African Research Journal of Education and Social Science, 6 (1), 2019
Olemba: Michael Njeru1, Solomon Nzyuko (Ph.D)2 ndi Stephen Ndegwa (Ph.D)3
1Dipatimenti ya Clinical Psychology, University of Daystar
PO Box 44400 - 00100, Nairobi - Kenya
Email: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
2Dipatimenti ya Clinical Psychology, University of Daystar
PO Box 44400 - 00100, Nairobi - Kenya
Email: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
3Dipatimenti ya Clinical Psychology, University of Daystar
PO Box 44400 - 00100, Nairobi - Kenya
Email: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
ZOKHUDZA
Zizolowezi zolaula ndi vuto lomwe limapangitsa achinyamata kukhala ndi mavuto amisala komanso msinkhu wawo. Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kudziwa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zolaula pakati pa ophunzira m'masekondale osankhidwa ku Nairobi County, Kenya. Kafukufukuyu adawona malingaliro a Classical Conditioning and Social Learning pofotokozera zolaula pakati pa achinyamata. Njira zofufuzira zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu mu anasankha sukulu zasekondale ku Nairobi County. Kukula kwazitsanzo kunali ophunzira a 666 omwe adasankhidwa mwadala m'masukulu awiriwa. Kutolera deta kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso ndikufufuza pogwiritsa ntchito Statistical Package for Social Sayansi (SPSS) mtundu wa 21. Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kuti ophunzira ambiri anali akuchita zolaula. Zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi monga; Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito zolaula, kupezeka kwa zolaula komanso kupezeka kwa zida zapaintaneti. Ambiri mwa omwe adafunsidwa adawonetsa upangiri ndi upangiri monga njira zothandiza kwambiri kuthana ndi mavuto osokoneza bongo m'malo molangidwa. Kutengera ndi zomwe zapezedwa mu kafukufukuyu, ndikofunikira kuti makolo ndi omwe akuyang'anira achinyamata aziona zomwe ana awo akuchita pa intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kuti makolo ndi aphunzitsi azidziwa bwino zomwe zachitika pa nkhani yogonana ndi achinyamata pofuna kuwalangiza bwino ndikukhala makolo.
Keywords: Ntchito zolaula, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, kuchuluka kwa zolaula, ophunzira ndi zolaula, achinyamata ndi zolaula
MAU OYAMBA
Zithunzi zolaula ndizochita zachiwerewere zomwe zimayimiriridwa muma TV monga zithunzithunzi, mabuku ndi zithunzi zoyenda zomwe zimabweretsa chisangalalo chogonana. Zinthu zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso zomwe zili zolongosoka ndizogwirizana, zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana chikhalidwe komanso chiwonetsero cha kusintha kwamakhalidwe. Zithunzi zolaula ndizogwirizana ndipo mbiriyakale sikufotokozedwa mosavuta kuti zithunzi zomwe zimaletsedwa pagulu limodzi zitha kuvomerezeka pazifukwa zachipembedzo pachikhalidwe china (Jenkins, 2017).
Kuwonetsa zolaula pazaka zapitazi za 2, makamaka kudzera pa intaneti, zakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe cha achinyamata komanso kukula kwaunyamata m'njira zomwe sizinachitikepo komanso zosiyanasiyana (L¨ofgren-Martenson ndi Mansson, 2010). Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwambiri kumabweretsa chizolowezi. Anthu ena amati kulephera kudziletsa pazomwe amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatsatiridwa ndikuwonjezeka kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi zovuta zina m'magawo angapo amoyo, monga sukulu / maphunziro / magwiridwe antchito (Duffy, Dawson, & Das Nair, 2016).
Kafukufuku wazinthu zolaula omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa achinyamata achitika m'maiko osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi. Ku United States of America, Gilkersen (2013) adanena kuti panali mawebusayiti ambiri omwe ali ndi masamba opitilira 4 miliyoni azithunzi. Ponena za kuyambika kwa zolaula, kuwonetsa koyamba kumachitika nthawi zambiri wazaka 11 ndipo ogula kwambiri amawonetsa zaka zakubadwa 12 mpaka 17 (Gilkersen, 2013).
Zida zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa ophunzira aku sekondale atha kukhala chifukwa cha zovuta zambiri kapena zolumikizana. Ndikofunikira kuti mukhale ndi chidziwitso chokwanira pazakusintha, malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi omwe amabwera msinkhu ndipo izi zimapereka chifukwa chomvetsetsa chifukwa chake achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Magulu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha malinga ndi Freud amafotokoza zamphamvu zakugonana pakukula pamene amayang'ana kwambiri ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Sigmund Freud adanenanso kuti panthawi yakumaliseche yomwe imayamba unyamata, pamakhala zikhumbo zakugonana monga zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chofuna kugonana ndi anthu ena (Berstein, Penner, Clarke-Stewart & Roy 2008)
Ophunzira m'masekondale amayenera kuthana ndi kuwukitsanso mphamvu zakugonana ndikuwonekera kwauchikulire limodzi ndi mikangano ndi zikhumbo zakale. Rosenthal ndi Moore (1995) akufotokoza izi mopitilira pokambirana za wachinyamata wamwamuna yemwe pakadali pano ali ndi kuthekera kowonetsa zodabwitsika za oedipal ngakhale zoletsa, zikhalidwe zamtundu wina komanso superego sizingalolere kumaliza kuti zichitike. Zikatere, wachinyamata amatha kubweretsa chizolowezi chowonera zolaula pobisalira aliyense amene angavomereze izi. Popanda kuzindikira, Rosenthal ndi Moore (1995) akuwonjezera kuti wachinyamata ayenera kuthandizidwa kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino luso lomwe lingamupangitse kuti azigwira ntchito moyenera pakugonana. Momwe kusamvana kosamalidwa kumayendetsedwa mkati mwaunyamata kudzatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi momwe malingaliro okweza achiwerewere amayankhidwira (Rosenthal & Moore 1995). Zosintha zamalingaliro sizingakhale zowonekera paubwana ndipo zitha kuwoneka pakusintha kwamalingaliro anu komanso maubale ndi anthu. Kusintha kumeneku kumatha kubweretsa zovuta kwa achinyamata makamaka ngati sathandizidwa moyenera kukambirana kapena kuthana ndi zosintha zomwe zingachitike zomwe zimapereka mpata wofufuza komanso kuyesa zolaula.
Kuphatikiza pa zogonana zomwe zida zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa ophunzira, pali ena ambiri omwe amapereka. Malinga ndi Strasburger (2009), makina osindikizira komanso zamagetsi ndi gwero lotsogola kwambiri pa maphunziro pakati pa achinyamata omwe ali ndi maphunziro asanu autali omwe akuwonetsa kuti zomwe zili pazomwe zili ndi mafilimu zimathandizanso kuti anyamata azigonana komanso kubereka. Kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo ku Europe makamaka pama media osindikiza kwathandizira kufalitsa zolaula mwanjira zachikondi ndi zosangalatsa. Ndi kudzera pazanema pomwe zolaula zimalowa m'miyoyo yachinsinsi ndipo izi zimakhudza achinyamata ambiri omwe angatengere kugwiritsa ntchito njira zama TV ndi zidziwitso. Ponena za media monga gwero lotsogola la zolaula, Rich (2001) akuti palibe ntchito ina iliyonse yomwe imakula mwachangu ngati zolaula kudzera pazowonera. Imayesedwa ndi chiwonetsero chomwe sichimatseka ndi chimodzi chomwe chimadutsa palinso anthu onse. Achinyamata omwe amathera nthawi yambiri pazowonera komanso pa intaneti atha kupeza zolaula kuposa omwe satero.
Chinanso chomwe chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Maliseche komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ndikuchita zachiwerewere, ndizinthu zina monga zokhudzana ndimaganizo komanso zokhudzana ndi thupi chifukwa zimamwa ndikuwonetsa ngati kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina ya mankhwala. Laier ndi Brand (2016) pakufufuza kwawo akuwonetsa kuyesa kambiri komwe kumatsimikizira kuyang'ana zolaula pa intaneti mosasamala payekhapayekha sikunayendetsedwe mosagwirizana ndi kuchepa kwamphamvu kwa kugonana kosayenera komanso kufunika kochita maliseche. Pambuyo powonera zolaula, anthu ambiri amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zachinyengo, monga kuseweretsa maliseche, kapena zolaula, poyesa kukwaniritsa chosowa chamkati. Mitundu yaubwenziyi siyimakwaniritsa izi pano koma ndiyokakamira mwachilengedwe mwakuti ndiosavuta kukana. Carvalheira, Bente ndi Stullhofer (2014) adafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane pakati pa amuna okwatirana komanso omwe amakhala ndi akazi omwe adakumana ndi vuto lakuchepera m'miyezi 6 yapitayo Ambiri mwa abambo omwe adachitapo zodzola kamodzi kamodzi pa sabata akuti amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kamodzi pa sabata komanso (Carvalheira et. al, 2014). Kafukufuku wawo adawonetsa kuti kuseweretsa maliseche ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri
Kupezeka kwa intaneti komanso zochitika zina zapaintaneti pakati pa achinyamata atha kukhala china chowonjezera pazogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Malinga ndi Jenkins (2017), kubwera kwa intaneti makamaka kuyambira zaka za 1990 kwathandizira kuti pakhale makanema olaula ndi zithunzi. Ku United States, 93% mwa achinyamata onse azaka zapakati pa 12 mpaka 17 amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti; 63% amapita pa intaneti tsiku lililonse ndipo 36% amakhala pa intaneti kangapo patsiku (Lenhart, Purcell, Smith & Zickuhr, 2010). World Internet Report idasanthula wazaka 12 mpaka 14 wazaka 100 kuchokera kumayiko khumi ndi atatu ndipo idapeza kuti 98% ya achinyamata aku Britain, 96% ya achinyamata aku Israel, 95% ya achinyamata aku Czech, ndi 2008% ya achinyamata aku Canada akuti akugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pafupipafupi (Lawsky, 2005). Popeza kuti wachichepere waku America ali ndi zida zitatu zam'manja zitha kutengedwa ngati zochuluka popeza zochitika zapaintaneti ndizotheka, motero sizoletsa (Roberts, Foehr, & Rideout, XNUMX).
Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumasonyezedwanso monga zotulukapo zamaganizidwe olakwika. Izi zitha kuchokera ku moyo wamakono womwe umakopa kugonana. Barlow ndi Durand (2009) akuwonetsa kuti machitidwe azikhalidwe zosavomerezeka ali patsogolo monga akuwonekera pamutu womwe "kugonana kumagulitsa". Izi zakometsera mchitidwe wogonana wosafunafuna. Odongo (2014) atchula mayi wakale yemwe anali ndi zofooka pamalingaliro olakwika omwe amadandaula za moyo wake pa TV. Moyo uno umamuwonetsa ngati "siren wakuwonera pa TV." Wofalitsa nkhani m'mawu ake adati "Lingaliro lokakamizidwa kuti iwonetse pa TV ndi chinyengo, kuwonetsa zamanyazi pawailesi yakanema pomwe mabanja ali mzipinda zawo, sikuti kalembedwe kanga ”. Izi zawululidwa ndi anchor akuwonetsa kuti pakhoza kukhala ena olemba nkhani komanso atolankhani omwe ali mumkhalidwe wofanana ndi mchitidwe wakugonana. Vutoli lingakhale kuti atazolowera moyo womwe munthu wavala zachiwerewere, akhoza kuvomereza njira yatsopano ya moyo ndikusiya chidwi chawo ndi zomwe zitha kuonedwa ngati njira yovalira zogonana. Kuphatikiza apo, Jenkins (2017) akuti kugwiritsa ntchito makamera awebusayiti kwathandizanso makampani opanga zolaula kupitanso kwa omwe amangokhala kumene omwe amatha kutumiza zithunzi zawo momasuka komanso zoyipa ndizomwe zimachitika pofalitsa zolaula za ana. Kuwonetsa achinyamata zikhalidwe zachilendo kungawapangitse kukhala ndi malingaliro omwe amawapangitsa kuti azolowere kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
Pakafukufuku yemwe anachitika ku South Africa, Kheswa and Notole (2014), adatinso dziko la South Africa silinasiyidwe pokhudza vuto la zolaula la achinyamata monga momwe zimachitikira m'maiko ena. Kafukufuku wawo wopatsa chidwi kwa ophunzira khumi amuna azaka 14 - 18 kuchokera ku sekondale ku Eastern Cape adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kukakamizidwa ndi anzawo komanso kusayang'aniridwa ndi makolo zathandizira kuti azigwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Ku Kenya, kulumikizana ndi mowa komanso malo ogulitsa kumatha kupanga malo oyenera kumangoganiza zachiwerewere monga momwe akuwonekera mwa mavalidwe azovala za atsikana ovuta komanso kupezeka kwa ogonana. Mowa kuledzera, achinyamata atha kuchita zinthu mosaganizira ndipo zomwe zimakonda kwambiri ndi zogonana. Achinyamata amatha kulephera kumvetsetsa zovuta zomwe zimachitika pakumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Amathanso kukhala osadziwa mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi machitidwe chifukwa chakuganiza kwawo kwakanthawi. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito poonera zolaula, zinthu zolaula zomwe zimapezeka komanso intaneti zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zinthu zolaula zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito achinyamata. Phunziroli lidafunikira kuti liwunikenso zinthu zokhudzana ndi zolaula pakati pa ophunzira m'masukulu asekondale osankhidwa ku Nairobi County, Kenya.
MTHANDIZO
Phunziroli linali lochulukirapo mwachilengedwe ndipo linayang'ana masukulu awiri ku Nairobi County. Njira imeneyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa kafukufukuyu anali ndi anthu ambiri omwe amayankha mafunso. Komanso, zidziwitso kuchokera kuzomwe amayankha zingagwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera pofufuza zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zithunzi zolaula pakati pa ophunzira m'masukulu asekondale a Nairobi County, Kenya.
Zomwe anaphunzirazo zinali za ophunzira omwe adalembetsa ndipo m'masukulu awiri mu form one kuti apange anayi. Zoyeserera zopindulitsa zidakhazikitsidwa popeza sukulu ziwiri zam'mbuyomu zidali ndi achinyamata ambiri omwe anali oyenera kuphunzira. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti phunziroli linapatula ophunzira omwe anali azaka 20 ndi kupitilira.
Ponena za zida zopezera deta, kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito mafunso kuti awunikire komanso kuti adziwe zambiri za omwe akutenga nawo mbali. Funso loyamba lidagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'ana omwe ali nawo pazithunzi zolaula komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chofunika kwambiri mufunsoli chinali chidziwitso chakuwonetsa ngati omwe akuchita nawo zolaula kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Zomwe zili mufunsoli zikuphatikiza zaka, jenda, magawo a masukulu, zambiri zabanja, chipembedzo chomwe adalembetsa ndi zidziwitso zina zothandiza. Kugwiritsira ntchito mafunso komanso osanjidwa mwapakatikati kunali kothandiza kupeza chidziwitso chozama komanso kufotokozera omvera zomwe sizikumveka m'mbuyomu.
Data idasinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) mtundu wa 21. Makamaka, deta yomwe idatengedwa pazofunsidwa, idalowetsedwa mu phukusi la mawerengero, zolembedwa ndipo zotsatirazo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kupereka zomwe zapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito matebulo ndi ziwerengero. Kafukufukuyu adawona za ufulu wa anthu komanso zoyenera kuchita pakafukufuku onse. Ophunzira adayenera kuwonetsa kufunitsitsa kwawo kutengapo mbali phunzirolo mwa chilolezo choperekedwa ndi wamkulu wawo.
ZINTHU
Makhalidwe a Ophunzira
Phunziroli, kafukufuku wokhudza jenda, magawidwe a zaka molingana ndi momwe amafotokozera, kuchuluka kwa kafukufuku ndi udindo wa makolo zidafunidwa. Izi zinali zowonetsetsa kuti mtundu wosankhidwawo ukuimira anthu onse. Oposa theka (54.8%) mwa ophunzira omwe adachita nawo kafukufukuyu anali amuna pomwe 45.2% anali akazi. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti oyesedwayo anali ndi ophunzira achimuna kuposa ophunzira achikazi. Izi ndichifukwa chakuti kuchuluka kwa ophunzira amuna ndiochulukirapo kuposa ophunzira achikazi
Kugawidwa kwa ophunzira osankhidwa ndi zaka 16.5. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti ophunzira ambiri mwa omwe adayimilidwa anali azaka 16. Opitirira mmodzi mwa atatu (35.3%) mwa ophunzira anali ochokera ku fomu yoyamba, 24.5% anali ochokera ku fomu 25.3, 14.6% anali ochokera fomu XNUMX ndipo XNUMX% anali ochokera ku fomu inayi. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti mawonekedwe omwe wophunzira woyamba anali nawo wofunitsitsa kuchita nawo kafukufukuyu mosiyana ndi maphunziro ena onse.
Pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu (60%) a omwe anafunsidwa amakhala ndi makolo onse obereka pomwe 20.2% amakhala ndi kholo limodzi. Komabe, 19.8% adanena kuti amakhala ndi kholo lopeza, lokhalo, ndi wokuyang'anira, makolo osudzulidwa kapena olekanitsidwa kapena amasiye ndi kholo limodzi kapena onse awiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ambiri mwa ophunzirawo adaleredwa ndi kholo limodzi ndi kholo limodzi.
Zinthu Zolumikizana ndi Zolaula Zogwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula Pakati pa Ophunzira Sukulu za Targeted Secondary ku Nairobi County
Kafukufukuyu cholinga chake chinali kupenda zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito mu masukulu aku Sekondale ku Nairobi County. Izi zimaphatikizapo nthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuwonera zolaula, magwero omwe amapezeka pazowonetsa zolaula komanso mwayi wopezeka pa intaneti ndi ophunzira.
Nthawi Yomwe Amaonera Zolaula
Ophunzira omwe adasankhidwa omwe adasankhidwa anafunsidwa kuti awonetse nthawi yomwe amakhala pa kuwonera zolaula sabata limodzi. Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa chidule cha mayankho awo.
Chithunzi 1 Kugawa nthawi ya ophunzira yomwe amakhala akuwonerera zolaula
Ophunzira akuluakulu (82.5%) aophunzirawa amatha ola limodzi akuonera zolaula, 9.5% amathera ola limodzi kapena awiri, 6.3% amatha maola atatu mpaka anayi ndipo 1.6% amatha maola asanu. Kuchokera pazomwe anapeza 17.5% amathera kuposa ola limodzi akuwonera zolaula.
Zoyambira Zosavuta Zazithunzi
Ophunzirawa adapemphedwa kuti apereke magawo osiyanasiyana a zolaula zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito. Kugawidwa kwa mayankho kumawonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 2.
Chithunzi 2 Kuyankha kwa ophunzira pazinthu zopezeka zolaula
Pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu (63.5%) a ophunzira omwe amaonera zolaula amagwiritsa ntchito mafoni awo, 19% amagwiritsa ntchito makanema ochokera ma DVD, 9.5% amagwiritsa ntchito magazini, 4.8% ochokera pa intaneti ndipo 3.2% amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zina. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti ophunzira ambiri omwe amaonera zolaula amagwiritsa ntchito foni yawo yam'manja chifukwa amatha kuwona payekha.
Kupezeka kwa intaneti
Pofuna kukhazikitsa mwayi wopezeka ndi intaneti ndi ophunzira, omwe amafunsidwa anafunsidwa ngati angathe kupeza intaneti. Mayankho amafotokozedwa mwachidule mu Chithunzi 3.
Chithunzi 3 Kupezeka kwa intaneti
Opitirira theka ophunzirawo adawonetsera kuti alibe mwayi wapa intaneti pomwe 45.4% akuwonetsa kuti ali ndi mwayi wopita pa intaneti. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi theka la ophunzira ali ndi intaneti.
Mgwirizano wapakati pa Makhalidwe a Anthu ndi Zolaula Zogwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi
Kafukufukuyu adafufuza mayanjano omwe ali pakati pamunthu (kugonana, udindo wa makolo, maliseche, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chiyeso cha Chi-mraba chofuna kudziyimira pawokha chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa mayanjano.
Mgwirizano pakati pa Zizolowezi Zakugonana ndi Zinthu Zolaula Zogwiritsa Ntchito Ophunzira
Kafukufukuyu adafufuza ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa chizolowezi chogonana ndi zinthu zolaula zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pakati pa ophunzira m'masukulu asekondale osankhidwa ku Nairobi County. Gome 1 ikuwonetsa zotsatira za mayeso a chi-mraba.
Gulu 1
Kuyesa kwa Chi-square for Association pakati pa Khalidwe logonana ndi Zithunzi Zolaula
Kuyesa kwa Chi lalikulu kunawonetsa kuyanjana kwakukulu pakati pa chizolowezi chogonana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, 0.05, χ² (1, N = 658) = 10.690, P = .001. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumadalira intaneti.
Kuyanjana pakati pa Kholo la Kholo ndi Zida Zogwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula
Kafukufukuyu adafufuza mayanjano omwe ali pakati pa makolo ndi zinthu zolaula zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pakati pa ophunzira m'masukulu zasekondale ku Nairobi County. Gome 2 ikuwonetsa zotsatira za mayeso a chi-mraba.
Gulu 2
Kuyesa kwa Chi-mraba for Association pakati pa Kholo Loyang'anira Zinthu ndi Zolaula
Kuyesa kwa Chi lalikulu sikunawone kuyanjana kwakukulu pakati pa udindo wa makolo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, 0.05, χ² (1, N = 658) = 10.690, P = .001. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumadalira intaneti.
Mgwirizano pakati pa Maliseche ndi Zolaula Zogwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi
Kafukufukuyu adafufuza mayanjano omwe amapezeka pakati pa maliseche ndi zida zolaula omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa ophunzira m'masukulu asekondale osankhidwa ku Nairobi County. Gome 3 ikuwonetsa zotsatira za mayeso a chi-mraba.
Gulu 3
Chiyeso cha Chi-mraba cha Mgwirizano pakati pa Maliseche ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula
Kuyesa kwa Chi lalikulu kunawonetsa kuyanjana kwakukulu pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito maliseche ndi zolaula, 0.05, χ² (1, N = 658) = 10.690, P = .001. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumadalira intaneti.
KUKANGANANI
Kafukufukuyu adatsimikiza kuti ophunzira ambiri (82.5%) amathera ola limodzi pasabata pakuwonera zolaula. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu wolemba Wallmyr ndi Welin (2006) adapeza kuti 48.8% ya amuna azaka 15 mpaka 25 azaka zolaula amawonera zolaula kuti adzuke ndi kuseweretsa maliseche. Wina 39.5% adaziwona chifukwa chofuna kudziwa ndipo 28.5% chifukwa "ndizabwino". Izi zidathandizidwanso m'maphunziro a Goodson, McCormick & Evans (2001), pomwe amuna amati zomwe zimawathandiza kuti aziona zolaula zinali chifukwa chofuna kudziwa za kugonana komanso zosangalatsa zachiwerewere. Chomwe chimapangitsa izi ndikuti achinyamata ndi achikulire omwe ali munthawi yamaganizidwe kuti adzidziwitse ndikukhala pachibwenzi amafunikira zambiri pazakugonana (Erickson, 1968).
Ophunzirawa alinso ndi mwayi wopeza zolaula komanso zamagetsi zosiyanasiyana. Kafukufuku angapo awulula kuti achinyamata komanso achikulire akuti amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula zolaula pamabuku monga magazini, makanema, makanema komanso mafoni ogonana pafoni ku 50% (Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005). Nkhani yolembedwa ndi Muchene (2014) yatsimikizira kuti zolaula zakhala zikuchuluka m'dera lathu. Idanenanso kuti makanema amitundu yosiyanasiyana adalowa mderalo zomwe zidadzetsa mpungwepungwe wambiri ngati kulimba mtima, chidwi komanso kuthirira m'maso zaluso zakuwonetsedwa zili zathanzi m'badwo wathu. Idatchulanso nkhani ya gulu la anyamata osavala bwino lomwe limavina mosangalatsa ndi azimayi omwe anali oletsedwa kuwonetsedwa pawailesi yakanema komabe anali atalandira malingaliro a 621500 pa chubu lanu. Malinga ndi Muchene (2014), kuwona zinthu zolaula kumawonetsa chidwi kwa achinyamata.
Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti mochulukirapo ndi achinyamata kungayambitsenso zolaula. Kuchuluka kwa ophunzira ndikokwera kwambiri chifukwa chake kuli chiopsezo chowonera zolaula. Malinga ndi CCK (2013) kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ku Kenya kudafika pa 21.2 miliyoni pofika Disembala 2013; kuyimira 52.3% ya anthu. Chifukwa chake pali kuthekera kokuwonjezeka kwa intaneti yosalamulirika ndipo izi zitha kubweretsa kuwonjezeka kowonekera kwa zolaula kwa achinyamata. Kuphatikiza apo, intaneti ilipo ndikuyika patsogolo miyoyo ya achinyamata ambiri (Lenhart, Ling, Campbell, & Purcell, 2010; Lenhart, Purcell, Smith, & Zickur, 2010). Mwachitsanzo ku United States, 93% ya achinyamata onse azaka zapakati pa 12 ndi 17 amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti; 63% amapita pa intaneti tsiku lililonse ndipo 36% amakhala pa intaneti kangapo patsiku (Lenhart, Purcell et al., 2010). World Internet Report idasanthula ana azaka 12 mpaka 14 ochokera kumayiko 100 ndikuti 98% ya achinyamata aku Britain, 96% ya achinyamata aku Israel, 95% ya achinyamata aku Czech, ndi 2008% ya achinyamata aku Canada akuti amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti pafupipafupi (Lawsky, XNUMX ).
Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuyanjana kwakukulu pakati pa chizolowezi chogonana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wolemba Alacron, Iglesia, Cassado ndi Montejo (2019) omwe adazindikira kusiyanasiyana pakati pa magwiridwe antchito aubongo omwe ali ndi zizolowezi zakugonana zomwe zikufanana ndi omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Makamaka, zikuwonetsa kuti kuwonetsedwa pazithunzi zachiwerewere kapena nkhani zokhudzana ndi kugonana kumawonetsa kusiyana pakati pa kukonda (kuwongolera) ndi kufuna (chilakolako chogonana) chomwe chinali chachikulu. Pakafukufuku wina wolemba Kamaara (2005) zomwezi zapezeka. Makamaka kafukufukuyu adawonetsa zovuta ziwiri zomwe zimakhudzana ndi unyamata. Loyamba ndi vuto lazachidziwikire lomwe ndi kuyesayesa kwa munthu kuti adziwone ndi kuzindikira yemwe angamutsatire. Vuto lachiwiri ndilokhudzana ndi kugonana komwe kumadzutsidwa ndi nkhani zakugonana makamaka kufunitsitsa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ophunzira omwe alibe mwayi wofotokoza zakugonana kwawo amatha kumachita zolaula kuti akwaniritse zosowa zawo zakugonana.
Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira sizinawonetse ubale wabwino pakati pa udindo wa makolo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kuchokera pa kuwunika kolemba mabuku zikuwoneka kuti pakhala pali kuwunika kwa maphunziro komwe kumakhudzana ndi zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi zizolowezi zina zomwe zina zimayang'ana pakukonda zolaula pa intaneti. Komabe, palibe kafukufuku yemwe wakwanitsa kuyang'ana zakumbuyo ophunzira malinga ndi momwe makolo awo aliri. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti makolo sanakhale ndi vuto lililonse pakukonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
Zotsatirazi zikuwonetseranso mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Chikhalidwe chofananacho chinaonedwa mu kafukufuku ndi Laier and Brand (2016) momwe adawunikira zoyesa zambiri zomwe zimatsimikizira kuyang'ana zolaula pa intaneti mosasamala payekha zimayendetsedwa ndi kuchepa kwamphamvu kwa kugonana kochititsa chidwi komanso kufunika kochita maliseche. Zomwezi zidadziwika mu kafukufuku wa Carvalheira, Bente ndi Stullhofer (2014) momwe kuwunikira kwatsatanetsatane kunachitikira pakati pa abambo okwatirana komanso amuna omwe anali ndi zaka zambiri omwe adakumana ndi vuto la kugonana adatsika (DSD). Ambiri mwa amuna omwe amachita zodzoladzola kamodzi kamodzi pa sabata anati amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kamodzi pa sabata komanso (Carvalheira et. Al, 2014).
POMALIZA
Kafukufukuyu adatsimikiza kuti panali mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa chizolowezi chogonana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pakati pa ophunzira m'masukulu asekondale osankhidwa ku Nairobi County, Kenya. Kwenikweni, ophunzira omwe amaonera zolaula zambiri mwadala amakonza zolaula kuti aziganiza zolaula panthawi yogonana ndi kukonda zithunzi zolaula.
Ponena za udindo wa makolo, kafukufukuyu adatsimikiza kuti panalibe mgwirizano wofunikira pakati pa udindo wa makolo ndi zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa ophunzira m'masukulu osekondale ku Nairobi. Chifukwa chake, momwe makolo adakhalira sizimawoneka kuti zimakhudza momwe ophunzira amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula m'masukulu omwe asankhidwa.
Komanso, kafukufukuyu adatsimikiza kuti ubale wamphamvu pakati pa maliseche ndi zinthu zolaula umagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa ophunzira m'masekondale osankhidwa ku Nairobi County, Kenya. Kuwona zolaula nthawi zambiri kumachitika kuti kumangochitika kokha koma kafukufuku wathu akuwonetsa kuti kuwonera zolaula kumachitika nthawi zambiri kumadalira kwambiri zojambula zamtundu uliwonse zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndipo imodzi mwazochitazi ndi zochitika zongodzionetsera ngati maliseche.
ZOKHUDZA
Alarcón, R., Iglesia, JI, Casado, NM, & Montejo, AL (2019). Kugonana Kwapaintaneti: Zomwe Timadziwa ndi Zomwe Sitimadziwa-Kuwunikanso Mwadongosolo. Zolemba zamankhwala azachipatala, 8(1), 91. doi: 10.3390 / jcm8010091
Barlow, DH ndi Durand, VM (2009). Psychology Yonyansa: Njira Yophatikiza. Mason, Ohio: Kuphunzira kwa Wadsworth Cengage
Berstein, DA, Penner, LA, Clarke-Stewart, A., ndi Roy, EJ (2008). Psychology (8th Mtundu). Boston, MA: Horton Mifflin.
Carvalheira, A., Bente, T., ndi Stullhofer, A. (2014). Zoyenderana Pazakugonana Amuna: Mtanda ‐ Phunziro Lachikhalidwe. The Journal of Kugonana. Vol 11, Ishi 1. 154 - 164.
Kampani Yoyankhulana ya Kenya. (2013) Lipoti la Chiwerengero cha Gawo La Quarterly Sector la 2012/13 Chaka cha chuma (Epulo -June, 2013). Kuchotsedwa kuchokera https://web.archive.org/web/20220811172338/https://www.ca.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Annual-Report-for-the-Financial-Year- 2012-2013.pdf
Duffy, A., Dawson, DL, ndi das Nair, R. (2016). Zithunzi Zolaula Zimakhudza Anthu Akuluakulu: Kuwunikanso Mwadongosolo Pamatanthauzidwe ndi Zotsatira Zokhudza. J Sex Med. 2016 Meyi; 13 (5): 760-77
Erikson, EH (1968). Kuzindikira: Achinyamata ndi Mavuto. Oxford, England: Norton & Co.
Pezani nkhaniyi pa intaneti Goodson, P., McCormick, D., & Evans, A. (2001). Kusaka zinthu zolaula pa intaneti: kafukufuku wofufuza zamakhalidwe ndi malingaliro a ophunzira aku koleji. Zosungidwa zokhudzana ndi kugonana 30 (2), 101-118
Gilkersen, L. (2012), Ubongo wanu pa zolaula: Njira zotsimikizika za 5 zosokoneza malingaliro anu ndi njira za 3 za m'Baibulo zowukonzanso. Kuchotsedwa http://www.covenanteyes.com/brain-ebook/
Jenkins, JP (2017). Zolaula: Zobwezeredwa kuchokera ku https://www.britannica.com/topic/pornography
Kamaara EK (2005). Jenda, Kugonana kwa Achinyamata ndi HIV ndi Edzi: Zochitika za ku Kenya. Kenya: AMECEA Gaba Pub.
Kheswa, JG, & Notole, M. (2014). Zotsatira Zolaula Zokhudza Kugonana Kwa Amuna Achinyamata ku Eastern Cape, South Africa. Phunziro Labwino. Nyuzipepala ya Mediterranean ya Social Sayansi, 5 (20), 2831.
Laier, C., & Brand, M. (2016). Khalidwe limasintha mukamaonera zolaula pa intaneti zimalumikizidwa ndi zizolowezi zowonera-zolaula-zowonera. Zowonetsa zamakhalidwe olimbikitsa, 5, 9-13.
Lawsky, D. (2008). Njira ya achinyamata ku America pakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti: kafukufuku. REUTERS. Kuchotsedwa kuchokera https://web.archive.org/web/20220618031340/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-internet-youth/american-youth-trail-in-internet-use-survey-idUSTRE4AN0MR20081124
Lenhart, A., Ling, R., Campbell, S., & Purcell, K. (2010). Achinyamata komanso mafoni a m'manja. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
Pezani nkhaniyi pa intaneti Lenhart, A., Purcell, K., Smith, A., & Zickur, K. (2010). Zolinga zamagulu & kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pa intaneti pakati pa achinyamata ndi achinyamata. Pew Internet: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Kuchokera ku https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2010/02/03/social-media-and-young-adults/
L¨ofgren-Martenson, L., & Mansson, S. (2010). Chilakolako, chikondi, ndi moyo: Kafukufuku woyenera wamaganizidwe a achinyamata aku Sweden komanso zokumana nazo zolaula. Journal Za Kafukufuku Wakugonana, 47, 568-579.
Muchene, E. (2014). Full-cham'mbali Zamanyazi, Zofotokozeratu ndi Nyimbo Zaunch. Nyuzipepala ya Standard, Nairobi, Kenya: 20 June, 2014: No.29622 mas. 10-11
Odongo, D. (2014). Arunga: Makina ogonana pa TV amapweteketsa akazi. The narobian. Zobwezeredwa kuchokera ku https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000103084/arunga-tv-sex-sirens-hurt-wives
Wolemera, F. (2001). Makampani Akukula Zolaula. Zobwezeredwa kuchokera ku https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1124343
Rosenthal, D. & Moore, S. (1995). Kugonana paubwana. New York: Njira
Roberts, D., Foehr, U., ndi Rideout, V. (2010). Chimwemwe Chokhazikika ndi Moyo Wabwino: Mayendedwe Amtsogolo a Zabwino. Psychology, Vol. 3 Ayi. 12A
Strasburger, V. (2010). Kugonana, Kulera, ndi Media. Mapiritsi.126. 576-582.
Wallmyr G., & Welin C. (2006). Achinyamata, zolaula, komanso zogonana: magwero ndi malingaliro. Zolemba za anamwino pasukulu 22: 290-95.
Ybarra, ML, ndi Mitchell, K. (2005). Kuwonetsedwa pa Zolaula Zapaintaneti Pakati pa Ana ndi Achinyamata: Kafukufuku wa Dziko. CyberPsychology & Khalidwe, 8, 473-486
;