Health Reprod. 2015 Sep 14;12:86. doi: 10.1186/s12978-015-0068-x.
Kudalirika
MALANGIZO:
NJIRA:
CHITSANZO:
POMALIZA:
KUSINTHA:
Background
Anthu opitilila biliyoni padziko lapansi ali ndi zaka zapakati pa 15 ndi 24. Ambiri mwa awa amakhala m'maiko akutukuka kumene [1]. Ku Ethiopia, achinyamata azaka zapakati pa 15-24 anali oposa 15.2 miliyoni, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti 20.6% ya anthu onse [2]. Magulu akulu ndi opindulitsa am'derali ali pachiwopsezo chambiri chakugonana komanso kubereka. Mwa zina mwa ngozi zakugonana ndi uchembele: kukakamizidwa kugonana, kukwatiwa, mitala, kudula maliseche, mimba zosakonzekera, pakati oyembekezera, kuchotsa mimba, komanso matenda opatsirana pogonana (STI) ndiwo zikuluzikulu [1].
Kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana adawonetsa kuti abambo apezeka kuti amatha kudziwonetsa okha ku SEMs kuposa zachikazi (Monga, nthawi za 7 atha kunena za kufunafuna pa intaneti (p <0.001) ndi nthawi ya 4 yomwe ingafotokozere zafunso zakunja kwa intaneti (p <0.001)) [3-5]. Atsikana nthawi zambiri amatha kuposa anyamata kuvutitsidwa ndi zithunzi zolaula. Asanu makumi atatu ndi asanu mwa atsikana makumi asanu ndi atatu okha koma atsikana asanu ndi mmodzi okha pa 100 alionse amene akuti adakhumudwa kwambiri ndi zomwe [6, 7].
Monga kafukufuku wina ku USA adanenera, achinyamata azaka 14 kapena kupitilira apo anali ndi mwayi wopitilira katatu kuti anene zomwe akufuna pa intaneti poyerekeza ndi achinyamata (p 0.001). Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pamsinkhu komwe kunadziwika pakati pa achinyamata omwe amafotokoza zakusaka-zokhazokha komanso zosafunikira. Makhalidwe onse ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti alephera kusiyanitsa kwambiri malipoti azithunzi zolaula [4].
Kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana kunja kwa nyumba adawona kuti achinyamata okalamba amakonda kuonera zolaula pa intaneti kuposa achichepere ocheperako. Kupembedza kwakukulu kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchedwa kwa chitukuko cha kugonana. Kupembedza kotsika kumalumikizidwa ndikuwonekera kwambiri pazinthu zakugonana pa intaneti [3, 4, 8].
Kafukufuku waku New Hampshire adazindikira kuwongolera kwa makolo pa intaneti. Palibe njira zake zinayi zomwe zidasiyanitsa kwambiri achinyamata ndi kudzidziwitsa okha zolaula zomwe zikufuna kuchita. Momwemonso kuchuluka kwakukulu (85-93%) ya osamalira analengeza lamulo lanyumba loletsa malo oonera zolaula pa intaneti m'magulu atatu achichepere. Mukafunsidwa ngati fyuluta kapena pulogalamu yoletsa idayikidwa pamakompyuta, 27% ya osamalira ndi 16% ya achinyamata omwe akufuna pa intaneti, motsutsana ndi 22% ya osamalira ndi 19% ya achinyamata omwe akufuna kusaka pa intaneti, ndi 23% ya onse osamalira komanso achinyamata osafuna anayankha motsimikiza [4].
North Carolina State of USA kupeza akuti mkhalidwe wamavuto ogonana pakati pa achinyamata umawonetsa kuti kholo laubwenzi — unzika wa mwana, kholo — kulumikizana kwa ana, ndi kuthandizana ndi anzawo zikuyimira machitidwe omwe akukhudzana ndi chiwerewere. Achinyamata omwe amafotokoza kuti amalumikizana kwambiri ndi makolo amakhala ndi magonedwe ochepetsetsa, amagonana ndi abwenzi ochepa, okalamba amagonana nthawi yayitali ndipo amapanga zisankho zotetezeka [9]. Kum'mawa kwa Michigan ndi zotsatira zina zowerengera, achinyamata omwe amakhala m'mabanja otetezeka amatha kuchedwetsa kuchita zachiwerewere ndikuti afotokoze zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana kuposa anzawo omwe amakhala m'mabanja ena. Zomwe makolo adakumana nazo kale sizinali zogwirizana ndi kulumikizana kwa makolo ndi achinyamata, koma zambiri zimafunikira kuti mudziwe mgwirizano womwe ulipo pazokambirana izi [10, 11]. Phunziro la kunyumba, kudya kwa Daily Khat kumalumikizidwanso ndi kugonana kosatetezeka. Panali mgwirizano wamphamvu komanso wolumikizana pakati pa zakumwa zoledzeretsa komanso kugonana kosatetezeka, ndipo omwe amamwa mowa tsiku lililonse omwe amakhala ndi zovuta zitatu zowonjezereka poyerekeza ndi omwe samamwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina kupatula Khat sikunalumikizidwe ndi kugonana kosatetezeka, koma kumalumikizidwa ndi kuyambitsa kugonana.12].
Ubwenzi ndi mwana wosamala anali wofunikira pakuwunika mwayi wonena zolaula. Achinyamata omwe anena zakusokonekera ndi amene akuwasamalira adanenanso kawiri kawiri zofananira ndi wachinyamata wina yemwe anasimba za mgwirizano (p <0.01). Kulangizidwa mobwerezabwereza kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi 67% kusintha kosintha kwakanema kofotokozera zokhazokha zokhazokha zosagwirizana ndi zosafunikira (p <0.05). Khalidwe lonyansa lidalumikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa 4 pazosinthika zosinthika kukunena za machitidwe omwe akufuna pa intaneti (p <0.001) kapena kusaka-kwina kosafunikira kokha (p <0.001) poyerekeza ndi chikhalidwe chosafuna pambuyo poti wasintha pazinthu zina zonse zamphamvu, zomwe anapeza ku New Hampshire National Survey [4]. Achinyamata onyenga sikuti amangokhala atsegulanso zolaula komanso amafotokozera zambiri, kuwonetsa ali mwana zakale (nthawi zambiri pansi pa 10), komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwambiri kuposa anzawo [13].
New Hampshire, USA, kafukufuku adapezanso kuti Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kunali kogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kochulukirapo pazovuta zosinthika pakuwulula pa intaneti (p <0.001) komanso zopanda mapulogalamu okha (p <0.01) kufunafuna machitidwe poyerekeza ndi wachinyamata wofananayu yemwe wanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo mosavomerezeka. Achinyamata omwe adaneneratu kukhudzana mwangozi ndi zachiwerewere pa intaneti anali ochulukirapo kuposa nthawi za 2.5 atha kufotokozera kuwonekera mwadala pa intaneti poyerekeza ndi achichepere ofananawo omwe sananene kuwonetsedwa mwadala (p <0.001) [4].
Achinyamata ku United States komanso padziko lonse lapansi amathera nthawi yambiri ndi atolankhani kuposa momwe amachitira kusukulu kapena ndi makolo awo [14, 15]. Zambiri zomwe achinyamata akumvetsera ndi / kapena kuonera zimaphatikizapo zogonana, koma, mwatsoka, zochepa kwambiri zomwe zitha kuwonedwa kuti ndizabwino pogonana [16]. Achinyamata omwe ali ndi abwenzi okalamba nthawi zambiri amatha kukumana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi zolaula zambiri; komanso ndi abwenzi ang'onoang'ono amatha kukumana ndi anthu ochulukirapo omwe amakhala ndi zovuta zambiri zogonana [17]. Maulumikizidwe othamanga kwambiri pa intaneti amathandizanso mwayi wofikira kuchuluka kwakanthawi kwakanthawi, komwe kungapangitse kuchuluka kwa zithunzi zomwe zimawonedwa [18].
Njira ndi zipangizo
Makina ophunzirira, malo owerengera ndi nthawi
Mapangidwe apaderadera adagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ophunzira osankhidwa mosankha mosankha a Mzinda wa Hawassa. Kafukufukuyu adachitika mumzinda wa Hawassa, womwe ndi likulu la South Ethiopia Regional State, yomwe ili pamtunda wa makilomita 275 kuchokera ku Addis Ababa. Pakadali pano pali masukulu okonzekera 10 (2 pagulu komanso 8 achinsinsi). Kuchokera mwa ophunzira 6245, pafupifupi 2825 anali akazi [19]. Mzindawu umayang'aniridwa ndi mitundu ya Sidama, Wolaita, Amhara, Guraghe ndi Oromo ndipo chilankhulo chovomerezeka ndi Amharic. Tawuniyi ili ndi magawo asanu ndi atatu oyang'anira ndi mwayi wopeza ma intaneti (monga, Wi-Fi). Phunziroli lidachitika kuyambira Meyi 1 mpaka Meyi 12 / 2014.
Sampling ndondomeko ndi chitsanzo kukula
Kuti mudziwe kukula kwa zitsanzo za anthu omwe akuwerenga njira zotsatirazi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito chiwerengero chimodzi cha anthu imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zolingalira za 5% zolakwika zazing'ono (d) ndi 95% chidaliro (α = 0.05) chogwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa kutulutsa mawu komwe kumapezeka mu kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu kunali p = 0.65. Chifukwa chake, kukula kwazitsanzo zonse kunali 770. Posankha omwe adayankha, njira zama sampuli zingapo zinagwiritsidwa ntchito. Panali masukulu khumi okonzekera mumzinda wa Hawassa, awiri anali aboma ndipo eyiti anali masukulu achinsinsi. Sukulu imodzi yaboma ndi itatu yapadera idasankhidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosavuta. Kwa masukulu anayiwo, omwe anafunsidwa anagawa kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya Population proportionate to size (PPS). Pano, mndandanda wa ophunzira (mndandanda) udagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chimango cha zitsanzo. M'sukulu iliyonse, ophunzira amapatsidwa Gulu la 11 ndi la 12. Kuchokera pamasukulu awa, magawo a ophunzira amasankhidwa ndi njira ya lottery. Ophunzira nawo gawo lililonse la ophunzira adasankhidwa ndi njira ya lottery (pogwiritsa ntchito pepala la kupezeka kwa ophunzira). Chithunzi 1 ndondomeko yoyeserera.
Kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kutsimikizika kwa mtundu wa data
Zambiri adazisonkhanitsa pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso omwe amayankhidwa. Funso lomwe linali ndi mitundu ya 60, yomwe idagawika m'magawo atatu. Izi zikuphatikiza Socio, kuchuluka kwa anthu, mawonekedwe ake komanso kusintha kwina. Kusintha kulikonse kunali ndi mndandanda wa mayankho omwe amayankhidwa okha mwa ochita nawo. Kuti muwonetsetsetsetsetsetsetsekulidwe la data, kuphunzitsa kwa masiku a 2 kunaperekedwa kwa osonkha deta anayi ndi oyang'anira awiri. Chidziwitso choyenera ndi malangizo pazolinga ndi kufunikira kwa phunzirolo adapatsidwa kwa omwe anafunsidwawo. Osonkhanawo adakhala ndi omwe adayankha mpaka mafunso onse adadzazidwa ndikuyankhidwa. Chilolezo chodziwikiratu chidasungidwa kwa omwe anafunsidwa.
Kuwongolera ndi kusanthula deta
Pambuyo pakupeza deta, aliyense amafunsa mafunso kuti adziwe zonse, kusasinthika, komanso kumveka bwino ndikulowetsa template ndikuyang'ananso zolakwika. Kulowetsedwa kwa data kunachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya EPI info 3.5.1 yowerengera ndikuitumiza ku SPSS windows 16 kuti ikonzenso zina. Mafunso ofunsidwa adafupikitsidwa ndipo manambala owerengeka adawerengedwa kuti agawike zomwe ophunzira amafunsa. Kusanthula kwa bivariate pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira mtundu wa bizinesi kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mudziwe mgwirizano pakati pa olosera odziyimira pawokha.
Zosintha zomwe zimapezeka kuti zimalumikizidwa ndi binary pamtengo wa p wochepera 0.05 zidawunikidwa pamitundu yamagwiritsidwe azinthu zingapo pogwiritsa ntchito kuwunika kwakanthawi kambiri. Pomaliza, zosintha zomwe zinali ndi mayanjano ofunikira zidadziwika pamaziko a OR, ndi 95% CI ndi p-mtengo wochepera 0.05.
Kuganizira moyenera
Kafukufukuyu adachitika atavomerezedwa ndi komiti yoona zamalamulo ku University of Debre Markos komanso chilolezo cha ofesi yoyang'anira mzinda wa Hawassa. Kutenga nawo gawo kwa onse omwe adafunsa kunadalira odzipereka. Njira zomwe zidatengedwa kuti zitsimikizire ulemu, ulemu ndi ufulu wa aliyense omwe akutenga nawo mbali phunziroli. Zambiri pazolinga ndi njira za phunziroli zidafotokozedwera. Chinsinsi cha chidziwitso chidatsimikizidwira pamawu onse owerengera ndikuphunzira chidziwitso chotsimikizika chisanachitike.
Results
Makhalidwe a demioocio
Kafukufukuyu anali ndi mayankho a 97.4%. Mwa onse omwe anafunsidwa 750, 386 (51.5%) anali amuna, 489 (65.2%) ochokera kusukulu yaboma. Omwe adayankha 470 (62.7%) anali kupita ku grade 11and ophunzira ena onse a grade 12. Zaka zenizeni za ophunzira anali 18.14 ndi ± 1.057 SD. Kuchokera kwa omwe anafunsidwa, omwe sanakwatirane (osakwatira) adayankha 713 (95.1%) ndi 487 (64.9%) akukhala ndi makolo (Gulu 1).
Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala othandizira
Pafupifupi 591 (78.8%) omwe adayankha sanamwe mowa, 730 (97.3%) sanasute konse ndudu ndipo 297 (39.6%) sanatafune Khat. Mwa omwe adayankha omwe adalemba kuti 'nthawi zina' pakusintha kulikonse, ambiri 187 (24.9%) anali otafuna khat ndi ochepa 10 (1.3%) osuta ndudu Mkuyu 2.
Kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yopuma
Pafupifupi 356 (47.5%) omwe anafunsidwa anali akuwonera makanema / makanema apa TV, 287 (38.3%) amathera pofufuza ma intaneti, ndipo 31 (4.1%) ena (monga, masewera ndi mabanja othandizira) Chith. 3.
Kuchulukitsa kwa ma SEM
Kuchokera kwa omwe anafunsidwa, pafupifupi 579 (77.2%) adawululidwa pazinthu zolaula. Makanema azakugonana omwe ali ndi kanema wawayilesi yakanema wa DVD ndiye gwero lalikulu lazinthu zolaula (64.0%), ndikutsata intaneti (53.2%) ndi foni yam'manja (41.6%). Kufikira SEM kunatchedwa 'kosavuta' ndi 484 (64.5%) kuchokera kwa omwe adayankha 750 omwe adatenga nawo gawo.
Poyankha funso lakuwonekera pazinthu zowerengera zolaula, 554 (73.9%) mwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali adakumbukira kuti anali ndi zolemba zoterezi. Anzanu anali gwero lalikulu lazinthu zowerengera za 384 (51.2%). Kupeza intaneti pazinthu zowerengera zogonana kunalinso ndi gawo lalikulu (21.7%).
Zida zowerengera (zolemba) zokhala ndi zachiwerewere nthawi zambiri zimawerengedwa zokha 384 (46.4%) mwa omwe adafunsidwa, kugawana ndi abwenzi omwe amagonana nawo anali 103 (13.7%) omwe adayankha komanso ndi abwenzi omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzawo ndi 32 (4.3%). Pankhani yowerengera pafupipafupi, pafupifupi anthu 105 (18.9%) omwe amafunsidwa amawerenga zinthu ngati izi kawirikawiri (kamodzi kapena kawiri) ndipo 442 (79.8%) samawerenga nthawi zina (Gulu (Table22).
Pankhani yowonera makanema olaula, 566 (75.5%) mwa omwe amafunsidwa 750 akuti awonekera. Mwa iwo omwe adayankha pafupipafupi, 15 (2.7%) adanenanso kuti akuwonera makanema ogonana nthawi zambiri, 503 (88.9%) nthawi zina ndi 48 (8.5%) kamodzi kapena kawiri. Kusaka pa intaneti ndiye gwero lalikulu la makanema olaula (45.9%), ndikutsatiridwa ndikugawana foni yam'manja ya Bluetooth pakati pa abwenzi (36%) ndikugawana kuchokera kumaakaunti abwenzi (27.2%). Zina zomwe sizinatchulidwe kawirikawiri zinali kubwereka, kusukulu komanso kugula makanema amenewa ndi (22.4%) omwe adayankha. Mwa omwe anafunsidwa omwe adavomereza kuti adawonetsedwa m'makanema a SE, pafupifupi 219 (38.7%) akuti adachita zomwe adaziwona m'makanema. Komanso, 142 (25.1%) omwe adafunsidwa adagonanapo atawonekera ndipo 30 (5.3%) adakumana ndi zochitika zogonana zapamwamba (monga, kumatako kapena mkamwa). Ambiri mwa omwe adafunsidwa adanenanso kuti ndi makanema ochepa omwe amawonetsa kugonana mosatekeseka (Table 3).
Maganizo azinthu zolaula
Mwa anthu omwe anafunsidwa 750, mozungulira 385 (51.3%) anali ndi malingaliro abwino pakupezeka kwa SEM pomwe 365 (48.7%) anali ndi malingaliro olakwika pakupezeka kwa zinthuzi. Pafupifupi 348 (46.4%) amakhulupirira kuti SEM imatha kusintha machitidwe ogonana, pomwe 290 (38.7%) sanagwirizane. 645 adafuna kuphunzira zaubwino ndi zoyipa zakudziwidwa ndi zinthu ngati izi kuchokera kwa aphunzitsi awo kapena kuchokera kubanja lawo (Table 4).
Magulu achidziwitso ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu zolaula
Magwero akulu azidziwitso kwa achinyamata omwe anali kukonzekera pazakugonana anali anzawo (63.2%). Mwa omwe adafunsidwa, pafupifupi 522 (70.4%) akuti sanakambirane momasuka pazakugonana m'banja lawo. Kuphatikiza apo, Pafupifupi 450 (60.0%) omwe adayankha adati sanalandire maphunziro azakugonana ndi uchembere kubanja kusukulu Fig. 4 ndi Table 5.
Zinthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukhudzidwa ndi SEM
Kusanthula kwa magawo a multivariate kuwunikira kuti kukhala wophunzira wamwamuna kwawonetsera kuwonekera kwambiri kwa SEM kuposa kukhala wachikazi (95% CI: COR, 2.16 (CI = 1.52, 3.07). kukhudzidwa ndi SEM (95% CI: COR 1.67 (CI = 1.14, 2.43) kuposa ophunzira omwe amaphunzira masukulu aboma (Gome 6).
Ophunzira omwe amakhala ndi amayi adangowonetsa kuwonekera kwakukulu kwa SEM kuposa kukhala ndi makolo onse obereka (95% CI: COR 3.91 (CI = 1.38, 11.12) ndi omwe akukhala ndi agogo nawonso adawulula kukhudzana kwapawiri (95% CI : COR 2.08 (CI = 1.16, 3.74) kupita ku SEM. Kubwereza za maphunziro a amayi ndi abambo, ophunzira awo omwe makolo awo samatha kuwerenga ndi kulemba adawonetsedwa katatu kuposa omwe abambo awo adaphunzirira maphunziro apamwamba (95% CI: COR 2.69 (CI = 1.52, 4.47). Ophunzira omwe amayi awo samatha kuwerenga ndi kulemba anali owonetseredwa kawiri kuposa ophunzira omwe amayi awo amaphunzira maphunziro apamwamba (95% CI: COR of 1.96 (CI = 1.18, 3.25) to SEM (Gawo 6).
Ophunzira omwe amamwa mowa omwe nthawi zina amalembedwa kuti 'nthawi zina' amakhala ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri kwa SEM kuposa omwe samamwa mowa (95% CI: COR 3.18 (CI = 1.83, 5.49). Ophunzira omwe adadula kachikwama kakang'ono (monga, kawirikawiri) adawonetsa kuwonetsedwa katatu (95% CI: COR 3.12 (1.85, 5.25), yolembedwa kuti 'nthawi zina' inali kuwonekera kwambiri kasanu (95% CI: COR 4.58 (2.75, 7.64), ndipo yolembedwa kuti 'kawirikawiri' idawonetsa kuwonetsa katatu ( 95% CI: COR 3.45 (1.90, 5.52) pazinthu zolaula. Pomaliza, mwayi wopezeka ndi ma SEM wolembedwa 'Kufikira mosavuta' wosonyezedwa ndi zovuta m'mitundu isanu ndi iwiri (95% CI: COR of 6.63 (CI = 4.33, 10.14) exposed to SEM (Gome 6).
Kukambirana
Kafukufukuyu adayesa kuwunika kukula kwa kufalikira kwa ma SEM ndi zina zomwe zimakhudzana ndi achinyamata omwe akukonzekera 'mumzinda wa Hawassa, Kumwera kwa Ethiopia. Chifukwa chake, pafupifupi 77.2% ya omwe adayankha adadziwika ndi ma SEM. Zomwe zimapezeka ku SEM mu phunziroli zinali zazikulu kuposa maphunziro am'mbuyomu omwe adachitika ku Addis Ababa [20]. Kusiyanako kungakhale chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa mavuto m'zigawo komanso kusiyana kwazithandizo zachitetezo chaumoyo.
Phunziroli, kusaka pa intaneti ndiye gwero lalikulu lazidziwitso pazinthu zolaula / makanema (45.93%) ndikutsatiridwa ndikugawana foni yam'manja ya Bluetooth pakati pa abwenzi (36.04%). Koma, mu kafukufuku wa Addis Ababa, kubwereka makanema kunali gwero lalikulu. Pankhani yolemba, abwenzi anali omwe amachokera ku SEM [20]. Pakadali pano izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ntchito za SEM / media komanso intaneti mdziko muno komanso mumzinda womwe ukukula, Hawassa.
Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti kuposa 70% ya achinyamata sanakambirane nkhani zakugonana ndi makolo awo. Ambiri mwa makolo sawongolera zomwe achinyamata awo akuchita komanso komwe ali. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawonetsa kuti 55% ya omwe anafunsidwa sanakambirane zogonana kunyumba [20]. Kusiyana kumeneku kumatha kuchitika chifukwa cha kusiyana pakati pa chikhalidwe ndi chitukuko.
Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi 60% ya omwe anafunsidwa adanena kuti alibe maphunziro azakugonana ndi uchembere kusukulu. Izi zinali zoposa zomwe anapeza pa kafukufuku ku Addis Ababa mu 2008 (60% VS 43.6%) [18]. Kusiyana kumeneku kumatha kukhala chifukwa cha zokambirana zochepa pa nkhani zakugonana ku Hawassa ndi banja la ophunzira komanso maphunziro a School Reproduction Health kusukulu.
Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti omwe adayankha omwe adakumana ndi ma SEM adakumana ndi zikhalidwe zoyipa zogonana. Pafupifupi 38.7% adayesa kuchita zomwe adawona mu SEM, 25.08% adasewera atagonana ndipo 5.3% adachita zogonana monga kugonana kumatako kapena mkamwa. Zotsatira zofananira zidawonedwa m'maphunziro osiyanasiyana kunja kwa nyumba [9-11]. Izi zitha kuwonetsa kuti kuwonetseredwa kwa SEM kumatha kukhala kwokhudzana ndi kugonana koopsa pamagawo pazopezeka.
Kupempha kosafunikira pazofalitsa zolaula komanso zomwe zili pa intaneti zidanenedwa ndi 32.8% ya omwe adayankha nawo phunziroli. Izi zinali pafupifupi zofanana ndizofufuza zamaphunziro am'mbuyomu (32.8% VS 27%) [20] ndipo ndizotsika pazotsatira za kafukufuku wapadziko lonse wa New Hampshire State (USA) (32.8% VS 52.5%) [4]. Kupeza komweku kumatha kukhala chifukwa chofanana kapena chofanana kwambiri ndi mwayi wofika pa intaneti m'dziko lonselo. Poyerekeza ndi kafukufuku waku America, zopezeka zotsika ku Ethiopia zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi kufikira kwapansi, chophimba ndi / kapena luso logwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi mosemphanitsa ku USA
Kusanthula kwa ma multivariate komwe kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira kwakanema kumawonetsa kuti kukhala ophunzira achimuna anali ndi nthawi yayifupi yowonetsedwa ndi SEMs poyerekeza ndi ophunzira achikazi (1.8% CI: AOR 95 (CI = 1.84, 1.22).3, 5, 7]. Kufanana kumeneku kumatha kukhala chifukwa cha zopereka zachikhalidwe pakupezeka bwino kwa ophunzira achimuna ku SEM / media m'mbali zonse zophunziridwa.
Ophunzirawo omwe amaphunzira sukulu zapadera anali okhudzana kwambiri ndi kukhudzana ndi SEM (AOR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.29, 3.30). Kusiyana kwakukulu kumeneku kumatha kukhala chifukwa cha ophunzira m'masukulu apadera anali ndi ndalama zambiri zopezera intaneti ndi SEM / media zamakono. Zinali zosagwirizana ndi kafukufuku wapitalo yemwe adachitika kwawo (Addis Ababa) [19] mukuti likulu la Ethiopia likhoza kukhala ndi intaneti yaulere kapena yotsika mtengo poyerekeza ndi Hawassa. Izi zimapereka mwayi wofanana wa pa intaneti kwa achinyamata (monga, mabanja olemera) ndi aboma (monga, mabanja osauka) achinyamata asukulu.
Kuwunikira kwa multivariate pa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kunawonetsa kuti ophunzira omwe amamwa mowa nthawi zina amawonetsa kuyanjana kwakukulu kwa SEM kuposa ophunzira omwe samamwa mowa (AOR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.26, 4.30) ndipo adathandizidwa ndi kafukufuku wina wochitidwa kunyumba [12]. Khat kutafuna pakati pa omwe adafunsidwa adadzipezanso kuti akhoza kudziyimira pawokha pa SEM. Ophunzira omwe amatafuna Khat adawonetsedwa kwambiri ndi ma SEM m'magulu onse a chewing omwe amalembedwa kuchokera 'kawiri (kamodzi / kawiri pa sabata), (AOR 3.02, 95% CI: 1.65,5.52), olembedwa kuti' nthawi zina 'ndi (AOR = 3.40, 95% CI : 1.93,6.00) kupita ku 'kawirikawiri' ndi (AOR = 2.67, 95% CI: 1.46,4.86). Mgwirizanowu wofunikira ungakhale chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mowa komanso nyumba za Khat kutafuna malo ozungulira ndi masukulu apafupi. Mabungwe awa sanagwirizane ndi kafukufuku wakale yemwe wachitika ku Addis Ababa ku 2008 [19]. Izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa oledzera ndi osokoneza bongo pakati pa achinyamata am'mbuyomu poyerekeza ndi achinyamata amakono ano.
Kuthekera kokupanga SEM pakati pa ophunzira kunanenedwa ndi ambiri kuti angathe kufikirako mosavuta. Zinali ndi zovuta pafupifupi zisanu ndi chimodzi zowululidwa ndi ophunzira omwe adalembedwa kuti ndi zosavuta kupeza ndi (95% CI: AOR 5.64 (CI = 3.56, 8.94) kuposa momwe sangapezere. Izi zitha chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma laputopu, mafoni am'manja ndi zina makanema amakono a SEM mdziko lathu. Kuchepetsa mwayi wopezeka pa SEM ndi / kapena kukambirana zoopsa atakumana ndi SEM pakati pa ophunzira ndiyo njira yomwe phunziroli lidatumiza.
Mapeto ndi ndondomeko
Kafukufukuyu anapeza kuti ophunzira ambiri amapezeka ndi zolaula. Achinyamata a sukulu nthawi zambiri amakhala ali ndi SEM m'malo omwe amakhala kudzera mwa abwenzi ndi abale. Kugonana, mtundu wa kusukulu, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi mwayi wolowera SEM zidawonetsedwa ngati zowunikira zodziwonetsa za SEM mu kafukufukuyu. Boma, makamaka MOH ndi MOE liyenera kutengera njira zowongolera kuti muchepetse zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kuwonekera kwa achichepere pazinthu zolaula kudzera pa media komanso intaneti. Manyuzipepala ayenera kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu pakukhalitsa kwa achinyamata asukulu komanso kupanga zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi kugonana, malingaliro komanso zochita za achinyamata. Ofesi ya zaumoyo ya Hawassa city Health ndi maphunziro iyenera kupereka maphunziro oyambira komanso othandizira aphunzitsi ndi ogwira ntchito pa zaumoyo kusukulu, makalabu atolankhani kusukulu kuti achepetse mwayi wowonekera pa SEM. Azipatala azithandiza kupititsa patsogolo chidziwitso chazakutsogolo pokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso za uchembere wabwino ndi kubereka kwa makasitomala onse pafupipafupi.
Kuyamikira
Tikufuna kupititsa patsogolo kuthokoza kwathu ku Debre Markos University, College of Public Health. Tili othokoza nawonso oyang'anira Sukulu ya Hawassa Preparatory School, oyang'anira, oyankha ndi otolera data.
achidule
| SD | Kusiyana kwakukulu |
| SEM | Zogonana zogonana |
| AOR | Chiwerengero chosinthika chosinthika |
| MOH | Utumiki wa Zaumoyo |
| MOE | Utumiki wa Maphunziro |
| SE | Zogonana |
Mawu a M'munsi
Zosangalatsa zovuta
Olemba amanena kuti alibe zopikisana.
Zopereka za olemba
TH: Kapangidwe kakapangidwe, kotengako mbali mu kusanthula kwa mawerengero, kukonza mndandanda wa magawidwe ndipo adatenga nawo gawo pakulemba pamanja. ZA: adatenga nawo gawo pakuwunika, Anatenga nawo gawo pa kafukufukuyu, adachita nawo zolemba pamanja, Kutenga nawo gawo motsatira ndondomeko. SL: Anapanga kusanthula kwa mawerengero, kutenga nawo gawo popanga kapangidwe kake, kukonza zolemba pamanja ndi kukonza mayendedwe ofanana. TH, ZA, SL: Olemba awa adawerenga ndikuvomereza zolemba zomaliza.
Zolemba za olemba
1. Public Health Officer (MPH), Welayta Zone Health department, SNNPR Health Bureau, Ministry of Health, Ethiopia.
2. Lecturer (MSc), Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Arba Minch College of Health Science, Arba Minch, South West Ethiopia.
3. Lecturer (MPH, Woyimira PhD), Dipatimenti ya Public Health, University ya Debre Markos, Northern Ethiopia.
Zowonjezera Zowonjezera
Tony Habesha, Imelo: moc.liamg@87nihcynoT.
Zewdie Aderaw, Imelo: moc.liamg@4891eidweZ.
Serawit Lakew, Imelo: moc.ohay@tiwaresl.
Zothandizira
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