Amatanthauzidwa kuchokera ku Malaysian
Maofesi a Asia 9, ayi. 2 (2010).
Euis Supriati, Sandra Fikawati
Kudalirika
Wachinyamata ali pachiopsezo m'dera la uchembere. Nthawiyi ikudziwika ndi chikhumbo chofuna kuyesa ndikufufuza zinthu zatsopano. Zithunzi zolaula ndizomwe zimakhudza achinyamata kuti azikhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chogonana. Kuwonetsa zolaula ndi vuto lalikulu pakati pa achinyamata chifukwa zitha kukhala ndi zovuta monga kutenga mimba zosafuna, kutaya mimba kosatetezeka, matenda opatsirana pogonana komanso HIV / AIDS. Phunziroli linapangidwa kuti lizindikire mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zolaula, zotsatira za zolaula, ndi zina zomwe zimakhudza zotsatira zake.
Phunziro linkachitikira pa sukulu zapamwamba zisanu za boma ku Pontianak District ku 2008 ndi anthu a 395 omwe adayankha kuyambira December 2007 mpaka January 2008. Chotsatira chikuwonetsa kuti 83.3% yakubadwa akuwonetsa zolaula ndipo 79.5% mwa iwo adakumana ndi zotsatira za zolaula.
19.8% woyankhayo yemwe anawona zotsatira za zolaula anali kuledzera. 69.2% wofunsayo wa omwe ali oledzeretsa anali pachimake. 61.1% wochitapo kanthu pazowonjezereka akuyambira pa chiwonetsero, ndipo 31.8% wofunsayo wachisankho anali muchithunzi chotsatira. Kusanthula Multivariate kumasonyeza kuti pali mitundu inayi yomwe ili ndi ubale wapadera ndi zotsatira za zolaula, zomwe ndizo amuna (abambo), kalasi kusukulu (3), kutalika kwa nthawi (posachedwa) komanso nthawi zambiri.
Kafukufukuyu adawonetsanso kuti nthawi zambiri zithunzi zolaula ndizozimene zimakhudza zokhudzana ndi zolaula pakati paunyamata ndi zovuta za 5.02 (95% CI: 1.39-18.09). Zimalangizidwa kuti apereke zodziwikiratu mu njira zamaluso komanso zofunikila ku gulu labwino; Kuwongolera mphamvu zothandizira pogwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano pakati pa sukulu, ndikuphunziranso kuti azigwirizana bwino ndi anthu omwe akuchita nawo ntchitoyi.
Keywords: unyamata, zotsatira zowonekera, zolaula
ZOKAMBIRANA GAWO
Kufufuza Deta ndi Kutanthauzira Phunziroli linapeza kuti ambiri a 83.3% a achinyamata a SMPN ku Pontianak City awonetsedwa zolaula. Kuchokera achinyamata achinyamata a SMPN akuwonetsa zolaula zambiri monga 79.5% mwa iwo adakumana ndi zotsatira zoonera zolaula. Lingaliro Loyenera la Kuphunzira Pagulu lingafotokozeredwe kuti zolaula zimatha kukhudza chilakolako chogonana cha achinyamata komanso achinyamata atha kuphunzira za kugonana pazowonetsedwa ndi atolankhani osiyanasiyana (Schramm & Roberts, 1971). Mwachindunji, achinyamata amatha kuyang'ana njira zokhudzana ndi kugonana, komanso achinyamata akuphunziranso za momwe zikhalidwezi zimakhalira ndi zolinga komanso zolinga zotsatizana ndi zomwe zimachitika kwa iwo omwe amachita zinthu mogwirizana ndi khalidweli. Mauthenga amabisika muwailesi yakanema atha kukhala olimba achinyamata atakhala ndi chidwi, akuwonetsedwa ndi mphamvu, amathandizidwa ndi njira ina kapena akaperekedwe kwa anthu odziwika ngati achinyamata.
Zithunzi zolaula zimapangitsa munthu kukhala ndi chilakolako chogonana, zomwe zimachitika ndi khalidwe la khalidwe lomwe limayambitsa kugonana kwachinyamata. Ndiko kugwirizanitsa ndi chiphunzitso cha zolimbikitsa monga Zillmann (1982), ku Thornburgh ndi Herbert (2002) makamaka akuyang'ana mwamsanga, pomwe zolaula zingachititse kuti thupi ndi zokopa zisinthe (kuyambitsa mitsempha yotsutsana ndi kugonana) , ndi kuchuluka kwa zokopa zikhoza kubala khalidwe linalake. Kupatula zomwe zimasindikizidwa monga magazini, mabuku, stencils zimakhala ndi zithunzi zolimbikitsa "Zithunzi Zolaula" kapena zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwanso Zogonana. (SEM), zimatha kuyambitsa malingaliro ndipo zimangochitika kuti malingaliro amakhala olimbikitsa kawiri kuposa zojambulazo (Teenage Stories Indonesia,
2001).
Zotsatira za zolaula ndizo zotsatira za kutha kwa kuyankhulana kwa mauthenga olaula. Kusintha kwa maganizo, khalidwe, ndi Maganizo a Achinyamata pa zolaula ndi mawonekedwe omwe amawoneka okhudzana ndi malingaliro a achinyamata omwe amatsutsa zolaula. Malingana ndi Modeling Theories wina angamvetsetse bwino maganizo a anthu omwe amamuwona ndikutsanzira khalidwe lake (Widjaja, 2000). Zotsatira za zolaula sizingodziwa zolaula zokha koma izi zimachitanso kuti zikhale zovuta komanso chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi makhalidwe. Zithunzi zolaula zingakhudze achinyamata kuti azikhala ndi khalidwe, mosamala kapena mosadziŵa, asintha malingaliro komanso khalidwe la achinyamata omwe ali achinyamata nthawi zonse makamaka pokhudzana ndi kugonana. Zotsatira za phunziroli zikuwonetsa kuti ambiri a 52 (19.78%) a ophunzira a sukulu ya sekondale Mzinda wa Pontianak wapeza zotsatira za kuwonetsa zolaula uli pa chizolowezi choledzera. Cline (1986) akunena kuti kamodzi wina akakhala ndi zolaula ndiye adzakakamiza ndipo adzayesera ngakhale nthawi zonse kupeza zinthuzo. Zithunzi zolaula zimapereka mphamvu zokhuza kugonana kapena zotsatira za aphrodisiac (zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa kukonda), zotsatiridwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa chilakolako / kugonana, nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito maliseche. Maphunziro a phunziro la anthu amanena kuti zomwe munthu amawona zomwe zimapezeka ndi kuyanjanitsa, komwe khalidwe lofunikila lidzawonjezeka pafupipafupi (Bandura, 1971 ku Thornburgh ndi Herbert, 2002).
Kusintha kwotsatira m'malingaliro kapena khalidwe ndikulumpha. Zotsatira zinawonetsa anthu a 36 (69.2%) a achinyamata a 52 omwe amakopeka ndi zofunikira zowonjezera / zowonjezeka. Pambuyo ponse panthawiyi akudya zolaula, achinyamata omwe ali ndi chikhomo amayamba kuwonjezeka kufunika kwa kugonana komwe kuli kolemetsa, kosavuta, kochititsa chidwi komanso kosokonezeka kuposa momwe anagwiritsidwira kale. Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kufunikira sikukukhudzana ndi kuchuluka koma makamaka khalidwe limene likuwonekera momveka bwino, ndiye lidzakhutira. Ngati asanakwanitse kukhuta chithunzi cha mkazi wamaliseche, ndiye mukufuna kuona filimu yomwe ili ndi zochitika zogonana. Akadzazaza, amafuna kuona kuti zochitika zogonana zimasiyana ndi zina zomwe nthawi zina zimakhala zowopsya komanso zopotoka kusiyana ndi zomwe adaziwona. Komanso malinga ndi kafukufukuyu Zillman & Bryant (1982, ku Thornburgh & Herbert, 2002) yomwe imati munthu akawonetsedwa zolaula nthawi zambiri, ziwonetseranso kuti malingaliro olakwika pazakugonana nawonso amafunikanso kuwonjezeka kwa zolaula Mitundu yolimba komanso yolakwika.
Gawo lotsatirali la kukhumudwa kwapezeka ndi achinyamata a 22 (61.11%) ochokera kwa anthu a 36 omwe akukumana ndi masitepe. Panthawiyi, zinthu zogonana zomwe zinali zonyansa, ulemu wonyansa komanso wonyozetsa, pang'onopang'ono zimawoneka ngati chinthu chokhazikika chomwe chimatanthawuza kuti nthawi yayitali imakhala yosasamala.
Mu phunziro ili panali 67% a achinyamata a sukulu ya sekondale omwe ali ndi chidwi chodziwika pa zochitika zachikhalidwe za anthu omwe ali pachibwenzi, 30% motsutsana ndi soap opera imasonyeza masewero akupsompsona m'malo amtundu, 14% motsutsana ndi mafilimu owonetsa, ngakhale 12% SMPN Achinyamata omwe amaganiza kuti zochitikazo zimajambula kugonana ndi ana ang'onoang'ono. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti zolaula zimayendayenda momasuka zakhala zikuchepetsedwa maganizo a achinyamata a sukulu ya sekondale ku malamulo a Pontianak omwe alipo. Vutoli limathandizidwa ndi kafukufuku yemwe Zillman & Bryant (1982, ku Thornburgh & Herbert, 2002) yemwe akuti munthu akawonetsedwa zolaula nthawi zambiri, ziwonetsa kuti alibe chidwi ndi amayi, amakonda kugwiriridwa ngati mwana upandu, amakhala ndimalingaliro omwe amachoka pa chiwerewere ndipo samakhala ndi chidaliro mumkhalidwe wabanja.
Zotsatira za phunziroli zimapezekanso kuchokera kwa anthu a 22 mu malo osokoneza chikhalidwe alipo ambiri omwe anthu 7 (31.8%) ali mu siteji yogwiritsira ntchito. Panthawi imeneyi pali chizoloŵezi chochita chiwerewere monga zolaula wakhala akuyang'ana moyo weniweni. Achinyamata a kusukulu ya sekondale a Junior ali ndi zaka zambiri akugonana. Chilakolako cha kugonana ndizofunikira zonse za anthu, paunyamata ndi mahomoni opita patsogolo, zofuna zawo, komanso chidwi chofuna kugonana amachititsa achinyamata kugonana kuti asakwaniritse zosowa zawo za kugonana. Kuwonetsa zolaula kumayambitsa achinyamata kuti azigonjetsa kugonana koteroko.
Kukula kwa zolaula zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Kuchokera pa chiwerengero cha bivariate (chikululachi) chinapeza zinthu zomwe zakhudzana ndi zotsatira za kuwonetsedwa ndi kugonana, kalasi, nthawi yowonetsa, nthawi yowonekera komanso mtundu wa zofalitsa. Malinga ndi zotsatira zowonongeka zomwe zimapezeka kuti zikuluzikulu zimakhudza momwe zimawonongera zolaula ndizogonana, kalasi, nthawi yowonekera, komanso nthawi zambiri. Mu kafukufukuyu zikuwoneka kuti anyamata achichepere amaonera zolaula pangozi ya nthawi za 1.98 (95% CI: 1.08-3.63) poyerekeza ndi atsikana aang'ono. Kusiyana kwa zotsatira za kuwonetsa komwe kumachitika achinyamata achinyamata a SMPN ndi mkazi uyu chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kugonana komwe kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa libido kumachitika. Libido kapena chikhumbo ndi chilakolako cha thupi losiyana ndi cholinga chogonana. Likulu la libido lili pamtundu wa chiberekero, panthawi yoyamba ya libido ilipo kusiyana kwenikweni pakati pa abambo ndi amai. Amuna amauka mosavuta komanso mofulumizitsa kwambiri pakakhala zokopa, zokopa zakuthupi komanso zokopa zamaganizo, pamene akazi a libido amawonekera pang'onopang'ono (Widjaja, 2000). Momwemonso malingana ndi ziphunzitso zamoyo zomwe zimayesa kufotokoza kuti khalidwe laukali limatsimikiziridwa ndi ndondomeko inayake yomwe imapezeka mu ubongo ndi pakatikati. Amuna otchedwa hormone (testosterone) amakhulupirira kuti ndiwo amanyamula khalidwe laukali kumene amuna amakhalapo ndi testosterone (Widjaja, 2000). Ambiri mwa iwo amayamba kugonana ndi anyamata achikulire ndipo mwana wake wachinyamata amadziwa kuti munthu angakhumudwe bwanji. Mahomoni amachititsa anyamata makamaka anyamata achichepere kukhala okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zokopa zokhudzana ndi kugonana mwina mwa mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe kapena mawonekedwe ofanana monga kuwerenga kuwerenga chikondi kapena kuona chithunzithunzi chachikondi, kuwona chida chogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi omwe chingalimbikitse kugonana kumeneku khalidwe.
Zotsatira za kafufuzidwe wowonjezera zikuwonetsa kuti achinyamata omwe ali ndi kalasi yachitatu ya SMPN akuwonetsa zolaula pangozi 2.4 nthawi (95% CI: 1.26-4,81) zotsatira zowonongeka zolaula kuposa olemba oyambirira. Izi zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lomwe limanena kuti nthawi yomwe achinyamata akuwonanso mahomoni a kugonana monga biologic ndi progesterone zidzakula, kuyambira pachiyambi cha unyamata, zaka za 11,12,13 ndipo zidzapitirira kuwonjezeka msinkhu pa zaka 14 zaka 18-19 zaka (Mawu a M'munsi, ndi al., 1999). Mchitidwe wa kugonana waumunthu umagwirizana ndi ntchito ya mahomoni. Hormone imakhala yofunikira kwambiri poyambitsa zochitika za mchere wa mahomoni ena ndipo pamapeto pake zimabweretsa makhalidwe ena okhudzana ndi kugonana. Kukhalapo kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mahomoni m'thupi lachichepere kumakhala kotheka kuti ziwonekere zosiyana siyana zowonongeka ndi zolaula sizinthu zokhazokha chifukwa cha izo zingathe kugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ammudzi.
Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsanso kuti nthawi yatsopano yowonera zolaula ikupeza mwayi waukulu wokhudzana ndi zolaula. Achinyamata omwe amakhala ndi zolaula zochepa kuposa miyezi itatu yapitayi ali pachiwopsezo cha nthawi za 3.1 (95% CI: 1.61-5.98) amakumana ndi zovuta zowonekera poyerekeza ndi zomwe achinyamata adakumana ndi zolaula kwa miyezi yopitilira itatu. Izi zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi chidwi chatsopano komanso chosangalatsa zidzakhala zosavuta kulowa mkati mwa chidwi cha munthu ndipo zimakhudza momwe munthu amasungira zinthu kukumbukira (Notoatmodjo, 2003). Komanso mu kafukufukuyu anapeza kuti nthawi zambiri achinyamata akamawonetsa zolaula zimawonjezeka kwambiri chifukwa chowonekera.
Pakafukufukuyu kuchuluka kwazithunzi zolaula ndizomwe zimakhudza kwambiri kuwonera zolaula. Achinyamata amakhala ndi zolaula pafupipafupi (pafupifupi kapena kamodzi pa sabata) ali pachiwopsezo cha nthawi za 5.0 (95% CI: 1.39-18.09) adakumana ndi zovuta poyerekeza ndi achinyamata omwe amawonekera pafupipafupi (kamodzi pamwezi). Izi ndizoyenera ndi malingaliro amalingaliro omwe akunenedwa kuti kubwereza ndi chinthu chimodzi chomwe chimapangitsa chidwi chathu kuti chikhale chidwi chathu. Zithunzi zolaula kwa achinyamata ndichinthu chatsopano komanso chosangalatsa. Zambiri zosangalatsa zolaula zimabwereza zambiri zakugonana zomwe zidachitika. Zimapangitsanso kuwonetseredwa komwe achinyamata amakumana nawo kwambiri mu phunziroli ndi kuledzera. Wina amakhala chizolowezi chake pankhani yakukwera makamaka potengera kuchuluka kapena kuchuluka kwa kuwonekera. Ngati wina nthawi zambiri amawonera zolaula, nthawi yomweyo amadzuka kuti achite zinthu zowoneka bwino. M'chilankhulo cha tsiku ndi tsiku titha kunena kuti kulimba mtima kwanu "Kudzasweka" ngati atapitilirabe zolaula (Sarwono, 1999). Munthu akagwiritsa ntchito MMSM (Zomwe Zikuwonetsa Kugonana mu Media) nthawi zina, zotsatira zake sizikhala zazikulu kwambiri, zomwe zimadzavutike kwambiri ndikakhala kuti anthu azikakamizidwa kudya MMSM, zomwe zidzakulitsa chidwi chofuna kuti kugonana kukhale kwakukulu ( Nkhani Za Achinyamata Indonesia, 2001).
Zotsatira zakusanthula kwa bivariate (chi square) zikuwonetsa kuti achinyamata a SMPN omwe amawonetsedwa zolaula kudzera pazosindikiza komanso zoopsa zamagetsi nthawi za 4.21 zokulirapo pakuwona zomwe zimawonetsedwa ndikuwona zolaula poyerekeza ndi achinyamata aku sekondale achichepere omwe amawonetsedwa zolaula kudzera pazosindikiza zokha. Media media (zamagetsi kapena zofalitsa) zimatha kufalitsa uthengawu kwa anthu ambiri m'malo osiyanasiyana ndikukhala gwero lamphamvu kotero zipani zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsa ntchito (Rivers & Jensen, 2003).
Wibowo (2004) adanena kuti mauthenga opanga mafilimu ndi kusindikiza chithandizo sagwira ntchito yochepetsera kugonana kwa achinyamata, chifukwa chidziwitso ichi kuphatikizapo kuwonjezera chidziwitso ndi chidziwitso chimaphatikizapo chikhalidwe cha dziko lochokera kumudzi. Rachmat (1995) ananenanso kuti makina osindikiza monga magazini, mabuku, mapensulo omwe amakhala ndi zithunzi zokopa zomwe zimatchedwa "zolaula", kapena omwe amatchedwanso SEM (Zinthu Zogonana Pazakugonana), zitha kupangitsa chidwi ndipo malingaliro ake amakhala olimbikitsa kawiri kuposa chithunzi chachizolowezi. Zithunzi zolaula kapena SEM kapena zochitika, zovuta zowonongeka TV, mafilimu, magazini, mabuku omwe amachititsa chilakolako chogonana, kulepheretsa makhalidwe abwino, kulimbikitsa anthu amisala kapena kugwiriridwa (Tan, 1981 ku Bungin, 2001).
Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha Social Learning, Bandura (1971 ku Tornburg & Lin, 2002) akuti achinyamata atha kuphunzira za kugonana komwe akuwonera komwe atolankhani amafotokoza. Mauthenga obisika m'masewera omwe amachititsa kuti zilakolako zikhale zolimba pamene ophunzira akukhudzidwa, akufotokozedwa ngati chinthu chodzaza ndi mphamvu, operekedwa ndi njira zingapo zomwe amachitira ndikuwonetsa chikhalidwe chodziwika ngati wachinyamata.
Kukhalapo kwa mauthenga olankhulana monga mafoni a m'manja omwe pafupifupi aliyense ali nawo, kuphatikizapo achinyamata, kupatsana pambali amaperekanso ubwino
zotsatira zoipa. Mafoni a m'manja angakhale uthenga wotsatsa malonda mwakutumizirana SMS / MMS pamodzi ndi zithunzi zolaula zimene sizingatheke. Chitukuko china ndi kudzera pa intaneti yomwe yakhala ikupezeka kwambiri komanso kwaulere kwa achinyamata. Zimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kwa achinyamata kupeza kuwonetsa zolaula m'njira yosavuta, yotsika mtengo
zachinsinsi. Komabe, n'zovuta kwambiri kuti makolo azitsutsa mwana wakeyo ndi zolaula. Mu lipoti la BKKBN (2004), kafukufuku wa zotsatira za Our Foundation ndi Buah Hati (2007) adanena kuti 80% ya ana a zaka za 9-12 ku Jabodetabek adapeza zolaula kudzera pa intaneti. Kuonjezera apo, zotsatira za PKBI yophunzira (2007) m'mizinda isanu yomwe Kupang, Palembang, Singkawang, Cirebon ndi Tasikmalaya ku 2001 inasonyeza 61.64% ya anthu omwe sanafunse kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Mwa awa, ambiri 70.59% amagwiritsa ntchito filimuyo (VCD), koma imakhalanso ndi ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito magazini, zithunzi ndi intaneti.
Mawuwo
Onse a 83.3% a achinyamata a sukulu ya sekondale ku Pontianak City adziwonetsa zolaula, komanso poyera kuti anthu oposa 79.5% amatha kuwona zolaula. Achinyamata omwe amakumana ndi zolaula monga 19.8% anali pa chizoloŵezi choledzeretsa, kuchokera kwa achinyamata achinyamata omwe ali ndi chizoloŵezi cha 69.2% ali pazomwe akukula, kuchokera pamene chiwerengero cha 61.1% chiri panthawi yovuta, ndipo kuchokera ku 31.8% deensitization anali pa siteji ya kuchita. Zikuluzikulu zomwe zimakhudza kuwonetsa zolaula ku sukulu ya sekondale ku Pontianak ndi amuna (amuna), kalasi (atatu), nthawi yowonekera (yatsopano) komanso nthawi zambiri. Kutengeka kwafupipafupi (kawirikawiri) ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri.
Malingaliro. Ngati sukuluyo ipititsa patsogolo kupereka chidziwitso kwa ophunzira achimuna, ngakhale atakhala amayi, pankhani yokhudza uchembere makamaka pachiwopsezo chogonana mwa achinyamata. Izi ziyenera kuperekedwa munjira yoyenera komanso waluso. Dongosolo lazaumoyo wobereka kuti likhale kwambiri limakhudza zoyeserera zopitilira ndikuchitika mothandizana kusukulu. Mwachitsanzo popereka chidziwitso kwa ophunzira pafupipafupi pazokhudzana ndi uchembere wabwino, ndikuwonjezera kumvetsetsa kwa kholo kukula kwakukhudzana ndi zolaula pazankhani zakubereka za achinyamata ngakhale kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wazidziwitso sikuyimitsidwa. Mukufuna kafukufuku wina kuti achinyamata omwe awululidwa atha "Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi" pangozi / pangozi, mwachitsanzo polimbikitsa maliseche ngati njira yopanda ngozi.
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