Ndemanga za YBOP: izi ndi yankho la kafukufuku wa EEG ( Steele et al. 2013) wofalitsidwa mu Julayi, 2013 ndi SPAN Lab. Kafukufukuyu adalimbikitsidwa ndi Nicole Prause ngati vuto lalikulu pamalingaliro okhudzana ndi chizolowezi cha zolaula ndi kugonana. YBOP idasanthula kafukufukuyu wolakwika kwambiri panthawi yomwe adasindikizidwa: SPAN Lab Touts Empty Porn Study As Ground-Breaking . Onaninso - Kafukufuku wambiri amanama ponena kuti anthu okonda kugonana ndi zolaula "amangokhala ndi chilakolako chachikulu chogonana"
LINK KU PAPA YOYAMBA
Donald L. Hilton, Jr., MD *
Dipatimenti ya Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Sciences Center ku San Antonio, USA
Lofalitsidwa: 21 February 2014
Iyi ndi nkhani ya Open Access yofalitsidwa motsatira malamulo a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), yomwe imalola anthu ena kukopera ndikugawanso zinthuzo munjira iliyonse kapena mtundu uliwonse ndikusinthira, kusintha, ndikumanga pazinthuzo pazifukwa zilizonse, ngakhale zamalonda, bola ntchito yoyambirira yatchulidwa bwino ndipo yanena chilolezo chake.
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Kutsimikiza kwa kutsutsana kumadalira kumveka kwa malo ake. Mu pepala laposachedwapa la Steele et al., Ziganizidwe zimachokera pa kumanga koyamba kwa matanthauzo okhudzana ndi 'chikhumbo' ndi 'chizoloŵezi'. Izi zikutanthawuza pazinthu zoganizira ndi ziyeneretso, zomwe malirewo amavomerezedwa ndi olemba poyamba, koma mosadziwika kuti ananyalanyaza kuti atsimikizire mfundo zomwe olemba amapanga. Komabe, kutsimikizika kwazifukwazi sikoyenera, osati chifukwa chokhalira ndi vuto loyambitsa mavuto komanso chifukwa cha njira zovuta.
Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani lingaliro la 'chilakolako cha kugonana'. Ndime yoyamba ikuvomereza kuti 'zilakolako za kugonana ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa nthawi zonse kuti zithetse khalidwe la kugonana', ndipo ziyenera kulamulidwa ngati zili zoletsedwa (pedophilia) kapena zosayenera (kusakhulupirika). Chigawocho chimathera ndi chidziwitso kuti mawu akuti 'kugonana' samatanthauzira vuto linalake pokhapokha, koma limangotanthauzira gawo la anthu omwe ali ndi chikhumbo chachikulu.
Ndime yotsatira ikunena za pepala lolembedwa ndi Winters et al., lomwe limasonyeza kuti 'kugonana kosalamulirika ... kungakhale chizindikiro cha chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana ndi kuvutika maganizo komwe kumakhudzana ndi kusamalira malingaliro, malingaliro, ndi zosowa zambiri za kugonana' (Winters, Christoff, & Gorzalka, 2010 ). Kutengera ndi malingaliro awa, Steele et al. akupitiliza kukayikira chitsanzo cha matenda a 'kuvutika' kumeneku komwe kumakhudzana ndi kuwongolera 'chilakolako' cha kugonana. Poyerekeza ma tempuleti osiyanasiyana a 'chilakolako', kuonera wailesi yakanema mwa ana kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitsanzo. Ziganizo ziwiri zomaliza mu ndime iyi zimatsimikizira mfundo yakuti pepala lonselo limayesetsa kutsimikizira:
Mankhwala amayang'ana kwambiri kuchepetsa maola omwe munthu amaonera wailesi yakanema popanda matenda monga 'chizolowezi cha pa TV' ndipo ndi othandiza. Izi zikusonyeza kuti njira yofananayo ingakhale yoyenera pa chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana ngati chitsanzo cha matenda chomwe chikuperekedwa sichikuwonjezera mphamvu yofotokozera kuposa chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana. (Steele, Staley, Fong, & Prause, 2013 )
Malingana ndi kufanana kwake, chilakolako chowonera TV kwa ana komanso chilakolako chogonana ndi anthu akuluakulu, olembawo amayamba kukambirana pazokambirana zochitika (ERPs) ndi kufotokoza motsatira ndondomeko yawo yophunzira, zotsatira ndi zotsatira ndi kukambirana, ndikufika pamapeto:
Pomaliza, miyeso yoyamba ya kusintha kwa mitsempha ku zokopa zogonana ndi zosagonana mu chitsanzo cha mavuto omwe amawongolera momwe amawonera zokopa zofanana sizipereka chithandizo cha zitsanzo za hypersexuality, monga momwe zimayesedwera ndi mafunso. Makamaka, kusiyana pakati pa zenera la P300 pakati pa zokopa zogonana ndi zosalowererapo kunanenedweratu ndi chilakolako chogonana, koma osati ndi miyeso iliyonse (mwa itatu) ya hypersexuality. (Steele et al., 2013 )
Ndi mawu awa olemba adanena kuti chikhumbo chachikulu, ngakhale ngati chiri chovuta kwa iwo omwe amachiwona, sichiri cholakwika, ziribe kanthu zotsatira.
Ena afotokoza zofooka zazikulu za kafukufukuyu. Mwachitsanzo, wolemba Nicole Prause adati mu kuyankhulana, 'Mafukufuku okhudza zizolowezi za mankhwala osokoneza bongo, monga cocaine, awonetsa momwe ubongo umayankhira zithunzi za mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kotero tidaneneratu kuti tiyenera kuwona zomwezo mwa anthu omwe amanena za mavuto okhudzana ndi kugonana ngati kwenikweni, chinali chizolowezi'. John Johnson wanena za mavuto angapo ofunikira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito pepala la Dunning et al. ( 2011 ) lomwe akutchula ngati maziko oyerekeza ndi pepala la Steele et al.. Choyamba, pepala la Dunning et al. linagwiritsa ntchito zowongolera zitatu: ogwiritsa ntchito cocaine osagwiritsa ntchito, ogwiritsa ntchito pano, ndi zowongolera zopanda nzeru za mankhwala. Pepala la Steele et al. linalibe gulu lowongolera la mtundu uliwonse. Chachiwiri, pepala la Dunning et al. linayesa ma ERP osiyanasiyana muubongo, kuphatikiza negativity yoyambirira ya posterior (EPN), yomwe imaganiziridwa kuti ikuwonetsa chidwi choyambirira, ndi kuthekera kwabwino kochedwa (LPP), yomwe imaganiziridwa kuti ikuwonetsa kukonza kwina kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wa Dunning adasiyanitsa zigawo zoyambirira ndi zomaliza za LPP, zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti zikuwonetsa kukonza kosalekeza. Komanso, pepala la Dunning ndi anzake linasiyanitsa pakati pa ma ERP osiyanasiyanawa m'magulu oletsa, omwe akugwiritsa ntchito panopa, komanso omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino. Komabe, pepala la Steele ndi anzake linayang'ana pa ERP imodzi yokha, p300, yomwe Dunning anaiyerekeza ndi zenera loyambirira la LLP. Olemba a Steele ndi anzake anavomerezanso cholakwika chachikulu ichi pakupanga: 'Chinthu china chotheka n'chakuti p300 si malo abwino kwambiri odziwira ubale ndi zinthu zolimbikitsa kugonana. LPP yochedwa pang'ono ikuwoneka kuti ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi chilimbikitso'. Steel ndi anzake anavomereza kuti kwenikweni sangathe kuyerekeza zotsatira zawo ndi kafukufuku wa Dunning ndi anzake, komabe zomwe anapezazo zimapanga kufananiza koteroko. Ponena za kafukufuku wa Steele ndi anzake, Johnson anafotokoza mwachidule kuti, 'Kupeza kofunikira kwambiri sikunena chilichonse chokhudza kuledzera. Kuphatikiza apo, kupeza kofunikira kumeneku ndi mgwirizano woipa pakati pa P300 ndi chilakolako chogonana ndi mnzanu (r=−0.33), kusonyeza kuti P300 amplitude ikugwirizana ndi chilakolako chotsika cha kugonana; izi zikutsutsana mwachindunji ndi kutanthauzira kwa P300 ngati chilakolako chachikulu . Palibe kufananiza ndi magulu ena oledzera. Palibe kufananiza magulu olamulira. Zomwe ofufuza adapeza ndi kuchuluka kwa deta, zomwe sizikunena chilichonse chokhudza ngati anthu omwe amanena kuti ali ndi vuto lolamulira momwe amaonera zithunzi zogonana ali ndi kapena alibe mayankho ofanana ndi a cocaine kapena mitundu ina ya anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli (kulankhulana payekha, John A. Johnson, PhD, 2013).
Ngakhale kuti zofooka zina zazikulu mu kapangidwe ka kafukufukuyu zikuphatikizapo kusowa kwa gulu lolamulira lokwanira, kusiyana kwa chitsanzo cha kafukufuku, ndi kulephera kumvetsetsa zofooka za kuthekera kwa P300 kusiyanitsa mwamakhalidwe ndi kuchuluka ndikusiyanitsa pakati pa 'chilakolako chachikulu cha kugonana' ndi zilakolako zogonana zosafunikira, mwina cholakwika chachikulu kwambiri chikukhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kumvetsetsa mawu oti 'chilakolako'. N'zoonekeratu kuti popanga nsanja yofotokozerayi, olembawo amachepetsa lingaliro la chilakolako ndi mawu oti 'kungo'. Chilakolako, chokhudzana ndi machitidwe a zamoyo pankhani yogonana, ndi chinthu chovuta cha mesencephalic dopaminergic drive yokhala ndi teleencephalic cognitive and affective mediation and expression. Monga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakugonana, dopamine imadziwika kwambiri ngati gawo lofunikira pakulimbikitsa kugonana, lomwe lasungidwa kwambiri mu mtengo wosinthika (Pfaus, 2010 ). Majini okhudzana ndi kapangidwe ndi kuwonetsa chilimbikitso cha kugonana amawonekera pa phyla komanso amakhudza zovuta za intra-phyla. Ngakhale pali kusiyana koonekeratu pakati pa kugonana, kufunafuna chakudya, ndi makhalidwe ena, omwe ndi ofunikira pakukhala ndi thanzi labwino, tsopano tikudziwa kuti pali kufanana mu makina a molekyulu omwe 'chilakolako' chopindulitsa cha zamoyo chimachokera. Tsopano tikudziwa kuti njira izi zapangidwa kuti 'ziphunzire', m'njira yolumikizirana komanso yosinthira mitsempha. Monga momwe lamulo la Hebb limanenera, 'Ma Neuron omwe amalumikizana pamodzi, amalumikizana pamodzi'. Tinazindikira kuthekera kwa ubongo kusintha kulumikizana kwake ndi kuphunzira mphotho m'maphunziro oyambirira okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, koma tsopano tawona kuphunzira kochokera ku mphotho ya mitsempha ndi zilakolako zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi chilakolako cha mchere.
Matanthauzidwe okhudzana ndi chilakolako ndi ofunikira pano; mphamvu yachilengedwe, kapena 'kufuna', ndi chinthu chimodzi, pomwe timaona kuti 'kulakalaka' kumakhala ndi zotsatira zoopsa kwambiri monga momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito m'mabuku okhudzana ndi kuledzera ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Umboni ukuwonetsa kuti chilakolako chokhudzana ndi chilakolako cha zinthu zofunika kwambiri monga mchere ndi kugonana chimayambitsa - ndi kusowa kutsatiridwa ndi kukhuta - njira yolumikizira mitsempha yokhudza kukonzanso ndi kulumikiza ma neuron (Pitchers et al., 2010 ; Roitman et al., 2002 ). Chodziwika bwino, chilakolako chofuna kwambiri chimakhudzidwa ndi chilakolako chokhudzana ndi zinthu zomwe zimasonyeza kufa kwa chamoyo monga kusowa mchere, komwe kumapangitsa nyamayo kukhuta ndikupewa kufa. Kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo mwa anthu, mosangalatsa, kungakhudze chilakolako chofanana chomwe chimabweretsa kulakalaka kofananako kuti ikhute ngakhale kuti pali chiopsezo cha imfa, kusintha kwa chilakolako ichi cha zinthu zoyambira. Chochitika chofananacho chimachitikanso ndi zizolowezi zachilengedwe, monga munthu wonenepa kwambiri komanso matenda oopsa a mtima omwe akupitiriza kudya zakudya zonenepa kwambiri, kapena munthu amene ali ndi chizolowezi chogonana akupitiriza kuchita zachiwerewere ndi anthu osawadziwa ngakhale kuti ali ndi mwayi waukulu wopeza matenda opatsirana pogonana monga HIV ndi chiwindi. Ma jini amenewo, zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri pa vuto la chilakolakochi, ndizofanana ndi zizolowezi za mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso chilakolako chachilengedwe, mchere, chimathandizira kugwidwa, kutenga udindo wolowerera mu chizolowezi (Liedtke et al., 2011 ). Timamvetsetsanso bwino momwe machitidwe ovuta omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusinthaku amakhudzira kusintha kwa majini, zinthu, ndi ma modulators monga DeltaFosB, orexin, Cdk5, neural plasticity regulator activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (ARC), protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) yolemera kwambiri, ndi zina. Zinthuzi zimapanga njira yovuta yolumikizirana, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri pakuphunzira kwa mitsempha.
Chomwe timachimva mwachidwi ngati 'chilakolako', kapena 'chilakolako chachikulu', ndi zotsatira za mphamvu ya mesencephalic ndi hypothalamic yomwe imapanga, kutenga nawo mbali, ndipo ndi gawo la cortical processing chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwa chidziwitso chodziwa komanso chosadziwa. Monga momwe tawonetsera mu pepala lathu laposachedwa la PNAS, zilakolako zachilengedwe izi 'mwina zikuwonetsa kutenga machitidwe akale osinthika omwe ali ndi phindu lalikulu lopulumuka chifukwa cha kukhutiritsa zilakolako zamakono za hedonic' (Liedtke et al., 2011 , PNAS), chifukwa tapeza kuti majini omwewa a 'chilakolako' cha mchere anali kale okhudzana ndi cocaine ndi opiate. Kufotokozera kwa 'chilakolako' ichi, kuyang'ana kwambiri pakupeza mphotho, 'chilakolako' chokhutitsidwa kachiwiri ndi kungowonetsera kwa 'cortical' kwa chilakolako chozama komanso cha phyolgenetically primitive chochokera mu hypothalamic/mesencephalic axis. Zikabweretsa chilakolako chosalamulirika komanso - chikawonetsedwa - chowononga cha mphotho, kodi timagawa bwanji tsitsi la neurobiological ndikulitcha 'chilakolako chachikulu' m'malo mokhala ndi chizolowezi?
Nkhani ina ikukhudzana ndi kusasinthika. Palibe paliponse mu pepala la Steele et al. pomwe pali kukambirana za chifukwa chake anthuwa ali ndi 'chilakolako chachikulu'. Kodi anabadwa choncho? Kodi udindo wa chilengedwe ndi wotani, ngati ulipo, pa mbali zonse ziwiri za chilakolakocho? Kodi kuphunzira kungakhudze chilakolako mwa ena mwa anthu ofufuzawa osiyana? (Hoffman & Safron, 2012 ). Maganizo a olemba pankhaniyi sakumvetsa bwino njira yosinthira kosalekeza pamlingo wa maselo ndi macroscopic. Mwachitsanzo, tikudziwa kuti kusintha kwa ma microstructure kumeneku komwe kumawonedwa ndi kuphunzira kwa neuronal kumagwirizanitsidwanso ndi kusintha kwa macroscopic. Kafukufuku wambiri amatsimikizira kufunika kwa plasticity, monga momwe ambiri adanenera motsimikiza kuti: 'Mosiyana ndi malingaliro akuti kusintha kwa maukonde a ubongo kumatheka pokhapokha panthawi yofunika kwambiri ya chitukuko, sayansi ya ubongo yamakono imagwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la ubongo wokhazikika' (Draganski & May, 2008 ); 'Kujambula ubongo wa munthu kwapeza kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu zoyera ndi imvi zomwe zimachitika pophunzira ... kuphunzira kumajambula kapangidwe ka ubongo' (Zatorre, Field, & Johansen-Berg, 2012 ).
Pomaliza, taganiziraninso mawu a wolemba akuti 'kungofuna kugonana kwambiri'. Georgiadis ( 2012 ) posachedwapa adapereka lingaliro la gawo lalikulu la dopaminergic kwa anthu mu njira iyi ya midbrain kupita ku striatum. Pa mphotho zonse zachilengedwe, kugonana kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa dopamine mu striatum, ndi milingo yofika 200% ya baseline (Fiorino & Phillips, 1997 ), yomwe ikufanana ndi morphine (Di Chiara & Imperato, 1988 ) m'mayesero oyesera. Kupeputsa, kuchepetsa, ndikuchotsa matenda okhudzana ndi kugonana ndikulephera kumvetsetsa gawo lalikulu la zamoyo la kugonana pa chilimbikitso cha anthu ndi kusintha kwawo. Zimasonyeza kusadziwa bwino zomwe zikuvomerezedwa tsopano za neuroscience ya mphotho yamakono, chifukwa zimanena kuti chilakolako chogonana ndi chobadwa nacho, chosasinthika, komanso chotetezeka kwambiri ku kuthekera kosintha kaya mwamakhalidwe kapena mochuluka. Komabe, mozama kwambiri, monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi Steele et al. pepala, ndi lakuti chiphunzitso cha myopic ichi sichikumvetsa chowonadi chomwe sayansi ya ubongo tsopano imatiuza kuti 'chilakolako chachikulu', chikapangitsa munthu kukhala ndi khalidwe lokakamiza, losafunikira, komanso lowononga, ndi 'chizolowezi' chabe.
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*Donald L. Hilton 4410 Medical Drive
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