'Ndikuziwona paliponse': Achinyamata a ku Australia sakuyembekezera kuti azigonana pa Intaneti (2018)

Larissa Lewis, Julie Mooney Somers, Rebecca Guy, Lucy Watchirs-Smith ndi S. Rachel Skinner

Thanzi labwino - https://doi.org/10.1071/SH17132

Yovomerezedwa: 1 Ogasiti 2017 Yavomerezedwa: 9 February 2018 Yofalitsidwa pa intaneti: 21 June 2018

Kudalirika

Background:

Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kufalikira kwa chiwonetsero cha kugonana pa intaneti, koma zolembazo sizitha kusiyanitsa pakati pa zolinga ndi zosayembekezereka. Komanso, pali kafukufuku wochepa wofufuza njira zomwe zimaonekera kapena kufotokozera zomwe zilipo. Ngakhale kuti pali zambiri zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi anthu pankhani yokhudza kugonana, ophunzira a ku Australia amapatsidwa maphunziro ang'onoang'ono kapena osalepheretsa kuchepetsa zotsatira za kugonana pa intaneti.

Njira:

Kukambirana kwa khumi ndi anayi ndi ophunzira a sekondale a zaka zapakati pa 14-18 zaka zomwe adachitapo kuti athandize achinyamata kuti adziwe zochitika zogonana m'mafilimu. Papepala lino, timalongosola njira izi zokhudzana ndi kugonana, chikhalidwe cha kugonana komwe achinyamata akuwonekera komanso maganizo awo ponena za izi.

Results:

Magulu otsogolera anawonetsa kuti kuwonetsedwa kwa kugonana kudzera m'mabuku ochezera a anthu kunkachitika kudzera mwa 'abwenzi' kapena otsatira, komanso kulipira-malonda. Zamkatimo zinachokera ku mauthenga obisika kapena zithunzi kuti afotokoze zithunzi zolaula / mavidiyo. Zambiri zomwe zimafotokozedwa achinyamata omwe adalongosola sizidayembekezeredwa.

Mawuwo:

Kuwonetsera kwa kugonana, mosasamala kanthu za kuchulukana ndi mphamvu, kunali kosatheka kupezeka pakati pa achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafilimu. Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundoyi pophunzitsa achinyamata kuti achepetse zotsatira za kugonana, m'malo moyesera kuti achinyamata asayang'ane, akhoza kukhala njira yabwino kwambiri.

Background

Kugwiritsira ntchito mafilimu (monga Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter) wakhala gawo la masiku ano.^1,2 Mafoni ndi zovuta pa intaneti zimapangitsa kuyankhulana kwadijito kukhala mbali ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku m'mayiko ambiri.^1-8 Maphunziro ochokera ku United States, United Kingdom ndi Australia akuwonetsa kuti mpaka 97% ya achinyamata omwe ali ndi zaka pakati pa 13 ndi zaka 17 akugwira ntchito pazochitika zina za chikhalidwe cha anthu, ambiri m'masewera osiyanasiyana a zamasamba.^2,6,8 Oposa theka la lipoti amagwiritsa ntchito malo awo ochezera a pa Intaneti kangapo patsiku.² Kafukufuku wa 2013 anapeza pafupifupi achinyamata onse a ku Australia omwe anafunsidwa anagwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti (97% a 14- a zaka za 15, 99% a 16-a 17 a zaka zapakati), ndipo 62% anafotokoza kupeza maubwenzi tsiku ndi tsiku.⁶

Pulojekiti ya EU Kids Online inapeza kuti 14% ya 9-kwa zaka za 16 adawona mtundu wina wa kugonana pa intaneti, ndi achikulire omwe ali ocheperapo anayi kuposa achinyamata omwe adawona zoterezi.⁸ Ngakhale kuti kawirikawiri amavomereza kuti achinyamata angayambe kugonana pa Intaneti, mabuku atsopano amasonyeza kuti zambiri zomwe zimawonekera zingakhale zozizwitsa kapena zosayembekezereka.^3,9-11 Kafukufuku wina wopangidwa ku United States anapeza kuti 15% ya 10- kwa zaka za 12 ndi 28% a 16-mpaka zaka zapakati pa 17 anali atawonekera pa zolaula pa Intaneti popanda kufunafuna mwachangu.¹² Zolinga zamtunduwu, makamaka, zimapangitsa achinyamata kuti azidziwika kuti ali ndi chiwerewere chokwanira, pomwe iwo ali payekha ndipo nthawi zambiri chikhalidwe chimatanthauza kuti kulamulira ndi makolo kapena sukulu kungakhale kovuta.

Ngakhale kuti chitukuko chimakhala chosiyana, kufotokoza zakugonana kumachitika mogwirizana ndi achinyamata omwe amayamba kuzindikira malingaliro ogonana ndikupanga machitidwe awo enieni.⁴ Iyi ndi nthawi yomwe achinyamata ambiri ayamba kuyesa kugonana kwawo.¹³ Pali kudandaula kuti kugonana pa Intaneti kungakhudze khalidwe la achinyamata komanso makhalidwe, chikhalidwe cha thupi ndi ziyembekezo za kugonana, m'njira yowononga.^14,15 Kafukufuku wamtunduwu umasonyeza kusonkhana pakati pa achinyamata ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana, makamaka zolaula, ndi miyambo yocheperapo ya amuna, kusintha kwa ziwalo zogonana, zaka zoyambirira za kugonana komanso kugonana koopsa.^15-17

Mu phunziro lino, timayang'ana zomwe achinyamata amakumana nazo pa nkhani zogonana muzofalitsa zamagulu pofuna kufotokoza njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapangitsa achinyamata kuti aziwona zachiwerewere muzofalitsa, chikhalidwe cha kugonana komwe achinyamata amakhala nawo komanso maganizo awo pa izi chiwonetsero; zidziwitso zoterezi ndizofunikira kudziwitsa chitukuko cha njira zophunzitsira ndi kuteteza achinyamata.

Tinagwiritsa ntchito masampu kuti tipeze sukulu (poyera), sukulu zachipembedzo komanso zapadera ku Sydney, New South Wales, ku Australia, ndipo tinkakumana ndi akuluakulu a sukulu kudzera mu imelo yoyamba. Ofufuza anapeza sukulu zomwe zinasonyeza chidwi ndipo zinayambitsa phunziro kwa ophunzira pamsonkhano wa sukulu kapena kudzera mwa aphunzitsi m'kalasi. Ophunzira achidwi anafunsidwa kuti atenge paketi yowonjezera yomwe ili ndi chidziwitso kwa iwo okha ndi makolo, ndi mawonekedwe avomereza a makolo. Tinalandira chilolezo cholembedwa chochokera kwa makolo ndi kuvomereza mawu kuchokera kwa achinyamata. Chivomerezo cha malamulo chinaperekedwa ku Dipatimenti Yophunzitsa NSW kupyolera mu State Education Research Approvals Process (McCarthy, Seraphine Et al.), University of Sydney Human Research Ethics Committee, Komiti ya Yunivesite ya New South Wales Komiti Yoyendera Zotsatira za Kafukufuku komanso ochokera kwa akuluakulu a sukulu.

Onse a 68 achinyamata a zaka za 14-18 akhala nawo. Pafupifupi theka (54%) ya achinyamata anali amuna (Gulu 1). Sukulu (n = 4) adasankhidwa kuchokera kumadera anayi azikhalidwe, komanso zachuma ku Sydney, New South Wales. Masukuluwa anali ndi sukulu imodzi yaboma (yaboma), sukulu imodzi yosankha (ophunzira osankhidwa mwapadera), sukulu imodzi yodziyimira pawokha (yabizinesi) komanso sukulu yachipembedzo yodziyimira pawokha. Masukulu awiri anali masukulu a anyamata onse, imodzi inali sukulu ya atsikana ndipo imodzi inali yophunzitsa (anyamata ndi atsikana osakanikirana). Pakuwunikira ndikusankha masukulu ochokera kumizinda yakunja ndi madera akunja, tinatha kutenga miyambo komanso zachuma.

Gulu 1. Chiwerengero cha magulu owunikira komanso otenga nawo gawo pasukulu, zaka komanso jenda

Tinayambitsa gulu la 11 limodzi la amai (ophunzira 6 mpaka 8) pakati pa March 2013 ndi May 2014 m'masukulu anayi akuluakulu. Iwo ankachitika mu sukulu pa nthawi yopuma masana kapena nthawi ya makala, nthawi iliyonse ~ 60 min. Gulu lirilonse lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito linali ophunzira omwe anali m'kalasi lomwelo. Ngakhale akatswiri akulimbikitsa ophunzira kuti atsogolere kukambirana, athandizidwa ndi zotseguka zotseguka (Gulu 2) ndipo analola ophunzira kuti akweze nkhani zatsopano, magulu anayesedwa mosamala kuti adzalankhulire ndi ophunzira aliyense ndikupewa kuimiridwa ndi umunthu wambiri. Pamene kafukufuku wapita patsogolo, tinayang'anitsitsa chidziwitso chatsopano ndi malemba osinthidwa ndi mutu kuti tipitirize kufufuza malo atsopano a mafunso.

Gulu 2. Chidule cha mafunso a mafunso

Tinaganizira zofufuza za kagulu pogwiritsa ntchito njira yofotokozera yowonjezera yomwe inalimbikitsidwa ndi Zopeka¹⁸ pofuna kuyesetsa kumvetsetsa zomwe zinkakhudza zomwe achinyamata amakumana nazo. Tinagwiritsa ntchito njira yowonjezeretsa yolemba ndi kulembera mndandanda wa zolemba za magulu. Pakafukufuku wa deta, tawonjezerapo, sitisamala kapena kusinthidwa zida zomwe zilipo kuti tipeze chidziwitso chatsopano cha deta. Tinagwiritsa ntchito memos ku chithunzi ndi mapu kumene makampani ndi mafanizo ankapangidwira m'magulu. Izi zinaphatikizapo zokambirana pakati pa awiriwa (L. Lewis, JM Somers), zomwe zimayambitsa kufotokozera komanso kufotokoza zomwe achinyamata amagwirizana ndi kugonana pakati pa ma TV.

Zolinga zamtunduwu zimatanthawuza mawebusaiti ndi mapulogalamu ('mapulogalamu') omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kugawana zinthu ndi / kapena kulola malo ochezera a pa Intaneti; Zowonongeka malo / mapulogalamu pa nthawi yafukufukuwa ndi Facebook, Instagram ndi Snapchat. Pamene tidawafunsa ophunzira athu za 'chikhalidwe cha anthu,' nthawi zambiri ankalankhula za malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, monga Facebook, Instagram, ndi zina, koma ena adalankhula za YouTube ndi zojambula nyimbo. Mapulogalamu amtundu womwewo monga Facebook Messenger, kumene otsogolera akufotokozera kugawana zithunzi ndi malemba, zomwe zimatchulidwanso m'mabuku awo. Potsatila ophunzira athu, timagwiritsa ntchito chitukuko monga gulu lalikulu lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zomwe achinyamata amagwiritsana ntchito ndikugawana ndi / kapena kudya.

Kudziwa kuti achinyamata akudziwika ndi zochitika zogonana pazinthu zofalitsa zachikhalidwe sangathe kuzifufuza bwinobwino popanda kumvetsa kufunika kwa achinyamata pazolumikizana ndi mafilimu ndi momwe machitidwe awo ochezera aubwenzi amachitira.

Sizinali zachilendo kuti otsogolera afotokoze kukhala ndi abwenzi / otsatila masauzande ambiri pawebusaiti monga Facebook. Ophunzirawo anafotokoza anzawo / otsatira awo ngati anthu omwe anali okalamba ndi ocheperapo okha (ngati zaka zawo zikudziwike nkomwe) komanso akuchokera ku sukulu, mizinda ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana.

'Ndili ndi abwenzi zikwi ziwiri tsopano ... ambiri a iwo sindikudziwa. ' (Mnyamata - Gawo 10)

'…Cholinga chidzakhala kutenga otsatira 1000 ... Kotero mumatha kupeza zambiri…. ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 11)

Maofesi a anthu omwe amagwira nawo ntchito pazolumikizi amakhala ndi: ochepa apamtima; anthu omwe anali odziwika kwa iwo koma osaganizidwa moyandikana; anthu omwe anali mabwenzi a mabwenzi omwe angakhale nawo kapena sakumana nawo pamasom'pamaso; ndipo potsiriza, anthu omwe sankamudziwa ndipo sanakumanepopo.

'Eya ngati ndikanakhala ndi abwenzi anga apamtima ndipo ine ndikanakhala ndi abwenzi ndipo ndikudziwana nawo. ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 9)

'Nthawi zina mlendo amakuwonjezerani [monga 'bwenzi' kapena wotsatira pa malo ochezera aubwenzi] ndipo ngati mumawadziwa ndipo mwina simukuwadziwa kuti ndi ndani - chifukwa chake si alendo - ndi anzawo. ' (Mnyamata - Gawo 9)

Achinyamata ambiri mu phunziro lathu, makamaka atsikana, adanena kuti chiwerengero cha abwenzi / otsatira ndi chisonyezero cha momwe amadziwika kuti ndi otchuka. Anzanu ambiri / omutsatira amatanthauza kuti angalandire zambiri 'zokonda' zomwe zilipo (mauthenga, mauthenga) omwe adawatumiza. Kukhala ndi malingaliro abwino - kawirikawiri kudzera mwa 'kukonda' - pa zithunzi zomwe anazilemba zidawoneka kuti ndi zofunika kwa ophunzira ambiri.

'Simungapeze 'zokonda' pokhapokha mutakhala ndi anzanu ambirimbiri ndipo mutero. ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 10)

'…Ambiri ali ndi chikwi chimodzi omwe amajambula pa chithunzi pa Facebook ... ali ngati kutchuka… '(Mtsikana - Gawo 9)

'Ndipo anthu ambiri amamverera ngati ndilibe zokwanira pa chithunzi ichi ndiyenera kuchichotsa. ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 11)

Otsatirawo amafotokozedwa kuti amagwiritsa ntchito mafilimu ambiri pa tsiku; kufufuza zofalitsa zamasewera ndiye chinthu choyamba chomwe adachita mmawa komanso chinthu chomaliza chomwe adachita asanakagone.

'... .momwemo, ndikuwunika [Facebook] nthawi zonse ... ndinganene mwina mwina kasanu pa tsiku pamapeto a sabata. ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 11)

'Ndikumva kuti ndikuyenera kuyang'ana [pa Facebook]. Mukufuna kudziwa zomwe zikuchitika padziko lapansi musanakagone. ' (Mnyamata - Gawo 8)

'Ndikuyang'ana foni yanga ndikuyang'ana Facebook ngakhale ndisanachoke m'mawa. ' (Mnyamata- Gulu la 9)

Lingaliro lakuti chikhalidwe cha chitukuko sichinali njira yogwirizanitsa ndi anzawo okha komanso kulumikizana ndi dziko lonse, ndi cholinga chovomerezeka ndi kutchuka kwa ambiri, kungathandize kumvetsetsa momwe anthu ambiri akuchitira nawo chidwi.

i.

Zambiri zogonana zomwe achinyamata adalongosola powona zinali zopanda pake, chifukwa zinayambira kupyolera (kubweza) malonda otchuka kapena m'mabwalo amkati a malo ochezera aubwenzi pamene anali kufunafuna nyimbo, kuyang'ana mavidiyo kapena kulowa mu Instagram kapena Twitter. Zotsatsa malonda ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana zikuchokera mu zithunzi zojambulajambula zojambula zithunzi zolaula komanso zojambulidwa ndi mavidiyo olaula.

'(Zogonana) Mafanizo, mavidiyo, malo osungirako zibwenzi komanso pamene mumayimba nyimbo ndi kupita ku mawebusaiti ndipo onse ali kumbali. ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 10)

'Ndikuwona paliponse, chiwerewere chogonana, mukuwona mayi wamkazi ndikudumpha pazowonjezera - paliponse. ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 10)

Zofalitsa nthawi zambiri zimapereka chiyanjano ku malo ena kumene zinthu zambiri zogonana zingawonedwe. Achinyamata adanena kuti akuwona malondawa m'madera ambiri ndikuwafotokozera ngati intrusive.

'Ndikuwona milu ya [kugonana] malonda ndi paliponse ndipo akungoyamba - zimachitika pa Twitter ndi Instagram, simungathe kuimitsa .... ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 11)

Achinyamata sangafune kuti ayang'ane nkhaniyi; Inde, anthu ambiri omwe adagwira nawo ntchito akufotokoza kuti samva bwino, kapena amakhumudwa powona malondawa.

'Ndizosasangalatsa kwenikweni ndipo mumamva kuti mukuyesera kukopera nyimbo kapena chinachake ... ndi zake [zokhudzana ndi kugonana] kumbali. ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 9)

Ngakhale anthu ena omwe adawona kuti akuwona akulipira malonda okhudzana ndi chiwerewere pamadzinso omwe amafotokozedwa ndi anthu ambiri monga Facebook ndi Instagram, zambiri mwazolembazo zikufotokozedwa ngati zikuwonetsedwa pa malo a 'torrent', zomwe zimalowetsa malo osaka nyimbo kapena mavidiyo . Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha malamulo omwe alipo ponena za malonda olipira pa malo otchuka otchuka monga a Facebook.

ii.

Ngakhale kulipira potsatsa malingaliro a kugonana kumakhala kosavuta kumveketsa ngati kulengeza ndipo nthawi zambiri amafuna kuti wogwiritsa ntchito pakhomphoni kuti aone zomwe zilipo, Achinyamata amaonanso kugonana mwachindunji m'masewero awo a 'socialfeed' kapena tsamba. Mwachikhalidwe chake, zokhudzana ndi mauthenga apa ndizo chifukwa chogawidwa pakati pa mabwenzi omwe abwenzi kapena abwenzi a abwenzi atumizira kapena kugawana zomwe zili. Monga momwe zinaliripilira malonda, achinyamata ambiri adanena kuti zambiri mwazogwiritsidwa ntchito pogonana zomwe adaziwona sizinafunike; ena omwe adagwira nawo ntchito sankadziwa bwino zomwe adawona.

'N'zosavuta kuona zinthu zolaula ndipo simukuyenera kuchoka, zikubwera kwa inu. ' (Mnyamata - Gawo 9)

'Pa Facebook, mulibe ulamuliro pa zomwe mukuwona. ' (Mnyamata - Gawo 9)

'Pali zinthu zina zovuta kwambiri monga chiwerewere monga momwe zimangokwera chifukwa wina wa tsamba lina amangoziyika ndipo mnzanuyo angayankhepo ndipo amatha kufotokozera nkhani yanu.. ' (Mnyamata - Gawo 12)

Kugawana zithunzi za kugonana ndi / kapena mavidiyo a anzanu, olemekezeka kapena osadziwika anafotokozedwa m'magulu onse otsogolera. Zithunzi zimenezi kapena mavidiyowa amachokera ku zokhudzana ndi kugonana - anthu omwe ali ndi zovala zawo, komanso zithunzi zosaoneka ndi zosasangalatsa kapena mavidiyo - kwa omwe achinyamata adalongosola kuti ndi 'zolaula', kuphatikizapo zithunzi ndi mavidiyo owonetsa zogonana.

'Ndaziwona nthawizina, anzanga ena ngati anyamata achikulire awa ngati chaka chapamwamba chomwe amagawana ngati mavidiyo akuluakulu a 18 .... ' (Mnyamata - Gawo 10)

'... ndipo ankakonda kutumiza zithunzi, ngati zithunzi zamaliseche pa Facebook zinali zoonekeratu kuti anali wamaliseche koma akadakhala pansi pa pepala .... ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 9)

'... pali zithunzi zambiri zolaula zomwe zimabwera ndipo zimakhala ndi zinthu zotchedwa gifs ... monga zithunzi zosunthira ... ndipo izo zimakhala zolaula molunjika pa zolaula ndipo mukuwona zikubwera kulikonse .... ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 9)

Anthu ambiri adanena kuti kuona zithunzi zogonana zikuwoneka pamasamba awo ocheza nawo, zinawachititsa kuti azikhala osasangalala kapena osasangalatsa komanso kuti aziwathandiza kuthetsa vutoli, choncho sanafunike kuchita nawo zomwe zilipo ndikuletsa mafunso ngati ena (monga makolo) ayenera kuwona nkhaniyo.

'... (Ngati muwona zochitika zogonana pazamasamba), mumapukuta ndikuyang'ana zinthu zina. Inu simukuganiza za izo. ' (Mnyamata - Gawo 9)

'Eya ndiyeno mumakhala ngati izi zikuchokera ... .ndizo ngati zovuta .... ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 11)

'Ndiyenera kusunga khomo lotsekedwa tsopano chifukwa ngati amayi anga akuyenda ndipo ine ndikungoyenda [kudzera pa Facebook] zonse ziri pomwepo. ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 9)

Maofesi ambiri otchuka a pawebusaiti monga Facebook ndi Instagram ali ndi malamulo okhutira omwe alipo ndipo amadziwika kuti azitsatsa malonda; Pali zovuta zochepa pazinthu zopangidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito, zomwe ndizoyendetsedwa ndi anthu ambiri kapena zotsatiridwa ndi ndondomeko zomwe zimasankha zokhudzana ndizokambirana ndi wogwiritsa ntchito. Zomwe zili zokhudzana ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi omwe akugwiritsa ntchito ndipo zimakhala pa sitetiyi kuti adziwe ngati zomwe zilipo zikuphwanya malamulo ake omwe amavomereza (omwe olemba onse ovomerezeka akugwirizana nawo) ndipo amachotsedwa. Izi sizichitika mwamsanga, ndipo mu nthawi ino, zomwe zilipo zikuwonetsedwa ndipo zikhoza kugawidwa.

Chotsatira chochotseratu, kusatsata kapena kuletsa mnzanu / wotsatira pamasewera ena omwe amalemba zosayenera zomwe zilipo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Ena mwa anthu adanena kuti akudziwa njirayi, koma ndi ochepa okha omwe adawauza kuti adachita izi poyankha kuona zogonana.

'Na, ndikudziwa kuti ndiyenera kupitilizabe kusokonezeka. ' (Mnyamata - Gawo 10)

'Pamene ndinali m'chaka cha 8, ndinali ndi Facebook ndikuvomereza aliyense ngakhale random monga abwenzi kenaka anandipatsa anyamata awa olemekezeka ndikufunsa nudes ndipo ndinawaletsa. ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 9)

Ngakhale kuti atsikana ndi anyamata onse amawonetsa kuti akuwona zochitika zogonana zogwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, panali kusiyana kwakukulu pa zomwe zinafotokozedwa. Atsikana ambiri amafotokozedwa kuti zithunzi za amai mu chiwerewere, zosokoneza kapena zowonongeka zimapangitsa kuti anthu asamafotokoze zambiri zomwe zikukhudzana ndi chiwerewere chonse.

'... Ine sindinayambe ndaziwona izo [nudity wathunthu] pa Instagram; Ndawona [atsikana] onyoza mosakayikira boobs awo. ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 11)

Pamene anyamata adalongosola kuti akuwona zithunzi zolaula zogonana, zambiri zomwe zikufotokozedwa zinali zowononga zakugonana ndipo zimakhudza zonyansa zonse.

'... panali tsamba [pa Facebook] kwa sukulu yanga, makamaka ya atsikana amaliseche .... ' (Mnyamata - Gawo 9)

'Ndikuzindikira pa Twitter, komabe, zithunzi zamaliseche za anapiye ndi Tumblr palinso .... ' (Mnyamata - Gawo 12)

Zifukwa zomwe anyamata akuwona zokhudzana ndi kugonana zankhaninkhani sizidziwika, koma mwina chifukwa cha anyamata akugawana zokambirana payekha kapena pagulu. Anyamata m'magulu otsogolera, makamaka anyamata achikulire, amafotokoza zithunzi za kugonana kukhala 'kugawidwa' potsegula tsamba lachikhalidwe cha mafilimu pa smartphone imodzi ndikulipereka pafupi kuti chithunzi china chiwonekere, kutumiza mndandanda kapena kuziyika pazofalitsa. Ndizosangalatsa kuzindikira kuti kufotokozera izi kwa kugonana ndi anyamata kunanenedwa kuti ndikuchitidwa ndi 'ena' osati ndi omwe enieniwo.

'Ndimadziwa ngati anyamata ambiri ngati ali nawo [nude] zithunzi [wa mtsikana] iwo samakhoza kuwatumiza kwa abwenzi awo koma iwo angasonyeze abwenzi awo ndipo nthawizina iwo ndi abwenzi awo omwe ali osasamala omwe amapita pa foni zawo ndi kuwawatumiza iwo pa foni yawo ndipo nthawizina iwo sali ngakhale bwenzi ndipo ndizo basi mnzanga kukhala wokonzeka kunena kuti iye ali ndi zithunzi. ' (Mnyamata - Gawo 12)

'Mapeto a sabata ino ndinabwerera kunyumba ndikumuuza mnzanga kuti andisonyeze mavidiyo onsewa omwe amam'tenga ndi ana ang'onoting'ono. ' (Mnyamata - Gawo 12)

'Pali monga magulu apadera pa Facebook ... .wa gulu la ana a 30 ochokera kusukulu kwathu ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogonana zimapita kumeneko. ' (Mnyamata - Gawo 12)

Atsikana anali ochepa kwambiri kuposa anyamatawa kuti afotokoze mtundu uwu wa kugawenga zithunzi zachiwerewere pakati pa atsikana. Pamene ena adalongosola kuti ali okhudzana ndi kugonana komwe adawona, ena adamva kuti sikulandiridwa ndipo akufotokozedwa kuti akutsutsa. Ndithudi, mtsikana wina ankatsutsa mwatsatanetsatane mnzawo wamwamuna kugonana ndi chibwenzi chake cha pachibwenzi.

'Chabwino wina amalemba izo [zokhudzana ndi kugonana] koma abwenzi anga sakanatha kudutsa zinthu zimenezo ndipo ine ndikanangonyalanyaza izo basi. Inu mumangodutsa mopyola. ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 10)

'Pamene Facebook ndi omwe amaliseche amasiya masamba akubwera palibe amene amasamalira. Iwo [Facebook] mwina muzitseke kapena anthu abwerere kumapeto kuti ndi gulu lalikulu ndipo ndi zonyansa ndipo sizolandiridwa. ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 11)

'Ndili ndi mnzanga yemwe adangokhala ndi chibwenzi chake posakhalitsa ndipo pakakhala chikondi chawo amatha kutumiza zithunzizo ndikusunga zithunzizo ndipo anali ngati 'kuyang'ana chitsiru ichi' ndipo ananditumizira zithunzi .... ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 10)

Chigawo chimodzi chosiyana ndi kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi chinali kufunika kwa kugonana. Snapchat ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti amene otsogolera amawafotokozera kuti 'amapangidwa ndi nudes'; ojambula amatumiza chithunzi kapena kanema yomwe imachotsedwa masabata angapo pambuyo poyang'ana. Monga momwe zilili ndi malo ena, ogwiritsa ntchito amalandira pempho, omwe amavomereza kapena amalephera kuti athe kuwona kapena kugawaniza ndi munthu ameneyo, koma pa zokambirana za gulu, asungwana ena amafotokoza zochitika zomwe adafunsidwa kapena amadziwa wina yemwe adafunsidwa agawana zithunzi zogonana pogwiritsa ntchito Snapchat. Muzochitika zambirizi, anthu omwe amapempha zithunzi zogonana ankafotokozedwa ngati osadziwika kwa omwe akuphunzirapo.

'... ndikuti mwinamwake pa Snapchat ... anthu, anthu osadziwika omwe simudziwa adzakufunsani zithunzi zogonana. ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 8)

'Ine ndikudziwa atsikana ambiri omwe apemphedwa kuti atumize nudes pa Snapchat. Izo zimapangidwa kwa izo_ngati inu muli pa izo inu mumaziwona izo kapena mnyamata wina wosasintha akukufunsani inu. ' (Mtsikana - Gawo 11)

Kufuna kugonana mwachisawawa m'mafilimu ochezera azinthu sizinkachitika kawirikawiri pa zokambirana za gulu; ngakhale kuti ophunzira sangakhale okonzeka kufotokoza izi mu chikhalidwe cha gulu. Komabe, anyamata a msinkhu wokalamba ankakondwera kuti akufufuza mwachangu zokhudzana ndi kugonana, makamaka zolaula, ndipo amawonetsa kuti mafilimu ocheza nawo sanali oyanjana nawo kuti awone zolaula.

'Ngati mukufuna kuyang'ana [zokhudzana ndi kugonana pa zamalonda] Zonse zomwe mungakhale mukuzifuna ndi nkhuku zotentha komanso osati ana amaliseche. Ngati wina akufuna kuyang'ana zolaula sizikanakhala kudzera muzolengedwa. Pali malo ena. ' (Mnyamata - Gawo 12)

Achinyamata angapo, makamaka asungwana, kudutsa magulu otsogolera, akufotokozera kudziŵa kapena kuwona hashtag #aftersexselfie pa Instagram komwe anthu amaika zithunzi (zoganiza) zakugonana kapena ndemanga. Ena mwa iwo omwe adafunafuna hashtag adanena kuti adatero chifukwa adali ndi chidwi chofuna kumva za izi kuchokera kwa abwenzi. Palibe nzeru pano kufunafuna zokhutiritsa kapena zokondweretsa, ndipo malipotiwo nthawi zambiri amatsagana ndi chiweruzo cha munthu amene adayambitsa nkhaniyo.

'Aliyense anali kulankhula za izo [#aftersexselfie] kotero ine ndinkafuna kuyang'ana. Ndikudziwa kuti ndizoipa koma zinali zosangalatsa, zopusa koma zoseketsa. Ndikutanthauza ndani amene angachite zimenezo?'(Mtsikana - Gawo 11)

'Ndinawona zolemba izi tsiku lina ndipo "ndinagonana ndi chibwenzi changa blah blah" komanso chaka chonse 7 ndi 8 ...... iwo akufuna kuti apeze ngati akukula koma makamaka chifukwa chiyani mungagawane nawo?'(Mtsikana - Gawo 10)

Kafukufukuyu adafufuzira zomwe achinyamata amakumana nazo pazamasewera; Kuwonetseredwa kunachitika kudzera mu malonda owonetsedwa kudzera pa webusaiti / ntchito yomwe iwo anali kugwiritsa ntchito ndi zomwe anagwiritsa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mawebusaiti awo. Kwa kudziwa kwathu, phunziro lino ndilo phunziro loyamba labwino kuti lifotokoze njira zomwe achinyamata omwe ali ndi zaka zapakati pa zaka 18 amadziwika ndi zolaula zomwe sizinali zofuna, makamaka kudzera muzofalitsa.

Kupeza kofunika ndikokuti zambiri zogonana zomwe achinyamata anakumana nazo sizinafuneke. Otsatira / otsatira kwambiri achinyamata amakhala ndi mwayi wambiri wochita nawo chidwi. Ngati malo ochezera a pa Intaneti akuphatikizapo abwenzi angapo / otsatila omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi kugonana nawo pazithunzithunzi zawo, ndiye achinyamata angadziwe zambiri pazinthu izi.

Tinapempha kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza momwe achinyamata adamvera pamene adawona zogonana komanso zomwe adachita atakumana nazo. Mogwirizana ndi zofufuza kuchokera ku Wolak Et al. 2007,⁵ Ambiri mwa ophunzira athu adalongosola izi zokhudzana ndi kugonana monga zosayenera, ndipo zimawapangitsa kuti azisangalala, osamvetsetseka komanso zovuta. Achinyamata athu omwe adagwira ntchitoyo adalongosola zolemba zawo zapitazo panthawi yawo, osanyalanyaza, ndikusamalira malo awo omwe palibe wina (mwachitsanzo kholo) angawone. Ngakhale anthu omwe adawauza kuti akudziŵa kuti akudziwa kuti akhoza kufotokoza zachiwerewere kumalo osungirako mafilimu omwe amawaonera, ochepa chabe adatiuza kuti adachita izi; ndiko kuti, kuyankhidwa kwa achinyamata kwa kugonana komwe iwo sakufuna kuwona kunali kuyesa kunyalanyaza izo. Kulongosola za kugonana, pa Facebook mwachitsanzo, kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito 'Report Link' yomwe imapezeka pafupi ndi zokhazokha ndipo zomwe munthuyo akulemba zimakhala zobisika. Izi zimabweretsa funso lofunika kwambiri pa chifukwa chake achinyamata sangasankhe kunena za kugonana. Kufufuzanso kwina kofotokozera zomwe zikanathandiza achinyamata kuti achitepo m'malo mosanyalanyaza zomwe zilipo zingakhale zothandiza.

Njira ina yomwe achinyamata amakhumudwitsidwa ndi chifaniziro cha kugonana kapena zolemba pazolankhulidwe, zomwe zinagawidwa ndi mnzanu kapena wotsatira, zikanakhala kuti sizimutsata kapena kuchotsa munthu ameneyo pa webusaiti yawo. Ngakhale sitinapemphe mwachindunji ngati adachita izi, ndi ochepa okha omwe amachitira nawo zachinsinsi pofotokoza kuti achotsa abwenzi. Zovuta zodziŵika kuti mukhale ndi anzanu ambiri kapena kupeŵa kupweteka zingathe kufotokozera kuti izi zikuoneka kuti ndi zosavuta kuchita. Kutanthauzira kwina kumachokera ku phunziro la Marwick ndi Boyd (Mitchell) pa achinyamata komanso zachinsinsi pazofalitsa, zomwe zapeza kuti ngakhale kuti achinyamata ali ndi mphamvu pa zomwe amaika pazolankhulidwe, alibe mphamvu kuti abwenzi awo atumize kapena kugawa nawo.¹⁹ N'kutheka kuti achinyamata amadziona kuti alibe mphamvu zogwirizana ndi mtundu wina wa zochitika zogwirizana ndi anthu kapena zamasewero ena. Kufufuzanso kwina momwe achinyamata amadziwira udindo wawo (ngati alipo) pakuyang'anira zokhudzana ndi zosowa za anzanu zingakhale zothandiza.

Chidziwitso chochititsa chidwi chomwe amapanga kudzera mu phunziroli ndi chakuti achinyamata ochepa adanena kuti akugawana (kapena kukonda) kugonana; chinali chinachake chimene anthu ena anachita. Izi zikhoza kukhala zophweka zofuna za anthu, ndipo mwina tinamvepo malipoti ngati tikanakhala ndi mafunso okambirana payekha kapena kafukufuku osadziwika. Zowonjezera izi zingasonyezenso ntchito yapitayi yomwe imafotokozera kawirikawiri kupanga makonzedwe ka chisankho pazomwe achinyamata akulemba ndi kugawana pa intaneti.^19,20 Anyamata achikulire pa phunziro lathu adafotokoza kuti ophunzira ndi atsikana ndi achinyamata omwe sankachita nawo; Kuwongolera mosamala kwa chakudya chawo chamagulu amtunduwu kungakhale kogwirizana kwambiri ndi zikhalidwe za anthu.

Phunziroli ndilo chitsanzo cha achinyamata m'madera osiyanasiyana a chikhalidwe ndi a chikhalidwe cha Sydney, koma anthu omwe amapita ku sukulu mumzindawu sali ochepa chabe ndipo amalepheretsa achinyamata ku Australia. Tinawafunsa achinyamata kuti afotokoze za chikhalidwe cha kugonana zomwe adaziwona pazolankhani, koma sitinaphunzire tanthawuzo la mawuwa makamaka chifukwa cha zovuta zokhudzana ndi mafunso / zoyenera. Achinyamata angakhale atanthauzira mosiyanasiyana za kugonana komwe amakhala nawo kapena kugawana nawo. Zokambirana za magulu otsogolera zitha kulepheretsanso ophunzira kuti afotokoze zokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana zosiyana ndi anzawo. Ngakhale kuti tinali ochepa mwachindunji kufunsa kwathu, mphamvu yayikulu ya phunziroli inali kutenga achinyamata omwe ali ndi zaka zoposa -14. Kuphatikiza achinyamata achinyamata mu phunziro pa nkhani yovuta kwambiri ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuti atenge zochitika zambiri za achinyamata, omwe ena mwa iwo sanagonepo kugonana.¹³

Pomalizira, phunziro lathu linayesa ma TV ndi ma TV. Zinali zopitirira kupitirira pa phunziroli kuti afufuze machitidwe a achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito pazomwe amagwiritsa ntchito monga njira zosiyanasiyana zosiyana siyana. Mwachitsanzo, malo ochezera a pawebusaiti amasiyanasiyana momwe amachitira zinthu, momwe abwenzi kapena otsatira akugwirizanirana ndi momwe maonekedwe akuwonedwera ndikugawidwa. Zingakhale zopindulitsa pa kafukufuku wamtsogolo kuti mufufuze maunthu awa - kuzindikira kuti mawebusaiti / mauthenga okhudzana ndi mawebusaiti ndi malo ogwira ntchito.

Zomwe tapeza zimapangitsa kuti achinyamata adziŵe bwino kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha achinyamata komanso chikhalidwe chogonana. Amalola kuti amvetsetse bwino momwe achinyamata amachitira zolimbirana zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azitha kugonana nawo, ngakhale kuti sakufunanso. Izi ndizofunikira kwa iwo omwe amawathandiza achinyamata: makolo, omanga mapulani, ophunzitsa ndi ogwira ntchito zachipatala omwe angagwiritse ntchito izi kuti aphunzitse ndi kuyankhulana ndi achinyamata m'malo omwe saweruza kapena kuchititsa manyazi anyamata.

Kuyankhulana kwapadera komanso njira zophunzitsira zomwe zimavomereza kuti zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndizosapeŵeka ndipo musayese kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafilimu kapena kucheza pofuna kuchepetsa kuwonekera kungathandize achinyamata. Kumvetsetsa kuti chitukuko ndi chofunikira kwa achinyamata ndipo komabe kufotokoza zokhudzana ndi kugonana kudzachitika kumabweretsa zochitika zowonjezereka komanso zophunzitsidwa ndi maphunziro. Achinyamata ayenera kukhala otetezeka kufunsa mafunso, kugawana zomwe akukumana nazo ndikukambirana njira zothetsera kusamvana ndi aphunzitsi odziwa bwino ndi makolo.

Olembawo angafune kuvomereza Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro a NSW komanso sukulu iliyonse yomwe inachita nawo kafukufukuyu. Tikufuna kuyamika achinyamata omwe adagwiritsa nawo ntchito zachitukuko ndikuganizira za ndalama za Australiya Rotary Health ndi Rotary District 9690.

Zothandizira

[1] O'Keeffe GS, Clarke-Pearson K. Chidziwitso Matenda 2011; 127 800-4.
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[2] Maulendo apampando VJ. Zolinga zamagulu, moyo wamagulu: momwe achinyamata amawonera moyo wawo wama digito. Common Sense Media; 2012. Ipezeka kuchokera ku https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/social-media-social-life-how-teens-view-their-digital-lives [zatsimikiziridwa 19 July 2017]

[3] Bober M, Livingstone S. UK ana amapita pa intaneti: lipoti lomaliza la zomwe zapezedwa mu projekiti. London: EU Ana Paintaneti; 2005.

[4] Steinberg L. Kukula kwamalingaliro komanso kothandiza muunyamata. Miyambo Yogwiritsa Ntchito 2005; 9 69-74.
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[5] Wolak J, Mitchell K, Finkelhor D. Osafuna ndikufuna kudziwa zolaula pa intaneti mu zitsanzo za achinyamata omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Matenda 2007; 119 247-57.
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[6] Australia Kulumikizana ndi Media Authority. Monga, kutumiza, kugawana: zokumana nazo zachinyamata waku Australia pazanema. Pyrmont, NSW: Australia Communications and Media Authority, Commonwealth yaku Australia; 2011.

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