ya zosokoneza bongo. Chilichonse chimadalira mtunduwo: Ndemanga pa Pembedzero, Steele, Staley, Sabatinelli, & Hajcak, 2015 (2016)

Biol Psychol. 2016 Meyi 24. pii: S0301-0511(16)30182-X. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.05.003.

Gola Matuesz ^1. 1 Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computations, ^University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA; Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland. Adilesi ya pa intaneti: [email protected].

Full Paper

Ukadaulo wa pa intaneti umapereka mwayi wotsika mtengo komanso wosadziwika wa zolaula zambiri (Cooper, 1998). Zambiri zomwe zapezeka zikuwonetsa kuti 67.6% ya amuna ndi 18.3% ya azimayi achikulire aku Danish (azaka 18-30 wazaka) amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula sabata iliyonse (Hald, 2006). Mwa ophunzira aku koleji aku USA 93.2% ya anyamata ndi 62.1% ya atsikana anali akuonera zolaula pa intaneti asanakwanitse zaka 18 (Sabina, Wolak, & Finkelhor, 2008). Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri, kuwonera zolaula kumawathandiza pa zosangalatsa, chisangalalo, ndi kudzoza (Rothman, Kaczmarsky, Burke, Jansen, & Baughman, 2014) (Häggström-Nordin, Tydén, Hanson, & Larsson, 2009), koma kwa ena , Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi kumabweretsa mavuto (pafupifupi 8% mwa ogwiritsa ntchito malinga ndi Cooper et al., 1999) ndipo imakhala chifukwa chofunira chithandizo (Delmonico ndi Carnes, 1999; Kraus, Potenza, Martino, & Grant, 2015; Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Gola ndi Potenza, 2016). Chifukwa cha kutchuka kwawo komanso kuwonetsa kosagwirizana ndi zamankhwala, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndikofunikira pankhani zachitukuko, zomwe zimakopa chidwi kwambiri munyuzipepala, (mwachitsanzo, makanema otchuka: "Manyazi" a McQueen ndi "Don Jon" a Gordon-Levitt) komanso kuchokera andale (mwachitsanzo, Prime Minister waku UK a David Cameron a 2013 onena zolaula zomwe ana amagwiritsa ntchito), komanso kafukufuku wama neuroscience (Steele, Staley, Fong, & Prause, 2013; Kühn ndi Gallinat, 2014; Voon et al., 2014). Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa kawirikawiri ndi awa: ngati zolaula zingakhale zovuta?

Kupeza kwa Prause, Steele, Staley, Sabatinelli, & Hajcak, (2015) komwe kunafalitsidwa mu magazini ya June ya Biological Psychology kumapereka deta yosangalatsa pankhaniyi. Ofufuzawo adawonetsa kuti amuna ndi akazi omwe akuwonetsa zithunzi zolaula zovuta (N = 55), 1 adawonetsa kuthekera kochepa kwabwino (LPP - kuthekera kogwirizana ndi chochitika mu EEG signaling yogwirizana ndi kufunika ndi chete cha zomwe zimayambitsa) ku zithunzi zogonana poyerekeza ndi zithunzi zopanda kugonana, poyerekeza ndi mayankho a olamulira. Akuwonetsanso kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta omwe ali ndi chilakolako chachikulu chogonana ali ndi kusiyana kochepa kwa LPP pazithunzi zogonana ndi zosagonana. Olembawo adatsimikiza kuti: "Kachitidwe ka zotsatira kameneka kakuwoneka kosagwirizana ndi maulosi ena opangidwa ndi zitsanzo zoledzera" (tsamba 196) ndipo adalengeza izi pamutu wa nkhaniyi: "Kusintha kwa kuthekera kwabwino kochedwa ndi zithunzi zogonana mwa ogwiritsa ntchito ovuta ndi zowongolera zosagwirizana ndi "chizolowezi cholaula"".

Tsoka ilo, m'nkhani yawo, Prause et al. (2015) sanafotokoze momveka bwino kuti ndi mtundu wanji wamankhwala omwe anali kuyesa. Zotsatira zomwe zafotokozedwera pokhudzana ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino kwambiri sizipereka umboni wotsimikizira kuti zovuta zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndichizolowezi (monga ngati Incentive Salience Theory; Robinson ndi Berridge, 1993; Robinson, Fischer, Ahuja, Wamng'ono, & Maniates, 2015) kapena kuthandizira izi (monga momwe zingakhalire ndi Reward Deficiency Syndrome; Blum et al., 1996; 1996; Blum, Badgaiyan, & Gold, 2015). Pansipa ndimafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane.

Adilesi yolemberana makalata: Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computations, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093-0559, USA. Imelo adilesi: [email protected]

1 Ndikoyenera kuzindikira kuti olembawo akupereka zotsatira za amuna ndi akazi omwe akutenga nawo mbali pamodzi, pomwe kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti ziwerengero za zithunzi zogonana za kudzuka ndi valence zimasiyana kwambiri pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (onani: Wierzba et al., 2015)

2 Kuganiza kumeneku kumathandizidwa ndi mfundo yakuti maumboni omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito mu Prause et al. (2015) amanenanso za IST (monga Wölfling et al., 2011).

Chifukwa chake zolemba ndi kufotokozera mfundo

Kutengera ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kambiri ka mawu oti "cue-reactivity" ndi olemba, tingaganize kuti olembawo ali ndi malingaliro a Incentive Salience Theory (IST) yomwe idaperekedwa ndi Robinson ndi Berridge (Berridge, 2012; Robinson et al., 2015). 2 Ndondomeko iyi ya chiphunzitso imasiyanitsa magawo awiri oyambira a khalidwe lolimbikitsidwa - "kufuna" ndi "kukonda". Chomalizachi chikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi phindu la mphotho, pomwe choyamba chikugwirizana ndi phindu loyembekezeredwa la mphotho, lomwe nthawi zambiri limayesedwa poyerekeza ndi chizindikiro cholosera. Ponena za kuphunzira kwa Pavlovian, mphotho ndi chilimbikitso chosakhazikika (UCS) ndipo zizindikiro zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mphotho iyi kudzera mu kuphunzira ndi zolimbikitsa zokhazikika (CS). Ma CS ophunzirira amapeza mphamvu zolimbikitsira ndikuyambitsa "kufuna", zomwe zimawonetsedwa mu khalidwe lolimbikitsidwa (Mahler ndi Berridge, 2009; Robinson & Berridge, 2013). Chifukwa chake amapeza zinthu zofanana ndi mphotho yokha. Mwachitsanzo, zinziri zoweta zimagonana ndi chinthu cha terrycloth (CS) chomwe kale chinali ndi mwayi wogonana ndi zinziri zazikazi (UCS), ngakhale zinziri zenizeni zitakhalapo (Cetinkaya ndi Domjan, 2006).

Malinga ndi IST, chizolowezi chimadziwika ndi "kufuna" kowonjezeka (kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yokhudzana ndi cue; mwachitsanzo LPP yapamwamba) ndi kuchepa kwa "kukonda" (kuchepa kwa mphamvu yokhudzana ndi mphotho; mwachitsanzo LPP yotsika). Pofuna kutanthauzira deta mkati mwa dongosolo la IST, ofufuza ayenera kusiyanitsa momveka bwino "kufuna" kokhudzana ndi cue ndi "kukonda" kokhudzana ndi mphotho. Ma paradigms oyesera omwe amayesa njira zonse ziwiri amayambitsa zizindikiro ndi mphotho zosiyana (monga Flagel et al., 2011; Sescousse, Barbalat, Domenech, & Dreher, 2013; Gola, Miyakoshi, & Sescousse, 2015). Prause et al. (2015) m'malo mwake amagwiritsa ntchito njira yosavuta yoyesera, pomwe anthu amangoyang'ana zithunzi zosiyanasiyana zokhala ndi zinthu zogonana komanso zosagonana. Mu kapangidwe kosavuta koyesera kotere, funso lofunika kwambiri kuchokera ku lingaliro la IST ndilakuti: Kodi zithunzi zogonana zimagwira ntchito ya zizindikiro (CS) kapena mphotho (UCS)? Ndipo chifukwa chake: kodi LPP yoyezedwayo ikuwonetsa "kufuna" kapena "kukonda"?

Olembawo amaganiza kuti zithunzi zakugonana ndizomwe zili, ndipo potero kutanthauzira kuchepa kwa LPP ngati njira yochepetsera "kufuna." Kuchepetsa "kufuna" pokhudzana ndi zomwe zingachitike sikungakhale kosemphana ndi mtundu wa IST. Koma kafukufuku wambiri akuwonetsa kuti zithunzi zogonana sizongotengera chabe. Akupindulitsa mwa iwo okha (Oei, Rombouts, Soeter, van Gerven, & Onse, 2012; Stoléru, Fonteille, Cornélis, Joyal, & Moulier, 2012; adawerengedwa mu: Sescousse, Caldú, Segura, & Dreher, 2013; Stoléru Et al., 2012). Kuwona zithunzi zakugonana kumadzutsa zochitika za ventral striatum (mphoto dongosolo) (Arnowet al., 2002; Demos, Heatherton, & Kelley, 2012; Sabatinelli, Bradley, Lang, Costa, & Versace, 2007; Stark et al., 2005; Wehrum-Osinskyet al., 2014), kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine (Meston ndi McCall, 2005) ndipo onse adadzinena okha ndikuwona moyenera kuyerekezera kugonana (kubwereza: Chivers, Seto, Lalumière, Laan, & Grimbos, 2010).

Zopindulitsa pazithunzi zogonana zitha kukhala zachilengedwe chifukwa chakuti kugonana (monga chakudya) ndiye mphotho yayikulu. Koma ngakhale wina atakana mwayi wobadwa nawo wotere, zabwino zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chofuna kuphunzira zolaula zitha kupezeka chifukwa cha kuphunzira kwa Pavlovian. Pazachilengedwe, zoyipa zolaula (monga wamaliseche kapena kanema wolaula) zitha kukhala lingaliro (CS) lazochita zogonana zomwe zimafikitsa pachimake (UCS) chifukwa chazakugonana kapena kuseweretsa maliseche komwe kumayenderana ndi zolaula. Kuphatikiza apo pakakhala zolaula nthawi zambiri, zolaula (CS) zimalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi orgasm (UCS) ndipo zimatha kukhala ndi mphotho (UCS; Mahler ndi Berridge, 2009; Robinson & Berridge, 2013) kenako zimayandikira ( zolaula) ndi machitidwe owonongera (mwachitsanzo, maola owonera asanafike pachimake).

Mosasamala kanthu za phindu lobadwa nalo kapena lophunziridwa, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti zithunzi zachiwerewere zimadzilimbikitsa, ngakhale sizingakhale pachimake. Chifukwa chake ali ndi phindu lofunika kwambiri kwa anthu (Prévost, Pessiglione, Météreau, Cléry-Melin, & Dreher, 2010) komanso ma rhesus macaques (Deaner, Khera, & Platt, 2005) Mtengo wawo wopindulitsa ungakulitsidwe poyesa kolowera, pomwe pachimake pachimake (UCS wachilengedwe) sichikupezeka, monga mu kafukufuku wa Prause et al.'s (2015) ("omwe akuchita nawo kafukufukuyu adalangizidwa kuti asachite maliseche pantchitoyo", p. 197). Malinga ndi Berridge, momwe ntchito imagwirira ntchito imathandizira kuneneratu za mphotho (Berridge, 2012). Chifukwa chake, popeza palibe chosangalatsa china kuposa zithunzi zachiwerewere chomwe chidalipo pano, kuwonera zithunzi inali mphotho yayikulu (osati kungoyerekeza).

Kuchepetsa LPP zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zimakhala zofanana ndi zowonongeka

Poganizira zonsezi pamwambapa tikhoza kuganiza kuti zithunzi zogonana mu Prause et al. (2015), m'malo mongokhala chabe, mwina adasewera gawo la mphotho. Ngati ndi choncho, malinga ndi chimango cha IST, kutsika kwa LPP pazithunzi zosagonana pazovuta zogwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso omwe ali ndi chilakolako chofuna kugonana kwenikweni akuwonetsa kuchepa "kukonda". Zotsatira zoterezi zikugwirizana ndi mtundu waukadaulo womwe Berridge ndi Robinson (Berridge, 2012; Robinson et al., 2015). Komabe, kuti mutsimikizire kwathunthu za chizolowezi chomwa mwaukadaulo mkati mwa chimango cha IST, maphunziro oyesera kwambiri, kusokoneza malingaliro ndi mphotho zimafunikira. Chitsanzo chabwino cha paradigm yoyeserera yoyesedwa idagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro a otchova juga ndi Sescousse, Redouté, & Dreher (2010). Idagwiritsa ntchito ndalama komanso zogonana (zoyimira zofanizira) ndikupeza mphotho (kupambana kwachuma kapena zithunzi zachiwerewere). Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa tanthauzo ndi mphotho mu Prause et al. (2015), gawo lazithunzi zachiwerewere silikudziwika bwino ndipo chifukwa chake zotsatira za LPP ndizosamveka mkati mwa chimango cha IST. Chowonadi chotsimikizika chomwe chaperekedwa pamutu wa kafukufukuyu "Kusinthasintha kwa zomwe zingachitike mochedwa ndi zithunzi zachiwerewere mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zovuta ndikuwongolera kosagwirizana ndi" chizolowezi zolaula "kwazunguliridwa ndi IST

Ngati titenga mtundu wina wotchuka wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo - Reward Deficency Syndrome (RDS; Blum et al., 1996, 2015) chidziwitso chopezeka ndi alembi kwenikweni chimayankhula pofuna kukonda kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ntchito za RDS zimagwiritsa ntchito kuti zamoyo zimayambitsa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya dopaminergic chifukwa cholimbikitsana (zomwe zinafotokozedwa mu BOLD ndi electrophysiological reactivity) zokhudzana ndi kufunafuna, kutengeka mtima komanso chiopsezo chachikulu. Zolemba za olemba a m'munsimu a LPP mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta zogwirizana ndi ndondomeko yoledzera ya RDS. Ngati Prause et al. (2015) anali kuyesa njira ina, yosavomerezeka kwambiri kuposa IST kapena RDS, zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri kuzipereka mwachidule kuntchito yawo.

Ndemanga zomaliza

Kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi Prause et al. (2015) akupereka deta yosangalatsa yokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta. 3 Komabe, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa lingaliro lomveka bwino lomwe limafotokoza mtundu wa chizolowezi chomwe chimayesedwa komanso njira yoyesera yosamveka bwino (yovuta kufotokoza udindo wa zithunzi zolaula), sizingatheke kunena ngati zotsatira zomwe zaperekedwa zikutsutsana, kapena zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lonena za "chizolowezi cha zolaula." Maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri okhala ndi malingaliro omveka bwino akufunidwa. Tsoka ilo, mutu wolimba wa Prause et al. (2015) wakhudza kale ma TV,4 motero kufalitsa mfundo zosavomerezeka zasayansi . Chifukwa cha kufunika kwa chikhalidwe ndi ndale kwa mutu wa zotsatira za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ofufuza ayenera kupanga mfundo zamtsogolo mosamala kwambiri. (kugogomezera kwaperekedwa)

3 Ndikoyenera kuzindikira kuti mu Prause et al. (2015) ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi vuto amaonera zolaula pafupifupi maola 3.8 pa sabata (SD = 1.3) ndizofanana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe alibe vuto mu Kühn ndi Gallinat (2014) omwe amaonera zolaula pafupifupi maola 4.09 pa sabata (SD = 3.9). Mu Voon et al. (2014) ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi vuto adanena kuti 1.75 pa sabata (SD = 3.36) ndi 13.21 pa sabata (SD = 9.85) - deta yomwe Voon adapereka pamsonkhano wa American Psychological Science mu Meyi 2015.

4 Zitsanzo za mitu ya nkhani zodziwika bwino za sayansi zokhudza Prause et al. (2015): “Zolaula sizowopsa monga zizolowezi zina, malinga ndi kafukufuku” (http://metro.co.uk/2015/07/04/porn-is-not-as-harmful-as-other-addictions-study-claims-5279530/), “Zolaula Zanu Si Zenizeni” (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/06/26/your-porn-addiction-isn-t-real.html), “'Zolaula' Sizoledzeretsa Kwenikweni, Akatswiri a Sayansi ya Mitsempha Amati” (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/30/porn-addiction- n7696448.html)

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3) Nthenda ya Neurobiology ya Kugonana Kwachinyengo: Sayansi Yoyambira (2016)

NDEMANGA: Ngakhale pepalali ndi chidule chachifupi chabe, lili ndi mfundo zingapo zofunika kuziganizira. Mwachitsanzo, limati onse awiri Prause et al., 2015 ndi Kuhn & Gallinat , 2014 akufotokoza zomwe zapezeka: kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwambiri komwe kumagwirizana ndi chizolowezi chachikulu cha zolaula. Maphunziro onsewa adanenanso kuti ubongo umayamba kugwira ntchito mochepa poyankha zithunzi za zolaula za vanilla. Mu gawo lotsatirali "Lower late positive-potential" akutanthauza zomwe Prause et al .:

"Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, maphunziro mwa anthu athanzi amasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso kumathandiza kuti munthu akhale ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso . Mwa amuna athanzi, nthawi yochulukirapo yowonera zolaula imakhudzana ndi zochita za putaminal kumanzere kwa zithunzi zolaula (Kühn ndi Gallinat, 2014). Kuchita zinthu mochedwa kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula kunawonedwa m'magulu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika." (kugogomezedwa kwaperekedwa)

Pepala likunena kuti onse awiri Prause et al., 2015 ndi Kuhn & Gallinat , 2014 adapeza chizolowezi mwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi.

Ndemanga yathunthu:

Khalidwe lachiwerewere lachiwerewere (CSB) limadziwika ndi kukhumba, kukhudzidwa, kufooka kwa anthu / ntchito, ndi matenda okhudza maganizo. Chiwerengero cha CSB chikulingalira pozungulira 3-6%, ndichimuna wamwamuna. Ngakhale kuti sali m'gulu la DSM-5, CSB ikhoza kupezedwa mu ICD-10 ngati vuto lodziletsa. Komabe, mkangano ulipo ponena za chiwerengero cha CSB (mwachitsanzo, ngati matenda osokoneza bongo, chizoloŵezi cha matenda okhudzana ndi kugonana, kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kapena kupitiliza chizolowezi chogonana).

Umboni woyambirira umasonyeza kuti dopamine ikhoza kuthandizira CSB. Mu Parkinson's (PD), dopamine mankhwala othandizira (Levo-dopa, dopamine agonists) akhala akugwirizanitsidwa ndi CSB ndi mavuto ena oyendetsa mphamvu (Weintraub et al, 2010). Kafukufuku ochepa omwe amagwiritsira ntchito naltrexone kumathandiza kuti achepetse zovuta ndi makhalidwe omwe amapezeka ndi CSB (Raymond et al, 2010), mogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa opioidergic ya mesolimbic dopamine ntchito yochepetsera CSB. Pakalipano, zazikulu, zoyenera kuchita, kufufuza za m'magazi ndi mayesero a mankhwala ndizofunika kuti mudziwe bwino CSB.

Zokakamizira zotsitsimula zimakhudzana ndi kugonana kokwanira. A CSB ndi amuna omwe si a CSB anali ndi chigwirizano chochulukitsa kugonana, ventral striatum, ndi amygdala (Voon et al, 2014). Muzochitika za CSB, kugwirizanitsa ntchito kwaukonde umenewu kumakhudzana ndi chilakolako chogonana chokhudzana ndi chilakolako cha kugonana, motero kuwonetsa ndi zomwe zapezeka m'zoledzeretsa za mankhwala (Voon et al, 2014). Amayi a CSB akuwonetsanso chidwi choyang'ana zolaula, zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kuyankhapo mofulumira monga momwe amachitira (Mechelmans et al, 2014). Mu CSB ndi odwala omwe si a CSB PD, kufotokoza zolaula kumawonjezereka kuchitapo kanthu pazomwe zimagwira ntchito pochita zinthu, komanso kugwirizana ndi chilakolako cha kugonana (Politis et al, 2013). Kuphunzira mwachidule kowonongeka kumaphatikizapo zovuta zowonongeka mu CSB ndi amuna omwe si a CSB (Miner et al, 2009).

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kafukufuku mwa anthu athanzi akusonyeza kuti chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso chimakhudza kwambiri chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso. Mwa amuna athanzi, nthawi yochulukirapo yomwe amathera akuonera zolaula imakhudzana ndi zochita za putaminal kumanzere kwa zithunzi zolaula (Kühn ndi Gallinat, 2014). Zochita zochepa zomwe zingayambitse chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula zinawonedwa mwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika . Zomwe zapezekazi, ngakhale zikusiyana, sizikugwirizana. Kuzolowera zithunzi zokhudzana ndi zizindikiro za kanema kumatha kuwonjezeka mwa anthu athanzi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri; pomwe, anthu a CSB omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri/mwanjira yowopsa atha kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino za chizolowezi.

Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wamakono aposachedwapa awonetsa kuti njira zina zothetsera ubongo za CSB zikhoza kuchitika, zotsatirazi ziyenera kuchitidwa ngati zowonongeka zopatsidwa njira zoperewera (mwachitsanzo, kukula kwazing'ono, zojambula, magawo a amuna okha, ndi zina zotero). Ziphuphu zamakono zofukufuku zikuphatikiza zovuta kutsimikizira ngati CSB ikuyendetsedwa ngati mowa kapena ayi. Kafukufuku wowonjezera amafunika kuti amvetsetse momwe zigawo zogwirira ntchito zimagwirizanirana ndi zofunikira zogonana monga zotsatira za mankhwala a CSB. Kuwonetsa CSB monga 'chizoloŵezi chochita chizoloŵezi cha khalidwe' kungakhale ndi zotsatira zazikulu pa zoyendetsera ndondomeko, zopewera ndi zachipatala; Komabe, panthawiyi, kafufuzidwe ndiyake. Chifukwa cha zofanana pakati pa CSB ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, njira zowonjezereka zowonjezereka zingakhale ndi lonjezo kwa CSB, motero zimapereka chidziwitso cha kafukufuku wamtsogolo kuti akafufuze zomwe zingatheke mwachindunji. (kutsindika kumaperekedwa)

1. Kühn S, Gallinat J (2014). Maonekedwe a ubongo ndi kugwirizanitsa ntchito zogwirizana ndi zolaula: ubongo pa zolaula. JAMA Psychiatry 71: 827-834.

2. Mechelmans DJ, Irvine M, Banca P, Porter L, Mitchell S, Mole TB ndi al (2014). Kupititsa patsogolo chisankho chokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa anthu omwe ali ndi makhalidwe osagonana. PloS One 9: e105476.

3. Miner MH, Raymond N, Mueller BA, Lloyd M, Lim KO (2009). Kufufuza koyambirira za makhalidwe osokoneza bongo ndi chikhalidwe cha chiwerewere. Psychiatry Res 174: 146-151.

4. Politis M, Loane C, Wu K, O'Sullivan SS, Woodhead Z, Kiferle L et al (2013). Nthendayi yachisokonezo ku zochitika zogonana zogonana mu dopamine zogonana zogwirizana ndi matenda a Parkinson. Ubongo 136: 400-411.

5. Raymond NC, Grant JE, Coleman E (2010). Kuwonjezereka ndi kudziletsa kuti muzitsatira khalidwe logonana. Ann Clin Psychiatry 22: 55-62.

6. Von V, Mole TB, Banca P, Porter L, Morris L, Mitchell S et al (2014). Neural correlates of reactivity cac reactivity kwa anthu omwe ali ndi makhalidwe opanda kugonana. PloS One 9: e102419.

7. Weintraub D, Koester J, Potenza MN, Siderowf AD, Stacy M, Voon V et al (2010). Kusokoneza matenda osokoneza bongo ku Parkinson matenda: Kufufuza kwa anthu odwala 3090. Arch Neurol 67: 589-595. Maphunziro a Neuropsychopharmacology (2016) 41, 385-386; onetsani: 10.1038 / npp.2015.300

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4) Kodi khalidwe loyenera la kugonana liyenera kuonedwa kuti ndiloledwetsa? (2016)

NDEMANGA: Ndemanga iyi, monga mapepala ena, ikunena kuti Prause et al. , 2015 ikugwirizana ndi Kühn & Gallinat, 2014 (Citation 72) yomwe idapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri kumakhudzana ndi kutseguka pang'ono kwa ubongo poyankha zithunzi za zolaula za vanila.

Zowonjezera kufotokozera Prause et al., 2015 (ndemanga 73):

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, maphunziro ena okhudza anthu omwe alibe CSB agogomezera udindo wa chizolowezi . Mwa amuna omwe si a CSB, mbiri yayitali yowonera zolaula inagwirizana ndi mayankho a kumanzere kumanzere kwa zithunzi zolaula, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti anthu angathe kusiya kukhudzidwa [72]. Mofananamo, mu kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika ndi amuna ndi akazi omwe alibe CSB, omwe adanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika anali ndi mwayi wochepa wopeza zithunzi zolaula poyerekeza ndi omwe sananene kuti akugwiritsa ntchito molakwika. Kuthekera kochedwa kumakhala kokwera nthawi zambiri poyankha zizindikiro za mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'maphunziro a chizolowezi [73] . Zomwe zapezekazi zikusiyana, koma sizikugwirizana ndi lipoti la zochitika zowonjezera mu maphunziro a fMRI m'maphunziro a CSB; maphunzirowa amasiyana mu mtundu wa zolimbikitsa, njira yoyezera, ndi chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akuphunziridwa. Kafukufuku wa CSB adagwiritsa ntchito makanema omwe amawonetsedwa kawirikawiri poyerekeza ndi zithunzi zobwerezabwereza; kuchuluka kwa kuyambitsa kwawonetsedwa kuti kumasiyana malinga ndi makanema poyerekeza ndi zithunzi ndipo chizolowezi chingasiyane kutengera zolimbikitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, mwa omwe adanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika mu kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zochitika, kuchuluka kwa maola ogwiritsira ntchito kunali kochepa [vuto: 3.8, standard deviation (SD) = 1.3 motsutsana ndi ulamuliro: 0.6, SD = maola 1.5 pa sabata] poyerekeza ndi kafukufuku wa CSB fMRI (CSB: 13.21, SD = 9.85 motsutsana ndi ulamuliro: 1.75, SD = maola 3.36 pa sabata). Chifukwa chake, kuzolowera kungagwirizane ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwanthawi zonse, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri komwe kungagwirizane ndi kuwonjezereka kwa cue-reactivity. Maphunziro ena akuluakulu amafunika kuti afufuze kusiyana kumeneku. (kugogomezedwa kwaperekedwa)

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5) Kodi Zithunzi Zolaula za pa Intaneti Zimayambitsa Mavuto Ogonana? Kubwereza ndi Zipatala zapadera (2016)

NDEMANGA: Ndemanga iyi, monga mapepala ena, ikunena kuti Prause et al. , 2015 ikugwirizana ndi Kühn & Gallinat, 2014 (Citation 72) yomwe idapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri kumakhudzana ndi kutseguka pang'ono kwa ubongo poyankha zithunzi za zolaula za vanila.

Ndemanga yofufuza Prause et al., 2015 (ndemanga 130):

Kafukufuku wa EEG wa 2015 wochitidwa ndi Prause ndi anzake . Anayerekezera owonera zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti pafupipafupi (avereji ya maola 3.8 pa sabata) omwe anali ndi nkhawa ndi zomwe amaonera ndi owongolera (avereji ya maola 0.6 pa sabata) pamene amaonera zithunzi zolaula (kuonekera kwa masekondi 1.0) [ 130 ]. ​​Mu zomwe anapeza zomwe zikufanana ndi Kühn ndi Gallinat, owonera zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti pafupipafupi sanawonetse mphamvu zochepa za neural activation (LPP) poyerekeza ndi zithunzi zolaula kuposa owongolera [ 130 ]. ​​Zotsatira za maphunziro onse awiriwa zikusonyeza kuti owonera zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti pafupipafupi amafunika kukonzedwa kwambiri kuti ayambe kuyankha ubongo poyerekeza ndi owongolera athanzi kapena ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti moyenera [ 167 , 168 ] . Kuphatikiza apo, Kühn ndi Gallinat adanenanso kuti zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti zambiri zimagwirizana ndi kulumikizana kochepa pakati pa striatum ndi prefrontal cortex. Kulephera kugwira ntchito bwino kwa dera lino kwakhala kogwirizana ndi zisankho zosayenera za khalidwe mosasamala kanthu za zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zingachitike [ 169 ]. Mogwirizana ndi Kühn ndi Gallinat, maphunziro a ubongo amanena kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chachikulu chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti pogonana amachepetsa mphamvu zawo zolamulira akuluakulu akamakumana ndi zolaula [ 53 , 114 ]. (kugogomezera kwaperekedwa)

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6) "Kusamala ndi Kusadziŵa Zomwe Zimakhumudwitsa: Kodi Zimathetsa Nthawi Zambiri Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito?" (2017)

NDEMANGA: Kafukufuku wa EEG uyu pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula adatchula maphunziro atatu a Nicole Prause EEG. Olembawo amakhulupirira kuti maphunziro onse atatu a Prause EEG adapezadi kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi vuto la chizolowezi chogonana (zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachitika ndi chizolowezi) . Zigawo zomwe zili pansipa zikuwonetsa maphunziro a Nicole Prause EEG otsatirawa (#8 ndi Prause et al., 2015 ):

• 7 - Pemphero, N .; Steele, VR; Staley, C .; Sabatinelli, D. Zomwe zingatheke kukhala ndi zithunzi zolaula zogonana zogwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu ogonana. Soc. Dziwani. Zakhudza. Neurosc. 2015, 10, 93-100.
• 8 - Pemphero, N .; Steele, VR; Staley, C .; Sabatinelli, D ;; Hajcak, G. Kusinthasintha kwa zizindikiro zabwino zowonongeka ndi kugonana kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ndi zovuta zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi "zolaula". Ubweya. Psychol. 2015, 109, 192-199.
• 14 - Steele, VR; Staley, C .; Fong, T .; Pembedzero, N. Chilakolako cha kugonana, osati chiwerewere, chimakhudzana ndi mayankho okhudza kugonana. Socioaffect. Neurosci. Psychol. 2013, 3, 20770

Zithunzi zofotokozera Prause et al., 2015 (ndemanga 8):

Zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika (ERPs) nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati muyeso wa thupi wa momwe zimakhudzira zizindikiro zamaganizo, mwachitsanzo, [ 24 ]. Kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito deta ya ERP nthawi zambiri amayang'ana kwambiri zotsatira za ERP pambuyo pake monga P300 [ 14 ] ndi Late-Positive Positive (LPP) [ 7 , 8 ] akamafufuza anthu omwe amaonera zolaula. Mbali zotsatirazi za mawonekedwe a ERP zafotokozedwa kuti zimayambitsidwa ndi njira zoganizira monga chidwi ndi kukumbukira ntchito (P300) [ 25 ] komanso kukonza kosalekeza kwa zinthu zokhudzana ndi malingaliro (LPP) [ 26 ]. Steele et al. [ 14 ] adawonetsa kuti kusiyana kwakukulu kwa P300 komwe kumawonedwa pakati pa kuwona zithunzi zolaula zokhudzana ndi zithunzi zosalowererapo kunali kogwirizana ndi miyeso ya chilakolako chogonana, ndipo sikunakhudze kugonana kwa ophunzira. Olembawo adanenanso kuti izi mwina zinali chifukwa cha zithunzi zomwe zawonetsedwa kuti sizili ndi tanthauzo latsopano kwa ophunzirawo, popeza ophunzira onse adanenanso kuti akuwona zithunzi zambiri zolaula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti gawo la P300 lichotsedwe. Olembawo adapitiliza kunena kuti mwina kuyang'ana pa LPP yomwe ikubwera pambuyo pake kungapereke chida chothandiza kwambiri, chifukwa chawonetsedwa kuti ikuwonetsa njira zolimbikitsira. Kafukufuku wofufuza momwe kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhudzira LPP wasonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa LPP kumakhala kochepa mwa ophunzira omwe akunena kuti ali ndi chilakolako chachikulu chogonana komanso mavuto owongolera momwe amaonera zolaula [ 7 , 8 ]. Zotsatirazi sizodabwitsa, chifukwa maphunziro ena ambiri okhudzana ndi chizolowezi awonetsa kuti akapatsidwa ntchito yokhudzana ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi cue, anthu omwe amanena kuti ali ndi mavuto pokambirana za chizolowezi chawo nthawi zambiri amawonetsa mawonekedwe akuluakulu a LPP akamawonetsedwa zithunzi za mankhwala awo omwe amayambitsa chizolowezi [ 27 ]. Prause et al. [ 7 , 8 ] amapereka malingaliro a chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kungayambitse zotsatira zochepa za LPP posonyeza kuti zitha kukhala chifukwa cha chizolowezi, popeza omwe adachita nawo kafukufukuyu omwe akunena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso adapeza kuchuluka kwa maola omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito akuonera zolaula.

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Kafukufuku wasonyeza nthawi zonse kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya thupi pokonza zinthu zomwe zimafuna kudya chifukwa cha zotsatira za chizolowezi mwa anthu omwe nthawi zambiri amafunafuna zolaula [ 3 , 7 , 8 ] . Ndi zomwe olembawo akunena kuti izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha zotsatira zomwe zawonedwa.

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Maphunziro amtsogolo angafunike kugwiritsa ntchito database yazithunzi zatsopano kuti afotokoze kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Komanso, mwina ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri adachepetsa mayankho awo okhudzana ndi kugonana panthawi ya kafukufukuyu. Kufotokozera kumeneku kunagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi [ 7 , 8 ] pofotokoza zotsatira zawo zomwe zidawonetsa chilimbikitso chofooka chomwe chimawonetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa LPP (late positive potential) ku zithunzi zolaula ndi anthu omwe akunena kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zosalamulirika. Kukula kwa LPP kwawonetsedwa kuti kumachepa pakagwa kuchepetsa mwadala [ 62 , 63 ]. Chifukwa chake, LPP yoletsedwa ku zithunzi zolaula ikhoza kulongosola kusowa kwa zotsatira zazikulu zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufukuyu m'magulu onse chifukwa cha vutoli la "zolaula". (kugogomezera kwaperekedwa)

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7) Njira zokhudzana ndi kugonana mwachisawawa (2018)

Zomwe zikuwunikira Prause et al., 2015 (yomwe ili ndemanga 87):

Kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito EEG, yomwe inachitidwa ndi Prause ndi anzake, inalimbikitsa anthu omwe akuvutika maganizo chifukwa cha zolaula zawo, poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira lomwe silikumva chisoni chifukwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula, zingafunikire kuwonetseratu zochitika zowonongeka kuti zitsatire ubongo. [87]. Ochita zachiwerewere-anthu omwe akukumana ndi mavuto owonetsa momwe amaonera zithunzi zachiwerewere '(M= Maola a 3.8 pa sabata) -kuwonetseratu kutengeka kochepa kwa thupi (kuyerekezedwa ndi mphamvu zotha kusintha mu chizindikiro cha EEG) poyerekeza ndi zojambula zogonana kusiyana ndi momwe gulu lofananirana limawonetsera zithunzi zomwezo. Malinga ndi kutanthauzira zokhudzana ndi kugonana mu phunziro lino (monga chidziwitso kapena mphotho, chifukwa zambiri zimawona Gola et al. [4]), zomwe zapezazi zingathandize zowonjezera zomwe zikusonyeza kuti nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta [4]. Mu 2015, Banca ndi anzake amagwira ntchito kuti amuna omwe ali ndi CSB amasankha malingaliro opatsirana pogonana ndikuwonetsa zomwe zimawoneka kuti zikuwonetsa kachitidwe ka DACC povumbulutsidwa mobwerezabwereza ku zithunzi zomwezo [88]. Zotsatira za maphunziro omwe tazitchulawa zikusonyeza kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zingachepetse mphamvu zowonjezera mphotho, zomwe zingabweretse kuwonjezeka kwa chizoloŵezi ndi kulekerera, motero kuonjezera kufunikira kokakamiza kwambiri kugonana. Komabe, kufufuza kwa nthawi yaitali kumawonetsedwa kuti izi zitheke. Kuphatikizidwa pamodzi, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi ubongo wazomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano wathandizira kuti lingaliro la CSB lifanane ndi mankhwala, njuga, ndi zisokonezo za masewera pokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe a ubongo ndi ndondomeko, kuphatikizapo kulimbikitsa komanso kukhala ndi chizoloŵezi. (kutsindika kumaperekedwa).

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8) Kugonjetsa Kwachinyamata pa Intaneti: Zimene Timadziwa ndi Zimene Sitikuzidziwa-Kusanthula Kwambiri (2019)

Kufotokozera momveka bwino Phunziro la 2 EEG la Prause: Steele et al., 2013 & Prause et al., 2015 (ndemanga 105 ndi Steele, ndemanga 107 ndi Pemphero):

Umboni wa ntchito ya mitsempha iyi yosonyeza chilakolako umawonekera kwambiri mu prefrontal cortex [ 101 ] ndi amygdala [ 102 , 103 ], kukhala umboni wa sensitization. Kugwira ntchito m'madera awa a ubongo kumakumbutsa mphotho yazachuma [ 104 ] ndipo kungakhale ndi zotsatira zofanana. Kuphatikiza apo, pali ma EEG ambiri mwa ogwiritsa ntchito awa, komanso kuchepa kwa chilakolako chogonana ndi mnzanu, koma osati kudziseweretsa maliseche [ 105 ], chinthu chomwe chikuwonetsanso kusiyana kwa khalidwe la erection [ 8 ]. Izi zitha kuonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha desensitivity. Komabe, kafukufuku wa Steele ali ndi zolakwika zingapo za njira zoganizira (kusiyana kwa mitu, kusowa kwa kufufuza matenda amisala kapena zizolowezi, kusowa kwa gulu lolamulira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mafunso osatsimikiziridwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito zolaula) [ 106 ]. Kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi Prause [ 107 ], nthawi ino ndi gulu lolamulira, adabwereza zomwe adapeza. Udindo wa cue reactivity ndi chilakolako pakukula kwa chizolowezi cha kugonana pa intaneti zatsimikiziridwa mwa akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha [ 108 ] ndi zitsanzo za amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha [ 109 ].

Ndemanga: Ndemanga yomwe ili pamwambapa ikunena kuti EEG ya Prause ya 2015 inabwereza zomwe adapeza kuchokera mu kafukufuku wake wa EEG wa 2013 ( Steele et al .): Maphunziro onsewa adanenanso za umboni wa chizolowezi kapena kusakhala ndi chidziwitso, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi njira yoledzera (kulekerera). Ndiloleni ndifotokoze.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti Prause et al. , 2015 NDI Steele et al. , 2013 anali ndi anthu omwewo "okonda zolaula" . Vuto ndilakuti Steele et al. analibe gulu lowongolera poyerekeza ! Chifukwa chake Prause et al., 2015 anayerekeza anthu a 2013 ochokera kwa Steele et al ., 2013 ndi gulu lenileni lowongolera (komabe linali ndi zolakwika zomwezo zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa). Zotsatira zake: Poyerekeza ndi anthu owongolera "anthu omwe akukumana ndi mavuto owongolera kuonera kwawo zolaula" anali ndi mayankho ochepa muubongo wawo akamawona zithunzi za vanila pa sekondi imodzi. Zotsatira ZENIZENI za maphunziro awiri a EEG a Prause:

1. Steele et al., 2013: Anthu omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chochulukira-zolaula zolaula anali nazo Zochepa chilakolako chogonana ndi mnzanu, koma osati zofuna zodzikweza.
2. Prause et al., 2015: "Ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" anali nawo Zochepa kugwiritsira ntchito ubongo kuti ziwononge zithunzi za vilonda zolaula. Mavesi a m'munsi a EEG amatanthauza kuti "zolaula" nkhani sizingasamalire zithunzizo.

Zitsanzo za 2 zimatuluka bwino: "Anthu osokoneza bongo omwe amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula" anali osasamala kapena akuzoloŵera kuonera zolaula, ndipo iwo omwe ali ndi chilakolako chofuna kuonera zolaula amakonda kukonda zolaula kuposa kugonana ndi munthu weniweni. Mwachidule iwo anali osowa mtendere (chiwonetsero chofala cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo) ndipo ankakonda kukakamiza zochitika zowonjezera zachilengedwe (kugonana pakati pawo). Palibe njira yowatanthauzira zotsatira izi monga kunamizira zolaula. Zomwe anapezazi zimathandizira njira yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

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10) Kodi Mumasiyanitsa Zithunzi Zolaula ndi Ziwawa Mukhale Ndi Zotsatira Zokhudza Kusazindikira Kwa Amuna (2020)

Ndemanga: Ponyalanyaza mutu wosachirikizidwa wa Prause et al. , olembawo adavomereza kufotokozera komwe kungatchulidwe mu Prause et al. , 2015: “ Prause et al . adanenanso kuti kupeza kosayembekezereka kumeneku kungakhale chifukwa cha zotsatira za chizolowezi, popeza ophunzira omwe adawonetsa mawonekedwe a LPP ochepetsedwa adapeza zambiri pa kuchuluka kwa maola omwe adakhala akuonera zolaula.”

Kutchulapo za Prause Et al., 2015:

Kafukufuku wofufuza za momwe ubongo umakhudzira kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolaula zovuta kapena zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi ndi wosowa kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolaula mosavutikira kapena kosazolowereka nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa mawonekedwe a LPP owonjezereka pamene anthu apatsidwa chidziwitso chowoneka chogonana ( Prause et al ., 2015 ). LPP yayikulu ndi chizindikiro cha kukonzedwa kosalekeza kwa zinthu zokhudzana ndi malingaliro ndipo ndi chizindikiro cha kufunika kolimbikitsa (Voon et al ., 2014). Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ponena za zotsatira za ERP za kuwona zovuta za zinthu zogonana, mabuku omwe alipo nthawi zambiri awonetsa gawo lochepa la LPP. Prause et al . adawonetsa anthu omwe adanena kapena kukana kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta ndi zithunzi zomwe zimapangitsa munthu kukhala ndi malingaliro (kuphatikizapo zithunzi zogonana) . Anthu omwe adanenanso za mavuto okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zawo komanso omwe anali ndi chilakolako champhamvu chogonana adawonetsa ma amplitude otsika a LPP poyankha zithunzi zogonana. Prause et al . adati izi sizinali zachilendo. Kafukufuku wambiri wa anthu omwe ali ndi machitidwe osokoneza bongo agwiritsa ntchito ntchito zokhudzana ndi malingaliro. Kawirikawiri, maphunzirowa apeza ma amplitude owonjezeka a LPP akaperekedwa ndi zithunzi za chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa munthu kukhala ndi chizolowezi (Minnix et al ., 2013). Prause et al . adanenanso kuti izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha zotsatira za chizolowezi, popeza ophunzira omwe adawonetsa kuchepa kwa mafunde a LPP adapeza zambiri kuposa maola omwe adathera akuonera zolaula.

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