Zotsatira za ma TV ndi ma intaneti pa khalidwe la chiwerewere la azakale ku Osogbo metropolis, kumadzulo kwakumadzulo kwa Nigeria (2014)

Adolesc Health Med Ther. 2014 Jan 28;5:15-23. onetsani: 10.2147 / AHMT.S54339. eCollection 2014.

Asekun-Olarinmoye OS¹, Asekun-Olarinmoye EO², Adebimpe WO², Omisore AG².

Kudalirika

KUYAMBIRA:

Mphamvu ya zofalitsa zofalitsa zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso zoyembekezerapo zomwe achinyamata akuyembekezera pa chitukuko chachikulu ndi za thanzi labwino.

ZOLINGA:

Kufufuza udindo wa mauthenga ambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pakupanga malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi makhalidwe a achinyamata omwe ali ndi zaka zoyambirira zapamwamba ku mzinda wa Osogbo, ku Osun State, Nigeria.

ZIDA NDI NJIRA:

Mufukufuku wofotokozera magawo osiyanasiyana, akuluakulu a 400 adasankhidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowonongeka. Mafunso okwana mazana anayi mphambu makumi asanu otsogolera, omwe anagwiritsidwa ntchito; mwa izi, 400 anabwezedwa bwino. Deta zidasanthuledwa pogwiritsira ntchito SPSS zolemba pulogalamu 16.

ZOKHUDZA:

Kutanthauza zaka za omvera ± zolekanitsa zowonongeka zinali 23.6 ± 2.99 zaka. Ambiri anali kudziwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazofalitsa (> 95%). Ambiri (64.0%) omwe adayankha adakhala maola 1-5 akuwonera TV, tsiku lililonse, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti pafupipafupi. Pafupifupi 38.3% ndi 24.2% ya omwe anafunsidwa amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso wailesi / kanema, motsatana, ngati magwero azidziwitso pazokhudza kugonana.

Ambiri omwe anafunsidwa amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti pa ntchito za sukulu (83.0%, n = 332), mauthenga apakompyuta (89.0%, n = 356), ndi kupeza zowonongeka zojambulidwa (74.5%, n = 298).

Ambiri mwa omwe anafunsidwa (73.5%) amaganiza kuti intaneti imakhudza machitidwe azakugonana kwa achinyamata, ngakhale kulowa pa intaneti pazinthu zolaula kapena makanema kunali kovomerezeka kwa 25.3% mwa iwo.

A 226 omwe anagonanapo, 226 (100%), 37 (16.4%), 31 (13.7%), ndi 10 (4.4%) ankachita zolimbitsa thupi, kugonana pamlomo, kuseweretsa maliseche, ndi kugonana kwa abambo; 122 (54.0%) nthawi zonse amagwiritsira ntchito makondomu, pamene 90 (40.0%) sanagwiritse ntchito kondomu nthawi yogonana; 33 (14.6%) adagonana ndi ogwira ntchito kugonana. Kufufuza kwina kunasonyeza kuti iwo omwe sanakwatire (osakwatiwa) sanagwirizanepo ndi chiwerewere kusiyana ndi omwe anali okwatirana (kusintha kwa kusiyana kwa chiwerengero [AOR] = 0.075, 95% nthawi yokhulupirira [CI] = 0.008-0.679), ndi amene anati kupeza pa Intaneti zokhudzana ndi kugonana sikovomerezeka kwa iwo nawonso sanagwiritsidwe ntchito zogonana kusiyana ndi omwe amavomereza (AOR = 0.043, 95% CI = 0.016-0.122).

Omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi zibwenzi zambiri zogonana ndizogonana ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti, komanso akazi (AOR = 0.308, 95% CI = 0.113-0.843) ndi omwe sagwiritsa ntchito Intaneti nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi zibwenzi zambiri zogonana.

POMALIZA:

Timatsimikiza kuti kusayendetsedwa kwadzidzidzi ku ma TV ndi ma intaneti kungakhudze kwambiri khalidwe la kugonana ndi khalidwe la achinyamata.

MAFUNSO:

Intaneti; mulankhulidwe; chiwerewere; omaliza maphunziro

Introduction

Mauthenga a zamasewera amatanthauzidwa kuti ndiwo mafilimu omwe apangidwa kuti adyekedwe ndi omvera ambiri kupyolera mu mabungwe a teknoloji.1,2 Mauthenga ambiri olankhulana amafikira anthu ambiri, kuphatikizapo wailesi, kanema, mafilimu, nyuzipepala, ndi magazini. Intaneti imakhala ndi mauthenga a makompyuta osakanikirana omwe amawonekera poyera, omwe amapereka mauthenga ndi mauthenga monga mauthenga apakompyuta, mauthenga a pa intaneti, kutumizira mutu, ma webusaiti ophatikizana, ndi malemba ena a Webusaiti Yadziko Lonse.3

Zakhudzana ndi zamalonda pa khalidwe la kugonana zinayambika koyamba mu zolemba zokhudzana ndi kugonana ku 1981,4 ndipo kuyambira pamenepo zowerengera zambiri zakhala zikufufuza momwe achinyamata akugwiritsira ntchito mauthenga monga chitsimikizo cha chidziwitso komanso zomwe zingatheke pa khalidwe lawo la kugonana.5-8 Achinyamata ali ogwiritsira ntchito mwamphamvu nkhani zomwe zimafalitsidwa mu wailesi,9 ndipo kudera nkhaŵa kwakhala kulimbikitsidwa ndi zokopa za mafilimu pa zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso zoyembekeza zomwe achinyamatawa akuyembekezera panthawi yovuta kwambiri.10 Nkhani zamakono ndi intaneti zili ndi ubwino wake powapatsa mfundo zofunika kwa achinyamata pa umoyo wogonana ndi ubale wabwino wa kugonana,3 koma kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti mauthenga ambiri amachititsa achinyamata achinyamata kugonana.1,9,11,12 Kwa zaka makumi awiri zapitazi, maphunziro asonyeza kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha mafotokozedwe ndi kuchuluka kwa kukambirana za kugonana pazinthu zofalitsa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zowonetseratu za izi.13-16 Kuwonjezera apo, kafukufuku wa pa televizioni amasonyeza uthenga wogonana wosasinthasintha pazinthu zamtundu wa televizioni: zoonetsa zogonana zimasonyeza kapena kugonana kugonana pakati pa anthu osakwatirana, popanda zochitika zapakati pa matenda opatsirana pogonana kapena odwala matenda opatsirana pogonana (AIDS), mimba, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoberekera mimba .17

Kukambirana za kugonana ndi mawonetsero akuchuluka mobwerezabwereza ndi kufotokoza momveka bwino m'mauthenga osiyanasiyana.3 Internet, yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mofulumira kwambiri kuposa teknoloji iliyonse yakale,18 yakula mofulumira kupezeka kwa zochitika zogonana.3 Kufufuza kwina kunapeza kuti kuphatikizidwa kwa kugonana komwe kunayamba chifukwa chogonana ndi kugonana kwawonjezeka kuchokera ku magawo oposa theka la mapulogalamu a kanema ku 1997-1998, kuwonjezerapo magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu pa mapulogalamu a 1999-2000. Zithunzi za kugonana (zogonana kapena zodziwika) zinachitika mu imodzi mwa mapulogalamu khumi.19 Kufufuza kwa US kuwonetsa mapulogalamu otsogolera achinyamata a 1,276 omwe akufalitsidwa mu 2001-2002 kunasonyeza kuti 82% ya magawo adalumikizana ndi kugonana ndipo 67% amaonetsa khalidwe la kugonana, ndi 11% kutanthauza, ndipo 4% ikuwonetsera kugonana.20

Komabe, zochepa zimadziwika pakati pa mauthenga ndi machitidwe a chiwerewere ku Nigeria, kapena m'mayiko omwe akutukuka, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa maphunziro m'dera lino. Kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa kugwiriridwa, mimba yachinyamata, kutenga mimba, ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana, makamaka matenda a anthu omwe amatenga kachilombo ka HIV (HIV), pakati pa ophunzira a ku Nigeria21 amapanga kufufuza ku zotsatira za mauthenga ndi ma intaneti pa khalidwe lawo la kugonana chofunikira kwambiri.

Zida ndi njira

Kufotokozera, kufotokozera gawoli kunachitika ku Osogbo, likulu la dziko la Osun, Nigeria; chiwerengero cha anthu omwe adalowedwerawo anali ataphunzitsidwa kale ku mzinda wa Osogbo. Mzindawu uli ndi mayunivesite atatu: Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital (LAUTECH); Fountain University; ndi University of Osun University. Maphunziro a mafunso anali kuperekedwa kwa ophunzira m'masukulu awiri osankhidwa mwachisawawa m'mayunivesite; Ophunzira a zachipatala apansi a University of Osun State, komanso ophunzira apamwamba a sayansi ya sayansi ya sayansi ku LAUTECH. Chivomerezo chovomerezeka kuti apange phunziroli chinachokera ku Komiti Yofufuza za Malamulo a LAUTECH, ndipo anafunsidwa kuti athandizidwe ndi Provost, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, kutiloleza kuti tichite kafukufuku kumeneko. Kuphatikiza apo, mawu ovomerezeka amalankhulidwa ndi aliyense wovomera.

Njira yothandizira anthu ambirimbiri inkagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha ofunsidwa. Kukula koyambirira kwa 340 kunali kufika pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Leslie Fischer kwa anthu ang'onoang'ono kuposa 10,000.22 Komabe, kuonjezera kuimiritsa ndikukonzekera zopanda pake, zonsezi zinaperekedwa kwa mayankho a 450 omwe anakonzedweratu. Mafunso odzipangira okhawo anagawa magawo anayi. Gawo loyamba linali ndi makhalidwe a anthu omwe anafunsidwa; gawo lachiwiri linalongosola za kuzindikira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mauthenga; Gawo lachitatu likuyendera njira zogonana za omwe afunsidwa; ndipo gawo lotsirizira likutanthauzidwa ndi malingaliro a anthu omwe amavomereza, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi zotsatira zake, makamaka pa makhalidwe achiwerewere.

Mayankhowa adasankhidwa ndi kusanthuledwa pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a SPSS, omwe ndi 16 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Kuwona kwa deta yomwe idasonkhanitsidwa kunatsimikiziridwa ndi kulowera kawiri ndi kafukufuku wosasintha. Ma tebulo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza ndi ndondomeko zowonjezereka zinapangidwa. Kuyesedwa kwachikwangwani kunagwiritsidwa ntchito powonetsera maubwenzi pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi msinkhu wofunika kwambiri P<0.05, ndi chidaliro cha 95% (95% CI), pakuwunika konse kosafunikira. Kusanthula kwamachitidwe moyenera kunagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira olosera zakugonana (ndiye kuti, omwe adagonanapo) komanso kukhala ndi zibwenzi zingapo. M'magawo obwezeretsa zinthu, maola owonera kanema wawayilesi adagawidwanso m'magulu awiri a "ochepera" kapena "ofanana ndi oposa" nthawi yowonera.

Zotsatira za zotsatira za malingaliro a anthu omwe anafunsidwa zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito tsamba laling'ono la zisanu (kuvomereza, kuvomereza, osagwirizana, osagwirizana, osagwirizana kwambiri). Zowonongekazi zinakakamizidwa kuti zigwirizane, zosatsutsika, ndi zosagwirizana muzitsulo zamagwiridwe za regression.

Results

Pa mayankho a 450 adagawidwa, mayina a 400 omwe adatsirizidwa adabwezeretsedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mayankho a 88.9%. Gulu 1 imasonyeza makhalidwe a anthu omwe ali ndi mafunso a 400. Ambiri anali pakati pa 20-24 a zaka zapakati (59.5%) ndi 25-29 a zaka zapakati (32.8%), ali ndi zaka zenizeni ± zakale zosiyana za 23.6 ± 2.99 zaka; Ofunsidwa anali makamaka azimayi (n = 227, 56.8%), Christian (n = 303, 75.8%), ndi osakwatira (n = 372, 93.0%).

Sociodemographic makhalidwe a anthu omwe anafunsidwa (n = 400)

Ambiri mwa anthu omwe anafunsidwawa adadziwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma TV, ma wailesi ndi TV (99.5%), mafilimu (95.0%), nyuzipepala ndi magazini (96.5%), mavidiyo a kunyumba (mavidiyo amawonedwa kunyumba) (91.0%) , ndi intaneti (98.7%) (Gulu 2). Radiyo ndi televizioni ndizo zowonjezeka kwambiri kwa anthu omwe anafunsidwa (n = 88, 22.0%), otsatiridwa ndi intaneti (n = 60, 15.0%). Ambiri mwa omwe anafunsidwa anali ndi malingaliro akuti intaneti ndi wailesi / televizioni ndiwo magwero achidziwitso pa nkhani zogonana (n = 153, 38.3% ndi n = 97, 24.2%, motsatira), pamene ambiri ayankha (n = 165, 41.3% ) ankawona kuti intaneti inali ndi zotsatira pa khalidwe la kugonana, poyerekeza ndi mitundu yambiri ya ma TV. Mafilimu anali mitundu yovomerezeka ya pulogalamu ya pa TV kwa anthu oposa theka la omwe anafunsidwa (56.3%), ndipo pafupifupi theka la anthu omwe anafunsidwa (n = 134, 33.5%) ankagwiritsa ntchito maola a 3-5 tsiku lililonse akuwonerera TV (Gulu 3). Ambiri mwa omwe anafunsidwa (n = 263, 65.8%) adamva za intaneti kuchokera kwa abwenzi. Pafupifupi theka la omwe anafunsidwa (n = 198, 49.5%) amagwiritsira ntchito intaneti nthawi zambiri, monga cholinga cha sukulu (n = 332, 83.0%), imelo (n = 356, 89.0%), ndi kupeza zida zogonana (n = 298, 74.5%). Pa 298 omwe adapeza zolaula pa intaneti, 56 (18.8%) anachita nthawi zambiri, 53 (17.8%) nthawi zina, ndipo 189 (63.4%) kawirikawiri.

Maganizo a anthu omwe afunsidwa pazolengeza zamalonda / intaneti (n = 400)

Kugwiritsa ntchito mauthenga / ma intaneti ndi ofunsidwa (n = 400)

Ponena za malingaliro okhudza ma TV ndi Internet, ambiri omwe anafunsidwa sanatsutsane kapena sanatsutsane kuti kugonana musanalowe m'banja (57.3%) ndi kupeza intaneti kwa zipangizo zogonana (61.8%) ndizovomerezeka, ndipo ambiri agwirizana kapena avomereza kwambiri kuti intaneti ili ndi mphamvu yoipa pa khalidwe lachiwerewere la achinyamata (73.5%) (Gulu 4). Pambuyo polemba zosiyana siyana, 58.9% ya omwe anafunsidwa anali ndi maganizo oipa ndipo 41.1% anali ndi malingaliro abwino pa zamalonda / Intaneti ndi khalidwe lawo lachiwerewere.

Maganizo a anthu omwe anafunsidwa pazolengeza zamalonda / intaneti (n = 400)

Gulu 5 amasonyeza khalidwe la chiwerewere la omwe anafunsidwa. Ambiri mwa anthu omwe anafunsidwayo adadziwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zilakolako za kugonana, monga maliseche (89.2%), kugonana kwachinsinsi (88.0%), kugonana kwa abambo (84.7%), ndi coitus (100%); ndipo 226 mwa iwo (56.5%) adagonana. Pa a 226 omwe anagonana, 226 (100.0%), 37 (16.4%), 31 (13.7%), ndi 10 (4.4%) ankachita zolimbitsa thupi, kugonana pamlomo, maliseche, ndi kugonana kwa abambo; 122 (54.0%) nthawi zonse amagwiritsira ntchito kondomu nthawi yogonana, pamene 90 (40.0%) sanagwiritse ntchito makondomu; 33 (14.6%) adagonana ndi ogwira ntchito kugonana. Pafupifupi theka la omwe anafunsidwa (n = 117, 51.8%) anayamba kugonana pakati pa zaka 15-19, ndipo ambiri (n = 171, 75.7%) anali ndi zibwenzi zogonana za 1-2 panopa.

Zotsatira za kugonana kwa anthu omwe anafunsidwa (n = 400)

Ambiri mwa anthu omwe anafunsidwa (n = 371, 92.8%) adamva kuti ma TV / ma intaneti anali ndi zotsatira pa khalidwe lawo lachiwerewere, ndipo 198 (49.5%) mwa iwo akuvomereza izo zinali ndi zotsatira zabwino komanso zoipa. Kusanthula kwapakati pazochitika zosiyana siyana kunasonyeza kusonkhana kwakukulu pakati pa kugonana ndi okalamba (P= 0.001), kugonana (P= 0.004), chikhalidwe chaukwati (P= 0.01), nthawi imene amaonera TV tsiku ndi tsiku (P= 0.03), kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (P= 0.0003), ndifupipafupi zowonjezera zida zolaula pa intaneti (P= 0.001) (Gulu 6).

Chiyanjano pakati pa kugonana ndi zikhalidwe zina za omvera (n = 400)

Pofufuza zowonekeratu za kugonana (Gulu 7), kuti "kusintha kwa intaneti pazinthu zogonana / mafilimu ndikovomerezeka kwa ine" ndikugwiritsira ntchito "kuvomereza" ngati olemba, omwe ankanena kuti kulowa pa intaneti zogonana kapena mafilimu sizinali zoyenera kwa iwo anali nthawi 23 (1 / 0.043) ) sangachite zachiwerewere (odziwa bwino) kuposa omwe adanena kuti kulowa pa intaneti pazinthu zogonana ndizovomerezeka; kupeza izi kunali kofunika kwambiri chifukwa "sagwirizana" (zovuta kuwerengetsera [OR] = 0.043, 95% CI = 0.016-0.122, P<0.001).

Kugonjetsa kwachinsinsi kwa kugonana kwazomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito (n = 400)

Mofananamo, kuti "osakwatirana" asinthidwe komanso kugwiritsa ntchito "okwatirana" monga momwe akunenera, omwe sanakwatirane (komabe kuti akwatirane) anali pafupi nthawi 13 (1 / 0.075) osagonana kwambiri kuposa omwe anali okwatirana, ndipo kupeza izi kunali kofunika kwambiri (OR = 0.075, 95% CI = 0.008-0.679, P= 0.021). Choncho, zolosera zamagwiridwe ndizochita "kukhala ndi intaneti pazinthu zogonana / mafilimu ndizovomerezeka kwa ine" komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu okwatirana.

Pofufuza momwe mungayesere kukhala ndi zibwenzi zambiri zogonana (Gulu 8), chifukwa cha "kugonana" kosasinthasintha komanso kugwiritsira ntchito "mwamuna" monga momwe amafotokozera, akazi amakhala pafupifupi katatu (1 / 0.308) osakhala ndi zibwenzi zambiri kuposa amuna, ndipo izi zinali zofunikira kwambiri (OR = 0.308, 95% CI = 0.113-0.843, P= 0.022).

Kugonjetsa kwazinthu zowonongeka kwa anthu ochuluka zogonana ndi zowonongeka zomwe zingatheke (n = 400)

Omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi nthawi zisanu ndi theka (1 / 5.450) kuti akhale ndi zibwenzi zambiri zogonana kusiyana ndi omwe sankagwiritsa ntchito Intaneti nthawi zambiri. , ndipo zotsatirazi zinali zofunikira kwambiri (OR = 5.450, 95% CI = 1.035-28.703, P= 0.045). Mofananamo, chifukwa chofanana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito "kawirikawiri" monga momwe amachitira, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti nthawi zina anali oposa kasanu ndi kawiri (1 / 7.295) kuti akhale ndi zibwenzi zambiri zogonana kusiyana ndi omwe sanagwiritse ntchito Intaneti, ndipo izi chofunika (OR = 7.295, 95% CI = 1.085-49.040, P= 0.041).

Kukambirana

Pafupifupi onse omwe anafunsidwa mu phunziroli adadziwa za intaneti ndi ma TV, ndi oposa 9 a anthu a 10 omwe amadziŵa za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamalonda. Izi zikufanana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa m'maphunziro oyambirira,1,3 ndipo zikuyembekezeredwa kuti achinyamata adanenedwa kukhala ogwira ntchito mwamphamvu pa zamalonda.9 Pafupifupi ophunzira asanu mwa asanu aliwonse omwe ali mu phunziroli anali ndi mwayi wopita ku wailesi ndi wailesi yakanema, ndipo ngakhale ochepa (15%) anali ndi mwayi wopita ku intaneti. Izi zimasiyana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa m'maphunziro ena, omwe kawirikawiri amapeza kuti achinyamata ambiri ali ndi mwayi wofalitsa uthenga ndi intaneti.1-3,10,23 Izi sizingakhale zodabwitsa, komabe, monga momwe maphunzirowa akale anachitidwira m'mayiko otukuka kumene zipangizo zamakono sizongowonjezereka, komanso zimakhala zotsika mtengo komanso zofikika kuposa momwe zilili m'mayiko osauka monga Nigeria.

Ponena za zida zogonana, ambiri mwa anthu omwe anafunsidwawo adawonetsa kuti intaneti (~ 40%) ndi wailesi ndi kanema (TV) (~ 25%) ndizo magwero okhudzana ndi kugonana. Izi zakhala zikufotokozedwa mofanana mu maphunziro ena.10,20 Maphunziro angapo asonyeza bwino kuti kugonana kwafala pa televizioni.24-26 Intaneti inanenedwa kuti apange zipangizo zoonetsa zakugonana zomwe zimapezeka kwa achinyamata kuposa kale lonse.10,27 Pafupifupi 17% a anthu omwe anafunsidwa amaonanso kuti mavidiyo a kunyumba amakhala gwero la zida zolaula, ndipo zina zochepa kuposa zomwe zimakhudza kuti izi zimakhudza khalidwe la kugonana. Izi zatsimikiziridwa ndi maphunziro ena,28-30 ndipo zakhala zikuwonetsedwa kuti kugonana kumakhala kosavuta m'mafilimu kuposa pa TV.10

Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, ngakhale kuti ambiri mwa anthu omwe anafunsidwawo amaona kuti intaneti ndi gwero la zida zolaula komanso kuti zimakhudzire khalidwe lawo lachiwerewere, ambiri a iwo amaona kuti intaneti ndi imene imakonda kwambiri uthenga ndi zosangalatsa. Choncho n'zosadabwitsa kuti maphunziro owerengeka okha (komanso ngakhale zowerengeka zochepa m'mayiko osauka) adayesa kugonana pa intaneti pogonana ndi achinyamata. Pali mabuku ochuluka omwe alipo kale omwe amachititsa kuti anthu azitsata komanso achinyamata azitsatira khalidwe lawo, makamaka ku United States ndi m'mayiko ena akumadzulo; Kotero, mphamvu ya phunziro ili ndikuti ndikuyesa dziko lomwe palibe kufufuza kwakukulu komwe kwachitidwa pa mgwirizano pakati pa zamalonda ndi machitidwe ogonana.

Awiri mwa atatu mwa anthu omwe anafunsidwawa adziwa za intaneti kuchokera kwa abwenzi komanso osachepera 4% kuchokera kwa makolo. Chitsanzo ichi chikhoza kubweretsa zovuta zosiyanasiyana komanso zosagwirizana, nthawi zambiri zomwe sizikhala bwino. Zifukwa zazikulu zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti zinali za ntchito za kusukulu ndi imelo; Komabe, atatu mwa anthu atatu omwe anafunsidwawo anagwiritsanso ntchito intaneti kuona zithunzi zolaula komanso zolaula. Izi zikufanana ndi zomwe zinafotokozedwa mu kafukufuku wa ophunzira a yunivesite ya 813 ochokera ku mayiko onse a United States, momwe 87% ya amuna ndi 31% ya akazi adanena zofuna zolaula okha.31 Izi zimadetsa nkhaŵa, chifukwa intaneti ndi mauthenga ambiri angakhale magwero a malingaliro oyamba ndi malingaliro omwe akuthandizira pa chitukuko cha malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana, ziyembekezo, ndi makhalidwe. Ngati kufufuza koyambirira kwa achinyamata kumachitika pa Intaneti "msika wogonana,"10 Zidzakhala zovuta kwa iwo kukhala ndi malingaliro abwino ogonana ndi abwenzi awo. Achinyamata achinyamata amakhala ndi zochitika zawo. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, zolaula zingapangitse malingaliro atsopano, zomwe zingakhudze chitukuko cha msinkhu wa achinyamata komanso kuzindikira za ubale wabwino wa kugonana. Zomwe zimaonetsa zakugonana zomwe zili pa intaneti nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolakwika komanso zovulaza. Nthaŵi zambiri sichitha kufotokozera za chibwenzi kapena kukula kwa ubale weniweni. M'malo mwake, limalimbikitsa chiwerewere popanda kugwirizana, komwe kungayambitse kugonana, malingaliro, ndi makhalidwe a munthu, ndipo izi zingasokoneze chikhalidwe chogonana chabwino.

Pankhaniyi, ndizofunikira kuona Intaneti kukhala malo atsopano omwe anthu onse akukhala nawo okhudzana ndi chidziwitso, chiwerewere, ndi kudzidzimutsa amapezeka m'dziko lonse lapansi. Kupeza mosavuta ndi kosalekeza pa intaneti kumapereka mpata wopambana wachitukuko wachinyamata, kuwalola kuti agwirizane ndi anzawo komanso anthu osadziwika kwathunthu padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachiwonekere, intaneti ikusintha dziko lachikhalidwe la achinyamata kuti liwonetsetse momwe amalankhulirana, kukhazikitsa ndi kusunga maubwenzi, ndi kupeza chithandizo cha anthu. Choncho, ndikofunika kuti tidziwitse za ubwino ndi mavuto omwe achinyamata angagwiritse ntchito pa Intaneti komanso kupereka njira zothandizira kuchita zinthu zotetezeka komanso zabwino.

Gawo la anthu omwe anafunsidwawo adanena kuti amagwiritsira ntchito intaneti nthawi zambiri, ndipo panali mgwirizano wofunika pakati pafupipafupi pa ntchito ya intaneti komanso nthawi zambiri zowonjezera zida zolaula pa intaneti, ndipo ogwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti nthawi zambiri amatha kupeza zovuta zogonana. Panalinso mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa kugonana ndi mafupipafupi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti komanso nthawi zambiri zogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zolaula pa intaneti, ndi omwe amagwiritsira ntchito intaneti kapena kupeza zida zogonana zomwe nthawi zambiri amakhala nazo. Izi ndi zofanana ndi zomwe zinachitikira Brown et al,32 amene mwa kufufuza kwawo kwa nthawi yaitali anapeza kuti quintile wa achinyamata omwe adya kwambiri chiwerengero cha kugonana ndi mafilimu okhudzana ndi ubwana wawo anali oposa kawiri ngati omwe ali ndi chizoloŵezi chogonana ndi zolaula kuti ayambe kugonana ndi nthawi yomwe anali zaka 16 zakale. Izi zingakhale chifukwa china chodera nkhawa za kuwonjezeka kwa mauthenga ambiri pa Intaneti / Intaneti, makamaka pakubwera kwa matelefoni, makompyuta, ndi zipangizo zina zamagetsi zomwe zili ndi zipangizo zopezeka pa intaneti ndikuonera mafilimu.

Pafupifupi a 6 a anthu a 10 omwe anali atayankhidwa anali ndi maganizo olakwika pazinthu zamalonda / Intaneti ndi khalidwe lawo lachiwerewere, ndipo gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a iwo ankawona kuti akuwona zolaula kapena mafilimu ogonana pa intaneti kuti avomereze. Izi zikufanana ndi zomwe zinafotokozedwa mu kafukufuku wopangidwa pakati pa ophunzira ku United States, momwe magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu a amuna ndi theka akuwona kuti kuona zithunzi zolaula kukhala kovomerezeka.31 Pafupi ndi 60% mwa omwe anafunsidwa pa kafukufuku wamakono anali kugonana, ndipo pafupifupi theka la awa adakhala ndi chiwonetsero chawo chakugonana mkati mwa sabata isanafike kusonkhanitsa deta. Ndondomekoyi yawonetsedwa m'mayambiriro a maphunziro omwe akuwonetsa kuti achinyamata, makamaka m'mayiko omwe akutukuka, akudziŵa zambiri za kugonana.33,34 Komabe, zinali zosangalatsa kupeza mgwirizano wofunika pakati pa kugonana ndi zinthu monga nthawi yomwe amawonera kanema ndi mafupipafupi a ntchito ya intaneti. Ubale umenewu nayenso waperekedwa m'maphunziro apitalo. Peterson et al35 anapeza mgwirizano pakati pa nthawi ya kuonera TV ndi kuyamba kugonana pakati pa achinyamata. Brown ndi Watsopano11 anapeza kuti ophunzira a sukulu yapamwamba omwe adawonerera TV ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana amatha kuyamba kuchita zachiwerewere kusiyana ndi omwe adayang'ana zochepa zogonana ndi zofalitsa.

Oposa 9 ofufuza a 10 mu phunziro ili adawona kuti mauthenga ambiri / ma intaneti anali ndi zotsatira pa khalidwe lawo lachiwerewere, ndipo theka lawo linakhulupirira kuti zotsatirazo zinali zabwino komanso zoipa. Izi zikufanana ndi maganizo omwe olemba a m'mbuyomu adagwirizana nawo.1,3 Intaneti ikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino kwa achinyamata, chifukwa pali malo ena omwe amachititsa chidwi za kutenga mimba, chidziwitso cha matenda opatsirana pogonana komanso matenda opatsirana pogonana. Malo awa akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi achinyamata pamene alibe malo ena oti atembenuzire. Komabe, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti mauthenga ambiri / ma intaneti angasokonezenso khalidwe lachiwerewere la achinyamata chifukwa achinyamata amayamba kuyambanso kugonana asanayambe kutetezedwa.1,3 Kusanthula Multivariate kunasonyeza kuti kuvomerezeka kwa kupeza intaneti kwa zipangizo zogonana ndikowopseza kugonana; Kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti pafupipafupi pofuna kupeza zogonana / zithunzi zolaula zinapezedwanso kukhala zowonongeka kwa anthu omwe anafunsidwa kuti akhale ndi zibwenzi zambiri zogonana. Zotsatirazi zimagwirizanitsa malipoti ochokera kwa ofufuza ena omwe amachititsa kuti Intaneti zisagwiritsidwe ntchito pazochitika za achinyamata.1,3,11,32,35

Mapeto ndi ndondomeko

Ambiri mwa anthu omwe anafunsidwa mu phunziro lino adadziwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma TV ndi intaneti, ngakhale kuti ochepa chabe anali ndi mwayi wokwanira. Ambiri mwa omwe anafunsidwawo adathera maola a 3-5 patsiku akuonera TV, ndipo ambiri amagwiritsanso ntchito Intaneti nthawi zambiri. Panali mgwirizano wofunika pakati pa kugonana, nthawi yogonera TV, komanso nthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti: omwe amatha nthawi yambiri akuwonera TV ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti nthawi zambiri amatha kugonana. Kawirikawiri kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pofuna kupeza zipangizo zogonana kunapezeka kuti ndikutenga kugonana komanso kukhala ndi zibwenzi zambiri zogonana.

Pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe apeza, olembawo amalimbikitsa achinyamata kuti aziphunzitsidwa bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mauthenga / ma intaneti. Otsogolera ndi opanga mapulogalamu omwe akufalitsidwa pa nkhani zofalitsa nkhani / intaneti ayenera kuphunzitsidwa pafunika kuwonetsera zisonyezero za kugonana ndi zotsatira zomwe zingatheke posankha zochita zogonana. Makolo amalimbikitsidwanso kuti azitsatira zochitika za ana awo komanso zomwe akugwiritsa ntchito pazinthu zofalitsa nkhani komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Mabanja ayenera kukambirana nthawi zonse ndi ana awo zofooka zazomwe akudziŵa pazofalitsa zamalonda ndi momwe angagwiritsire ntchito molakwa zokhuza uchembele ndi ubwino. Monga chothandizira, makolo ayenera kutsatira malamulo omwe alipo a "malangizo a makolo" poyang'ana mafilimu ndi mapulogalamu ena mu ma TV, makamaka pa TV ndi intaneti. Chifukwa chakuti ophunzira a ku Nigeria akuyenera kuphunzira njira zamakono komanso zamakono monga njira yopezera chidziwitso chapadera pa masewerawa, makolesi ndi mabungwe akuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mpata umenewu pophunzitsa ophunzira kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika komanso kulumikiza molakwika Intaneti ndi gwero la chidziwitso pa nkhani zogonana.

Mawu a M'munsi

Kuwulura

Olembawo amanena kuti palibe zovuta zokhudzana ndi ntchitoyi.

Zothandizira

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