Kufufuza Zowonongeka Zowonongeka Zolaula za pa Intaneti Zimagwiritsa Ntchito Pakati pa Ophunzira a Yunivesite (2016)

J Behav Addict. 2016 May 9: 1-13.

Harper C¹, Hodgins DC¹.

Kudalirika

Mbiri ndi zolinga

Zomwe zimachitika pa Intaneti zolaula (IP) zimakhala zikuwonjezeka kwambiri m'mabuku ofalitsa ndi mafukufuku othandizira maganizo. Zomwe simunayesedwe ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza ndi momwe kuchuluka kwa IP ntchito, pamodzi ndi zizindikiro zina, zimakhudzana ndi zizindikiro za kuledzera kwa IP.

Njira

Ophunzira a 105 ndi a 86 a ku yunivesite (a zaka zakubadwa 21) ochokera ku Calgary, Canada, adayesedwa kugwiritsa ntchito IP, kugwirizanitsa maganizo (nkhawa ndi kupanikizika, moyo wokhutira ndi chiyanjano), zowonongeka, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Results

Amuna amalembera zaka zoyambirira za kuwonetseredwa komanso ntchito zamakono za IP kuposa akazi. Anthu osati mu maubwenzi amawonetsa ntchito zambiri mobwerezabwereza kuposa zomwe ziri mu ubale. Kusinthasintha kwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa IP sikunali kugwirizana kwambiri ndi kugwirizanitsa ntchito za maganizo koma kunali kovomerezeka kwambiri ndi msinkhu wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mbali yapamwamba o chizoloŵezi chosokoneza bongo kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito zosautsa zaumaganizo ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa, ulesi, njuga, makamaka, kugwiritsira ntchito mavidiyo. Mgwirizano wapamtima unapezedwa pakati pafupipafupi ya kugwiritsa ntchito IP ndi msinkhu woledzeretsa kotero kuti tsiku ndi tsiku kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa IP kunayanjanitsidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa maphunziro a IP addictive.

Kukambirana

Kulephera kupeza chiyanjano cholimba pakati pa ntchito ya IP ndikugwirizanitsa ntchito zaumaganizo kumasonyeza kuti zotsatira za kugwiritsa ntchito IP sizowopsa mwazokha. Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo a IP, omwe akugwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito zovuta za maganizo, zimayambira pamene anthu ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito IP tsiku ndi tsiku.

Keywords: Kuledzera kwa pa Intaneti pa zolaula, kusokoneza masewero a kanema, maliseche

Introduction

Pali chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha mauthenga a anthu omwe amanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula (IP) zomwe zili pa Intaneti zakhala zovuta. Zizindikiro zomwe zimalembedwa ndi anthu awa, amuna ndi akazi, zimaphatikizapo zovuta zowononga zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi kukwaniritsa chilakolako (Schneider, 2000), kutayika kwa libido kapena kugonana kwa wokondedwa weniweni, ndi kutaya chidwi kwa mnzanu wokondedwa (Poulsen, Busby, & Galovan, 2013). Zizindikilo zimaphatikizapo mavuto osiyanasiyana m'maganizo, monga kupsinjika maganizo, chiopsezo chotayika ntchito ndi mwayi wapamtima, komanso kusowa zolinga (Philaretou, Malhfouz, & Allen, 2005; Achinyamata, 2004) Anthu ambiri amafotokoza kuti alimbikitsidwa kuti ayang'ane IP ngakhale nthawi zina zomwe sizili zoyenera kuchita, monga kuntchito, m'chipinda chimene ana amakhalapo, kapena pa kompyuta yomwe siili yawo (Griffiths, 2012Ena amanenanso kuti ali ndi malingaliro olakwika okhudzana ndi chiwerewere, monga zikhulupiriro zakuti zachiwerewere (mwachitsanzo, ana lsex) ndizochulukirapo kuposa momwe zilili. Zolakwitsa zina zitha kulimbikitsanso kusankhana mitundu komanso jenda komanso zitha kukulitsa nkhanza kwa amayi (Peter & Valkenburg, 2007; Zillmann & Bryant, 1986).

Kafukufuku woyenera pa ntchito yovuta ya IP ikuwonetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito ena amavutika kuyesa kapena kuchepetsa ntchito yawo (Delmonico & Miller, 2003; Orzack & Ross, 2000). Nkhani zina zaumwini komanso zosawerengeka kuchokera kwa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito mavuto a IP zimasintha kusintha komwe kumachitika chifukwa chosiya zolaula. Zosintha izi ndi monga kubwerera kwa libido, kukwera kwa chilengedwe komanso kudzidzimva, komanso moyo wokhutira ndi chiyanjano cha ubale (Wilson, 2014). Ambiri mwa anthuwa amasonyezanso kuti akudziŵa kuti sakudziwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito IP kunakhudza miyoyo yawo.

Ngakhale kuti mauthengawa akusonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito IP kuli koopsa, IP imayanjananso ndi zotsatira zabwino. Pali malipoti okhudza zotsatira zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi kugonana, chimwemwe, komanso kuchepetsa nkhawa ndi nkhawa, makamaka kwa anthu osaleredwa, monga olumala (Kaufman, Silverberg, & Odette, 2007). Ambiri mwa ogwiritsa ntchito a IP amachiwona bwino, akudzinenera kuti zasintha miyoyo yawo komanso miyoyo yawo ya kugonana (Hald & Malamuth, 2008). Anthu ambiri amafotokoza kuti atulukira komanso atsimikiza za kugonana kwawo pogwiritsa ntchito IP komanso zotsatira zowonongeka zomwe zakhala zikudziwika kuti zimadziwika bwino (Kingston & Malamuth, 2010). Kugwiritsira ntchito IP kwathandiza kuti kufufuza zambiri zogonana ndi kutsimikiziridwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (McLelland, 2002; Correll, 1995), amuna ndi akazi (Koch & Schockman, 1998), ndi anthu osamvera (Zambiri, 2002). Kubisala ndi kudziwika, zomwe Intaneti zimapereka, zimakhala zoopsa zowonongeka komanso zaumphawi kusiyana ndi kuyanjana kwachindunji, kulola chithandizo ndi kuyankhulana za kugonana kuti zikule. Pomalizira, amayi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito lipoti la IP pokhala ndi miyoyo yabwino yogonana kusiyana ndi iwo omwe sali (Poulsen, Busby, & Galovan, 2013).

IP ndi chochitika chaposachedwapa (Wotsogolera, 2009), choncho, kufufuza m'derali kuli kochepa. Komanso, mutuwo ndi wovuta kwambiri komanso wodzala ndi malingaliro ambiri olakwika komanso makhalidwe oipa. Komabe kuwonjezeka kwa IP sikungatheke. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwafala kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa, osati pakati pa akuluakulu komanso pakati pa anthu ochepa (Sabina, Wolak, & Finkelhor, 2008). Tikuyamba kuona zotsatira za chikhalidwe cha anthu ogwiritsira ntchito IP. Zolankhulidwe ndi zochitika zina za chikhalidwe cha anthu ambiri zafotokozedwa kuti zikuchitika mofulumira "zolaula" zaka zaposachedwapa (Attwood, 2006; Kinnick, 2007). Kwa zochitika zamakono zoterezi kuti zikhale ndi mphamvu yaikulu pamtundu wa anthu ndipo munthu ayenera kukhala chifukwa chomveka chofufuza pa phunziroli.

Mbiri ndi kutchuka kwa zolaula za pa intaneti

Zithunzi zolaula zilipo padziko lonse lapansi. Zikuoneka kuti 12% ya intaneti ili ndi zolaula, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ma 24.6 miliyoni websites (Zambiri ziwiri, Crosby, & Cox, 2009) kapena 156 biigabytes biliyoni. Zaka makumi asanu ndi zisanu ndi zisanu pa zana pa kufufuza konse pa webusaiti ndi zolaula (Ropelato, 2006). Malinga ndi 2007, ndalama zapachaka pazilonda zonse zolaula zinkawerengedwa pa $ 20 madola, koma Free Speech Coalition inati ndi 50% kuchepetsa ndalama zolaula pakati pa 2007 ndi 2011 chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zilipo pa intaneti (Barrett, 2012). Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti anthu ambiri atsimikiza kuti ali ndi zolaula pa intaneti ngakhale kuti amayesetsa kupewa kuchita zimenezi (Mitchell, Finkelhor, & Wolak, 2003).

Cooper (1998) imalongosola kutchuka kwa IP monga kutsogozedwa ndi zotsatira za makhalidwe atatu, zomwe iye amazitcha ngati injini Yachitatu: kupeza, kukwanitsa, ndi kudziwika. Asanayambe kulumikiza Webusaiti Yadziko Lonse mu 1991, kuchotsa zithunzi zolaula kudzera pa kompyuta kapena fayilo ya peer-to-peer kugawana kunali kochepa. Pafupifupi zithunzi zonse zolaula zinkafalitsidwa pakati pa anthu muzojambula ndi mavidiyo. Kupeza zolaula kunkafunikira kugula kuchokera ku sitolo kapena masewera akuluakulu, ndipo mabungwe amenewa nthawi zambiri ankanyamula manyazi ndi mbiri. Kuchokera pamene Webusaiti Yadziko Lonse inayambika, komanso malo ojambula zithunzi zolaula, magulu oonera zolaula akhala akuphulika. Kupeza zolaula sikungakhale kosavuta, ndipo izi ndi zoona makamaka chifukwa cha kupanga mafoni a m'manja omwe amalola kuti azigwiritsa ntchito intaneti paliponse padziko lapansi (Siliva, 2012). Zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti zingathenso kupezeka popanda ndalama zina zowonjezera kwa wogwiritsa ntchito, ndipo wogwiritsa ntchitoyo akhoza kuona zithunzi zolaula popanda kudzidziŵikitsa okha kapena kuchoka kwawo.

Kuwonjezeka pa Cooper, paliponse kachigawo kachinayi ka IP kamene kamakhala kovuta kwambiri kumvetsetsa momwe ntchito yake ingakhalire yovuta: khalidwe la "zachilendo." Chidziwitso pano chikutanthauza kuwonetsera kwakukulu kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe ilipo pa intaneti. Anthu omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi vuto la IP amagwiritsa ntchito lipoti lokhala ndi maola ambiri panthawi yofufuza mafano ndi mavidiyo ambirimbiri koma osakhutira (Orzack & Ross, 2000). Ena adavomereza kuti asonkhanitse maulendo ambirimbiri olaula koma sanabwererenso aliyense wa iwo (Delmonico & Miller, 2003). Khalidweli likuwonetsanso zofanana ndi zolekerera ndi zizoloŵezi zakumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komanso "kufufuza ndi kupeza" mwakhama ndi makhalidwe oletsa kusokoneza bongo (intaneti)Davis, Flett, & Besser, 2002).

Kodi tingayambe kuchita zinthu zolaula pa Intaneti?

Chilakolako cha kugonana mu ubongo chimayamba ndi kufika kwa zizindikiro zowonongeka za kugonana kumalo osungirako zochitika zapakati, zomwe ndizomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri zobala zoberekera (telodiencephalic reproductive complex)Kim et al., 2013). Izi zimaphatikizaponso ma neural network of the macholimbic mphoto malo, maukonde ambiri omwe amakhala oledzera (Roxo, Franceschini, Zubaran, Kleber, & Sander, 2011) Kuwonetseratu kwawonetseratu kuti kuwona zithunzi za anthu omwe ali ndi zibwenzi zogonana (mwachitsanzo, zolaula) zimakhala ndi zotsatira zofanana pa malo oyambirira omwe akuwonetserako kugonana. Pomwe pakuwoneka kapena kukambirana, nkhani zimadzuka ndikuyamba kulakalaka zambiri (Hilton & Watts, 2011; Voon et al., 2014). Chosiyana ndi chakuti intaneti imapereka zithunzi zowonongeka kwambiri, ndipo zachilendo za zithunzizi sizingatheke. Zosangalatsa zachikhalidwe zogonana zogonana zakhala zikudziwika bwino pa nkhani zowonongeka kwa nyama ndi anthu: chodabwitsa chomwe chimatchulidwa nthawi zambiri monga zotsatira za Coolidge (Fiorino, Coury, & Phillips, 1997; Wilson, 1997). Zakhala zikusonyezedwa kuti kupezeka kwapadera kwa zithunzi zambiri zachiwerewere pa Intaneti kuli ndi mphamvu pa malo opindula a mphotho yomwe ili yofanana ndi zotsatira za mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Pitchers et al., 2013; Barrett, 2010).

Kafukufuku waposachedwapa pogwiritsa ntchito mafano a FMRI anapeza njira yodziwika bwino ya neural pakati pa mankhwala-cue reactivity m'nkhani zomwe zimakhala ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kugonana kwachidziwitso pazochitika ndi zovuta zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (Voon et al., 2014). Ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zowonongetsa anawonetsera zofanana ndi neural zomwe zimaonetsa zolaula zomwe anthu osokoneza bongo amasonyeza chifukwa cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Otsatirawa adawonetsanso zolakalaka kuti awonere zolaula pamene sakuziwona, koma adawauza kuti asasangalale ndi zomwe adawonazo. Kusiyanitsa uku komwe kunapezeka pakati pa "kukonda" ndi "kufuna" kumagwirizana ndi malingaliro a chilimbikitso chotsutsa kafukufuku (Robinson & Berridge 1993; Voon et al., 2014).

N'kuthekanso kuti ubongo wokhawokha ungasinthidwe chifukwa chafupipafupi ntchito ya IP (Kühn & Gallinat, 2014). Maginito a maginito ojambula zithunzi akuwonetsa kuti imvi nkhani yofunika kwambiri ya statum imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito ya IP yogwiritsidwa ntchito. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera kumbali ya kumanzere, komanso kugwirizanitsa ntchito kwachitsulo cholondola kumalo otsekemera omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito kumanzere. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nthawi zambiri kuyang'ana kwa IP kumapangitsa kuti "downregulation" ndi "kuvala" zapangidwe ka ubongo. Munthuyo ayenera kufunafuna mphamvu yowonjezera yowonjezera yomwe imatsogolera ku kufufuza bukuli komanso zolaula zoopsa kwambiri. Makhalidwe amenewa amasonyeza zofanana zokhudzana ndi kulekerera ndi chizoloŵezi choledzera. Komabe, Kühn ndi Gallinat (2014) onaninso kuti kuyanjana ndi IP ndi imvi nkhani yowonjezera komanso ntchito yogwirizanitsa kungasonyeze zomwe zilipo mu ubongo, osati chifukwa cha kawirikawiri kugwiritsa ntchito IP.

Ngakhale izi zapeza, mtundu wa vuto la IP umagwiritsa ntchito mowa mwauchidakwa wakhala wotsutsana. Zakale, zalembedwa ngati mtundu wa matenda osokoneza maganizo (Morahan-Martin, 2005), ngati gawo lachiwerewere komanso matenda opatsirana pogonana (Kafka, 2010), kapena ngati subtype ya matenda a intaneti pa intaneti (Achinyamata, 2004). Pakalipano, palibe njira yothetsera vuto la IP yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe imalepheretsa kufufuza kwambiri. Pa ziwerengero zochepa zomwe zimawonetsa zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zizindikiro ziwiri zokha zapadera pa Intaneti: Kuyezetsa Pulogalamu ya Kugonana pa Intaneti (Delmonico & Miller, 2003) ndi Cyber-Pornography Gwiritsani Ntchito Inventory (CPUI) (Grubbs, Sessoms, Wheeler, & Volk, 2010). Maselo onse awiriwa asonyeza kuti zimapangitsa kuti pulogalamuyi ikhale yovuta kwambiri.

Phunzirani pano

Umboni wapeza kuti kugwiritsira ntchito kwa IP kungakhale kovuta. Kusokoneza bongo kwa IP kwakhala kukugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zizindikiro za kuvutika maganizo kwa maganizo, kuphatikizapo kukhumudwa, nkhawa, kusakhutira ndi moyo ndi maubwenzi, komanso chikhumbo chogwiritsa ntchito IP ngakhale zovuta. Cholinga cha phunziro lino ndi kufufuza izi mogwirizana ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito IP, makamaka, kuzindikira momwe mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makhalidwe ndi machitidwe a IP akugwirizanirana ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso ntchito zamaganizo. Kuunika kwa maubwenzi amenewa kungatithandize kuzindikira kuti nthawi zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimagwirizana bwanji ndi zotsatira zake zoipa. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kudziwa ngati kuchuluka kwa pulogalamu ya IP kumayenderana ndi zotsatira zovulaza kungathandize kusiyanitsa pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya IP ndi ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito IP. Kumvetsetsa kumeneku kungalole kuti ogwiritsira ntchito IP azindikire kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo ndi kuchepetsa vutoli. Monga tafotokozera kale, ena ogwiritsa ntchito mavuto akuwonetsa kuti sakudziwa kuti ntchito yawo ikuwavutitsa mpaka atasiya. Kuwonjezera apo, kufufuza zinthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi mavuto omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi IP (mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero cha anthu, chizoloŵezi cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo, etc.) chingathandize kuzindikira anthu omwe ali pangozi.

Lingaliro la phunziro lino ndilokuti maulendo apamwamba ndi kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa IP kudzalumikizana molakwika ndi magawo ogwira ntchito zamaganizo ndi bwino ndi kuledzeretsa. Tidzafufuza mndandanda wa maubwenzi amenewa kuti tiwone ngati magwiritsidwe ntchito akugwirizanitsa ndi zizindikiro za chizolowezi choledzera. Pomalizira, tidzafufuza gulu la zizolowezi za IP mowa mwauchidakwa, mowa, masewero a pakompyuta, ndi juga, zomwe sizodziwika pakati pa ophunzira a yunivesite.

Njira

ophunzira

Chitsanzo (N  = 191) adalembedwanso kudzera mu Yunivesite ya Calgary Research Participation System, pomwe ophunzira omwe adalembetsa maphunziro a psychology amalandila bonasi posinthanitsa ndi kafukufuku wawo. Ophunzira omwe atenga nawo gawo adadziwitsidwa kuti kafukufukuyu aphatikizira kufunsa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito IP, maliseche, ndi miyezo za chizolowezi komanso magwiridwe antchito, pomaliza kulemba mafunso angapo.

Kayendesedwe

Mafunsowa anagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti kudzera mu Qualtrics ndipo anamaliza ndi wophunzira aliyense pa kompyuta yamagulu pamagulu ang'onoang'ono. Asanayambe mafunsowa, ophunzira adakambidwa za mtundu wa phunzirolo, kuthekera kwa mafunso omwe ali payekha kapena okhudzidwa akufunsidwa, ndiyeno atatsimikiziridwa kuti sakudziwika mwa kuyesayesa. Ndondomeko yowunika ntchito zokhudzana ndi umoyo waumphawi inayambidwa poyamba, pofuna kupewa nkhani yowonongetsa ophunzira ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi IP ndi maliseche, ngati atakumana ndi vuto linalake loyamba.

Njira

Mafunso owerengera anthu

Kafukufuku wochepa wa anthu ankayendetsedwa, kufufuza zokhudzana ndi msinkhu, chikhalidwe, malo okhala, chiyanjano, kugonana, maphunziro, ntchito, ntchito zapakhomo, mtundu, komanso chipembedzo.

Chidule Chachidziwitso cha 18

Chidule cha Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza zizindikiro za maganizo: kusokonezeka, kusokonezeka, ndi nkhawa (Derogatis, 2001). Kufotokozera kwapakati kwapakati kwa BSI-18 chiwerengero chabwino (α = .89).

Kukhutira ndi msinkhu wa moyo

Kukhala wokhutira ndi moyo wambiri kunayesedwa ndi chisangalalo cha zisanu ndi moyo (SWLS) (Diener et al., 1985). Kuyeza uku kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mopanda kuyeza kukhutira kwa moyo wapadziko lonse ndipo kuli ndi maonekedwe abwino apakatikati kuphatikizapo ubwino wamkati mkati mwake (α = .79) ndi kudalirika kwa nthawi (r Mulingowo umalumikizananso kwambiri ndi njira zina zodzitetezera, kuphatikiza BSI-80.

Kuyanjana kwa ubale

Otsatira omwe ali pachibwenzi adatsiriza zowerengera zisanu ndi ziwiri zoyezetsa ubale wawo (Hendrick, Dicke, & Hendrick, 1998), kuti azindikire mlingo wawo wokhutira ndi ubale wawo wamakono. Kukula uku kunasankhidwa chifukwa cha chiyanjano chake ndi malingaliro okhudzidwa mu maubwenzi, zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri ndi mkulu IP ntchito (Poulsen, Busby, & Galovan, 2013). Maphunziro apamwamba amaimira kukondweretsa kwambiri ndi mnzanuyo. Kudalirika kwa nthawi ya chiyanjano cha ubale (RAS) ndibwino kwambiri (r = .85) ndipo kusasinthika kwamkati kuli kovomerezeka (α = .73).

Kusokoneza njuga, kumwa mowa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Kugwiritsa ntchito mowa matenda osokoneza chidziwitso (AUDIT; Babor, Higgins-Biddle, Saunders, & Monteiro, 2001), kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amagwiritsa ntchito mayesero owonetsera (CUDIT-R; Adamson et al., 2010), ndi vuto lakutchova njuga zachinyengo (PGSI; Wynne, 2003) anaphatikizidwa monga mowa, nthendayi, ndi njuga, zomwe ndizo zitatu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'moyo wa ophunzira. AUDIT imasonyeza kusagwirizana kwa mkati mkati (α = .80), CUDIT-R imasonyeza kusagwirizana kwabwino mkati (α = .94), ndipo PGSI imasonyeza kusagwirizana kwabwino mkati (α = .84) .Zilizonse zogwirizana pakati pa izi ndi zakumwa Makhalidwe a IP (onani m'munsimu) angasonyeze kuti vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito IP lingakhale lagulu la zizoloŵezi zoipa. Zambiri za 8 kapena zapamwamba pa AUDIT zimayesedwa ngati chizindikiro cha ntchito yoopsa ndi yoledzera. Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala owopsa kwambiri amasonyeza zizindikiro za 13 kapena zapamwamba pa CUDIT-R. Zambiri za 5 + pa PGSI zimaonedwa ngati zochepa, pamene zambiri za 8 + zimawonedwa kuti zimasonyeza vuto la kutchova njuga (Currie, Hodgins, & Casey, 2013).

Masewero a Masewera Okhudzana ndi Achikulire

Kuphatikizidwa ndi zizolowezi zoledzeretsa zinali Game Game Addiction Inventoryfor Adults (GAIA), msinkhu wopangidwa kuti ayese kusokoneza masewera a kanema (Wong & Hodgins, 2013). Maphunziro onse a GAIA ali odalirika kwambiri (α = .94). 30 + yambiri imatengedwa kuti ndi yofatsa komanso yambiri ya 40 + mlingo wopanda vuto. Mavuto awiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi IP komanso masewerawa ndi mavuto omwe amagwiritsa ntchito makompyuta komanso intaneti. Timaneneratu kuti kugwirizanitsa bwino pakati pazinthuzi, ndi kuyika kwa chiyeso ichi kumapangitsa kufufuza kwina kwa gulu la mavuto a kompyuta ndi Internet.

Kuwerenga kwafupipafupi / kuchuluka kwa mafilimu oonera zolaula pa intaneti

Ophunzira adayankha katswiri wofufuza zinthu wa 11 mafunso omwe anafufuza kugwiritsa ntchito IP. Mafunsowo anaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa momwe wophunzirayo amagwiritsira ntchito IP (nthawi ya magawo pamwezi), nthawi yomwe amachitikira pa IP (maminiti), ndi chiwerengero cha zithunzi / mavidiyo / mafayilo / malemba ogwiritsidwa ntchito pa gawo lililonse. Ofunsanso adafunsidwa kuti asonyeze zaka zomwe adayambira kale ku IP ndikufotokozera mwachidule chikhalidwe chazochitikira m'mawu. Pomaliza, ophunzira adafunsidwa ngati nthawi yayitali yogwiritsira ntchito IP, nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa IP, ndi / kapena kuchuluka kwa IP pa gawoli kwawonjezeka kapena kuchepa chaka chatha. Kuwonetsa kwathunthu kwa IP kunayesedwa pochotsa msinkhu woyamba wa kufotokoza kwa msinkhu wamakono. Ophunzira omwe sanagwiritse ntchito IP sanasiyidwe pambaliyi.

Mafunso osokoneza bongo okhudza zolaula pa Intaneti

The Kusanthula ndi Buku Lophatikiza la Mavuto a Mitsempha (5th ed.; DSM-5; Association ya American Psychiatric Association, 2013) imaphatikizapo zoyenera kutsatila kuti mupeze masewera a Masewera Osewera pa intaneti. Gulu lapadziko lonse lapanga mayankho a mafunso oyenderana (Petry et al., 2014), zomwe zasinthidwa ndi ofufuza kuti aone ngati ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV (Onani Zakumapeto). Kusintha zinthu izi kumafunika kubwezeretsa. Zina mwazinthu zidakambidwa mafunso osiyana kwambiri kuti aone mbali zawo zonse mosiyana. Mafunso ena atatu anawonjezeredwa kuti aone za kugonana kosagwirizana ndi kukwiya, kupweteka, ndi kupweteka. Chiwerengero cha likert (Osati konse [0], Kawirikawiri [1], Nthaŵi zina [2], kawirikawiri [3] anavomerezedwa kuti athandize malo apamwamba. Monga ndi intaneti Ma Gaming Disorder questions criterion, funso lirilonse linali lofanana ndi miyezi yotsiriza ya 12. Kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa mkati kunapezedwa pakati pa zinthu zomwe zili mu phunziro laposachedwapa (α = .90) .Zoyimira zinthu zonse zomwe zinagwirizana kuchokera ku .55 kupita ku .76.

Kuonera zolaula kumagwiritsa ntchito kufufuza - kukakamizidwa

Potsiriza, CPUI (Grubbs et al., 2010) idaphatikizidwa kuti iwonetsetse kutsimikizika kosinthika ndi zomwe zawonetsa kudalirika kovomerezeka (α> .80) ndi umboni wina wopanga kuvomerezeka. Cholinga cha compulsive subscale ndi 11-item scale kuti atsimikize kuti munthu alibe khalidwe lodziletsa, ngakhale kuti akufuna kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito IP.

Kusanthula deta

Ubale pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito IP (mafupipafupi, nthawi, ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama) komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa maganizo, kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi kuledzera kwa IP zinayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zogwirizana ndi Pearson ndi zodziimira t-tsitsi. Zomwe zikuchitika polynomial regression analysis (Wuensch, 2014) ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti aone ngati maubwenzi pakati pa ntchito ya IP ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa maganizo ndi ofanana, quadratic, kapena cubic. Maonekedwe a chiyanjano ichi adayesedwa kuti adziwe malo omwe angagwiritsire ntchito ntchito yoyipa ya IP. Kusanthula kutsindika (Braun & Clarke, 2006) ankagwiritsira ntchito kufufuza mayankho a ophunzira omwe akukumana nawo poyambirira pa IP. Potsirizira pake, kufufuza kochuluka kwapadera kunkawerengedwera kuyesa paziopsezo zomwe zimalongosola vuto ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Maofesi ogulitsira ntchito adasinthidwa pafupipafupi, nthawi, ndi kuchuluka kwake kwa IP. Kwafupipafupi, mayankho a 60, 50, ndi 40 pa mwezi adasinthidwa ku 34, 33, ndi nthawi za 32 pa mwezi. Kwa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito pulogalamu ya IP, mayankho osankhidwa a 120, 100, ndi maminiti 95 adasinthidwa ku 63, 62, ndi 61 min. Kwa kuchuluka kwa IP / gawo, yankho lapadera la kugwiritsira ntchito zithunzi zolaula za 100 zinasinthidwa ku zinthu za 61.

Ethics

Kukonzekera kwa chikhalidwe kunaperekedwa ndi Bungwe la University of Conjoint Faculties Research Ethics Board. Ophunzira onse adadziwitsidwa za phunzirolo komanso chidziwitso chodziwika bwino. Pamapeto pa mafunsowa, ophunzira adakambilana zapadera ndipo amapatsidwa chidziwitso komwe angapeze uphungu ngati mbali ina ya phunziro idawavutitsa.

Results

Kufotokozera za chitsanzo

Mayankho a ophunzira a 191 oyambirira, a 86 amuna ndi a 105 aakazi, anafufuzidwa. Kusinkhulidwa zaka ndi zaka 21.05 (SD = 2.96, osiyanasiyana = 17 mpaka 38) ndipo mafuko anali ambiri ku Caucasus (n = 97), lotsatiridwa ndi Chitchaina (n = 23), South Asia (n = 20), Latin America (n = 12), Kumwera cha Kum'mawa kwa Asia (n = 8), Wakuda (n = 6), wachiarabu (n = 5), Zina (n = 5), Chifilipino (n = 4), Kumadzulo kwa Asia (n = 4), Chikoreya (n = 4), Achiaborijini (n = 2), ndi French Canada (n Chuma chonse chanyumba zonse chimagawidwa mofananira, pomwe 1% ya ophunzira amafotokoza $ 27 kupitirira (n = 52), ndipo 21% amafotokoza zosakwana $ 10,000 (n = 40) Mkhalidwe wamakono wapano unali 50% wosakwatiwa (n = 96), 17% chibwenzi (n = 32), ndi 33% ali pachibwenzi chachikulu (n = 63) Ophunzirawo anali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (n = 162), ndi 6% ya omwe akutenga nawo mbali omwe amadziwika kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (n = 12), 6% monga amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (n = 11), ndi 3% akudziwika ngati asexual (n Ophunzirawo anali okhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu / osakhulupirira (n = 85), lotsatiridwa ndi Katolika (n = 31), Mkhristu (n = 22), Msilamu (n = 15), Aprotestanti (n = 12), Zina (n = 10), wachi Buddha (n = 6), achi Sikhn = 6), wachihindu (n = 2), ndi Myuda (n  = 2). Zipembedzo zomwe ophunzira amatenga nawo gawo komanso zauzimu zidalembedwa, ndikuwonetsa kuti 1 siyofunika kwambiri ndipo 4 ndiyofunika kwambiri. Kutanthauza kuti kuyerekezera kufunikira kwachipembedzo m'moyo wako kunali kotsika (M = 1.15, SD = 1.12) pomwe ambiri mwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali akunena kuti sanapeze chipembedzo chofunikira konse (n = 74). Zauzimu adavoteledwa pang'ono kuposa kufunika (M = 1.49, SD = 1.04) pomwe ambiri mwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali amawerengera zauzimu monga zofunika kwambiri (n = 65).

Table 1 zimapereka njira, zolephereka, ndi mndandanda wa zochitika zamaganizo, zizolowezi zoledzeretsa, ndi zowonongeka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito IP. Ophatikizira amatanthauza malipiro pa BSI-18 anali 12.45 (SD = 9.00). Kutanthauza kuchuluka kwa BSI-18 kwa ophunzira kudalembedwa kale ku 8.41 (SD = 7.83, n = 266) (Meijer, de Vries, & van Bruggen, 2011), yomwe ili yochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi phunziro lino, t(455) = 5.11, p <0.001. Wophunzira amatanthauza zambiri pa SWLS (M = 24.17, SD = 4.52) anali pakati pa 20 mpaka 24, anthu wamba, omwe amakhala mdera lotukuka (Diener et al., 1985). Peresenti ya ophunzira omwe anapeza pansi pa izi ndi 22%. Otsatira omwe ali nawo gawo la RAS (M = 29.91, SD = 4.52) akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwapamwamba pamiyeso (M = 28.00), okwera kwambiri kukhala mphambu 35 (Hendricket al., 1998). 6% yokha ya anthu omwe adagwira nawo ntchitoyo adapeza mavuto aakulu komanso osakhutira.

Gulu 1. Njira ndi kupotoza kwachiwerengero pa zochitika zokhudzana ndi maganizo, zowonongeka, kuyeza kwa IP, ndi kupezeka kwa IP. Kusiyanasiyana kwa maanja akuwonetsedwa mu t makhalidwe

Zindikirani. BSI-18 = Chidziwitso Chachidule Chachizindikiro; SWLS = Kukhutira ndi Moyo Wopambana; RAS = Kalasi Yowunika; AUDIT = Kuyesedwa kwa Kusuta kwa Kusuta Kwachidziwitso; CUDIT-R = Kuyesedwa kwa Kugonjetsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Matenda - Kukonzedwanso; PGSI = Kutchova njuga Zowonongeka Index; GAIA = Masewera a Masewera Kupeza kwa Achikulire; IP-CRIT = ndondomeko yotere ya DSM-5 yowononga zolaula; CPUI-COMP = Cyber-Pornography Gwiritsani Ntchito Inventory -Compulsion Measure.

¹n = 67. ^an = 26. ^bn = 41.

*p <.01. **p <.001.

Table 1 Amapereka njira komanso zosiyana zotsatila zambiri pazowonongeka. Otsatira owerengera nawo a AUDIT anali M = 4.90 (SD = 4.78) ndipo kuchuluka kwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo pamavuto anali 25%. Za CUDIT-R (M = 2.13, SD = 3.76), ndi 2% yokha mwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo omwe adakwaniritsa zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Zambiri pa PGSI (M = 0.34, SD  = 0.89) anali otsika kwambiri, popeza owerengeka ochepa ndi omwe adawonetsa kutchova juga (9%). Palibe omwe adachita nawo zomwe akumana ndi vuto la kutchova juga, ndipo 3% yokha mwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali ndi omwe adakwaniritsa zovuta zakuchepa kwa juga.SD = 17.39), pomwe 13% imagwera m'malo ocheperako komanso 20% pamavuto osiyanasiyana.

Zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito

Kutanthauza kuti zaka zakubadwa koyamba ku IP zinali zaka 12.78 kwa amuna (SD = 1.92), ndi zaka 15.10 (SD = 3.42) ya akazi. Pafupipafupi pakugwiritsa ntchito IP, amuna ndi akazi amasiyana kwambiri, χ²(6) = 8.87, p <0.001. Kwa akazi, 46% (n = 48) sanagwiritse ntchito IP pakuchita maliseche, 23% (n = 24) adagwiritsa ntchito osachepera pamwezi, 11% (n = 12) kamodzi pamwezi, 11% (n = 11) koposa kamodzi pa sabata, ndi 10% (n = 10) kamodzi pa sabata. Kwa amuna, 5% (n = 4) adawonetsa kuti sanagwiritse ntchito IP pakuchita maliseche konse, 6% (n = 5) ya amuna amagwiritsa ntchito IP osakwana mwezi, 8% (n = 7) amagwiritsa ntchito IP kamodzi pamwezi, 12% (n = 11) amagwiritsa ntchito IP kamodzi pa sabata, 36% (n = 31) amagwiritsa ntchito IP pochita maliseche kangapo pa sabata, 27% (n = 24) amagwiritsa ntchito IP tsiku lililonse, ndi 5% (n = 4) adawonetsa kuti anali kugwiritsa ntchito IP pakuchita maliseche kawiri patsiku kapena kupitilira apo.

Kusanthula mwachiyero koyamba kuona zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti

Kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane kunagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza ndondomeko yolembedwa yoyamba ku IP ya 84 yamwamuna ndi azimayi a 86. Zambiri za mayankho (57%) zinalongosola kuti zakhala zikuwonekera ku IP mwa kufunafunafuna IP pakompyuta payekha. Mitu isanu yowonjezeka kwambiri yomwe imapezeka muzofotokozera zomwe iwowo ankachita poyamba inali chidwi chokhudzidwa (34%), yotsatiridwa ndi chisokonezo (24%), chisangalalo (15%), kulakwa / chiwerewere (14%), ndipo potsirizira pake kudzutsa (11%).

Kulembera kwa khalidwe lachidziwitso kunachokera ku chinenero chogwirizana kapena choipa. Chilankhulo monga "zokondweretsa" kapena "zokondweretsa" chinalembedwa ngati zabwino, ndipo chinenero monga "chosasangalatsa" kapena "chokwanira" chinalembedwa ngati chosasangalatsa. Mayankho amalembedwa ngati osakaniza ngati chiwerengero chofanana cha chinenero chabwino ndi choipa chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena ngati palibe chidziwitso choyera ku chinenero chogwiritsidwa ntchito. Amuna ambiri amawerengera kuti iwo akuyang'ana ku IP monga zowoneka bwino (35% ya mayankho a amuna) ndi 11% ya mayankho a amuna akufotokozera zovuta, ndipo 24% akufotokoza zochitika zosakanikirana. Azimayi anali ndi zovuta zambiri kuposa amuna (34% ya mayankho), ndi 20% ya mayankho a amayi omwe akufotokoza zochitika zabwino, ndipo 26% ya mayankho akufotokoza zochitika zosakanikirana. Kusiyana pakati pa zochitika zabwino ndi zoipa kwa amuna ndi akazi zinali zofunikira, χ²(2) = 13.04, p <0.005, pomwe amuna amakhala othekera kwambiri kuposa akazi kuti awonetse kuwonekera kwawo koyamba kukhala chinthu chabwino. Azimayi asanu ndi mmodzi omwe adatenga nawo gawo adafotokoza kuti adakumana ndi IP kudzera pa zina zofunikira, zambiri zomwe zinali zoyipa. Amayi ambiri omwe anali ndi zokumana nazo zabwino sanapeze zomwe zidawakomera ndipo adawafotokozera ngati zosangalatsa kapena zoseketsa (41% yazabwino za akazi). Pomaliza, amuna ambiri amafunafuna IP kuti ayambe kuwonekera koyamba (73%), mosayang'ana mwangozi (19%). Amayi ambiri omwe akutenga nawo gawo adafotokoza kuti adakhumudwa ndi IP mosadziwa kapena kuwadziwitsa popanda kuzindikira (37% ya mayankho). Zomwe zimachitika poyambitsidwa koyamba sizinaphatikizidwe kuti zimalumikizidwa ndimafupipafupi a IP ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwake komanso mtundu wa kuwonekera koyamba kugwirizanitsidwa ndi ziwopsezo zazambiri pazomwe zimachitika pa IP.

Kuonera zolaula komanso zolaula pa Intaneti

The t mayesero owerengera anthu omwe amagwira nawo ntchito komanso kugwiritsa ntchito IP anapeza kuti nthawi zambiri kugwiritsa ntchito IP pamwezi osakwatirana (M = 9.07, SD = 10.50) inali yayitali kwambiri kuposa momwe IP imagwiritsidwira ntchito kwa omwe amatenga nawo mbali muubwenzi (M = 6.27, SD = 8.92), t(189) = 1.99, p = 0.05. Pulogalamu ya t mayesero amatsimikiziranso kuti angakhale ndi mwayi wochuluka kwambiri pa zovuta zapadera za IP, kwa anthu omwe sali osakwatira (M = 9.16, SD = 8.50) kuposa omwe amatenga nawo mbali muubwenzi (M = 5.65, SD = 7.18), t(189) = 3.08, p = 0.002.

Zaka zoyamba ku IP (M = 13.95, SD = 3.00) idapezeka kuti imagwirizana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito IP pafupipafupi komanso kosokoneza bongo (onani Table 2). Ophunzira omwe anali ndi IP akadali msinkhu anali oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito IP mobwerezabwereza (r = −.27, p <0.001), khalani ndi magawo atali a IP (r = −.16, p = 0.033), komanso kuti athe kukwera pamwambapa pa Adapted DSM-5 Internet Pornography Addiction Criteria (IP-CRIT; r = −.28, p <0.001) ndi njira za CPUI-COMP (r = −.29, p  <0.001). Pomalizira, kufikitsa kwathunthu kwa IP kunapezeka kuti kugwirizana kwambiri ndi machitidwe apamwamba a IP. Ophunzira omwe anali ndi nthawi yochulukirapo ku IP anali ndi mwayi wokhala ndi magawo ambiri a IP pamwezi (r = .25, p = 0.003).

Gulu 2. Zotsatira za kugwirizanitsa maganizo, kusokoneza bongo, ndi kupezeka kwa IP kumagwirizanitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito IP ndi ziyeso za IP mowa

Zindikirani. BSI-18 = Chidziwitso Chachidule Chachizindikiro; SWLS = chisangalalo ndi msinkhu wa moyo; AUDIT = kugwiritsira ntchito mowa matenda osokoneza; CUDIT-R = kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo - kuyesedwa; PGSI = vuto lochova njuga zovuta; GAIA = Masewera a Masewera Kupeza kwa Achikulire; IP-CRIT = ndondomeko yotere ya DSM-5 yowononga zolaula; CPUI-COMP = zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito kufufuza - kukakamizidwa.

*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.

Zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zamaganizo

Table 2 amapereka mapepala a Pearson pakati pa ma BSI-18, SWLS, ndi ziwerengero za RAS ndi kugwiritsa ntchito IP. Powonjezera, panalibe mgwirizano wochepa umene ukupezeka pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito IP ndi malipoti okhudza kusagwirizana kwa maganizo ndi maganizo. TApa panali mgwirizano wochepa koma wofunika kwambiri womwe umapezeka pakati pa kukhutira moyo ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito ya IP (r = −.15, p = 0.04). Ophunzira omwe anali ndi apamwamba kwambiri a IP / gawo anali otheka kuti awonetsetse kukhutira moyo wawo pansi kuposa ena.

Malipoti okhudza kugwirizanitsa maganizo ndi oyeneranso kuyerekezera ndi zizindikiro zowonjezereka za IP (onani Table 2). Kugwirizana kwakukulu kunapezedwa pakati pa maphunziro a IP-CRIT ndi BSI-18 (r = .26, p <0.001) ndi zambiri za LSS (r = −.32, p  <0.001). Ophunzirawo amakhala ndi nkhawa komanso nkhawa zambiri, komanso amakhala osangalala, ngati atsimikiza kuti akugwiritsa ntchito IP. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa IP Addictive kunakhalanso ndi mgwirizano wochepa koma wofunika kwambiri ndi RAS (r = −.26, p = 0.03). Chiwerengero cha CPUI chogwiritsira ntchito chidziwitso cha IP chinayanjanitsiranso kwambiri ndi BSI-18 (r = .25, p <0.001), malire apansi pa SWLS (r = −.36, p <0.001) ndiNdimakhala ndi zochepa zochepa za RAS (r = −.32, p  = 0.009). Ophunzira omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi zizoloŵezi zoledzera ku IP anasonyeza maulendo apamwamba kwambiri a mavuto ndi magawo otsika a kukhutira moyo ndi chiyanjano cha chiyanjano.

Zithunzi zolaula za pa Intaneti zimagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Mapeyala a Pearson anali oyerekezera kuti agwirizane ndi kugwiritsa ntchito IP ndi kuledzeretsa kwa IP ndi zovuta zina: mowa (AUDIT), nkhono (CUDIT-R), kutchova njuga (PGSI), ndi masewero a kanema (GAIA). Kugwirizana kwakukulu kunapezeka pakati pafupipafupi ya kugwiritsa ntchito IP ndi njira zinayi zoledzera (onani Table 2).

Kupewa zolaula pa Intaneti pa Intaneti kumagwiritsa ntchito

Kuwona ngati chiwerengero cha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala olakwika akupezeka, kusanthula koyambitsanso kachitidwe ka polynomial kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito kufufuza momwe chiyanjano chilili pakati pa ntchito ya IP ndi maganizo ake, ndikuzindikiranso mgwirizano, monga momwe Wuensch (2014). Monga momwe tawonetsera mu Table 3, palibe maubwenzi akuluakulu omwe anapezeka ndi BSI-18, SWLS, kapena RAS. Mgwirizano pakati pa ntchito ya IP ndi ntchito zamaganizo siziwoneka ngati zowonjezera, choncho, palibe malo omwe angagwiritsire ntchito ntchito yoyipa ya IP. Komabe, panali maubwenzi akuluakulu omwe amapezeka ndi IP-CRIT (r = .39, p <0.001) ndi CPUI-COMP (r = .40, p <0.001) IP ntchito (onani Zizindikiro 1 ndi 2). Poyamba, mawerengero onse a IP amayambira kuchokera ku zero, koma pamtunda. Zotsatira za kugwiritsa ntchito njira za IP zomwe zimawoneka kuti zimakhala ngati papepala pa 15 IP sessions / mwezi, ndipo pamapikisano a ~14.00. Zambiri pa CPUI-compulsion (COMP) scale plateau pa 13 IP sessions / mwezi ndi masewera a ~18.00. Komabe, maulendowa akukwera mofulumizitsa mumtengowu wopita patsogolo pamene magawo amachitika kangapo patsiku. Pa tsiku ndi tsiku kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa IP, pali kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa machitidwe oledzeretsa a IP.

Chithunzi 1. Ubale wamakono pakati pafupipafupi wa IP kugwiritsa ntchito ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo wa IP adasinthidwa kuchokera ku DSM-5. Mzere woyenera bwino umasonyeza kuti kumwa mankhwala a IP pogwiritsira ntchito masewera a 15 / mwezi koma kumawonjezeka pamene anthu ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito IP kamodzi patsiku

Chithunzi 2. Ubale wamakono pakati pafupipafupi wa IP kugwiritsa ntchito ndi chiwerengero cha CPUI chokhudzidwa ndi ntchito ya IP. Tawonani kufanana ndi mzere wabwino kwambiri mu Chithunzi 1.CPUI-COMP mbalea pa masewera a 13 / mwezi koma akuwonjezeka pamene ophunzira amagwiritsa ntchito IP kamodzi kapena kuposera patsiku

Gulu 3. Kupambana kwa polynomial regression kufufuza kwa IP ntchito, maganizo okhudza maganizo, ndi zovuta za kugwiritsa ntchito IP

Zindikirani. IP = Zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti; SWLS = kukhutira ndi msinkhu wa moyo; RAS = mgwirizano wa ubale; IP-CRIT = zosinthidwa DSM-5 Internetpornography zowonongeka; CPUI-COMP = zowonongeka zojambula zojambulajambula - zoyenera kuchita.

^an = 67.

*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.

Kukambirana

Zotsatira zam'mwamba zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo za IP zinagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku kapena kupitilira kwa IP. Komabe, zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti panalibe kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa kuchuluka kwa momwe zolaula zimagwiritsidwira ntchito ndipo zimayesedwa ndi nkhawa, kuvutika maganizo, ndi kukhutira moyo ndi chiyanjano. Malumikizano ofunikira kwambiri ku mapulogalamu apamwamba a IP akuphatikizapo kuyambira koyambirira kwa IP, kusokoneza masewero a pakompyuta, ndi kukhala wamwamuna. Ngakhale zotsatira zina zabwino za kugwiritsa ntchito IP zasindikizidwa m'mabuku akale (Zambiri, 2002; Correll, 1995; Hald & Malamuth, 2008; Kaufman et al., 2007; Kingston & Malamuth, 2010; Koch & Schockman, 1998; McLelland, 2002; Poulsen, Busby, & Galovan, 2013), Zotsatira zathu sizikutanthauza kuti kugwira ntchito zamaganizo kumapangitsa kuti ntchito ya IP ikhale yochepa kapena yosavomerezeka.

Kupewa zolaula pa Intaneti pa Intaneti kumagwiritsa ntchito

Takulephera kupeza chiyanjano cholimba pakati pa ntchito ya IP ndi kusagwira ntchito bwino kwa maganizo (nkhawa yaikulu ndi kupsinjika mtima, kukhutira moyo, chikhutiro cha ubale) zimasonyeza kuti zotsatira za kugwiritsa ntchito IP sizowonongeka mwazokha. Komabe, mapulogalamu apamwamba kwambiri a IP anali okhudzana ndi kusagwira ntchito bwino kwa maganizo. Zotsatira za mayendedwe apakompyuta awonjezeka kamodzi pokhapokha anthu akuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito IP kamodzi pachaka, koma pamapeto pake mapepalawa anawombera pokhapokha ngati akugwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse lachiwiri. Ngakhale kuti izi zikhoza kutanthauziridwa ngati umboni wakuti IP imakhala yovuta, ndiye kuti zifukwa zambiri zakuti ~ 14.00 kwa IP-CRIT ndi ~ 18.00 pa chiwerengero cha CPUI-COMP ndizozigwiritsa ntchito zambiri za abwenzi a IP. Mwachidziwikire, padzakhala ziŵerengero zooneka bwino pokhapokha ngati wogwira nawo ntchito akugwiritsa ntchito IP, ngakhale ngati ntchitoyi siikhala oyenera.

Tinawona kusintha kwakukulu kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pamene anthu amagwiritsa ntchito IP kamodzi patsiku kapena kuposa. Pamwamba pafupipafupi, pali kuwonjezeka kwakumwa mowa kwambiri. Ndondomekoyi ikanawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito IP, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi umphawi waumphaŵi, kumangoyamba pamene anthu ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito IP tsiku ndi tsiku. Komabe, monga momwe chidziwitso chokhalira ndikugwiritsira ntchito pulogalamu ya IP chinakhazikitsidwa podzipangira okha, izi zikuwonetsanso kuti kuvutika maganizo kwa kagwiridwe ka ntchito kumagwirizana ndi kawirikawiri kugwiritsa ntchito IP pokhapokha ngati munthuyo akuwona kuti ntchito yawo ndi yovuta kapena yovuta. Kaya zovuta za munthu payekha zimayambitsidwa ndi ntchito ya IP tsiku ndi tsiku kapena kuganizira momwe anthu amachitira ndi kukayikira kwawo kuti akuledzera sikudziwika bwino.

Kusiyanitsa kofanana pakati pa msinkhu wa kugwiritsira ntchito ndi mowa kwatchulidwa mu vidiyo yotchova njuga mabuku (Charlton & Danforth, 2007, 2010; Wong & Hodgins, 2013). Ngakhale kulimbikitsidwa kwakukulu ndikofunikira kwa chizoloŵezi kapena mankhwala ovuta, kugwirizana kwakukulu sikufanana ndi kuledzera.

Anthu omwe ali pangozi

Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali pachiopsezo chachikulu cha vuto la IP omwe ali ndi vuto ndi amuna osakwatira omwe anapezeka ndi IP ali aang'ono. Kumayambiriro koyambirira kwa IP kumakhala kufotokozedwa mu kafukufuku monga kugwirizana ndi ntchito zosautsika za maganizo. Izi zikhoza kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa makhalidwe oipa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala m'zaka zapitazi (Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005), khalidwe loopsa la kugonana muunyamata (Sinković, Štulhofer, & Božić, 2013), komanso kuwonjezeka kwa chiwawa cha kugonana (Chigumula, 2009). Kugwiritsira ntchito IP monga choonjezera, kapena mwinamwake, mmalo mwa maphunziro a kugonana kumapangitsa achinyamata kukhala ndi malingaliro olakwika pankhani za kugonana ndi kugonana. Kuphunzira kwina koyambirira kumeneku kungapereke zambiri pa lingaliro limeneli.

Gender

Amuna ndiwo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri IP mu phunziroli ndipo amatha kuzindikira ngati akugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Zomwe akupeza zikugwirizana ndi mabuku omwe alipo. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti amayi sali pachiopsezo choyamba kugwiritsa ntchito IP, koma amuna amaoneka kuti ndi anthu ochuluka kwambiri. Chifukwa chake amuna amapezako zolaula zonyansa kwambiri, ena awonetsa za chisinthiko pofuna kufotokoza (Vasey & Abild 2013; Wilson, 1997, 2014). Lingaliro lofala (lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhala lodziwika) ndilokuti amuna adasinthika kuti akhale "ouma mwamphamvu" kuti asankhe ambirimbiri a zibwenzi zogonana, chifukwa izi ndizo njira yabwino kwambiri yowonjezera maumuna awo. Ngakhale kuti kufotokozera kumeneku kuli koyenera, kumapangitsa kuganiza kuti amuna amadziwidwiratu ndi kusintha kwawo koyamba kuti asonyeze izi. Izi ndi zifukwa zina zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muzinthu zokhudzana ndi chisinthiko zili ndi zolephera zawo ndipo zingayambitse kusamvetsetsana za khalidwe laumunthu (Confer et al., 2010). Zomwe zikuwoneka kuti malingaliro a anthu amakono ndi machitidwe ovomerezeka a khalidwe lachiwerewere akugonjetsa zomwe amakonda pa IP, pomwe malingaliro amakono ndi zikhalidwe za khalidwe lachiwerewere lachikazi samatero (Malamuth, 1996). Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti amuna ndi akazi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito IP amasangalala nazo mofanana, malinga ndi zomwe zilipo (Ciclitira, 2004; Poulsen, Busby, & Galovan, 2013). Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa IP kungakhale kovomerezeka ndi anthu m'malo mofanana ndi kwa akazi m'chikhalidwe chakumadzulo.

Masewera a IP ndi mavidiyo

Kugwiritsira ntchito malonda a IP kumawoneka kuti ndikulumikizana moyenera ndi chizoloŵezi cha mavidiyo. Izi siziyenera kukhala zodabwitsa, chifukwa pali kusiyana kofanana pakati pa zizolowezi ziwirizi. Onsewa amagwiritsa ntchito makompyuta ndi intaneti, ndipo njira yomwe zimakhala zofikira komanso zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa nazo ndizofanana. Komanso, masewera ambiri achikulire komanso okhudzana ndi masewera achilengedwe adalengedwa m'zaka zaposachedwa (mwachitsanzo, Bone Craft, Leisure Suit Larry) komanso kutchuka kwawo kukuwonjezeka. Ngakhale masewera a pakompyuta akuyamba kusonyeza zochitika zowonongeka (mwachitsanzo, Mulungu wa Nkhondo, The Witcher, Grand Theft Auto).

Chifukwa cha kufanana kwa awiriwa, ndizotheka kuti kusewera kwa masewera a pakompyuta ndi IP kungalimbikitsane. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika kwa IP ndikugwiritsa ntchito masewera a masewera a pakompyuta onsewo amagwirizana kwambiri ndi malipoti a kusungulumwa ndi kusungulumwa, momwe amithenga onse amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'malo moyanjana ndi anthu (Ng & Wiemer-Hastings, 2005; Yoder, Virden, & Amin, 2005). Izi zingachititse kuti munthu asayambe kucheza ndi anthu, ndipo amalowetsa kulankhulana ndi mavidiyo ndi IP. Amuna achichepere angakhale makamaka ovuta kutero (Jansz, 2005; Sabina et al., 2008), komanso kufufuza mozama pa kugwirizana pakati pa zizoloŵezi ziwirizi zikhoza kuthetsa zomwe zimayambitsa zomwe zimayambitsa komanso zomwe zimawopsa pa nthawi yachinyamata.

sitingathe

Mayankho onse a ophunzira adakhazikitsidwa pawekha. N'kutheka kuti ena mwa iwo adayankhula chifukwa cha zovuta za mafunsowa. N'kuthekanso kuti ena mwa iwo akukakamira poyankha (mwachitsanzo, kuwonetsa kuti ntchito yawo ya IP inali yaikulu kuposa momwe analili), kapena kuti chiwerengero chawo chimawonetsedwa molakwika. Zomwe anthu amafunira zingachititse kuti ophunzira athe kuyankha mafunsowa. Ngakhale kuti ophunzirawo anapatsidwa makompyuta apadera pakamaliza zochitikazo, ena mwina amanyazi kwambiri kupereka mayankho olondola. Ena akhoza kuti anali ndi chidziwitso chisanafike cha chiphunzitso cha IP mowa ndipo akufuna kutsimikizira kapena kutsutsa chiphunzitsochi. Kuonjezerapo, kuitanitsa ophunzira omwe akuphunzira maphunziro a psychology angakhudze mayankho. Ena mwa anthu omwe adagwira nawo ntchitoyo adakhalapo kale kapena akudziwa ziwerengerozo. Kuphunzira kwa anthu ena ophunzira, kapena kuti anthu omwe sali kunja kwa maphunziro, kungakhale oimira anthu ambiri.

Miyeso yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kusuta kwa IP mu phunziro ili, chiwerengero cha CPUI-COMP, GAIA, ndi zowonjezereka za IP, zomwe zinasinthidwa kuchokera ku DSM-5, opanda mfundo zowonongeka zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa kuti ziwonetsere kukwera kwake. Choncho, sizikuwonekeratu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenerera pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito ya IP kapena masewera a pakompyuta pogwiritsa ntchito izi.

Pomaliza, monga momwe phunziro ili likugwiritsira ntchito mgwirizanitsidwe, palibe zifukwa zenizeni zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ponena za chiwonongeko cha zinthu zopweteka za IP kapena zoopsa. Komabe, zotsatira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi phunziro lino zimatsutsana ndi zonena zambiri komanso malingaliro okhudzana ndi ntchito ya IP.

Zotsatira zamtsogolo

Kuwonetseratu kwa phunziroli kuyenera kuphatikizapo kulandira chiwerengero cha amuna ambiri, ndipo mwina ngakhale phunziro la phunziroli lomwe liri ndi amuna. Chophimba pa izi, komabe, kudzakhala kovuta kupeza gulu lolamulira, chifukwa sizodabwitsa kuti amuna sanagwiritsepo ntchito IP.

Pamafunika kuyang'aniranso zochitika zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndi masewero a pakompyuta ovuta komanso kugwiritsa ntchito IP. Kafukufuku wamakono akupeza mayankho a chiwerengero chachikulu cha ochita masewera achikulire, koma zingakhale zopindulitsa kuwonanso zaka zachinyamatayi pafupi ndi zaka zenizeni zoyamba kutsogolo. Zotsatira za masewera a pakompyuta ndi IP m'maganizo mwa achinyamata ndi nkhani yovuta kwambiri, ndipo kupeza machitidwe angapereke vuto. Komabe, kupanga phunziro kwa zaka zachinyamata kumakula kungatithandizire kumvetsetsa momwe IP ndi mavidiyo akugwiritsira ntchito zovuta zimakhalira komanso zomwe zimalimbikitsana.

Chidule

Zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti ntchito ya IP tsiku ndi tsiku ilibe kulumikizana kwachindunji ndi kusagwira ntchito bwino kwa maganizo. Kusokonekera maganizo kwapadera kunabuka pokhapokha ngati munthu amene akudziwika kuti ali ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo a IP. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kudzizindikiritsa ngati chiopsezo cha IP kungakhale chomwe chimayambitsa mavuto ndi kusagwira ntchito bwino kwa maganizo, osati IP mwiniwake. Komabe, pali kuthekera kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kugwiritsa ntchito IP kutsogolera khalidwe losokoneza bongo. Pakhoza kukhala mgwirizano ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo wa IP ndi mavidiyo a pakompyuta, monga momwe maulendo awiriwa nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga mmalo mwa chiyanjano chabwino cha anthu. Kusintha kumeneku kungapangitse zotsatira zowonongeka za kugwira ntchito kwaumphawi kwa nthawi. Kuonjezerapo, poyang'ana pa IP kungayambitse chiopsezo chachikulu cha vuto la IP kugwiritsa ntchito. Amuna amodzi amakhala amodzi omwe ali pangozi, ndipo phunziro la mtsogolo ndi anthuwa likhoza kutsimikizira izi ndikudziwitsa zambiri zomwe zili pangozi.

Zopereka za olemba

CH ndi DH anapanga lingaliro lophunzirira ndi kupanga, kusanthula deta, kusanthula chiŵerengero.

Kusamvana kwa chidwi

Olembawo sanena zachuma kapena ubale wina wogwirizana ndi nkhaniyi.

Zowonjezereka: Zotsatira zolaula zolaula pa Intaneti

Zotsatirazi ndizo mafunso okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti. Chonde yankhani moona mtima komanso mwazomwe mumadziwa.Zonse mayankho anu ndi osadziwika bwino ndipo sangathe kutchulidwa pazomwe zilipo. Mayankho onse ayenera kukhala okhudzana ndi miyezi yotsiriza ya 12.

1. Kodi mumathera nthawi yochuluka mukuganiza za zolaula pa Intaneti ngakhale pamene simukuzigwiritsa ntchito kapena mukukonzekera pamene mungagwiritse ntchito? (Osati konse / Nthawi zambiri / Nthawi zina / Nthawi zambiri)

2. Kodi mumamva kuti mulibe mtendere, wokwiya, wodandaula, wokwiya, wodandaula, kapena wokhumudwa poyesera kuchepetsa kapena kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti, kapena pamene simungathe kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti? (Osati konse / Nthawi zambiri / Nthawi zina / Nthawi zambiri)

3. Kodi mumamva kuti mukufunikira kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti pa nthawi yochuluka? (Osati konse / Nthawi zambiri / Nthawi zina / Nthawi zambiri)

4. Kodi mumamva kuti mukufunika kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula zosavuta kuzigwiritsa ntchito pa Intaneti kuti mulandire chimwemwe kapena kuvomereza komweko? (Osati konse / Nthawi zambiri / Nthawi zina / Nthawi zambiri)

5. Kodi mukuganiza kuti muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zochepa pa Intaneti koma simungathe kuchepetsa nthawi yomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito? (Osati konse / Nthawi zambiri / Nthawi zina / Nthawi zambiri)

6. Kodi simukuchita chidwi kapena kuchepetsa kuchita nawo zinthu zina zosangalatsa (zosangalatsa, misonkhano ndi anzanu) chifukwa cha zolaula pa Intaneti? (Ayi konse / Nthawi zambiri / Nthawi zina / Nthawi zambiri)

7. Kodi mukupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ngakhale mutadziwa zovuta, monga kusagona mokwanira, kuchedwa kusukulu / ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri, kukangana ndi ena, kapena kunyalanyaza ntchito zofunika? (Osati konse / Nthawi zambiri / Nthawi zina / Nthawi zambiri)

8. Kodi mukupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito maliseche ngakhale kuti mukulephera kapena mukulephera kukwaniritsa zogonana? (Osati konse / Nthawi zambiri / Nthawi zina / Nthawi zambiri)

9. Kodi mukupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti podetsa maliseche ngakhale kuti muli ndi vuto lolephera kapena zovuta kuti mukwaniritse zolaula? (Osati konse / Nthawi zambiri / Nthawi zina / Nthawi zambiri)

10. Kodi mukupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti podula maliseche ngakhale mutakumana ndi ululu? (Osati konse / Nthawi zambiri / Nthawi zina / Nthawi zambiri)

11. Kodi mumayesetsa kusunga achibale anu kapena abwenzi anu kudziwa momwe mumagwiritsira ntchito zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti? (Osati konse / Nthawi zambiri / Nthawi zina / Nthawi zambiri)

12. Kodi mumagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti kuti muthaŵe kapena musaiwale mavuto anu? (Osati konse / Nthawi zambiri / Nthawi zina / Nthawi zambiri)

13. Kodi mumagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti pofuna kuthetsa malingaliro osautsa monga kudzimvera chisoni, nkhawa, kusowa thandizo, kapena kupanikizika? (Osati konse / Nthawi zambiri / Nthawi zina / Nthawi zambiri)

14. Kodi kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula kumawonjezera chiopsezo chotaya mwayi wapamtima, ntchito, maphunziro kapena ntchito? (Osati konse / Nthawi zambiri / Nthawi zina / Nthawi zambiri)

Zothandizira