Kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pakati pa amuna ndi akazi achiwerewere (2006)

gwero

Dipatimenti ya Psychology, University of Aarhus, Jens Chr. Skous Vej 4, Aarhus, C 8000, Denmark. [imelo ndiotetezedwa]

Kudalirika

Zolinga za phunziroli zinali (1) kufufuza kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pakati pa anthu achikulire a ku Denmark omwe ali ndi 18-30 ndi (2) kuti aone kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pazochitika, makhalidwe, komanso khalidwe la zolaula. Phunziro la kafukufuku wapadziko lonse linagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha oimira 688 achichepere amuna ndi akazi akuluakulu a ku Denmark. Kafukufukuyu anapeza kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pa zochitika zolaula komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Poyerekeza ndi akazi, amuna amatha kuona zolaula ali aang'ono, amadya zolaula monga momwe zimayendera nthawi ndi nthawi, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri pa nthawi yogonana okha. Kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pazogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwawonekeranso, ndi amayi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri ndi abwenzi omwe amagonana nawo nthawi zambiri kusiyana ndi amuna. Amuna amapezeka kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula paokha kapena ndi abwenzi (osagonana) kusiyana ndi akazi. Kwa amuna ndi akazi, malo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse anali kunyumba ndipo palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komwe kunapezeka pa nkhaniyi. Amuna ndi akazi adapezeka kuti amasiyana ndi zolaula zawo, ndipo amuna onse amasankha zolaula zambiri zosavuta komanso zolaula zochepa kuposa akazi. Kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pazochitika zogonana kunali kokha ku machitidwe amaliseche ndi amuna omwe amatsata maliseche kuposa amayi. Kugonana kwa amuna, chiwerengero chapamwamba cha maliseche, msinkhu wa msinkhu woyamba, komanso ukalamba anapezeka kuti akuwerengera 48.8% ya kusiyana kwa zolaula. Zotsatirazo zinakambidwa mosiyana ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko. Zimatsutsika kuti kusiyana pakati pa amai ndi abambo kuvomerezeka pakati pa anthu, kulumikizana ndi zikhalidwe za amuna, zogonana, zikhalidwe za amuna ndi akazi, ndi njira zothandizira anthu.

MAFUNSO OCHOKERA KUPHUNZIRA (PDF)

Mu phunziro lachidziwitso, mwachitsanzo, kutanthawuzira "kovuta" kwa zolaula kunagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zida zamagonana zokhala ndi nudindo zokha, monga zomwe zimawonetsedwa mu Playboy kapena Penthouse, sizinawonedwe ngati zolaula. Kugwiritsa ntchito 

MALES: AGES 18-30 (Average zaka 24.6)

• nthawizonse amawonera zolaula = 97.8%
• m'miyezi yotsiriza ya 6 = 92%
• adaziwona sabata yatha - 63.4%
• Ndayang'ana 24 hrs = 26.2%

Kafukufuku wambiri kunja kwa Denmark pankhani yolaula adawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Chifukwa chake, amuna amawoneka kuti amakopeka kwambiri ndipo amadya zolaula zochulukirapo kuposa akazi, amakopeka kwambiri ndi zolaula zomwe zilibe ubale komanso zomangika, ndipo nthawi zambiri, ngakhale sizili choncho (onaninso Fisher & Byrne, 1978), khalani olimba mtima kwambiri kudzutsidwa ndi zolaula. Kuphatikiza apo, amuna kuposa akazi amawoneka kuti amakonda zolaula ndi ena ochita sewero poyerekeza ndi zolaula zomwe zimachitika mosiyanasiyana (Gardos & Mosher, 1999; Janghorbani, Lam, ndi The Youth Sexuality Task Force, 2003; Malamuth, 1996; Mosher & MacIan, 1994; Træen, Spitznogle, & Beverfjord, 2004).

Komanso, kupatulapo maphunziro a Hammar'en ndi Johansson (2001), Janghorbani et al. (2003), Rogala ndi Tyd'en (2003), ndi Træen et al. (2004), maphunziro onse a kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pa zolaula amadalira anthu omwe sali oimira anzawo omwe amawunikira kuti apangitse zovuta kuti apeze zotsatira za maphunzirowa kwa anthu ambiri.

Poyerekeza ndi akazi, zidapezeka kuti amuna amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri akamachita zachiwerewere (monga kuseweretsa maliseche), amawonetsedwa zolaula ali aang'ono kwambiri, ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali pamlungu akuwonera zolaula (onse p <.001 (Gulu 3). Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pazokonda zolaula. Amuna adapezeka kuti amakonda kuwona kugonana, kumatako mkamwa, kugonana pagulu (mwamuna m'modzi-akazi ochulukirapo), kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komanso okonda zogonana kuposa akazi. Komanso, azimayi amapezeka kuti amakonda kuwonera zolaula zolaula komanso kugonana pagulu (mkazi m'modzi-amuna ochulukirapo) kuposa amuna (onse p <.001).

Kukambirana

Ngakhale kusiyanasiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimawonetsedwa zikuwonekera pamaphunziro onse, maphunziro apadziko lonse ofanana, kupatula zochepa (mwachitsanzo, Pan, 1993), akuti mitengo yakugwiritsa ntchito mulingo wa 86-98% pakati pa amuna ndi 54-85% mwa azimayi (Demar´e, Milomo, & Briere, 1993; Gunther, 1995; Hammar´en & Johansson, 2001; Janghorbani et al., 2003; Li & Michael, 1996; Perse, 1994; Rogala & Tyd´en, 2003 ; Tyden, Olsson, & Haggstrom-Nordin, 2001).

Poganizira kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira pano, tinadabwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula, kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri, komanso kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula panthawi yogonana paokha pakati pa abambo ndi amai. Kupezeka kophweka komanso mosadziwika kwa zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti kungawerengere zotsatirazi,

Zomwe zikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mumvetsetse ndi kufotokozera kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha zolaula zomwe zimapezeka mu phunziro lino ndizo: chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chololera, kukhutira ndi kuvomereza maganizo a anthu pa zolaula, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa chikhalidwe cha zolaula.

Kuwonjezera apo, tawona kuti zolaula zimaphatikizapo 53.8% panthawi yomwe amuna ankagonana okhaokha, koma ndi 16.8% panthawi yomwe amai anali kugonana okhaokha.

Zambiri zolaula zimadziwika ndi amayi, omwe ali okonzeka kuchita zachiwerewere zomwe sizinali zachiwerewere komanso omwe amasonyeza zinthu zambiri zokhudzana ndi kubala, kubereka, ndi kukongola, monga ubwana, milomo yonse, khungu loyera, maso owala , tsitsi lofewa, kutulutsa minofu yabwino, kusakhala ndi zilonda, ndi kusinthasintha nkhope (Buss, 2003; Rossano, 2003). Kuchokera pamalingaliro ochepa omwe anthu amatha kukwanitsa, izi ndizo zomwe abambo akufuna: Kugonana kwa amayi ambiri omwe ali ndi chonde omwe amafuna kudzipereka pang'ono kapena kosasintha kapena kubereka kwa makolo

Komabe, n'kosangalatsa kuti ziwalo ziwiri zogonana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu azikhala ndi zaka zowonongeka, komanso kuti azikhala ndi zaka zochepa zowonongeka, zinali zodziwika bwino komanso zolimba zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula. Janghorbani et al. (2003)