Kukhala ndi chiwerewere: 'Njovu mu chipinda' cha ubongo wamunthu wachinyamata (2017)

Volume 25, June 2017, masamba 209-220

Wolemba wolemba amatsegula gulu loyikapoAhna BallonoffSuleiman^a AdrianaGalván^b K. PaigeHarden^c Ronald E.Dahl^a

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2016.09.004 Pezani ufulu ndi zokhutira

Mfundo

• Mosasamala kanthu za kupita patsogolo kwa chitukuko cha ubongo waunyamata, sikukhala ndikuganizira pang'ono za chitukuko cha kugonana ndi chikondi.

• Makhalidwe a kufalitsa msanga amayenera kuganizira za kusamba kwa ubongo ngati n'kofunika kuti munthu akhale ndi chikondi komanso chikondi.

• Kupititsa patsogolo maganizo a ubongo kungathandize kuti achinyamata azitha kukonda, kugonana, ndi kubereka.

Kudalirika

Kuyamba kwa unyamata ndi nthawi ya kusintha kwakukulu pa zolimbikitsa, kuzindikira, khalidwe, ndi ubale. Zomwe zilipo zotsitsimutsa zazing'ono zakhala zikuphatikizapo kumvetsa kwathu tsopano za achinyamata kukula kwa ubongo; Komabe, zakhala zikudabwitsa kwambiri kuganizira za kufunikira kwa unyamata ngati nthawi yovuta ya kukondana ndi kugonana. Achinyamata akamakula, chimodzi mwazofunika kwambiri ndi kupeza chidziwitso ndi machitidwe omwe angawathandize kuti azitha kugwira nawo ntchito za anthu akuluakulu, kuphatikizapo kukondana ndi kugonana. Powerenga zokhudzana ndi zovuta za anthu ndi zinyama, nyuzipepalayi ikuwonetsera momwe tiyenera kupititsira patsogolo kuganiza za kutha msinkhu monga kungokhala kusintha kwakukulu komwe kuli kofunikira kuti thupi likhale lakuswana. M'malo mwake, kutha msinkhu kumaphatikizaponso kusintha kwa matenda a ubongo omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri kusonkhana, maganizo, ndi kulingalira kwa kusasitsa bwino koyenera kuti ukhale wopambana. Cholinga chachikulu cha pepala ndikulitsa chiwerengero cha kafukufuku ndi kukambirana za chikondi chachinyamata ndi chitukuko cha kugonana, poganiza kuti kupititsa patsogolo kumvetsetsa za kugonana ndi chikondi monga kukula kofunikira kwa thanzi ndi ubwino paunyamata.

Keywords

Kukula kwachikondi

Kukula kwa kugonana

Achinyamata

Kusintha kwa ubongo

Utha msinkhu

"Muunyamata anthu amadalira moyo wawo pa banja lobadwa; ali wamkulu, ali ndi udindo wothandizira okwatirana ndi ana komanso kuti azitsatira zofuna zawo komanso udindo wa banja. Kwa nthawi yayifupi ya unyamata, iwo sali okhudzidwa kwambiri monga iwo analiri kapena ali ndi udindo monga iwo adzakhalire. Ndizomwe ubale umenewo ungatenge pazowonjezereka zomwe sizidzasowa pazigawo zina m'moyo wanu ... "- (Schlegel ndi Barry, 1991 Schlegel & Barry III, 1991, tsamba. 68)

1. Introduction

Zomwe zakhala zikuchitika pazaka zapamwamba zakhala zikudziwika kuti zinayamba msinkhu wautsikana, zomwe zidawoneka ndi kusintha kwachilengedwe mpaka nthawi ya kutha msinkhu, monga nthawi ya kusintha kwakukulu pa zolimbikitsa, kuzindikira, khalidwe, ndi ubale. Zitsanzozi zathandizira kuzindikira nthawi yeniyeni ya maphunziro monga nthawi yovuta ya kuphunzira, makamaka maphunziro a chikhalidwe ndi aumunthu ofunikira kuti tithe kuyenda mndandanda watsopano wokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndikukambirana zochitika zomwe zimakhala zofunikira (Telzer 2016; Kusintha ndi Dahl, 2012). Komabe, ngakhale kutuluka kwa zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri zotsindika kufunikira kwa kutha msinkhu chitukuko cha neural komanso maphunziro atsopano, monga (Blakemore 2012; Braams et al., 2015; Kusokoneza ndi Dahl, 2012; Giedd et al., 2006; James ndi al., 2012; Peper ndi Dahl, 2013), zitsanzozi zimapereka malire ochepa pokhudzana ndi kufunika kwa unyamata monga nthawi yovuta ya kukondana ndi kugonana. Muzochitika zingapo pamene chikondi ndi kugonana zimaganiziridwa muzitsanzo zowonjezera, zimakonda kugogomezera chitukuko cha kugonana monga khalidwe loipa (ie, chiopsezo cha chiwerewere) (Ewing et al., 2014; Goldenberg et al. 2013; James ndi al., 2012; Victor ndi Hariri, 2015). Ngakhale timavomereza kufunikira kokambirana zolakwika zomwe zimakhudza zokhudzana ndi zoopsa kapena zosasamala khalidwe la kugonana, nkofunikanso kulingalira za normative, zokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha kugonana ndi chikondi, komanso njira zochepetsera za chiwerewere komanso zachiwerewere.

Zofukufuku pogwiritsa ntchito chiopsezo cha kugonana zathandizira kuzindikira zina mwazimene zimagwirizanitsa ndi zochitika za kugonana kupanga zisankho, koma, mwatsoka, maphunzirowa sanachite pang'ono kuti tikulitse chidziwitso chathu cha chizoloŵezi chogonjera chilakolako cha kugonana. Mwachitsanzo, pakati pa anyamata achichepere (zaka 15-17), chiopsezo chogonana chodzidzimutsa chokhalira chophatikizana ndi kuchitidwa kwa prefrontal cortex (PFC) pa ntchito ya ma laboratory yoletsa ntchito (Goldenberg et al., 2013). Mofananamo, pofufuza azimayi achichepere a 14-15 a zaka zapakati, kupanga chiopsezo chachikulu chotengera kugonana pa ntchito ya labotayi inali yogwirizana ndi anterior cingulate (Hensel et al., 2015). Maphunzirowa akusonyeza kuti anthu akuwonjezeka chidziwitso chodziŵa Pomwe mukuyankhidwa komanso kusagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika mumaganizo amodzi angapange zosankha zogonana zowonjezereka, koma sungapangitse pang'ono kuti timvetsetse bwino njira zowonongeka. Kuyenda mosapangika pa chiopsezo cha ubongo pafupipafupi ndikofunikira kuti tipeze njira zodzikongoletsera zokhudzana ndi chikondi chokondweretsa komanso chitukuko cha kugonana.

Pambuyo pa maphunziro ochepa omwe amafufuza za chiopsezo cha kugonana kutenga, pakhala pali khama lochepa kuti athe kufufuza njira zowonjezereka zachitukuko chachitukuko cha chiwerengero cha chidwi chokhudzana ndi chiwerewere ndi chiwerewere. Achinyamata akamakula, chimodzi mwazofunika kwambiri ndi kupeza chidziwitso ndi zomwe zingawachititse kuti azitha kutenga mbali pakati pa anthu akuluakulu, kuphatikizapo kugonana ndi kugonana (Kusintha ndi Dahl, 2012). Chibwenzi cha achinyamata, kuyambira ku sukulu ya pulayimale komwe anthu awiri angagwirizanitse pang'ono, kuyanjana komwe kumakhudza kwambiri malingaliro, nthawi, ndi mphamvu, nthawi zambiri zimaonedwa ngati zopanda pake. Ndipotu, maubwenzi amenewa amatithandiza kukwaniritsa cholinga chachikulu, ndipo ndizofunikira kuti achinyamata athe kufufuza kuti adziwe zomwe akuchita zochitika zogonana (Furman ndi Shaffer, 2003; Furman et al., 2007). Pokhala ndi chikhalidwe chokhala ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kupambana kukhala ndi anzanu okondedwa, achinyamata akulimbikitsidwa kwambiri kuphunzira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito njira zovuta zogwirizanirana ndi kukhazikitsa ndi kusunga ubale weniweni. Kukhoza kwa munthu kukhala ndi makhalidwe omwe amachititsa ubale wapamtima ndi omwe amapanga mpata wogonana ndi kubereka ndi zotsatira zowonjezereka za kutha msinkhu.

Kutha msinkhu, njira yowonongeka mu ubongo, imaphatikizapo kusintha kwa kusintha kwa mahomoni ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa thupi ndi kwa thupi komwe kumabweretsa mphamvu yakubala (Sisk 2016; Sisk ndi Foster, 2004). Kukula kwa zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi kugonana, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa thupi, chiwerewere, ndi zachiwawa, zimamveka bwino. Ngakhale kuti kutha msinkhu kumalimbikitsa khalidwe lokwatirana ndi kugonana, pakhala pali kafukufuku wochepa wofufuza momwe chikhalidwe cha kugonana chimayambira kwa achinyamata. Kafukufuku wofufuza pazinthu zina amafufuza mwatsatanetsatane zoyamba za khalidwe la kugonana ndi kugonana zokhudzana ndi kutha msinkhu, kuvomereza kuti kuyambanso kwa makhalidwe amenewa kumafuna kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa kusintha kwa ubongo, dongosolo la endocrine, ndi dongosolo lamanjenje. Akatswiri ofufuza zinyama amadziwa zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana osati zokhudzana ndi khalidwe labwino, komanso zochitika za thupi zomwe zimapanga maonekedwe a neural ndi hormonal ndi chitukuko (mwachitsanzo, Nutsch et al., 2014, 2016; Will et al., 2015). Kudziwa zambiri zokhudza maphunziro ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana komwe kumayambira pakuyambika kwa chibwenzi cha anthu ndi zochitika zogonana zimatsindika mfundo zofunika kwambiri pa zitukuko zomwe anthu akukula. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, ngakhale zitsanzo za zinyama zimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira kumvetsetsa zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana, sizikuwonjezera kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa chibwenzi ndi zomwe takumana nazo, komanso sizikuthandizani kusintha kwachitukuko potsata zofunikira zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, chikhalidwe cha zinyama zogonana chimangopanga zokhazokha zokhudzana ndi kugonana, ndipo zimachepetsa kumvetsetsa kwathu kosiyana siyana ndi zokopa, khalidwe, komanso kudziwika komwe kulipo pa kugonana kwaumunthu.

Mabuku a zinyama akutumikira monga chikumbutso chotsutsa cha cholinga cha chiberekero cha kutha msinkhu komanso malingaliro othandizira okhudzana ndi chiwerewere omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zitsanzo za chikhalidwe cha achinyamata. Kuwonjezera apo, zitsanzo za zinyama ndi kafukufuku wochepa chabe wa anthu sanachite pang'ono kufufuza momwe kutha msinkhu kumapangitsira mwayi wophunzira za kutanthauza zachikondi ndi zachiwerewere (Fortenberry, 2013). Kumbali imodzi, chidziwitso chachikulu cha chizolowezi chobereka chikhoza kupindula ndi luso pang'ono, chidziwitso kapena chidziwitso; Kumbali ina, kuchokera ku lingaliro la chisinthiko, mpikisano wa chikhalidwe pokopa wokwatirana ndi kupambana pakugwirizanitsa kumadalira kwambiri kuthetsa nzeru zovuta zamagulu ndi zamaganizo ndi makhalidwe. Maphunziro oyenerera kupeza luso ndi chidziwitso chofunikira kuti adziwe zoyendetsera zachikhalidwe ndi zachiwerewere zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kutha msinkhu ndizofunikira kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha anthu, chikhalidwe, ndi chidziwitso cha anthu. Chifukwa chake, kufalitsa kusamba (komanso kuwonjezereka kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kuphatikizapo chilakolako cha khalidwe lachiwerewere ndi chikondi) kungakhale kuwonetsera zenera zowonongeka-osati zokhudzana ndi khalidwe la kugonana, komanso zovuta zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe ziri mbali ya kuyendetsa zolakwa, zapamwamba kwambiri zomwe zimakhudzidwa pakukhazikitsa kudziwika ngati kugonana.

Papepala lino, timayang'ana momwe chitukuko ndi chitukuko chokhudzana ndi chitukuko chomwe chikuchitika pakatha msinkhu chimapatsa mwayi wapadera kwa achinyamata kuti azikhala ndi mwayi wophunzira mwachitukuko woyenera kuti aziyenda mwachikondi ndi zakugonana. Tikufuna kuti kusintha kusinthe oyang'anira dera la neural Kuyanjana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe kungatsegule mawindo achiwiri opititsa patsogolo (kutsata zomwe adakali ana) kuti aphunzire za chikondi ndi chiyanjano. Timapitiriza kuganiza kuti njira zophunzirirazi zimayambira ndi kusintha kwa thupi komanso kusintha kwa thupi komwe kumachititsa chidwi, komabe zimadalira kwambiri mgwirizano ndi chiyanjano pakati pa nthawiyi. Kenaka, kuyang'ana pa zinyama zonse ndi kafukufuku waumunthu, tiwone momwe kusintha kwa mahomoni, neural, ndi zamoyo pakufika msinkhu kumapangitsa achinyamata kukhala ndi chibwenzi ndi chiwerewere. Pomalizira, timakambirana mafunso ofunikira, ofunika kwambiri okhudza zochitika za chikondi komanso zachiwerewere, komanso momwe chitukuko chimakhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha unyamata, chomwe chimasokoneza kwambiri chilakolako cha kugonana kuchokera kumasulidwe a chikhalidwe cha munthu wamkulu. Papepala lonseli, timapezanso mwayi wa ofufuza kufufuza mafunso angapo osayankhidwa. Cholinga chachikulu cha pepalali ndikulitsa chiwerengero cha kafukufuku ndi kukambirana za chikondi chachinyamata ndi chitukuko cha kugonana, poyembekeza kulimbikitsa mwayi wa kafukufuku wamaganizo kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pokonzetsa zovutazi.

2. Kuyembekeza kuphunzira za chikondi, kugwirizana ndi kukondana

Mitundu yambiri ya neurodevelopmental imasonyeza kuti neuroplasticity zomwe zimachitika pakatha msinkhu zimatsegula maofesi ozindikira mu ubongo, omwe amachititsa kuti munthu aphunzire zosiyanasiyana (Kusintha ndi Dahl, 2012). Pogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, mawuwo neuroplasticity imaphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana za synaptic komanso zosasintha zomwe zimalimbikitsa ubongo kuti zitsimikizire kuphunzira, pamodzi ndi lingaliro la 'mawindo ovuta' a maphunziro apadera. Greenough et al's (1987) ubongo wam'nyamata wachinyamata 'akuyembekezera kuti ubongo waubwana umayembekeza mitundu yeniyeni yophunzirira, yomwe mwachibadwa imalimbikitsa iwo kuti azichita mobwerezabwereza ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa zochitika zaphunziro (mwachitsanzo kuyenda). Zomwe akuphunzirazi zimapangitsa kuti azidzudzula chitukuko cha neural (Greenough et al., 1987). Kafukufuku waposachedwapa maselo ndipo njira zothandizira matenda a ubongo zapita patsogolo mofulumira ndipo zinawonetsa mwanayo kukula kwa ubongo, kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa kutha msinkhu, angayimire kuphatikiza kwapadera ndi pulasitiki. Kuphatikizana uku kumapanga mawindo ofunikira ofunika kuti aphunzire ndi zochitika kuti apange kukula mawindo a neural m'njira zopirira (Hensch 2014; Takesiya ndi Hensch, 2013; Werker ndi Hensch, 2015).

Chiyambi cha kutha msinkhu chimawoneka kuti chimayambanso kuganizira kwambiri ndi kukhala wolimba kumagulu amtundu ndi mauthenga okhudzidwa, omwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri pa chibwenzi ndi chikondi khalidwe la kugonana (Dahl 2016; Nelson et al., 2016). Makamaka, kutha msinkhu kumabweretsa chitukuko cha buku makhalidwe abwino ndi mayankho ku machitidwe atsopano (Brown ndi al., 2015). Panthawi imodzimodzi yomwe achinyamata amayamba nthawi yochulukirapo ndi anzawo, amakhala ndi malingaliro atsopano, okhudzana ndi chiwerewere omwe amakhudza ubale-kuwongolera khalidwe. Popeza kuti cholinga cha kutha msinkhu ndi kukwaniritsa kukula msinkhu, ndizomveka kuti pakati pa pulasitiki ndi kukhazikika kwapadera neural dongosolo zikhoza kuyambitsa mwayi wophunzira ndi zolinga zomwe zimakhudza chikondi ndi chiwerewere. Ganizirani luso limene mwana wachinyamata ayenera kuphunzira muderali, kuphatikizapo kuthana ndi maganizo okhudzana ndi kupeza munthu wokongola, kumanga luso loyankhulana kuti afunse wina pa tsiku, akumana ndi chiwerewere ndi mlendo, akuyenda ndi zotsatira za chibwenzi cha munthu wina kapena osadziwika kwambiri, kuthana ndi kukana kapena kuswa, ndikulinganiza chilakolako chofuna kukhala nacho zochitika zogonana ndi zovuta zokhudzana ndi kukhala ndi chibwenzi. Zithunzi zosiyana zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere ndi zochitika zogonana zimatha kupanga mawonekedwe a neural polimbikitsanso njira zothandizira chikondi cha moyo wonse komanso kugonana.

Chimodzi mwa kusintha kwakukulu kumene kumachitika panthawi ya kutha msinkhu ndichitonthozo ndi chikhumbo chochita chikondi chachikondi. Pamene makanda amaphunzira kumayambiriro kwa moyo mtengo wa chikhazikitso chokhazikika ndi chikondi cha makolo, sichidatha mpaka mutangoyamba kumene kusintha kwa achinyamata kuti azitha kukonda chikondi. Chikondi chachikondi chimaganiziridwa ngati njira yofunika kwambiri, ndipo machitidwe achikondi achikulire nthawi zambiri amawonetsa maonekedwe omwe makolo awo ali nawo monga makanda (Hazan ndi Shaver, 1987). Kuonjezera apo, chikondi chachikondi ndi chikondi cha makolo chimapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano, ndikupanga mapangidwe ndi kukonzanso zochitikazo (Bartels ndi Zeki, 2004). Ngakhale kulimbika kwakukulu mu cholinga, makhalidwe, neurohormone kumanga malo, ndi neural correlates pakati pa chikondi cha makolo ndi chikondi, palinso zosiyana (Bartels ndi Zeki, 2004). Chikondi cha makolo ndi chikondi chimapangitsa kuti azikhala osamala, omvera, osamala, koma chikondi chachikondi chimaphatikizapo zigawo zosiyana, monga kugawana mphamvu ndi kugonana. Timalimbikitsa kuti kusintha kwa mahomoni komwe kumakhudzana ndi kutha msinkhu kumathandizira kusintha kwa neural komwe kumapangitsa ubongo kuphunzira za mtundu watsopano wa chikondi, kuti athetsere kusamalidwa, kubereka, ndi kusamalira ana.

Ngakhale kuti zakhazikitsidwa kuti machitidwe ambiri omwe amasonyeza chikondi ndi kugonana zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri, kugwirizanitsa, ndi kusinthika kwabwino pa nthawi ya kutha msinkhu, sichidziwika pokhapokha ngati izi zikutsutsana ndi chizoloŵezi chokonda chikondi chogonana ndi kugonana. Kuyanjanitsa zomwe zimadziwika ponena za chikondi cha chikondi ndi chilakolako cha kugonana / kudzutsa anthu akuluakulu ndi mabuku pa pubertal neurodevelopment mfundo kwa mafunso ena ochititsa chidwi. Ngakhale kuti papepalali silingathe kufotokozera mwachidule mabukuwa, achinyamata omwe ali ndi zaka zachinyamata zapamwamba zakhala zikuwonetseratu kusintha kwa ubongo pa nthawi ya kutha msinkhu (Dennison et al., 2013; Giedd ndi Denker, 2015). Ngakhale kusagwirizana pakati pa kugonana mu njira izi, ubongo wonse wa achinyamata ukulimbikitsidwa kupindula kuphunzira (Galván, 2013). Poyambitsa kulemera kwa dopamine, kukonzanso mphoto ndi zolimbikitsa, chikondi chachikondi ndi kugonana ndizo zolinga zomwe zimayendera limodzi ndi mayankho amphamvu (Aron et al., 2005; Fisher et al., 2010). Kuchokera pa kutha msinkhu, kusintha kwa chitukuko m'magulu a ubongo kumakhudzidwa ndi zolimbikitsa, mphoto, ndi kusamalana ndi maganizo-mwinamwake kumapanga chidziwitso chapadera cha chikondi chachikondi ndi kukakamiza kugonana kuti zikhale ndi zotsatirapo zabwino.

Chikondi ndi chilakolako cha kugonana ndizopangitsa kuti anthu asamvetsetse (Diamond ndi Dickenson, 2012). Chifukwa cha kusintha kwachitukuko komwe kumachitika paunyamata wokhudzana ndi kugwirizanitsa maganizo komanso chidziwitso chodziŵa, tawonetseratu kuti unyamata ndi nthawi yoyenera kufufuza zidziwitso ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi chibwenzi (Collins, 2003). Izi zowonjezera zowonjezera zimalimbikitsa kwambiri kupirira pa nthawi yomwe achinyamata amakula kukhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezereka za makhalidwe ena okhutira (Fortenberry, 2013). Choncho n'zomveka kuti kusasitsa thupi kumaphatikizapo kuwonjezeka kwa mapulasitiki amtundu wankhanza komanso kukhala ndi chikhumbo chofuna kupeza zinthu zolimbikitsa, zochititsa mantha, zopindulitsa kwambiri, zochitika zapamwamba, komanso zomwe zimawathandiza kuti achinyamata asapezeke kwambiri. zochitika zazikulu, monga kusanza koyamba kapena kuyamba kumpsompsona, kosangalatsa (Spielberg et al., 2014). Kutulutsana kwa dopamine ndi oxytocin pamene Kuyanjana ndi kuyanjana mobwerezabwereza ndi mnzanu wapadera kumapangitsa kuphunziranso zopindulitsa zomwe zimapangidwira mphoto zokhudzana ndi chikondi. Kamodzi ngati wachinyamata akuphwanya ndipo ayamba kumanga ubale ndi wina, amakhala ndi chiyanjano choyanjana naye omwe dopaminergic Mphoto ikuyembekezeredwa komanso yodziwa bwino kwambiri ndi mnzanu wapamtima (Chikondi 2013; Ortigue et al., 2010). Mofanana ndi maphunziro onse, kukonda mnzanu kumatenga nthawi, komanso nthawi zambiri, kuti mupange. Mukamaliza yankho lapadera, kukonzekera, ntchito zatsopano zimapanga zochitika zowonjezereka zokhutirana pakati pa mabanja (Aron et al., 2000). Chifukwa cha chitukuko cha neural chimachitika ndi kutha msinkhu, yankho lapadera la kukondana pakati pathu, pamene zowawa zapakati pazimenezi ndizolembedwa, zimawapangitsa kukhala zosangalatsa, zokhutiritsa, ndi zokhutiritsa. Pofuna kukondana ndi kugonana, achinyamata amayenera kufuna, monga, kuyandikira, ndi kuphunzira kuchokera kuntchito zapamwamba zopempha munthu wina tsiku loyamba, kukondana, kumva mtima wosweka, ndi kuyesanso.

Chikondi chachikondi chimaphatikizapo kuwonjezeredwa mu malo olemera a dopamine omwe amagwirizana ndi kusintha maganizo, mphoto, ndi zifukwa; mu apamwamba-order cortical ubongo zomwe zikugwirizana nazo chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe ndi kudziimira; ndipo adachepetsa kuchitapo kanthu amygdala (Ortigue et al., 2010). Ngakhale chilakolako chogonana / chiukitsiro ndi chikondi zimaphatikizapo malo ochuluka kwambiri othandizira, makamaka m'madera osiyana siyana, palinso mbali zosiyana zowonjezera. Mwachitsanzo, chikondi chachikondi, pamene wina akukonda kwambiri ndi akatha kukana, koma osati kugonana, kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito zosangalatsa, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zosangalatsa, kuganizira kwambiri, ndi cholinga chofuna kupeza mphoto), pomwe kukakamiza kugonana, koma osati chikondi, kumaphatikizapo kuvomereza akubala kuchitapo kanthu (kugwirizana ndi zolimbikitsa ndi kuwonetsera mphoto)Fisher et al., 2010; Diamond ndi Dickenson, 2012). Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ntchito zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yoyenera, kafukufuku wamakono sanadziwe bwino chilakolako cha kugonana-dziko lolimbikitsa kuti azitsatira zogonana-kuukitsa kugonana - chikhalidwe cha kugonana (Diamond ndi Dickenson, 2012). Ma paradigms ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma laboratory amagwiritsa ntchito kugonana kwa alendo osati okondedwa, ndipo motero amaimira kuukitsidwa kusiyana ndi chikhumbo, koma izi sizikudziwika bwino. Kafukufuku wotsutsa chikondi cha ubongo wa munthu amalephera kwambiri. Kukula msinkhu kumapereka mfundo yapadera yopangira chithunzi pamene chikondi chimayamba. Kuwululira njira zachitukuko zomwe zimayambitsa kukonda chikondi ndi chikondi chogonana zingathandize kuwunikira kumvetsetsa kwazimenezi. Kuphatikiza apo, kufufuza komwe kumathandiza kuthetsa momwe kusintha kosinthika kwazomwe zikuchitikire pa kutha msinkhu kumagwirizana ndi zochitika zoyambirira za chikhumbo, chikondi chachikondi, ndi kugonana kungatipangitse kuwonjezeka kwathu kumvetsetsa momwe chidziwitso cha kutha msinkhu chimapangidwira mawindo apadera ophunzirira za zintchito zovuta .

Monga momwe zilili ndi phunziro lililonse lofunika, achinyamata amapindula chifukwa chokhala ndi zothandizira ndi zowonjezereka kuti apange njira zabwino. Tifunikira kumvetsetsa bwino momwe zinthu zilili komanso zochitika zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu aziphunzira bwino zokhudzana ndi chitukuko, komanso zomwe zimawopsa kuti zisokonezeke. Monga momwe timamvetsetsa kufunika kokhala ndi malo otetezeka kwa ana omwe akuphunzira kuyenda (ndi kugwa mobwerezabwereza), tikhoza kufunsa mafunso omwe amathandiza achinyamata kuti afufuze ndi kuyesa zilakolako zawo ndi malingaliro awo, pamene akukulitsa luso kuthana ndi malingaliro ameneŵa ndikuziphatikizira paokha. Sayansi yopititsa patsogolo ingapereke chidziwitso chofunikira ponena za mitundu yowonongeka yomwe ingathandize kwambiri machitidwe abwino a maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri kwa achinyamata onse, kuphatikizapo iwo omwe akukumana ndi chilakolako chawo choyamba, kukhumbidwa, kapena kukwatulidwa, ndi omwe ali kale chibwenzi ndi / kapena kugonana.

3. Mahomoni operekera, neurodevelopment, ndi khalidwe

Kuwonjezeka kwa mahomoni ndi mwala wapangodya wamasinthidwe. Mahomoni ofanana omwe amathandizira kuti chitukuko cha chikhalidwe chachiwiri chikhale chophatikizidwanso chimathandizanso pakukonzanso oyang'anira dera la neural (Schulz ndi Sisk, 2016; Sisk 2016; Sisk ndi Zehr, 2005). Zotsatira zake, achinyamata amakumana ndi zifukwa zowonjezera kufunafuna mphotho, zowonjezera zowonjezera mphotho, ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera kuchita chiyanjano cha chiyanjano-kuphatikizapo chikondi ndi khalidwe la kugonana (Kusintha ndi Dahl, 2012). Kuonjezerapo, mahomoni a pubertal angapangitse kuwonjezeka kwa kufunafuna maganizo komwe kumapangitsa kuti maganizo apamwamba kwambiri amveke. Pambuyo pake mahomoni a gonadal, mahomoni ena ambiri komanso nthati amavomerezedwa kapena kupititsidwa patsogolo pamene akutha msinkhu, ndipo amathandizidwa momwe anthu amachitira chikondi chachikondikuphatikizapo oxytocin pamene, mandala, dopamine, Serotoninndipo cortisol (De Boer et al., 2012). Mwachitsanzo, monga kuwonjezeka kwa mahomoni a pubertal kumalimbikitsa khalidwe lachithupi komanso chikhumbo cha kukhumba, kuwonjezeka kwa dopamine ndi oxytocin kumawonjezera chikondi ndi kugwirizana (Chikondi, 2013). Zonsezi, kusintha kwa mahomoni ndi odwala matendawa kumapangitsa kuti thupi likhale labwino pofuna kulimbikitsa chidwi cha achinyamata kuti aphunzire za chikondi chachikondi ndi kukopa kwa kugonana. Pansipa, tikupenda, makamaka makamaka, zotsatira za momwe mahomoni awiri ofunika kwambiri - testosterone ndi estradiol - kuthandizira kugonana ndi kukondana paunyamata.

3.1. Testosterone

Testosterone yakhala ikugwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa kusinthana kwa chidziwitso cha anthu, kudzichepetsa kwa mphotho, ndi kufunafuna chisangalalo pa nthawi ya kutha msinkhu. Kawirikawiri amaganizira za chiwawa, testosterone imatchulidwanso ngati nthendayi, kuyambitsa chikhalidwe chofunafuna malo ndi kukonza chikhalidwe mwa njira zosiyanasiyana, monga kusintha kwa mantha, kusokonezeka maganizo, kuwopsyeza khalani maso, ndi mphotho kuwonjezeka kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu (Eisenegger ndi Naef, 2011). Kuwonjezeka kwapereta mu testosterone kwagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa neural activation kuti kuopseza cues amygdala (zokhudzana ndi kupeŵa kuopseza) ndi nucleus accumbens (yogwirizana ndi mphoto processing) (Spielberg et al., 2014). Kuwonjezera apo, testosterone yakhala ikuwonjezeredwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chiopsezo chotenga ntchito pa labotale pakati pa anyamata ndi atsikana (Op de Macks et al., 2011; Peper ndi Dahl, 2013). Nucleus accumbens ndi amygdala, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potsata malonda a ubongo zomwe zimakonzedweratu panthaŵi ya kutha msinkhu, zimakhala ndi anthu ambiri a testosterone receptors (Nelson et al., 2005). Njira zokhudzana ndi testosterone zonsezi zimakhudza kusintha kwa chikondi ndi chiwerewere paunyamata. Zotsutsana ndi lingaliro lakuti unyamata ndi nthawi yovuta kwa makhalidwe abwino za mahomoni otchedwa gonadal hormones, zinyama zimasonyeza kuti machitidwe a khalidwe la mahomoni osiyana siyana amatha kusiyana pakati pa nyama zisanafike ndi zotsalira. Mosiyana ndi ubongo wakale, ubongo wamasewera umayamikiridwa mahomoni a steroid kuti ayambe khalidwe lachiberekero (Sisk ndi Zehr, 2005).

Pali kafukufuku wambiri pa zochitika za neurodevelopmental za chiwerewere ndi kugonana kwa abambo amphongo. Mwachitsanzo, mu hamsters amuna a ku Syrian, zimakhazikitsidwa bwino momwe mahomoni a pubertal amakhudzira kapangidwe ka kayendedwe ka steroidal ndi zowona, komanso momwe kusintha kwa ma neural kusintha momwe amuna amachitira ndi zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kuchita nawo makhalidwe okhwima (Romeo et al., 2002). Kuwonjezera apo, kufufuza m'mabwenzi osakhala aumunthu azindikira kuti, kusiyana ndi mitundu yambiri ya mammalian, mahomoni a gonadal mu primates kwenikweni amachititsa kugonana zolimbikitsa, m'malo moti luso kuti azitsatira (Walleni, 2001). Chifukwa zotsatira za mahomoni otchedwa gonadal ndizomwe zimalimbikitsa chilakolako cha kugonana, kufufuza uku kumasonyeza kuti kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zochitikazo ndizopangitsa anthu kuti aziphunzira zokhudzana ndi kugonana (Walleni, 2001). Kafukufuku wotsutsana ndi anthu omwe sanawonekere akuwonetsanso kufunika kwa chigawo chophunzitsira chokhudzana ndi kutha msinkhu komanso zochitika zogonana. Ngakhale zikuchitika endocrine kutha msinkhu komanso kukula kwa testosterone kumabweretsa chizolowezi chogonana, zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu azigonana bwino-kukondweretsa panthawi yogonana ndi akazi-ndiko njira yabwino yothetsera kugonana popanda kugonana popanda testosterone (Walleni, 2001). Ngakhale amuna omwe sanamvepo kutha msinkhu amayamba kuonjezera khalidwe lawo la kugonana pambuyo pa zochitika zabwino zogonana. Kafukufuku, kafufuzidwe ka zinyama akutsindika kufunika kwa maphunziro omwe amapezeka mwachindunji ndi kusintha kwa mahomoni, ndipo akupereka mafunso atsopano ochita kafufuzidwe mwa anthu ponena za momwe kusinthika kwa mahomoni, neurodevelopmental, kuphunzira, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe kumayambitsa chitukuko cha chiwerewere ndi kugonana paunyamata.

Kwa anthu, ngati testosterone ikuwonjezeka kapena ayi kumafika msinkhu kumakhudza mwachindunji kusiyana kwake pa zofuna zogonana ndi khalidwe sikumveka bwino. Testosterone yapamwamba imagwirizana kwambiri ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana pakati pa anyamata, koma zotsatira zimathera mu zitsanzo zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuyamba kwadzidzidzi usiku ndi zaka (Campbell et al., 2005). Testosterone yowonjezereka mu anyamata omwe asanabadwe akuoneka kuti akugwirizana ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere, kuphatikizapo kukhudza ena ndi mpweya wa usiku (Finkelstein et al., 1998). Mu maphunziro ophatikizana, osadziwika ndi zaka za pubertal ndi zaka, asungwana ndi anyamata omwe ali ndi ma testosterone apamwamba amakhala oyenerera kugonana (Halpern et al., 1997, 1998). Mosiyana, mkati maphunziro a nthawi yaitali, kusintha kwa testosterone kumakhudzana ndi kugonana (kugonana koyamba) kwa atsikana, koma osati kwa anyamata (Halpern et al., 1997). Kwa anyamata, sitepe ya pubertal imakhudzana kwambiri ndi chiwerewere kuposa testosterone (Halpern et al., 1993). Zofukufukuzi zikutsindika kuvutika kwa kusokoneza zotsatira za biologically-mediated zotsatira za mahomoni a gonadal kuchokera ku zotsatira zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kusintha kwa thupi. Kwa anyamata, mphamvu yowonjezera kupanga ma gametes ndi kubereka imapezeka nthawi yoyamba pa kusintha kwachisindikizo, ngakhale kuti anyamata ochepa amayamba kuchita zachiwerewere nthawi imeneyo. Panthawi ya kutha msinkhu, mazenera a testosterone amakula, anyamata amakhala wamtali ndi ochepa kwambiri, mawu awo amakula ndipo tsitsi lawo la nkhope limakula. Makhalidwe achiwerewere awa, omwe amawonekera mosavuta komanso omwe amawoneka okongola kapena othandizidwa ndi omwe angagwirizane nawo, angapereke mwayi wowonjezera kuti mwana akhale ndi mwayi wokhala ndi chiwerewere kusiyana ndi kubereka kapena kusintha kwa chiwombankhanga chogwirizana ndi testosterone pa se (Halpern et al., 1993). Choncho, ngakhale kuti kuwonjezeka kwa testosterone kumakhudzidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chikhalidwe, chokhudzidwa ndi zolinga, samangotanthauzira kuwonjeza khalidwe la kugonana kapena ntchito.

Zotsatira kuchokera ku maphunziro omwe ayesa kuthetsa ubale pakati pa testosterone ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere kwa akuluakulu zimaphatikizapo chithunzichi. Mwachitsanzo, kufufuza ndi amuna akuluakulu apeza kuti kukhala mu chibwenzi chodziwika kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugonana nthawi zambiri komanso nthawi imodzi imachepa mu testosterone (Burnham et al., 2003; Gray ndi Campbell, 2009). Pakati pa akazi achikulire, zosasangalatsa testosterone amachita osati Onetsani kugwirizana kwakukulu ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere (Roney ndi Simmons, 2013), koma zosamveka chithandizo cha testosterone mwa amayi chapezeka chikuwonjezera chilakolako chakugonana, kugonana, komanso kugonana (Buster et al., 2005; Davis et al., 2006; Shifren et al., 2006). Deta zonsezi zimasonyeza kuti mgwirizano pakati pa testosterone ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere zimadalira kwambiri chitukuko, komanso pa chiyanjano.

Zomwe timadziwa za testosterone komanso mchitidwe wogonana palimodzi zikuwonetsa kuti pakhoza kukhala gawo lina la testosterone lomwe limatsogolera kuthekera kogonana, koma palibe ubale wofanana pakati pa testosterone ndi chidziwitso chotsatira chakugonana. Popeza kusintha kwam'madera a neural okhala ndi ma testosterone receptors ochulukirapo komanso kuchuluka kwa testosterone munthawi yotha msinkhu, tili ndi zambiri zoti tiphunzire za ubale wapakati pa testosterone ndi machitidwe achikondi komanso ogonana mwa anthu. Kufufuza kopitilira muyeso kwa ubale pakati pa testosterone, kufunafuna chidwi, kukula kwaubulu ndi zina zomwe zimakhudzana ndikuphunzira zamakhalidwe azakugonana, zitha kuthandiza kufotokozera zopereka za zinthu zotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zimayambitsa zachiwerewere komanso zochitika zogonana zotsatirazi. Makamaka, maphunziro azitali zazitali omwe amatha kufotokoza kusintha kwa mikhalidwe yachiwerewere yachiwiri kuchokera pakusintha kwa mahomoni a gonadal atha kukhala othandiza kuzindikira njira zamankhwala (Harden, Kretsch, Moore, & Mendle, 2014).

3.2. Estradiol

Kuphatikiza pa testosterone, kumawonjezeka mu estradiol ndi progesterone zimathandizira kukonzanso ndi kuyambitsa maulendo oyendetsa maulendo a neural kwa amuna ndi akazi panthaŵi ya kutha msinkhu. Zonse za estradiol ndi progesterone zakhala zikugwira ntchito zofunikira pazochita zogonana, zachikhalidwe, ndi zoopsa (Romeo 2003; Tackett et al., 2015; Vermeersch et al., 2009). Poyerekeza ndi mahomoni ena, pakati pa atsikana, estradiol ali ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu kwambiri pa chitukuko cha m'mawere, chizindikiro choyamba cha kutha msinkhu (Drife, 1986). Mosiyana ndi anyamata (ndi anyamata ena onse) omwe amayamba kupanga ma gametes asanayambe kukonda kugonana, asungwana amayamba kukhala ndi makhalidwe achiwerewere asanakwanitse kubereka. Izi zimapangitsa atsikana omwe amayamba kufotokozera kuti ali ndi chilakolako chogonana asanakwatirane kapena akusowa kusintha kwa chiopsezo chogwirizana ndi testosterone. Cholinga cha kusinthika kwa kusiyana kumeneku sikumveka bwino, koma kuwonetsetsa kufunikira kozindikira udindo wa estradiol ndi progesterone mu khalidwe lachiwerewere lachikazi.

Kafukufuku wamakono wafufuza za mgwirizano pakati pa mahomoni azimayi pofalitsa kukula kwa ubongo, khalidwe la chiwerewere, ndi kutenga chiopsezo. Pakati pa atsikana a pubertal, kuwonjezeka kwa ma isradiol kwakhala kukuwonjezeka nkhani yoyera kukula ndi kuchepa pubertal mfundo zakuda kudulira (Herting et al., 2014). Kafukufuku wamagulu ochepa omwe amagwira ntchito mofulumira esitirojeni ali ndi chiopsezo kutenga atsikana aang'ono (Vermeersch et al., 2008). Kafukufuku wambiri m'mabungwe a anthu adziwa kuti testosterone, osati estradiol, monga hormone yomwe imagwirizana kwambiri ndi akubala ntchito yokhudzana ndi chiopsezo chotengera chiopsezo cha amayi (Op de Macks et al., 2011; Peper ndi Dahl, 2013; Peters et al., 2015). Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kudzikonda, amasonyeza kuti estrogen ndi progesterone, osati testosterone, zimakhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe lachiwerewere, ndipo kuti mgwirizano pakati pa mahomoni ndi khalidwe umadalira pazomwe zilili pakati pawo (Walleni, 2001). Mayesero a chitsanzo ichi mwa anthu, amasonyezanso kuti estradiol ikugwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chilakolako cha kugonana ndi progesterone kumagwirizana ndi kuchepa (Walleni, 2001). Kuonjezera apo, kuwonetsa atsikana omwe asanatuluke msinkhu kuwonjezereka kuonjezera zotsatira za estrogen pakuwonjezereka ndikupsinjika khalidwe (Finkelstein et al., 1998). Ngakhale kuti atsikana ambiri samasankha kuchita zachiwerewere nthawi ya kutha msinkhu, kumvetsa ubongo, mahomoni, kusintha kwa khalidwe kumapezeka pawindo lodziwika bwino kumatha kuwonjezera kumvetsa kwathu zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa zotsatira zosiyanasiyana za khalidwe.

4. Nkhani zachikhalidwe

Mphamvu ya mahomoni a pubertal sichipezeka m'malo opuma. Zambiri zomwe zimakhalapo pamene achinyamata ali pachibwenzi zimagwirizana ndi nthawi yocheperapo, komabe chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe zimathandizanso pakupanga chiwerewere cha unyamata (Collins, 2003). Mwachitsanzo, mu phunziro limodzi, mgwirizano pakati testosterone ndipo kugonana koyambirira koyamba kugwirizanitsa ndi kusakanikirana ndi misonkhano yachipembedzo. Phunziroli likuwonetsa mphamvu yowonjezera ya malingaliro okhudzidwa ndi zochitika zachilengedwe komanso kufunika kwa mabungwe omwe achinyamata akukumana nawo neurohormonal kusintha (Halpern et al., 1997). Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, kupezeka pa misonkhano yachipembedzo kumadziwika kuti kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kufunafuna makhalidwe a umunthu (Gaither ndi Sellbom, 2010), zomwe zakhala zikugwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito ina yosiyana ndi testosterone ndi esitirojeni miyezo (Campbell, 2010; Roberti, 2004) (ngakhale kuti mgwirizano umenewu sungagwirizane ndi maphunziro onse monga mwachitsanzo Rosenblitt et al., 2001). Choncho, zotsatira za testosterone zimayendetsedwa ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, poyendetsedwa ndi kusintha kwa zolimbikitsa, ndi zosawerengeka. Izi zikutsindika mfundo yathu yoyamba: Kusokoneza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mahomoni, zolimbikitsa, komanso kusintha kwa chikhalidwe pakutha msinkhu ndi njira yovuta kwambiri. Komabe, kafukufuku wowonjezera adayang'ana pozindikira zomwe zimayambitsa chilengedwe zomwe zingagwirizane bwino komanso zowonongeka za sequelae ya khalidwe la chitukuko cha neurohormonal. Chifukwa cha kusintha kumeneku kukuchitika pamtundu wambiri maulendo a neural kumagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zomwe zimawathandiza pa nthawi ya kutha msinkhu, komanso kuti kukondana ndi kugonana ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe, ndikofunika kumvetsetsa momwe zikhalidwe ndi zikhalidwe zimakhudzira ubongo, ubongo, ndi momwe kusintha kwa chisinthiko kumagwirizanitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu pa kuphunzira ndi khalidwe .

4.1. Makolo

Makolo ali ndi udindo waukulu pakupereka chithandizo ndi zokhudzana ndi chikondi komanso khalidwe la kugonana. Ubwino wa ubale wa ana ndi mwana umakhudza khalidwe lonse la kugonana komanso chitukuko cha neural ndi kutsegula, makamaka mu amygdala, zomwe zakhudzana ndi mphoto processing (Ernst et al., 2005), kugwirizanitsa maganizo (Whalen et al., 2013), ndikuyankhira mantha (LeDoux, 2003). Ubwino wa maubwenzi a amayi kumayambiriro aunyamata umagwirizananso ndi kusintha kwa msangamsanga wa ubongo. Mwachindunji, maubwenzi abwino pakati pa amayi ndi achinyamata oyambirira akhala akugwirizana ndi kukula kochepa kwa amygdala (Whittle et al., 2014). Zotsatira izi zimasonyeza kuti maubwenzi a amayi angakhudze kukula kwa ubongo malingaliro okhudzana ndi malamulo a khalidwe.

Udindo umene makolo amakhala nawo pa ntchito ya ubongo umasinthidwanso muunyamata. Ana ndi achinyamata ali ndi amygdala oyeneranso kuyanjana ndi amayi awo, koma amygdala kuyanjanitsa nkhope kwa alendo sakumayambira kuyambira ali mwana kufikira msinkhu. Zotsatira izi zimasonyeza kuti, pamene kuyamikirika kwabwino kwa amayi kumakhala kosalekeza, mantha, ndi nkhawa kwa osadziwika akuchepa pa chitukuko,Tottenham et al., 2012). Kafukufuku wawonetsanso kuti kukhalapo kwa amayi kumatha cortisol Kusokonezeka maganizo kwa ana, koma kulibe vuto lomweli kwa achinyamata (Hostinar et al., 2014). Izi zikusonyeza kuti amayi amathandiza kuchepetsa nkhawa kwa ana aang'ono, ndipo monga ana amatsata njira yowonjezera ya chitukuko m'zaka zaunyamata, pamodzi ndi kuchepetsa mantha ndi nkhawa za anthu atsopano ndi zochitika ndi kufufuza kowonjezereka, momwe thupi limakhudzira kukhalapo kwa makolo.

Kuwunikira kafukufuku wa ubongo wa ana omwe ali kholo ndi ana, kachitidwe kafukufuku apeza kuti maubwenzi abwino a achinyamata ndi achinyamata amakhala ndi cholinga chogonana komanso atakhala ndi zaka zoyamba kugonana (Van de Bongardt et al., 2014), komanso achinyamata omwe amazindikira kuti makolo awo akuwasamalira amachedwa kuchepetsa kugonana koyamba (Longmore et al., 2009). Achinyamata omwe amanena kuti ali ndi maubwenzi abwino ndi kulankhulana momasuka ndi makolo awo ali ndi zochepa zochitika zogonana, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kondomu (Parkes et al., 2011), pambuyo pake chiwerewere (Mtengo ndi Hyde, 2008), kuchepetsa kutenga pakati pa amayi osakonzekera (Miller et al., 2001) komanso osagonana kwambiri (Kan et al., 2010; Kerpelman et al., 2016).

Ngakhale kuti kusintha kwa msinkhu kumakhala kofanana ndi kuwonetsetsa kwambiri kwa makolo komanso kuchepetsa kuyang'anitsitsa kwa makolo, kafukufukuyu ndi kafukufuku wamakhalidwe akuwonetsa kufunikira kwa makolo kuti asayambe kubereka pa nthawi ya unyamata, koma m'malo mwake amasiya kuchoka kumapereka chithandizo chamumtima kuti apereke zowonjezera kuthandizira ndi kuwongolerana kuti pakhale gawo lotsatira la chitukuko. Mwamwayi, pali zochepa zomwe zimathandiza kuti makolo azisamalira achinyamata komanso ngakhale zochepa zomwe zimawakonzekera kuti azitha kukhala achikulire.

4.2. Anzanga

Anzawo awonetsanso kuti amachititsa kuti achinyamata asankhe zochita zokhudzana ndi kugonana (Choukas-Bradley et al., 2014; Hampton et al., 2005; Suleiman ndi Deardorff, 2015). Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti kukhalapo kwa anzako, kapena kukhalapo kwa anzanu, kumapangitsa kuti achinyamata azitha kuyendetsa mphoto, makamaka ventral striatum (VS), ndi khalidwe lopanda chiopsezo m'njira yomwe sizimachitike kwa ana kapena akulu (Chein et al., 2011; Telzer et al., 2014). Kutanthauzira kumodzi kwa izi kungasonyeze kuti achinyamata ali pachiopsezo chosaika pangozi pamaso pa anzawo, komabe kumvetsetsa ubale pakati pa kuwonjezeka kwa VS kuchitapo kanthu ndi kutenga chiopsezo chotenga chiopsezo kuli kutali kwambiri. Kafukufuku wina apeza kuwonjezereka kwa VS kuti agwirizane ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka kugwira ntchito pa labotale pamaso pa anzako (Chein et al., 2011), pamene maphunziro ena sanabwererenso zotsatira izi (Peake et al., 2013). M'malo mwake maphunziro awa apeza kuchitapo kanthu mgwirizano wamakono wamakono, dera la ubongo lomwe limakhudzidwa ndi zinazake, kukambirana mgwirizano pakati pa achinyamata omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka komanso kutha kukana zokhudzana ndi anzawo,Peake et al., 2013). Kuti apitirize kulimbikitsa zinthu, kafukufuku wina apeza kuti kuwonjezeka kwa VS kuchitapo kanthu pakukonzekera nkhope nkhope, makamaka chimwemwe ndi mawu achisoni, zakhala zikugwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kudzidzimva kuti kunatsutsa zisonkhezero za anzako (Pfeifer et al., 2011). Zonsezi, kafukufukuyu akusonyeza kuti zochitika ndi zosagwirizana ndi anzawo pazochitika za anzawo zingachititse kusiyana kwa neural activation ndi khalidwe losiyana. Zosintha zomwe zimachitika m'magulu amtundu wa anthu ndi zokhudzana ndi ubongo ndizochititsa achinyamata kukhala omasuka kuti azisangalala ndi zochitika zomwe zimakhudzana ndi chibwenzi ndi kugonana. Onse omwe amakonda anzawo komanso okondana amachititsa achinyamata kugonana komanso achinyamata kuti asankhe kugonana ndi amuna awo.Ali ndi Dwyer, 2011; Baumgartner et al., 2011; Crockett et al., 2006; Kennett et al., 2012; Potard et al., 2008). Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kugonana ndikulumikizana kwambiri; Kukhala ndi anzanu ogonana a mgwirizano wa chiwerewere kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugonana koyambirira koyambirira, kugonana kambirimbiri, ndi abwenzi ambiri ogonana (Ali ndi Dwyer, 2011; Furman et al., 2007; Santor et al., 2000).

4.3. Media

Kuphatikiza pa maubwenzi apamtima "m'moyo weniweni," zofalitsa zamalonda ndi zochitika zamasewero zingawononge khalidwe la kugonana. Mauthenga okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi maubwenzi achikondi akupitirirabe m'ma TV. Pa 70% ya pulogalamu ya pa televizioni ili ndi mtundu wina wa kugonana kapena kukambirana (Kunkel et al., 2005). Malingana ndi nkhani ndi chiwerengero cha anthu, pakati pa 23 ndi 95% ya lipoti la zaka 10-19 lomwe adawonapo zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti, ndipo pakati pa 28 ndi 84% adawonetsa kuti kuwonetsedwa kwao kunali kosafunika kapena kosayenera (Peter ndi Valkenburg, 2016; Wolak et al., 2007). Nkhani zamasewera zimadziwika ngati "okonda kugonana" zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe cha anthu, makamaka kwa atsikana omwe akutha msinkhu msinkhu kuposa anzawo (Brown ndi al., 2005).

Ngakhale kuti izi zimakhudza kwambiri kugonana ndi mauthenga pa nthawi yonse ya unyamata, zochepa zimadziwika za zotsatira za kugonana pa chitukuko cha ubongo. Kawirikawiri, zokhudzana ndi ma TV zapezeka kuti zimakhudza neural ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa mauthenga achiwawa pakati pa achinyamata akupezeka kuti zimakhudza njira zopititsira patsogolo njira zowonongeka ndi zogonjetsa limbic zomangamanga, komanso kugwirizana pakati pawo, ndipo zingakhale ndi zotsatira zina pa chiwawa (Hummer 2015; Kalnin et al., 2011). Ngakhale sitikudziŵa kafukufuku wina aliyense amene wagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa nkhani zogonana, zimakhala zotheka kuti zithunzi za kugonana ndi zachikondi, zowonjezera pazinthu zonse zofalitsa zolaula, zimakhudzanso chitukuko ndi khalidwe. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kusiyana pakati pa neurodevelopment kungapangitse kufotokozera zogonana. Mwachitsanzo, anyamata achichepere ambiri omwe ali ndi chidwi chofuna kutengera zolaula amakhala ndi mwayi wofufuza zolaula pa Intaneti, ndipo pali mgwirizano wolimba pakati pa zolaula zomwe zimawonetsa komanso zovuta zogonana (Peter ndi Valkenburg, 2016).

Sayansi yopititsa patsogolo imapereka njira zowonjezera kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa momwe mauthenga amachitira pa chitukuko cha nyerere ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere. Kusintha kwakukulu kwa njira zatsopano zogwirira ntchito zofufuza za ubongo (mwachitsanzo Falk et al., 2015, 2012) kuphatikizapo kufufuza za khalidwe kumatithandiza kumvetsetsa kusintha kwachisudzo kwa achinyamata omwe akuwonera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zachikondi ndi zachiwerewere ndikumvetsetsa bwino mtundu wa zochitika zokhudzana ndi maphunziro chifukwa cha zochitikazi. Kugwiritsa ntchito chitukuko cha njira zothandizira mauthenga okhudza ubongo kungathandize kudziwitsa chitukuko cha mauthenga apamtima okondana komanso ogonana komanso kuwonjezera chidziwitso cha zingakhale zovuta zojambulidwa zogwirizana ndi kuwona mauthenga owopsa kwambiri. Pa zaka zambiri zowonjezereka zokhudzana ndi chikondi ndi zachiwerewere komanso zochitika zofulumira zolaula, kufunikira kwa kuzindikira izi n'kofunika. Popeza kuti unyamata ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri yokhudzana ndi kugonana, tikufunikira kumvetsetsa bwino mgwirizano pakati pa neurodevelopment, kufotokozera zachikondi ndi zolaula, ndi zotsatira za khalidwe.

5. Kulonjeza mwayi wotanthauziramo maphunziro a ubongo

Monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, pali mwayi wambiri wa asayansi odziwa za ubongo kuti athandize kumvetsetsa kwachizoloŵezi cha chikondi chachinyamata ndi chitukuko cha kugonana. Kuwonjezera pakulongosola kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa njira zowonongeka, pali njira zenizeni zomwe kumvetsetsa zazing'ono za neural trajectories zikhoza kudziwitsa ndondomeko ndi zizoloŵezi zomwe zingathandize kuti zotsatira zaumoyo zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi kubereka zisinthe. Nthawi yomwe ikufotokozedwa ngati unyamata ikupitirirabe kufalikira kudutsa lonse lapansi, ndikumvetsa zotsatira za izi chitukuko cha neural zikhoza kuthandiza kwambiri kuti timvetsetse za mtengo ndi zopindulitsa zomwe zikugwirizana ndi chodabwitsa ichi. Mofananamo, kukulitsa kumvetsetsa kwathu pakati pa msinkhu pakati pa msinkhu, msinkhu wachinyamata kukula kwa ubongondipo khalidwe la kugonana angadziwitse zatsopano, ndondomeko ndi zizoloŵezi zolimbikitsa ndi kupititsa patsogolo njirazi. Zitsanzo zitatu za mwayi uwu ndiwongosoledwa pansipa.

5.1. Chitsanzo 1: Kutalikitsa msinkhu

Pakati pa anthu, unyamata ndi nthawi yokonzedwa ndi anthu kumayamba ndi kusintha kwa mahomoni, maganizo, ndi thupi kumene kumachitika ndi kutha msinkhu. Kutha kwa unyamata sikudziwika bwino kwambiri. Zambiri mwaunyamata ndizokhazikitsidwa ndi anthu, koma, pamtundu uliwonse, zimawonedwa ngati "nthawi yokonzekera moyo waubereki okalamba," kutenga nthawi pakati pa kukonzekeretsa thupi kuti uchite zogonana ndi kukhala ndi chilolezo cha chibadwidwe (Schlegel 1995, p. 16). Pakati pa mitundu ya njoka yamtundu wa anyamata, anyamata achichepere amayamba kuchita chiwerewere ndi kugonana koma samabala mwana (Schlegel, 1995). Kwa anthu, kutalika ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi unyamata zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana; Komabe, nthawiyi, yomwe ikudziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kwadzidzidzi, koma popanda maudindo onse akuluakulu, ndi chilengedwe chonse (Schlegel, 1995).

Achinyamata masiku ano amakumana ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri pakati pa nthawi yomwe ali ndi physiologically amatha kubereka komanso pamene kubereka kumakhala kofunikira komanso kumakhala kofunikira. M'mayiko padziko lonse, msinkhu wa kutha msinkhu ukupitirira kuchepa (Parent et al., 2003; Sørensen et al., 2012). Kwa atsikana, izi zawerengedwa makamaka mwa kuchepa kwa msinkhu wamsinkhu. Pamene mchitidwe umayambira mmbuyo mochedwa kubwerera m'mabwalo, msonkho uwu ukhoza kunyalanyaza kukula kwa mbiri yakale pakati pa zaka zakubadwa poyambirira. Avereji zaka za chizindikiro choyambirira kwambiri cha msinkhu pakati pa atsikana, chifuwa cha m'mawere, chafika mofulumira kwambiri kusiyana ndi msinkhu wa msinkhu, ndipo chifukwa chake, atsikana akutha nthawi yochulukitsa nthawi yotsiriza (Mendle, 2014). Chochititsa chidwi, kuchepa kwa msinkhu wa kuyambika kwa kukula kwa ubwana sikukugwirizana bwino ndi kuwonjezeka koyamba kwa mahomoni ogonana yogwirizana ndi kutha msinkhu, kuphatikizapo gonadotropins ndi esitirojeni (Sørensen et al., 2012). Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, chiwonongeko cha chizindikiro choyamba cha kutha msinkhu kwa anyamata-makamaka kukula kwamatsenga-chakhala chikufanana ndi kusintha kwadziko mu mahomoni okhudzana ndi kutha msinkhu (Sørensen et al., 2012). Kusiyanasiyana pakati pa chikhalidwe pakati pa anyamata ndi atsikana sikumvetsetsedwa bwino, komabe kukuwunikira kufunika kozindikira kumvetsetsa kwa zotsatirazi pazochitika zachitukuko, zomwe zili mkati ndi pakati pa kugonana. Kwa amuna ndi akazi onse, pali chikhalidwe chochepa chomwe chimakhalapo m'nthaŵi imene anthu ali ndi ubwino wokonzanso. Popeza kuti njira zina za ubongo zothandizira ubongo zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa mahomoni otchuka, zikutheka kuti (ngakhale funso lodziwika bwino) kuti kusintha kwa neural kumasintha ndi kugonana kumayambiranso kale.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo yomwe zaka za kubala zatha, zaka zomwe zimakhala zofunikira kwa achinyamata kuti abereke ana zapitirira kuwonjezeka. Zaka zomwe akazi achichepere m'mayiko apamwamba omwe amathandizira poyamba kubereka ana akuwonjezeka kwambiri pa zaka zapitazo za 40, ndipo izi zikuyamba m'mayiko ambiri otsika komanso apakatikati (Bearinger et al., 2007; Bongaarts ndi Blanc, 2015; Mathews ndi Hamilton, 2009; Sedgh et al., 2015; Westoff 2003). Masiku ano, padziko lonse, zaka zakubadwa za amayi obadwa kwawo kuyambira zaka za 20.9 ku Africa ya kum'mwera kwa Sahara, zaka za 25 ku US (Bongaarts ndi Blanc, 2015; Mathews ndi Hamilton, 2009).

Mpaka posachedwapa, kuvomereza kubereka kwabwino kumagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi banja, ndipo mwana woyamba anabadwira zaka zingapo zoyambirira zaukwati. Izi zawonanso zakusokonezeka zaka zaposachedwapa. Choyamba, molimbika kwambiri kusiyana ndi zaka zoyamba kubadwa, zaka zaukwati-zogwirizana kwambiri ndi zikhalidwe za anthu komanso zachikhalidwe-zawonjezeka kwa amuna ndi akazi padziko lonse lapansi (Westoff, 2003). Chachiwiri, makamaka m'mayiko omwe apatsidwa thandizo, pakhala pali njira yothetsera kusudzulana ndi kubereka, ndi kubadwa kwina kukuchitika kunja kwa malamulo alamulo, kuchepa kwaukwati chifukwa cha kubereka musanakwatirane, ndi Anthu okwatirana akudikira nthawi yayitali atatha kubereka (England ndi al., 2013; Hayford et al., 2014). Palinso chiwerengero chowonjezereka cha anthu amene amapita ku chikhalidwe cha kutha msinkhu koma osakwatirana kapena kulera ana, komabe akukwaniritsa zokhuza zachikondi ndi zachiwerewere. Zonsezi zikuwonetseratu kufunika kokhala ndi kumvetsetsa bwino za kayendedwe ka chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, ndi chilengedwe zomwe zimayambitsa njira zowonongeka za chibwenzi ndi chilakolako cha kugonana. Izi zikutanthauzira mafunso osiyanasiyana osadziwika omwe amadziwa momwe chitukuko cha thupi ndi chinyama chikugwirizanirana ndi zifukwa zomwe zimapangidwira ndikukhudzidwa ndi chikondi ndi chiwerewere.

Zizoloŵezi zakuthupi zoyamba msinkhu komanso kubereka pambuyo pake zimapereka mpata waukulu kwa achinyamata kuti akhale ndi nthawi yayitali yowonjezera kusasitsa, maphunziro apamwamba, ndi kukhazikika asanayambe kugwira ntchito yonse ya maudindo akuluakulu ndi maudindo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, anthu ambiri tsopano amakhala ndi moyo zaka khumi kapena zambiri akukumana ndi zinthu zamoyo, thupi, komanso kukakamizidwa kuti azichita zibwenzi zogonana ndi anthu ena popanda kugonana. Potero, tifunika kumvetsetsa bwino zotsatira za makhalidwe ndi zithukuko zachitukuko zomwe zimakhudza oyambirira chikondi chachikondi ndi zochitika zogonana, kuti athandize achinyamata kuti athandizire ndi kuwongolera zomwe zimawathandiza kupeza njira zabwino.

5.2. Chitsanzo 2: kulera njira zatsopano

Pakati pa zaka zachinyamata, achinyamata ambiri amayamba kugonana. Padziko lonse, zaka zambiri za kugonana zimayamba zaka 16.5 kufikira zaka 24.5 kwa amuna ndi kuyambira 15.5 kufikira zaka 21.5 kwa akazi (Wellings et al., 2006). Chifukwa chakuti achinyamata ambiri amachita chiwerewere asanakwatire, achinyamata ambiri amasankha kulera. Ngakhale makondomu, zikhomo za khomo lachiberekero, zitsulo, ndi zina zipangizo za intrauterine (IUDs) amapereka njira zosamalirana zapakhosi, njira zoyamba zogwirira ntchito zomwe achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito ndi mahomoni. Lamulo laposachedwapa la padziko lonse likuthandizira kuonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira kupanga njira zowonongeka mobwerezabwereza (LARCs) pakati pa achinyamata akulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zogwira mtima zosagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala, monga hormone yaulere IUDs, ndipo wagwirizanitsa ntchito yowonjezereka ya ma IUDs, implants, ndi jekeseni zomwe zilipo progestin (Ott et al., 2014). Popeza pali umboni wakuti mahomoni ambiri amachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tifunikira kudziwa ngati pangakhale zotsatira zolakwika zowonongeka pamatenda otchedwa hormonal trajectories, komanso makamaka zomwe zingakhudzire chitukuko cha neural, pazenera zofunikira kwambiri. Mpaka pano, sitikudziwa deta iliyonse yosindikizidwa yofufuza zotsatirazi.

Ngakhale pali zina zambiri zomwe mungachite ndikukweza LARC, kuphatikizapo kulandira mankhwala (COCs), omwe ali ndi estrogen ndi progestin, sungani njira imodzi yogwiritsira ntchito njira zothandizira atsikana (Ott et al., 2014). COCs, zomwe ziri zothandiza kwambiri popewera kutenga mimba mukamagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera, zapezeka kuti zikulepheretsa kwambiri zonse zaulere ndi zokwanira testosterone Maselo mpaka 50% mwa akazi achikulire (Zimmerman et al., 2013). Kugonjetsedwa kwa testosterone kunayesedwa kuti ndiko komwe kunayambitsa madandaulo okhudzana ndi COCs, kuphatikizapo ubwino wathanzi ndi umoyo wa moyo, kuchepa kwa libido, kusokonezeka kwadzidzidzi, ndi kuchepa kwa mafupa (Zimmerman et al., 2013). Ngakhale amayi pa COCs ali ndi zonse testosterone Masitepe, kafukufuku wowonjezera wanena kuti kusintha mu testosterone pamene akazi akugwira ntchito zokhudzana ndi mpikisano amakhalabebebe ngakhale kuti ntchito ya COC (Edwards ndi O'Neal, 2009). Apanso, izi zikusonyeza mafunso ochititsa chidwi okhudza momwe ntchito ya COC ingakhudzire mayendedwe a testosterone kwa atsikana omwe ali pakati pa kuchuluka kwa testosterone yowonjezera yokhudzana ndi kutha msinkhu (Braams et al., 2015).

Kuphatikiza pa zotsatira zovulaza zomwe amayi achikulire amanena, pali zotsatira zina zomwe zingayambitse zotsatira za testosterone kuchepetsa msinkhu. Popeza kuti testosterone yasonyezedwa kuti ikulimbikitse chidwi chowonjezerapo zochitika, kulepheretsa ma testosterone mu nthawi ya pulogalamu yachinyamata kapena yachinyamata kungachepetse chikhumbo chochita zinthu zoopsa zomwe zimawathandiza kupeza chitukuko chabwino. N'kuthekanso kuti kuletsa testosterone sikungachepetseni chithandizo chabwino kapena choipa, pakuti ngakhale ma teti ambiri a testosterone angapambidwe mwa atsikana omwe amatenga COCs, testosterone yawo mayankho kuti kusokonezeka kungakhale kosasintha. Kumvetsetsa zotsatira za kuponderezedwa kwa testosterone paunyamata pa chitukuko cha neural kungakhale kofunikira kuti tithandizire kumvetsetsa njira zomwe zingapangitse zina mwazovuta. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kuzindikira kuti zotsatira za kuperewera kwa testosterone nthawi zonse, mogwirizana ndi kuwonetserana kwa mahomoni otha msinkhu, zingathandizenso kulimbitsa zatsopano monga makampani ogulitsa mankhwala kupanga njira zatsopano zoberekera. Iyi ndi malo omwe zinyama zamagetsi zogwiritsa ntchito zamoyo zimapereka zidziwitso zofunika zomwe zingayesedwe pambuyo pake kwa anthu. Tikufuna kunena momveka bwino kuti cholinga chathu sikuti tilowetse zovuta zatsopano kwa amayi achichepere kufunafuna njira zowathandiza kulera, koma m'malo mwake mufunseni kuti mukhale ndi chidziwitso chochuluka pa mgwirizano pakati pa mahomoni oyamwitsa ndi neurodevelopmental trajectories zingathandize kuonjezera chitetezo, kuthandizira komanso zotsatira za kulera kwa amayi achichepere.

5.3. Chitsanzo 3: kubala ndi kulera

Mchitidwe wapadziko lonse wa kubereka pambuyo pake wakhala wotsitsimula, monga momwe kugwirizanirana kovomerezeka kuti kubereka koyambirira, usanafike zaka 15, kumawononga zotsatira za thanzi, chikhalidwe, maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe cha amayi ndi ana (Brooks-Gunn & Furstenberg, 1986; Gibb et al., 2014; Hofferth ndi Reid, 2001; Brooks-Gunn ndi Furstenberg, 1986). Ngakhale tikudziŵa zotsatirazi, sitidziwa pang'ono za zotsatira za ubwino wa kubereka ana. Kwa zaka zoposa 100, tazindikira kuti kutenga mimba, kubala, lactation, ndi kubala kumaphatikizapo kusintha koyenera kwa mahomoni. Mimba imakhudza kuwonjezeka kwakukulu chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), estrogen, ndi progesterone. Ntchito ikupitirizabe kuwonjezeka kwa estrogen ndi progesterone kuphatikizapo kuwonjezeka oxytocin pamene, endorphinsndipo prolactin. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, lactation imaphatikizapo kuchoka mofulumira komanso kwakukulu mahomoni a gonadal ndi kuwonjezeka mu prolactin (Russell et al., 2001). Zitsanzo zazitsulo zimasonyeza kuti mwadzidzidzi, mwachangu, zovuta zokhutiritsa khalidwe la amayi, kuphatikizapo kufunafuna ndi kutulutsa ziphuphu, zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi zotsatira za mahomoni oyembekezera omwe amachititsa kuti pakhale chitukuko masolimbic dopamine dongosolo (Numan ndi Stolzenberg, 2009). Izi zikuwunikira momwe ngakhale makamaka zikukhudzana ndi mphoto, a dopamine Ndondomeko zowonjezera ndizofunikira pophunzira za kulera ana. Pofuna kuyendetsa zinyama kupita ku zitsanzo za anthu, Mose-Kolko ndi anzake adayesedwa, koma sanathe kupeza, kuti amayi adakhudzidwa kwambiri akubala Yankho poyembekezera mphotho ya ndalama (Mose-Kolko et al., 2016). Kupanda kulakwitsa kumatsindika kufunika kokhala ndi miyambo yodalirika yowonongeka kuti ayesere kulingalira za momwe mimba imachitira pa chitukuko cha ubongo, monga momwe mphotho zachuma zimasiyanasiyana ndi mphotho ya chikhalidwe ndi machitidwe yomwe imakhudzana ndi kulera khanda. Azimayi a mibadwo yonse akufotokoza kusintha kwakukulu kwa thupi ndi kumvetsetsa komwe kumagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa mahomoni komwe kumakhudzana ndi kubereka, koma pang'ono sadziwika za momwe zochitika zam'madzizi zimasinthira pakapita nthawi, kapena zotsatirazi, zimakhudza neurodevelopmental trajectories.

Kumvetsetsa zotsatira za kubereka kuchedwa n'kofunika kwambiri monga kumvetsetsa zotsatira za kubereka ana. Neural kusintha, yotanthauzidwa ngati kukula kwake chidziwitso chodziŵa ndi zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe ndi zolimbikitsa zokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi zochitika zomwe zachitika ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa zochitika zosiyanasiyana, zapezeka kuti zikupitirira mpaka zaka khumi za moyo (Kusintha ndi Dahl, 2012). Mpaka pano posachedwapa m'mbiri ya anthu, ndi nthawi yomwe anthu ambiri amagwirizanitsa, kukondana, ndi kulera ana. Njira yatsopano yochepetsera kubereka, kawirikawiri zaka khumi za moyo, ili ndi mafunso ochititsa chidwi okhudza kusagwirizana pakati pa zamoyo ndi zochitika pakukakamiza chitukuko cha neural. Kuonjezera apo, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kuyambika kwa kukhwima ndi kubereka koyamba kumapatsa mwayi kuti anyamata ndi atsikana akhale ndi nthawi yayitali pamene atakula kudzilamulira ndi ufulu kufuna maphunziro ndi zolinga zina. Zimathandizanso kuchepetsa kugwirizana koyamba ndipo zimapatsa mwayi achinyamata kuti ayambe kugonana ndi anthu osiyanasiyana. M'mayiko apamwamba omwe amathandizidwa monga US ndi Europe, achinyamata ochulukirapo amakhala ndi zibwenzi zogonana asanakwatirane ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi wawo (Guttmacher Institute, 2014). Kuwonjezera apo, m'mayiko omwe nthawi yayitali pakati pa kutha msinkhu ndi kubereka yayamba kuwonjezeka, monga Africa ya kum'mwera kwa Sahara ndi South America, pafupifupi 25-30% ya atsikana omwe ali anyamata amachita zogonana asanagwirizane (Guttmacher Institute ndi International Planned Parenthood Federation, 2010). Nzeru zapamwamba zothandizana ndi matenda amatha kuthandiza kuzindikira njira zosiyana siyana zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi achinyamata omwe ali ndi maubwenzi amphamvu kwambiri, omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri, komanso achinyamata omwe ali ndi chibwenzi cholimba ndi ochepa chabe. Zingathenso kuzindikira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma neural pakati pa anthu omwe akulera ana m'zaka makumi atatu zoyambirira za moyo ndi omwe akuchedwa.

Kuwonjezera pa amayi, abambo amakhalanso ndi kusintha kwa mahomoni komwe kumakhudzana ndi kukwatira ndi kulera ana. Ku US, amuna achikulire osakwatirana omwe akufuna zibwenzi ndi amuna omwe ali ndi zibwenzi omwe akufunafuna maubwenzi kunja kwa anzawo apamtima ali ndi ma teti apamwamba a testosterone poyerekezera ndi amuna omwe ali pachibwenzi komanso amuna omwe ali abambo, ngakhale kuti ali pachibwenzi, ali otsika kwambiri testosterone levels (Gray ndi Campbell, 2009). Chochititsa chidwi, kuti ubale umenewu umagwira m'mayiko ena, koma osati mwa ena, kupempha mafunso ofunikira kuti azitsogoleredwa ndi chiyanjano pakati pa mahomoni ndi nkhani (Gray ndi Campbell, 2009). Kuyika chiyambi cha kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kubala ndi kubereka kumasonyeza kuti msinkhu wa kusungunuka kwa neural kuyambira msinkhu kufikira munthu wamkulu sikutsimikiziridwa kwathunthu ndi chokhazikika ongenetic ndondomeko yake koma m'malo mwake zimapangidwa ndi zofuna za wina aliyense. Monga nthawi yonse ya msinkhu wa ukwati ndi ubale, nthawi zina kwathunthu, zikanatipangitsa ife kumvetsetsa momwe zotsatirazi zilili ndi "njira" zowonetsera chitukuko cha neural m'zaka khumi za moyo.

6. Kutsiliza

Kafufuzidwe, ndondomeko, ndi chizoloŵezi choyang'ana pa kugonana pakati pa achinyamata ndi zachikondi nthawi zambiri zimayendetsedwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso chiphunzitso kusiyana ndi sayansi. Chifukwa chakuti zaka khumi zachiwiri za moyo zimatha nthawi yomwe pafupifupi achinyamata onse amatha msinkhu, ndipo ambiri amakhala ndi chidwi ndi kugonana ndi chibwenzi, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mahomoni opatsirana pogonana, mwinamwake kukhala ndi mimba kapena kubereka, kufufuza pa mgwirizano wapakati pakati pa zochitikazi, chikhalidwe, ndi chitukuko cha neural zidzatithandiza kumvetsa bwino za chitukuko cha achinyamata, ndipo tidzadziwitsa zoyesayesa kukonza njirazi. Sayansi yowonjezereka yophatikizapo, kuphatikizapo chitukuko cha chitukuko, imapereka njira yowonjezera kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa chikondi choyambirira ndi kugonana ndikupitiriza kumvetsetsa za mtundu wa zochitika zothandizira zomwe zimathandizira njira zabwino.

Mwachitsanzo, chitukuko cha ubongo chimapereka mwayi wozindikira zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chibwenzi choyambirira ndi kugonana chikhale chonchi, kukhala ndi thanzi lolimbikitsa khalidwe, m'malo mochita zoopsa. Kafukufuku wamakono okhudza ubwenzi wa anzako angalimbikitsidwe pokhala ndi njira zowonjezereka zowonetsera mgwirizano wa anzako zomwe zimatidziwitsa kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya neural activation yomwe imachitika pamaso pa okondana ndi anzawo a aplanonic. Kafukufuku wamkulu wokhudzana ndi zochitika zapamwamba zakhala zikuunikira zofunikira zofunika muchisudzo cha neural chogwirizana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chikondi, ndipo zingakhale zothandiza kumvetsa momwe zimagwirizanirana ndi chitukuko chakukula msinkhu. Tili ndi kafukufuku wochepa omwe amasonyeza kuti zomwe zimakhudza chikondi chachikondi zimasintha kuchokera kuunyamata mpaka kukalamba, ndipo kudziwa zambiri za njira zodzikongoletsera zachitsulo ndi njira zopangira chitukukochi zingathandize kudziwitsa nthawi ndi mitundu yothandizira ndi kuwongolera. Kusintha kwa a pubertal kumaperekanso mwayi wophunzira momwe kukondana ndi kugonana kumasintha maubwenzi a anzawo. Achinyamata amasintha kuchokera ku mabwenzi omwe alibe chilakolako cha kugonana ndi chikondi poyang'ana zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri. Pamene tikupitiriza kukhala ndi zithunzithunzi zomwe zimapangitsa chidwi cha anzako, chitukuko cha sayansi chimapereka nzeru zodziwikiratu zamasinthidwewa.

Timadziwa kuti kuyesa kuchita kafukufuku pachibwenzi cha achinyamata komanso kugonana sikunali kovuta. Makolo ndi mabungwe owonetseratu anthu omwe ali ndi phunziroli akhoza kukhala ndi nkhawa powafunsa achinyamata za chikondi chawo, kukopa ndi kugonana. Ndikofunika kuti tipeze njira zowonjezera, zovomerezeka kuti tipeze chidziwitso cholondola cha makhalidwe, tanthawuzo, ndi makhalidwe a chibwenzi ndi kugonana. Kuchita izi bwino kumafuna kusamala mosamala, pamene achinyamata ali ochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi akuluakulu kuti azigwirizana ndi magulu olimbikitsa kugonana kapena chidziwitso cha amai (Savin-Williams et al., 2012; Van Anders, 2015). Ngakhale kukhazikitsa ngati chibwenzi ndi "chikondi" kungakhale kovuta, makamaka ngati okwatirana akusiyana ndi momwe angagwirizanitse ubale wawo. Choncho, chikondi chokwanira kwambiri mwana wachinyamatayo amamva chifukwa cha bwenzi lake akhoza kusiya pakati pa kukhala platonic, chikondi, ndi kugonana, ndipo tikusowa njira zomwe zingagwire molondola chiyanjano cha anzawo. Tikuzindikiranso kuti chifukwa cha mgwirizano wovuta pakati pa zamoyo kugonana, mahomoni, ndi chitukuko cha neural, pamakhala pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya neural yomwe imakhala yosiyana pakati pa zogonana ndi zokhudzana ndi chikondi khalidwe la kugonana. Pofuna kuthandizira izi, nkofunikira kupanga kafukufuku wochuluka kuti athe kufufuza kusiyana kumeneku. Ngakhale zili zovuta izi, timakhulupirira kuti ubwino wa mndandanda wa mafunsowu umapindulitsa.

Achinyamata ali ndi luntha la kuzindikira kuti ayambe kukondana kwambiri zochitika zogonana mosamala, komabe akusowa thandizo loyenera kuti azichita bwino (Harden et al., 2014a, b). Cholinga chachikulu kwa achinyamata ndi kuphunzira momwe angagwirire ndi kuyendana ndi chibwenzi ndi chikondi. Kuwonjezera apo, maubwenzi achikondi oyambirirawa ali ndi zofunikira zofunika pa kukula kwa umunthu, kuphunzira za khalidwe la chiwerewere,Furman ndi Shaffer, 2003). Makolo, odwala, ndi aphunzitsi angapereke mwayi wofunikira wophunzira m'dera lino, koma panthawi yomweyi, maphunziro ambiri othandiza amachokera ku zochitika zaumwini (Fortenberry, 2014). Kumvetsetsa bwino njira zachitukuko zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikonda kwambiri zachiwerewere komanso zokhudzana ndi kugonana zimakhala ndi lonjezo lalikulu lodziwitsira njira zowonongolera komanso zoyesayesa zothandizira njira zabwino.

Sayansi yapamwamba ya ubongo, ndi zowonjezereka zowonjezera zowonjezera sayansi, ziri bwino kuti zisunthe zachiwerewere zaunyamata kuchokera kumayambiriro a chikhalidwe cha achinyamata omwe ali patsogolo pa chitukuko chokhazikika. Neuroimaging ili ndi kuthekera koti tidziwitse kumvetsetsa kwathu ngati kukondana koyambirira koyambirira kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi mphotho kapena kudzidziwitsa nokha. Mofananamo, kupatsidwa kuti kutha msinkhu kumatsimikizira kuyamba chikondi chachikondi, kafukufuku wamakono pa nthawi ino ingatithandize kuti tipeze zosiyana siyana za chikondi ndi mitundu yathu. Kuonjezera apo, chitukuko cha ubongo chili ndi mwayi wodalirika wofufuza ngati chikondi cha chikondi ndi chidziwitso cha kugonana ndizo ubongo wachinyamata amayembekeza kuti muphunzire za / kapena momwe zinachitikira za makhalidwe okondana ndi zachiwerewere zimabweretsa zosiyana zowonongeka. Chomaliza, chingatipatsenso zidziwitso zofunika kuti tidziwitse kupita patsogolo kwa chitukuko cha kulera komanso kuonjezera kumvetsetsa nthawi yobereka. Pamene tikumvetsetsa zolimbikitsa ndi zovuta za ubale wokhudzana ndi ubwino waunyamata, tikhoza kusintha kukambirana za mtundu wa mapulogalamu ndi ndondomeko zomwe tikufunikira kuti ziwoneke bwino. Izi zimapereka njira yowonjezera njira zabwino zogwirira ntchito kuyambira ali mwana. Kulephera kwathu kumvetsa bwino chikondi chapamwamba cha achinyamata ndi kugonana sikungalepheretse kuchita. Achinyamata amafunsidwa kuti aziphunzira za chikondi ndi kugonana, ndipo zikhoza kutithandiza tonse kuti timvetse bwino njirayi yophunzirira.

Zothandizira

Ali ndi Dwyer, 2011

MM Ali, DS DwyerKuwerengera zotsatira za anzawo pa khalidwe la kugonana pakati pa achinyamata

J. Adolesc., 34 (1) (2011), pp. 183-190, 10.1016 / j.adolescence.2009.12.008

nkhani Koperani Onani Mbiri mu Scopus

Aron et al., 2000

A. Aron, CC Norman, EN Aron, C. McKenna, RE HeymanKutenga nawo mbali kwa mabanja pazinthu zatsopano komanso zosangalatsa komanso ubale wabwino

J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 78 (2) (2000), pp. 273-284, 10.1037 // 0022-3514.78.2.273

Kudalirika

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