Njira Zowonongeka M'moyo Wosagonana ndi Anthu Ogonana (2010)

Kudalirika

Njira yowonongeka idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa zopereka zazinthu zosiyana zowonjezera zowonjezereka (kugwiriridwa, kugwiriridwa, kuchitidwa chiwawa, kuonera zolaula-zomwe zimachitika msinkhu usanafike zaka 13) ndi umunthu wachinayi ("maganizo a psychopathic and antagonistic," "kuchepa kwa maganizo , "" Pedophilia, "" chiwawa chamanyazi ") kulosera za chiwerewere chosagonana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amazunzidwa ndi abambo mu chitsanzo cha anyamata a 256 omwe ali ndi mbiri ya" manja "pa chiwerewere. "Kuwonongeka kwa maganizo" kunapezeka kuti akutsutsana pang'ono ndi zotsatira za kusiyana kwakukulu pa zotsatira ziwirizo. Kuwonetsa zachiwawa mwachindunji, komanso mwachindunji kupyolera mu "maganizo opatsirana maganizo ndi otsutsa," kunapangitsa kuti ulosi wokhudza kusagwirizana ndi chiwerewere. Kuchitiridwa nkhanza ndi mwamuna mwachindunji, komanso mwachindunji kupyolera mu "nkhanza" komanso "pedophila", kunathandizira kufotokozera chiwerengero cha ana omwe amazunzidwa. Izi zikufotokozedwa pa chipatala.

Kuchokera - Zotsatira za Zithunzi Zolaula pa Intaneti pa Achinyamata: Kupenda kafukufuku (2012)

• Hunter et al. (2010) anafufuza ubale pakati pa kuonera zolaula usanakwanitse zaka 13 ndi makhalidwe anayi osasintha. Kafukufukuyu adafufuzira amuna aamuna a 256 omwe ali ndi mbiri ya khalidwe lachiwerewere; olembawo adapeza chiyanjano pakati pa zolaula zoyambirira ndi khalidwe losachita zachiwerewere, mwinamwake chifukwa cha malingaliro opotoka okhudza kugonana ndi kulemekeza chiwerewere (Hunter et al., 2010). 
• Kugwiritsira ntchito njira yofufuza pa data zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kwa anyamata omwe ali achinyamata omwe ali ndi mbiri ya zolakwa zogonana (N = 256), Hunter et al. (2010) anapeza kufotokozedwa kwaunyamata ndi zinthu zolaula kungapereke "maganizo otsutsana ndi maganizo, mwinamwake kufotokoza maganizo opotoka okhudza kugonana kwaumunthu komanso kulemekeza chiwerewere" (p. 146). Komanso, olemba awa ankanena kuti chifukwa achinyamata sakhala ndi mwayi wotsutsana ndi zochitika zenizeni zokhudzana ndi kugonana. . .. makamaka amatha kuika zithunzi zolaula zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa anthu ndipo akhoza kuchita "(p. 147).

Kafukufukuyu wapangidwa pa kafukufuku wam'mbuyo asanayambe kufufuza zokhudzana ndi zamasamba ndi umunthu zomwe zimathandiza kufotokozera zachikhalidwe ndi kugonana kwa amuna achinyamata. Pa kafukufuku wakale (Hunter et al. 2004), ofufuzawo anafufuza kukhalapo kwa umunthu wa amuna atatu omwe anali atachita zachiwerewere ndi zachiwerewere: "chiwawa chamanyazi," "kudzikonda," komanso "kusowa kwa maganizo". Mtundu wa "confluence" wa Malamuth wa nkhanza za kugonana ndipo umasonyeza zolinga zapamwamba zogwirizana ndi malingaliro olakwika a amayi ndi zochitika zotsutsana ndi anthu (Malamuth 1996; Malamuth et al. 1993). Muzochitika zogonana, chiwawa chaukali chimagwirizanitsa ndi "chiwerewere-osagonana" (mwachitsanzo, chilakolako chogonana popanda kugwirizana kapena kudzipereka) kulongosola khalidwe lachiwerewere kwa akazi (Malamuth et al. 1995). Chitsanzo cha confluence chithandizidwa kwambiri mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ku United States (mwachitsanzo, abbey et al. 2006; Hall et al. 2005; Jacques-Tiura et al. 2007), komanso m'mayiko osiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, Lim ndi Howard 1998; Martin et al. 2005).

 

Mwamunthu wotsutsana ndi anthu omwe amatsutsana nawo amasonyeza kuti anthu amatsutsana ndi chikhalidwe chogonana ndi chizoloŵezi chofuna kulamulira mwamphamvu mchitidwe wogonana ndi amuna ena. Chizindikiro chachikulu cha kumangidwanso kumeneku chapezedwa kuti chiwonetseratu kusokonezeka kwa unyamata (Rowe et al. 1997). Zomwe zimakhudza maganizo m'maganizo zimasonyeza kuvutika maganizo (mwachitsanzo, kupsinjika maganizo ndi nkhawa) komanso kuvutika ndi maubwenzi. Kufufuza kwawo koyambirira, olembawo adapeza kuti chikhalidwe chodetsa nkhaŵa chinakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zolakwika zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zamaganizo, komanso kuti zifukwa ziwirizi zokhudzana ndi zachiwerewere ndi zachiwawa (Hunter et al. 2004). "Kupasuka kwa maganizo" kunapezeka kuti kuneneratu za kugonana kwa mwana wongoyamba kumene, mosiyana ndi mwana wachinyamata kapena wamkulu.

 

Kafukufuku wamakono akufufuzira njira zowonongeka pakati pa chikhalidwe ndi chiwerewere ndi achinyamata atsopano omwe anali atachita zachiwerewere, ndipo adawonjezera chiwerengero cha zotsatila zamaganizo ndi umunthu womangidwa. Kuwonetsa zolaula monga mwana kuwonjezeredwa chifukwa cha kuwonetsa kuti kuchulukanso kwachuluka kwa mbiri ya chitukuko cha achinyamata omwe amachitira zachiwerewere, komanso chifukwa chakuti kafukufuku akufufuzidwa kuti akhoza kuwatsogolera ku ziwawa zambiri (Alexy et al. 2009). Wophunzira "wodzikweza-wotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe" amamangidwanso anaphatikizidwa kuti aphatikize makhalidwe okhudzana ndi maganizo. Kusamalira maganizo kwapezeka kuti ndikulingalira kwambiri kugonana ndi kugonana kwa amuna akuluakulu (Kingston et al. 2008; Ziweto ndi Chisomo 2008), ndipo akuwonetseredwa kuti akupezeka m'magulu osiyanasiyana pa ochimwitsa achiwerewere omwe ali achinyamata. Kusiyanitsa kwa kugonana (ie, pedophilia) chinthu chinawonjezeredwa kuti chiwerengero cha kugonana kwachigololo kwa akuluakulu achigololo akuluakulu (Hanson ndi Morton-Bourgon 2005), komanso malinga ndi kuikapo kwawo pazinthu zomwe achinyamata ambiri amagonana pogonana (mwachitsanzo, J-SOAP-II).

 

Monga momwe tawerengera kale, chitsanzo cha wofufuzayo chinapangidwira m'maganizo angapo otsatizanatsatiridwa, omwe anali atanthauzo. Mphepo yoyamba imapangidwa ndi zosiyana siyana zachilengedwe, monga ubwana ndi chiwawa. Mtsinje wachiwiri umapangidwa ndi zochepa za maganizo. Vuto lachitatu ndi lovuta kwambiri, monga "maganizo opatsirana pogonana ndi" otsutsana "komanso" mchitidwe wotsutsa. "Mtsinje wachinayi ndi wotsiriza umakhala ndi zosiyana siyana zomwe zimaimira kugonana komanso osagonana. Cholinga cha kugonana ndi chiwerewere chinali chiwerengero cha ozunzidwa. Chotsatira ichi chinasankhidwa chifukwa chidwi chogonana pakati pa amuna achichepere (mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero chomwecho chimafanana ndi chikhalidwe cha amuna) chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiwerengero chokwanira cha kugonana kwa amuna akuluakulu achiwerewere (Hanson ndi Morton-Bourgon) 2005), komanso kugonana kwa achinyamata omwe amachitira nkhanza amuna omwe amachitira nkhanza amuna amapezeka kuti ali ndi chiwerengero chokwanira cha kugonana (Hunter et al. 1994). Motero, kukhala ndi amuna omwe amazunzidwa amawoneka ngati chinthu chowopsya kuti apitirize kugonana mpaka kukalamba.

Njira

ophunzira

Achinyamata adatumizidwa kuchokera ku makhoti omwe akugwirizana nawo komanso akukonzekera njira zothandizira anthu omwe amachitira zachiwerewere achinyamata asanu m'mayikowa: Virginia, Ohio, North Carolina, Missouri, ndi Colorado. Anyamata onse a pakati pa zaka za 13 ndi 18 omwe ali ndi mbiri ya "manja" akukakamizidwa kuti agwire nawo phunzirolo. Kutenga nawo mbali kumafunikira chidziwitso cha achinyamata komanso makolo. Pafupifupi theka la magawo atatu a achinyamata oyandikira ndipo makolo adagwirizana nawo. Achinyamata adalipidwa $ 25.00 chifukwa chogwira nawo ntchito pamene malamulo amilandu sanalole kubwezera. Achinyamata adayesedwa kuti akhale osachepera asanu m'kalasi yowerenga kuwerenga pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a Ohio Literacy Test. Achinyamata anali pa magawo osiyanasiyana pazochitika zachipatala panthaŵi yomwe atenga mbali.

 

Zambiri zowunika zinasonkhanitsidwa pa achinyamata a 285, kutsatira kuchotsedwa kwa pafupifupi 7% ya achinyamata achidwi chifukwa chosakwaniritsa zomwe adawerenga. Kugwiritsa ntchito zaka zomwe zatchulidwazi komanso njira zolumikizirana zidadzetsa zitsanzo za achinyamata a 256. Achinyamata omwe amatenga nawo mbali azaka zapakati pa 13 mpaka 18, ali ndi zaka zapakati pa 16.2. Pafupifupi, 70% yazitsanzo zonse anali aku Caucasus, 21% African-American, 7% Hispanic, ndi 2% "Other".

Opaleshoni

Othandizira ofufuza ophunzitsidwa olemba chilakolako cha kugonana ndi chiwerengero cha mbiri ya chigawenga kuchokera m'mabuku ovomerezeka. Deta yofufuzira inasonkhanitsidwa poyang'aniridwa ndi wothandizira wamkulu wa kafukufuku-wothandizira zaumoyo komanso wogulitsa ovomerezeka ogonana ndi Virginia. Achinyamata aliyense payekha anafunsidwa ndi Self Report Delinquency scale (SRD) (Elliott ndi Huizinga 1983) kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa zomwe amachita pamakhalidwe andewu komanso achiwawa m'miyezi yapitayi ya 12 (kwa achinyamata omwe amakhala mnyumba, miyezi 12 isanachitike). Achinyamata amapatsidwanso zida zingapo zowunika zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zizindikiritse mawonekedwe omwe ali ndi chidwi.

 

Kuti athandize kutsimikiziridwa kuti ndizovomerezeka, komanso kulepheretsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi chidziwitso chodziwika bwino, achinyamata adatsimikiziridwa kudzera mu njira yobvomerezedwa yomwe anthu onse adasonkhanitsa, malingaliro, chiwerewere, ndi chiwerewere chachinsinsi chawo chinali chinsinsi ndipo sichikanakhala chinsinsi. kugawidwa ndi othandizira, oyang'anira ndondomeko, kapena makolo. Polimbikitsa kusunga chinsinsi cha deta, palibe mayina kapena mauthenga ena ozindikiritsa anayikidwa pa mafomu ofufuza. M'malo mwake wophunzira aliyense anapatsidwa chiwerengero chomwe chinaikidwa pa fomu yopenda. Mndandandanda wa mndandanda wofanana ndi dzina lachinyamata ndi nambala yake yofufuzira inasungidwa motsekedwa ndi makiyi pa tsamba lofufuzira, lofikira kwa Senior Senior Assistant yekha.

Njira

Milandu yotsatirayi inkaperekedwa malinga ndi chinthu chilichonse chophunzitsidwa.

Mitundu Yodabwitsa

A Mafunso Olemba Mbiri Yakale ankagwiritsira ntchito kutanthauzira zinthu zinayi zosiyana: 1) kutalika kwa zolaula asanakwanitse zaka 13, 2) poyerekeza ndi chiwawa cha amuna asanakwanitse zaka 13, 3) kukula kwa kugwiriridwa ndi abambo kapena abambo aang'ono asanafike zaka 13 , ndi 4) kukula kwa nkhanza za kugonana ndi mwamuna wozunza asanakwanitse zaka 13.

Nkhanza Masculinity

Kuzunza Akazi ndi chida cha 21 chomwe chimaonetsa malingaliro olakwika a akazi monga kukana ndi osakhulupirika (mwachitsanzo, "Ndibwino kuti asamakhulupirire atsikana") (Onani 1985).

 

Zipembedzo Zotsutsana ndi chiwerengero cha 9-chiwerengero chomwe chiwerengero cha abambo ndi amai chimawonedwa kukhala chotsutsana (mwachitsanzo, "Pa chibwenzi, mkazi amakhala makamaka kuti amugwiritse ntchito mwamuna") (Burt 1980).

 

Kusokonezeka Makhalidwe Abwino ndi chida cha 32-chomwe chimapereka zizindikiro za 7 za kuvomereza kwa chiwawa ndi chiwawa chogonana kwa amayi. Malamuth wakhala akugwiritsa ntchito mufukufuku wokhudzana ndi kugonana (mwachitsanzo, "Ndibwino kuti mwamuna azidzikakamiza pa akazi ena chifukwa ena samusamala ayi."). Kuchuluka uku kunali kochokera pa ntchito ya Albert Bandura ndi oyanjana omwe anaika maganizo pa kusokonezeka kwa makhalidwe nthawi zambiri (mwachitsanzo, Bandura et al. 1996). Malamuth adasinthira kuti aganizire za kugwiriridwa.

 

Ntchito Zogonana (Index) Zili ndi zinthu 8 zomwe zimayesa zolinga zoyenera (Nelson 1979).

Zowonongeka Zowonongeka (Kugonana) Zili ndi zinthu makumi awiri zomwe zimayang'ana kugonana pogwiriridwa ndi kugonana. Zinthuzi zili muzinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zogonana (Malamuth 1989).

Maganizo a Psychopathic and Antagonistic

Kuyanjana ndi Matenda Scale ndi chiwerengero cha 10-chomwe chimayesa mpikisano wokondana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pofunafuna akazi, komanso kukonda anthu ambiri ogonana nawo (Rowe et al. 1997).

Zoipa / Zosangalatsa Masculinity / Ukazi- zinthu zisanu ndi zinayi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimayeza kukula kwa amuna (mwachitsanzo "Ndine munthu wololera") (Spence et al. 1979).

Makhalidwe a Fomu yafukufuku-Fomu E ("Impulsivity Scale") ili ndi zinthu 15 zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Malamuth et al. (1995) kuti awonetse kutengeka (mwachitsanzo, "Nthawi zambiri ndimanena chinthu choyamba chimene chimabwera kumutu wanga.") (Jackson 1987).

Levenson Self Report Psychopathy Scale ndi chida cha 26-chida cha makhalidwe a psychopathic (Levenson et al. 1995).

Achinyamata Kudziwa (Kugonjetsa Khalidwe) Zili ndi zinthu za 15 zomwe zimayesetseratu kuti anthu azichita zachiwerewere komanso makhalidwe oipa (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikunama kapena kunama.").

Kusokonezeka kwa maganizo

Achinyamata Kudziwa (Nkhawa / Kupsinjika, Matenda a Anthu, ndi Kutaya Mtima / Kupanikizika) - Masikelo awa amatsata kudzichepetsa ndi kusungulumwa, kusakhwima komanso kukanidwa kwa anzawo, komanso kusungulumwa (Achenbach ndi Dumenci 2001).

Pedophilia

Zowonongeka Zowonongeka (Zochita Zapakati) zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zinayi zomwe zimayang'ana kugonana kwa ana (Malamuth 1989).

Zotsatira Zotsatira

Chiwerengero cha Ozunzidwa Amuna Analembedwa kuchokera ku chida chofufuzira mafomu omwe afufuzi anafufuza pamayambiriro a kafukufuku wochitira zachiwerewere (Hunter et al. 2004).

Kugonana Osagonana zinali zochokera pa mayankho a ophunzira Kudziwa Zoipa Zachilengedwe (SRD) (National Youth Survey) (Elliott ndi Huizinga 1983).

Zosanthula Zosati

Zofufuza zonse zosagwirizana ndi zowonjezera zinachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito SAS 9.1. Chifukwa sizingatheke kufufuza zonse zomwe zili mkati mwa multivariate imodzi panthawi imodzimodziyo chifukwa cha zochepa za kukula kwake kwazitsanzo, njira yodziŵerengera yodziwika bwino inagwiritsidwa ntchito. Choyamba, zinthuzo zinkapangidwa kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ziwonongeke. Ndiye, unit-weighted wamba zofunikira zambiri (Gorsuch 1983) anawerengedwa pazomwe zili pansi pake ndi zigawo zingapo zapamwamba mu SAS PROC STANDARD ndi DATA, pogwiritsira ntchito njira zowonjezera zinthu zonse zomwe sizinasowa pazigawo zonse (Figueredo et al. 2000). Ngakhale kuti ndondomekoyi inalembetsa deta yathu yambiri yosowa, milandu ya 256 yokha inagwiritsidwa ntchito pa SEM chifukwa cha deta yotsalira.

 

Komanso amawerengedwanso ndi alphas ya Cronbach komanso matumbo a covariance a masikelo ochepa omwe ali pansi pa SAS PROC CORR. Zomwe zili mkati mwazigawo izi zapansi zimaperekedwa mu Table 1. Zina mwa masikelo ochepetsera awa anali ndi zilembo zazing'ono zochepa chifukwa cha chiwerengero chochepa cha zinthu, koma chinali chovomerezeka chamagetsi. Zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zikuluzikulu zazikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikulu zazomwe zimaperekedwa mu Table 2.   

Gulu 1  

Zosintha zamkati zamkati

Scale	Cronbach's Alpha
Zipembedzo Zotsutsana	.81
Kuzunza Akazi	.86
Kusokonezeka Makhalidwe Abwino	.92
Ntchito Zogonana Mwadzidzidzi (Dominance)	.79
Zowonongeka Zowonongeka (Kugonana)	.90
Zowonongeka Zowonongeka (Kuphatikizira Chidwi)	.83
Kuyanjana ndi Matenda Scale	.82
Kuchuluka kwa Mphamvu	.69
Achinyamata Kudziwa	.93
Levenson Self Report Psychopathy Scale	.84
Masculin-Ukazi	.82

Gulu 2   

Chigawo cholemera chiwerengero

Zochitika	Lambda
Nkhanza Masculinity	.73
Zipembedzo Zotsutsana	.71
Kuzunza Akazi	.62
Kusokonezeka Makhalidwe Abwino	.65
SFI Dominance	.58
Chikondwerero cha Kugonana	.65
Maganizo ndi maganizo a maganizo	.73
Kuyanjana ndi Matenda Scale	.66
Zoipa Zambiri	.83
Kusakhudzidwa	.75
Levenson Self Report Psychopathy Scale	.87
Kugonjetsa (Achinyamata Kudziwa)	.88
Kusokonezeka kwa maganizo	.81
Nkhawa / Kupsinjika Maganizo (Achinyamata Kudziwa)	NA
Chikhalidwe chaumoyo (Achinyamata Kudziwa)	.73
Kuchotsa / Kutaya Mtima (Kudzipereka kwa Achinyamata)	.71
Pedophilia	.62
Zowonongeka Zowonongeka (Zochita Zachiwerewere)	.65

 

Zigawo zonse zolemera zikuluzikulu zinalowetsedwa monga mawonetseredwe a multivariate causal mu chitsanzo chimodzi chofanana. Mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito equation anachita ndi SAS PROC CALIS. Zowonongeka zovomerezeka zinali zogwiritsidwa ntchito zozizwitsa zomwe zimapangidwira kukonza kwapamwamba ndikuyesedwa kuti zitheke. Mchitidwe wogwirizanitsa chikhalidwe pakati pa zomangamangazi ndizochititsa kuti pakhale machitidwe osiyanasiyana omwe amachititsa kuti azigwirizana.

Results

Structural Equation Model

Chitsanzo chathu choyendera chinayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zambiri zoyenera. Chitsanzo chogwirizana ndi ziwerengero zonse (χ ² (23) = 29.018, p = .1797) ndi zothandiza (CFI = .984, NNFI = .969, NFI = .932, RMSEA = .033) ndondomeko zoyenera. Chithunzi 1 imasonyeza chitsanzo chokwanira njira ndi zolemba zovomerezeka zovomerezeka. Njira zonse zomwe zimasonyezedwa ndizomwe zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri (p <.05).

 

Mkuyu 1    

Mchitidwe wogwiritsira ntchito zachikhalidwe kwa achinyamata ogonana

Panali zosiyana zinayi, zomwe zimagwirizanitsa motere: Kuwonetsedwa ku Chiwawa, Kuwonetsera ku Zithunzi Zolaula, Kugonjetsedwa Kwa Amuna ndi Amuna, ndi Kusokoneza thupi. Zolumikizanazi sizikuwonetsedwa muzithunzi za njira kuti mutha kusokoneza maonekedwe, koma zikuwonetsedwa muzithunzi 3.   

Gulu 3  

Mgwirizano pakati pa mitundu yosiyana

	1.	2.	3.	4.
1. Kusonyeza Chiwawa	1.000 *
2. Kugonjetsedwa Kwachiwerewere ndi Amuna	.336 *	1.000 *
3. Kusokoneza thupi	.200 *	.161 *	1.000 *
4. Kuwonetsera ku Zithunzi Zolaula	.309 *	.280 *	.208 *	1.000 *

*p <.05

Kulosera kuneneratu kudzafotokozedwa pazinthu zonse zosinthika motere:  

1.Kusokonezeka kwa maganizo analikuwonjezeka kwambiri ndi Kuwonetsera ku Zithunzi Zolaula (β = .16), Kuvulaza thupi (β = .13), ndi Kugonjetsedwa Kwachiwerewere ndi Amuna (β = .17).  

 

2.Maganizo a Psychopathic and Antagonistic analikuwonjezeka kwambiri ndi Kusonyeza Chiwawa (β = .31), Kuwonetsera ku Zithunzi Zolaula (β = .16), ndi Kusokonezeka kwa maganizo (β = .26).  

 

3.Kuwonongeka Kwachiwerewere Konse analikuwonjezeka kwambiri ndi Kusonyeza Chiwawa (β = .28) ndi maganizo a Psychopathic and Antagonistic (β = .31); izo zatsika kwambiri ndi Kusokonezeka kwa maganizo (β = -.18).  

 

4.Nkhanza Masculinity analikuwonjezeka kwambiri ndi Maganizo a Psychopathic and Antagonistic (β = .50), Kusokonekera kwaumaganizo (β = .18), ndi Kugonjetsedwa Kwachiwerewere ndi Amuna (β = .12).  

 

5.Pedophilia analikuwonjezeka kwambiri ndi Nkhanza Masculinity (β = .19) ndi Kugonjetsedwa Kwachiwerewere ndi Amuna (β = .22).  

 

6. Chiwerengero cha Ozunzidwa Amuna analikuwonjezeka kwambiri ndi Pedophilia (β = .13) ndi Kugonjetsedwa Kwachiwerewere ndi Amuna (β = .20).  

 

Chidule cha zotsatira

Zikuwoneka kuti pali njira ziwiri zowonjezera muzithunzizi, zomwe zimachokera kuzinthu zinayi zosiyana siyana zamtunduwu komanso zosakanikirana pang'ono ndi Kusokonezeka kwa maganizo. Imodzi mwa njira izi imadutsa Kusokonezeka kwa maganizo ndi mwa njira Maganizo a Psychopathic and Antagonistic ku Kuwonongeka Kwachiwerewere Konse. Njira ina yaikulu ikudutsamo Kusokonezeka kwa maganizo ndi mwa njira Nkhanza Masculinity ku Pedophilia ndi Chiwerengero cha Ozunzidwa Amuna. Mipangidwe yambiri yogawidwa kwa izi ziwiri zowonjezera zotsatira zinalipo R ²  = .22 ya Kuwonongeka Kwachiwerewere Konse ndi R ²  = .07 ya Chiwerengero cha Ozunzidwa Amuna. Choncho, chitsanzo cha njirayi chinamveka bwino ntchito yabwino yowonetsera ndalama chifukwa cha kusiyana kwake Kuwonongeka Kwachiwerewere Konse kuposa kusiyana kwa Chiwerengero cha Ozunzidwa Amuna. Komabe, chitsanzocho chinapanga ntchito yabwino kwambiri yodziwiratu zifukwa zikuluzikulu zikuluzikulu zoyambitsa mgwirizano, Maganizo a Psychopathic and Antagonistic (R ²  = .25), ndi Nkhanza Masculinity (R ²  = .39), ngakhale mtunduwo sunachite bwino polosera Pedophilia (R ²  = .11). Kupatula pazokopa zomwe zimafala komanso pang'ono Kusokonezeka kwa maganizo, chinthu chimodzi chokha chokhazikika pakati pa njira ziwirizi ndizo zotsatira zake (β = .50) ya Maganizo a Psychopathic and Antagonistic on Nkhanza Masculinity. Ngakhale kuti poyamba tinali kusokoneza zimenezo Kusokonezeka kwa maganizo angakhale mkhalapakati wamkulu mu chitsanzo, ndizochepa chabe zosiyana (R ²  = .10) mkati Kusokonezeka kwa maganizo Ananenedweratu ndi kusintha kwakukulu, ndi mitundu yambiri yodabwitsa yomwe imayambitsa zotsatira zowonjezera. Kusokonezeka kwa maganizo zokhazokha zinali ndi zotsatira zochepa pazifukwa zowonjezerapo zoopsa Maganizo a Psychopathic and Antagonistic (β = .26) ndi Nkhanza Masculinity (β = .18).

Kukambirana

Ngakhale kuti ziyenera kuvomerezedwa kuti izi ndi zochitika zogwirizana, ndipo dongosolo lofotokozedwa pakati pa zosiyana ndilo lingaliro lokha komanso losagwirizana ndi zomwe zakhala zikuchitika motsatira nthawi, tapeza njira ziwiri zomwe zingathandize kuti anthu azikhala ndi vuto lachiwerewere. Njira yaikulu yoyamba yopititsira patsogolo ingakhale ngati Kusokonezeka Kwachikhalidwe njira, osakanikirana ndi zosokonezeka za maganizo, kutsogolera kudzera m'malingaliro a maganizo ndi otsutsa komanso potsiriza ku chiwerewere chosagonana. Njira yachiwiri yachitukuko ingakhale ngati Kugonana Njira, yomwe imatsatiridwa pang'onopang'ono ndi zoperewera zamaganizo, zomwe zimayambitsa kupweteka kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, komanso potsiriza kugonana ndi ana. Zoonadi, njira ziwiri izi sizidziimira kwathunthu, chifukwa achinyamata ambiri amachita zosiyana. Komabe, Kugonana ali ndi zizindikiro zosiyana zomwe zimawathandiza kwambiri Kusokonezeka Kwachikhalidwe njira, potsirizira pake kumatsogolera ku zotsatira zina zosiyana ndizo zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Deta iyi ikugwirizana bwino ndi Malamuth's (2003) Zomwe zafotokozedwa posachedwapa za "zizindikiro zogwirizana ndi zokhudzana ndi zochitika zapamwamba", zomwe zimakhudza makhalidwe ambiri omwe amachititsa kuti anthu asamagwirizane komanso omwe ali ndi mavuto (ie, maganizo a psychopathic ndi kuchepa kwa maganizo) pa zotsatira monga chiwerewere chimagwirizanitsa ndi zizindikiro zina "zenizeni" (ie , Hostile Masculinity) ku zotsatira zake.

 

Mchitidwe wathu wa chikhalidwe, zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta zonse za maganizo ndi khalidwe ndizosiyana zosiyana ndi zochitika za chitukuko, kuphatikizapo kuzunzidwa mwakuthupi ndi kugonana kwa mwana yemwe akukula, ndikuyambanso kuchitidwa zachiwawa ndi zachiwerewere zosayenera. Izi zikhoza kuyesa zotsatira zawo m'njira zosiyanasiyana koma zosagwirizana. Chimodzi chimangowonongeka mwadzidzidzi, maganizo, ndi chikhalidwe cha mwanayo, monga momwe tinapangidwira muzinthu zomwe tinatchula zochepa zokhudzana ndi maganizo. Achinyamata omwe akuzunzidwa ndi umboni wosadziletsa komanso wosokonezeka maganizo, mwachisokonezo ndi nkhawa. Mavuto amenewa akhoza kulepheretsa kupeza ntchito zothandizira, kuphatikizapo kukhazikitsidwa kwa ubale wathanzi.

 

Njira inanso yomwe zotsatirazi zingakhudzire ndi kuyendetsa bwino khalidwe la anthu osagwirizana ndi anthu, monga poyambirira komanso kosayenera kuwonetsa zachiwawa ndi zolaula komanso mwinamwake kwa zitsanzo za anthu osagwirizana nawo, zomwe zingachititse kuti pakhale chitukuko, ndi njira zotsutsana zotsutsana ndi anthu, komanso zotsutsana ndi chitukuko cha njira zowonongeka, zogwirizana, zogwirizana, komanso zogwirizana. Njira yokambiranayi ikugwirizana ndi malingaliro a chikhalidwe cha anthu (Bandura) 1973).

 

Njira yotsatanetsatane ikugwirizana ndi malingaliro a chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko (Malamuth 1996, 1998). Figueredo ndi Jacobs (2009) asankha kuti anthu ochepa omwe amatha kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi (omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri kuti apulumuke kusiyana ndi kubereka) amatha kukhala ndi njira zogwirizana ndi anthu komanso kuti akatswiri a mbiri yakale (omwe amapereka chuma chochulukirapo kuposa momwe amachitira) amakhala ovuta kwambiri njira zamagulu. Choncho, njira ina yomwe ziwonetsero zovuta za chilengedwe zazing'ono zingakhale zolimbikitsira chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kugonana ndi kukondweretsa chitukuko cha khalidwe kumayambiriro a mbiri yakale ya moyo (onani Brumbach et al. 2009; Ellis et al. 2009). Zonse kusintha kwa makhalidwe ndi chitukuko cha njira zofulumira za mbiriyakale ya moyo zimalimbikitsidwa ndi zochitika zosakhazikika, zosadziŵika, ndi zosasinthika. Poyamba kuwonongeka kwa thupi ndi kugonana, kuphatikizapo chisokonezo chosagwirizana ndi zachiwerewere, zingakhale zogwirizana ndi zachiwawa, zoopsa, komanso zachiwerewere. Malo oterowo ali odzaza ndi zoopsa za kutuluka kapena kutaya mtima kosamvetsetseka ndi kufa, kupereka chidziwitso kwa mwana yemwe akukula kuti mbiri yapamwamba ya moyo, kuphatikizapo zochitika za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kugonana, zikhoza kukhala njira zowonongeka kuti apulumuke msanga komanso kubereka msanga. Inde, kunja kwa ubwana wosagwira ntchito zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala zikuchitika, njira zoterezi sizitha kusintha ndipo zingapangitse anawo kukhala osamvana kwambiri ndi miyambo yambiri ya anthu otukuka (onani Bronfenbrenner 1979).

 

Chinthu chimodzi chomwe chingathetsere phunziroli ndi chakuti pazinthu zina zinayi zomwe zimayambira pachilengedwe "zowonongeka" kuti zikhale zogwira mtima, ziyenera kukhala "zakuya" kapena "zosazindikirika" kwa mwana yemwe akukula kumene. Mwana wophunzirayo ayenera kuti akuyikidwa mu zovuta izi ndikuyankha mogwirizana. Komabe, nkotheka kuti zosiyana zachilengedwezi sizinali zosiyana kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti makhalidwe omwe mwanayo akukula, kuphatikizapo maonekedwe a umunthu, ayenera kuti adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zovutazi (mwachitsanzo, achinyamata ena akhoza kuyang'ana zolaula).

Zotsatira zachipatala

Zotsatira zimapereka chitsogozo chochuluka pa kuchepetsa chiopsezo chokhazikitsa kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kugonana, ndi adiresi ya achinyamata omwe ali ndi mavuto kale. Pali chithandizo chotsutsana kuti chiwawa choyamba chachitukuko chikuwonetsedwa ndi zowawa zomwe zimakhala zovulaza ndipo zimapangitsa achinyamata kukhala ndi maganizo ndi khalidwe lopanda pake. Kuwonetsa zachiwawa kumawoneka kuti kumathandizira chitukuko cha malingaliro a anthu osagwirizana ndi anthu komanso mwakuwonetseratu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi chizoloŵezi chochita nawo khalidweli. Kuwonetsa ana zolaula kumawonekeranso kuti kumapangitsa kuti anthu azitsutsana ndi maganizo awo, mwinamwake kupyolera mu malingaliro opotoka a kugonana kwaumunthu ndi kulemekeza chiwerewere. Kukula kwa mwana ndi kugwiriridwa kwa mwana kumayesa kusokoneza malingaliro a achinyamata omwe amayamba kukhala odzidalira komanso kukhala ndi moyo wabwino, komanso kuonjezera chiopsezo cha "kuchepa" kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kugonana. Monga momwe tawonedwera mu kafukufuku wammbuyomu, kuvutitsidwa kwa kugonana kwa mwana ndi mwamuna mwachindunji ndi mosapita m'mbali akulosera za kugonana kolakwira ana aamuna. Zotsatira zake zenizeni zikuyimira kuwonetsera. Zotsatira zosawonetsera zingagwiritse ntchito kukonzekera kwa zofanana.

 

Choncho, zingakhale zanzeru kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu oyambirira a achinyamata amene ali pachiopsezo chachikulu cha kusokonezeka kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kugonana chifukwa cha zochitika zowonjezera. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za boma poyambitsa mapulogalamu otere kungathandize kuthetsa mtengo wofunika kwambiri wotsatira ndi kuwatsekera m'ndende. Kafukufuku wobwereza akusonyeza kuti njira zoterezi zingakhale zomwenso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha, zogwirizana ndi zifukwa zina zomwe zimapangika. Mwachitsanzo, achinyamata omwe ali ndi zovuta zowonongeka zolaula angapindule ndi maphunziro abwino. Kuphunzitsa koteroko kungaphatikizepo kukonza mafano osokonezeka a chikhalidwe cha amuna ndi akazi, komanso kuphunzitsa chitsanzo cha khalidwe labwino la kugonana monga momwe anafotokozera za kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, kugwirizana, komanso kukonzekera bwino. Kuphatikizanso apo, ana omwe amachitira nkhanza ndi kugonana amawoneka kuti amapindula ndi kumanga kudzidalira komanso kudzikonda. Zomalizazi zikhoza kuphatikizapo kukonza udindo wa kulakwa ndi udindo, ndi kuphunzitsa zamakhalidwe abwino ndi zamakhalidwe abwino.

Pamene izi ndi kafukufuku wina akusonyeza kuti achinyamata omwe akuzunzidwa ali pa chiopsezo chachikulu cha matenda opatsirana (Brown et al. 2008), kuyang'anitsitsa kumafunikanso kuperekedwa kumalingaliro ndi mayendedwe a zidziwitso zosautsa zomwe zingakhale zothandizira kuvutika maganizo ndi nkhawa. Mwachidziwitso, achinyamata ambiri omwe amazunzidwa amawonetsanso PTSD. Ndime yoyamba ya wolemba kuti "kukumana" ndi zizindikiro za achinyamata ogwiriridwa ndi kugonana nthawi zina zimakhudza kugwirizanitsa kugonana ndi zithunzi. Zingaganize kuti zomwe zatsala kusatengedwera izi zingapangitse zokhudzana ndi kugonana kuchokera kwa achinyamata angapo (mwachitsanzo, kukakamizidwa komanso kukhetsa kugonana). Choncho, cholinga choletsera ndi kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu oyambirira chiyenera kuyang'anitsitsa mosamala achinyamata omwe akuchitiridwa nkhanza PTSD. Kuchedwa koyambirira sikungathandize kuthetsa nkhawa ndi kusasinthasintha maganizo komanso kuthandizira kuchepetsa mavuto omwe amatha kuwathetsa.

Kafukufuku wochitidwapo umakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chithandizo cha achinyamata amene adayamba kale kuchita zachiwerewere. Pamene zithunzi zolaula zaunyamata zakhala zikufala kwambiri pakati pa achinyamata omwe amagonana ndi achinyamata pazaka zaposachedwapa, mapulogalamu a chithandizo ayenera kuyesetsa kukonza mauthenga oipawo. Mosiyana ndi achikulire ambiri, osungulumwa ambiri sanakhale nawo mwayi wokhala ndi zochitika zenizeni zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Zotsatira zake, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti adziwe zithunzi zolaula zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa anthu ndipo akhoza kuchita zomwezo. Wolemba woyamba adziwona kuchipatala kwa achinyamata angapo omwe adziwonetsa mawere awo kwa anyamata kapena azaka zomwezo. Chiyembekezo chawo, mbali ina pogwiritsa ntchito mafilimu oonera zolaula, chinali chakuti akazi amayamba kugonana ndikufuna kugonana nawo. Nthaŵi zina pamene akazi adasokonezeka, mnyamatayo adatanthauzira ichi ngati umboni wakuti akazi nthawi zambiri amatsutsa komanso kumakana amuna. Monga momwe zilili ndi achinyamata omwe akutsatiridwa pazochiza, malingaliro amenewa angayambe kuchitapo kanthu mwaukali mwa kugwiriridwa.

 

Kafukufuku wamakono akusonyeza kuti kuchitiridwa nkhanza za kugonana kumakhala ndi zotsatira zowonongeka komanso zosalongosoka pakuchita nawo malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana. Monga tafotokozera, zikuwoneka kuti zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala osasunthika ndipo zingathandizire kugonana ndi kugonana. Choncho, mapulogalamu othandizira achinyamata omwe akugonana nawo amafunikanso kuyang'anitsitsa PTSD ndi kupereka mankhwala omwe amavomerezedwa kuti abweretsere mpumulo (mwachitsanzo, "Kuwonetsa Kwambiri"). Ndili chithandizo choyamba cha olemba choyamba kuti chithandizo cha PTSD chosatha mwa achinyamatawa chimapindulitsa kwambiri kuchipatala cholimbikitsa ndi kukhazikika kwa khalidwe / khalidwe. Komabe, zingakhale ndi phindu lachiwiri la kugonana kochepetsetsa kwa kugonana ndi zofuna zogonana zosayenera. Pankhaniyi, achinyamata omwe akuwoneka kuti akukula zolaula zosagonana sangathe kupezeka momwemo pakutsata bwino PTSD yawo.

 

Zotsatira za kafukufuku zimasonyeza bwino kuti achinyamata omwe akugonana amuna kapena akazi omwe ali achinyamata amatha kuchita zolaula zosagonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana pambuyo pa kumwa mankhwala (Waite et al. 2005). Phunziroli likuwonetsa kuti njira yayikuru ya makhalidwe otere ndi kudzera m'maganizo a anthu otsutsa komanso maganizo. Kuwonetsa zachiwawa kumawoneka kuti kumathandiza kuti anthu azikhala ndi maganizo oterewa ndipo amathandiza kuti anthu azichita zachiwerewere. Kusokonekera kwa chikhalidwe kungayambitsenso chiopsezo kuti munthu akhale ndi maganizo amenewa. Ndikoyenera kuti mapulogalamu azachipatala omwe amachimwira achinyamata akugonana azikhala oposa onse ndipo alibe cholinga chawo chochepetsera chiopsezo chogonana. M'malo mwake, kubwezeretsa kachilombo ka HIV ndi njira zothandizira odwala ayenera kukhala ndi chidwi chochepetsera chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kugonana. Kupititsa patsogolo chikhalidwe cha anthu kumaphatikizapo kuganizira za kukhazikitsidwa kwa malingaliro amtundu wa anthu komanso kupanga maubwenzi abwino a anzawo. Kuchiza ndi kuphunzitsa zoyesayesa ziyenera kuphunzitsidwa pophunzitsa kuthetsa kusamvana komanso kukwaniritsa zolinga ndi mphoto kudzera mu khalidwe lachidziwitso komanso losautsa. Kuti zitha kukhazikitsidwa bwino, ntchito zothandizira mankhwala ziyeneranso kuthana ndi zifukwa zomwe zimathandizira kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu ndi kugonana, kuphatikizapo mavuto a m'banja komanso zoopsa za chilengedwe (mwachitsanzo, pafupi ndi malo akuluakulu a zigawenga, nkhanza za zigawenga, etc.).

Chidule ndi Malangizo a Kafukufuku Wotsatira

Kafukufuku wamakono akuwonjezera kafukufuku wa olemba pazosiyana zotsutsana ndi zachiwerewere ndi zachiwerewere pakati pa anyamata. Kafukufukuyu anawonjezera kukondana kwamtundu wankhanza kuti azikhala ndi maganizo a maganizo, anawonjezera kugonana kwachitsanzo, ndipo adaonjezera zolaula monga chovuta kwambiri. Chitsanzo chopititsa patsogolochi chinapanga zoyenera zokwanira pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowonetsera ziwerengero zowonongeka ndipo zikuwonetseratu kukambirana kwakukulu pakati pa zochitika zachitukuko, umunthu wopanga, ndi zotsatira za khalidwe. Kuwonjezeka kwa umunthu wodalirika kumapanga maziko a masewero atsopano a masango omwe adzatchulidwe m'nkhani yotsatira. Nkhaniyi ikuphatikizapo kufotokozera zisanu zisanu ndi ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zachiwerewere zomwe zimakhala zachinyamata, za umunthu, ndi zolakwa zawo.

Zothandizira

Abbey, A., Parkhill, MR, BeShears, R., Zawacki, T., & Clinton-Sherrod, AM (2006). Olosera zamtsogolo pamiyambo yakugwiririrana pagulu la amuna aku Africa aku America komanso ku Caucasus. Makhalidwe Okhwima, 32(1), 54-67.CrossRef

Achenbach, TM, & Dumenci, L. (2001). Kupititsa patsogolo pakuwunika kotsimikizika: Ma syndromes obwezeretsanso mtanda ndi masikelo atsopano a DSM a CBCL, YSR, ndi TRF: Ndemanga pa Lengua, Sadowski, Friedrich, and Fisher (2001). Zolemba za Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 69(4), 699-702.CrossRef

Alexy, EM, Burgess, AW, & Prentky, RA (2009). Zithunzi zolaula zimakhala ngati chiopsezo pamakhalidwe oyipa pakati pa ana ndi achinyamata omwe akuchita zachiwerewere. Journal ya American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 14(6), 442-453.CrossRef

Bandura, A. (1973). Chiwawa: Kusanthula maphunziro a anthu. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, GV, & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Njira zakusiyiratu machitidwe azikhalidwe. Journal of Personality and Psychology, 71, 364-374.CrossRef

Zopempha, SM, & Grace, RC (2008). Psychopathy, luntha, komanso kubwereranso kwa omwe amazunza ana: Umboni wokhudzana ndi kulumikizana. Chilungamo Chachikhalidwe ndi Khalidwe, 35(6), 683-695.CrossRef

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). Chilengedwe cha chitukuko chaumunthu: kuyesera ndi chilengedwe. Cambridge: Yunivesite ya Harvard.

Brown, GW, Craig, TK, & Harris, TO (2008). Kuzunzidwa kwa makolo komanso zoopsa zomwe zimawopsa pogwiritsa ntchito chida cha Childhood Experience of Care & Abuse (CECA): Kafukufuku wamoyo wokhudzana ndi kukhumudwa kwanthawi yayitali-5. Journal of Affective Disorders, 110(3), 222-233.CrossRefAdasankhidwa

Brumbach, BH, Figueredo, AJ, & Ellis, BJ (2009). Zotsatira zamakhalidwe ovuta komanso osayembekezereka muunyamata pakupanga njira zam'mbiri ya moyo: Kuyesa kwakutali kwa mtundu wosintha. Anthu, 20, 25-51.CrossRef

Burt, MR (1980). Zomwe zimayambitsa chikhalidwe komanso zothandizira kugwiriridwa. Zolemba pa Umunthu & Social Psychology, 38(2), 217-230.CrossRef

Onani, JV (1985). Kudana Ndi Akazi Ochepa. Mayiko Osakanizidwa, 45 (12-B, Pt 1), 3993.

Elliott, DS, & Huizinga, D. (1983). Magulu azikhalidwe komanso zachiwerewere pagulu la achinyamata. Criminology: Journal Of Interdisciplinary Journal, 21(2), 149-177.

Ellis, BJ, Figueredo, AJ, Brumbach, BH, & Schlomer, GL (2009). Kukula kwakukulu kwazowopsa zachilengedwe: Zomwe zimachitika m'malo ovuta mosayembekezereka pakusintha ndikukula kwa njira za mbiri ya moyo. Anthu, 20, 204-268.CrossRef

Figueredo, AJ, & Jacobs, WJ (2009). Kupsa mtima, kutenga chiopsezo, ndi njira zina za mbiriyakale ya moyo: Zikhalidwe zamakhalidwe olakwika. Mu M. Frias-Armenta & V. Corral-Verdugo (Eds.), Maganizo okhudza chiopsezo, pamakina.

Figueredo, AJ, McKnight, PE, McKnight, KM, & Sidani, S. (2000). Kuwonetsa kwamitundu ingapo yama data akusowa mkati ndi mafunde owunikira. Chizolowezi, 95(Supplement 3), S361-S380.Adasankhidwa

Gorsuch, RL (1983). Kusanthula Zinthu. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Hall, GN, et al. (2005). Kusiyana, chikhalidwe, ndi kugonana: chiopsezo ndi chitetezo. Journal of Consulting ndi Clinical Psychology, 73, 830-840.CrossRef

Hanson, RK, & Morton-Bourgon, KE (2005). Makhalidwe a olimbikira omwe amagonana: kusanthula meta kwamaphunziro obwereza. Journal of Consulting ndi Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 1154-1163.CrossRefAdasankhidwa

Hunter, JA, Goodwin, DW, & Becker, JV (1994). Chiyanjano pakati pa phallometrically chimayesa zachiwerewere zosokoneza komanso zikhalidwe za achinyamata omwe amachita zachiwerewere. Kafukufuku ndi Njira Zothandizira, 32(5), 533-538.CrossRefAdasankhidwa

Hunter, JA, Figueredo, AJ, Malamuth, NM, & Becker, JV (2004). Njira zachitukuko muukazitape wachinyamata komanso nkhanza: zoopsa komanso oyimira pakati. Journal ya Chiwawa cha Banja, 19(4), 233-242.CrossRef

Jackson, DN (1987). Mwini mawonekedwe a kafukufuku E. Port Huron: Akatswiri ofufuza sayansi.

Jacques-Tiura, A., Abbey, A., Pakhill, M., & Zawacki, T. (2007). Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani amuna ena samazindikira molakwika zolinga zakugonana za akazi nthawi zambiri kuposa ena? Kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa confluence. Makhalidwe Athu ndi Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1467-1480.CrossRefAdasankhidwa

Kingston, DA, Firestone, P., Wexler, A., & Bradford, JM (2008). Zinthu zomwe zimakhudzana ndikubwezeretsanso pakati pa omwe amagona ana. Journal Za Chiwerewere, 14(1), 3-18.CrossRef

Levenson, MR, Kiehl, KA, & Fitzpatrick, CM (1995). Kuyesa malingaliro a psychopathic mwa anthu osakhazikika. Zolemba pa Umunthu & Social Psychology, 68(1), 151-158.CrossRef

Lim, S., & Howard, R. (1998). Zoyambitsa zachiwerewere komanso zosagonana mwa anyamata achichepere aku Singapore. Makhalidwe ndi Kusiyana Kwaumodzi, 25, 1163-1182.CrossRef

Malamuth, NM (1989). Kukopa kwa chiwawa cha kugonana: I. Journal of Research Research, 26(1), 26-49.CrossRef

Malamuth, NM (1996). Mtundu wachinyengo wazakugonana: Maganizo achikazi komanso chisinthiko. Mu DM Buss & NM Malamuth (Eds.), Kugonana, mphamvu, ndewu: Zochita zokhudzana ndi chisinthiko ndi zachikazi (pp. 269-295). New York: Yunivesite ya Oxford.

Malamuth, NM (1998). Mtundu wa confluence monga dongosolo lokonzekera za amuna ogonana: Oyang'anira zowopsa, oyerekeza zachiwawa, komanso zolaula. Mu RG Geen & E. Donnerstein (Eds.), Chiwawa chaumunthu: Zolemba, kufufuza, ndi zofunikira pa ndondomeko ya chikhalidwe (pp. 229-245). San Diego: Maphunziro.

Malamuth, N. (2003). Achifwamba komanso osachita zachiwerewere: Kuphatikiza matenda amisala pamachitidwe achikhalidwe. Mu RA Prentky, E. Janus & M. Seto (Mkonzi.), Kumvetsetsa ndi Kusamalira Mchitidwe Wokakamiza Kugonana. Annals wa New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 989 (pp. 33-58). New York: New York Academy of Sciences.

Malamuth, NM, Heavey, CL, & Linz, D. (1993). Kuneneratu zamakhalidwe azikhalidwe za amuna ndi akazi: Njira yolumikizirana. Ku GCN Hall, R. Hirschman et. al. (Mkonzi.), Nkhanza za kugonana: Nkhani zokhudzana ndi kugonana, kulingalira, ndi chithandizo (Vol. Xix, tsamba 238). Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.

Malamuth, NM, Linz, D., Heavey, CL, Barnes, G., et al. (1995). Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha confluence cha nkhanza zokhudzana ndi kugonana pofuna kufotokozera nkhondo ya amuna ndi akazi: Kuphunzira kwapadera kwa zaka 10. Zolemba pa Umunthu & Social Psychology, 69(2), 353-369.CrossRef

Martin, SR, et al. (2005). Kuphatikizidwa mu makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana a amuna a ku koleji a ku Spain. Journal of Violence Interpersonal, 20(7), 872-891.CrossRefAdasankhidwa

Nelson, PA (1979). Makhalidwe, kugonana, ndi chiwerewere: kuyesa njira. Zotsalira Zotsutsa Zina, 39(12B), 6134.

Rowe, DC, Vazsonyi, AT, & Figueredo, AJ (1997). Kuyeserera kwaunyamata muunyamata: njira yofananira kapena njira ina. Makhalidwe ndi Kusiyana Kwaumodzi, 23(1), 105-115.CrossRef

Spence, JT, Helmreich, RL, & Holahan, CK (1979). Zoyipa komanso zabwino pazamisala yamwamuna ndi yachikazi komanso maubale awo kuti adzidziwe okha amanjenje komanso machitidwe ena. Zolemba pa Umunthu & Social Psychology, 37(10), 1673-1682.CrossRef

Waite D., Keller A., ​​McGarvey E., Wieckowski E., Pinkerton R., Brown ndi GL (2005). Achinyamata olakwira ogonana nawonso amamangidwa pamilandu yakugonana, achiwawa achiwerewere komanso katundu: Kutsatira kwa zaka 10. Kugonana kwapabanja: Journal of Research and Treatment, 17(3), 313-331.CrossRef