Mphamvu ya ma intaneti pa khalidwe lachiwerewere la achinyamata m'dera lakumidzi chakumadzulo kwa Nigeria (2016)

Kudalirika

Introduction

Intaneti ndiye chinsinsi cha kulumikizana pakati pakompyuta. Ndili padziko lonse lapansi ndipo limalumikiza ma miliyoni a ma kompyuta, ndikupereka chidziwitso chambiri chokwanira chomwe achinyamata amatha kufikira [1] ndipo chifukwa chamadzi ake, intaneti ili ndi chidziwitso chatsopano kuposa mabuku. Achinyamata padziko lonse lapansi akugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, ngakhale akusintha kwakukulu m'maiko osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi komanso m'magulu azachuma. Chodandaula chachikulu pa zaumoyo wa achinyamata ndikufika komwe amapeza ndalama zomwe zingalimbikitse chitukuko chawo. Izi zimalumikizana kwambiri ndi nkhawa zoyambirira za momwe ana ndi achinyamata amagwiritsira ntchito intaneti omwe akuwoneka kuti ali ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa [2, 3]. Zovuta zina monga alembedwera ndi Fleming et al [4] zinaphatikizaponso kukhudzana ndi achinyamata pazinthu zosayenera. Chimodzi mwazinthu zoyipa zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zili pachiwonetsero cha zolaula ndi zithunzi zolaula zomwe zimapangitsa kukulitsa komanso kufalikira kwa zomwe zikuwonetsa chikhalidwe cha achinyamata ndi chitukuko cha achinyamata munjira zomwe sizinachitike.5-7]. Kuphatikiza apo, kusefukira kwa madzi [8], Häggström-Nordin, Sandberg, Hanson ndi Tydén [9] ndi Wolak, Mitchell ndi Finkelhor [10] alemba kuti zida zoyendetsedwa ndi intaneti zimalola mwadala anthu azaka zonse kukumana, kudya, kupanga, ndikugawa zachiwerewere ndi umboni womwe ukukula kuti izi zikuchulukirachulukira pakati pa achinyamata padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zapangitsa kuti kuonera mwangozi kapena mwangozi zinthu zolaula pa intaneti zikuwonjezereka. Ngakhale zambiri zokhudzana ndi zolaula za pa intaneti komanso momwe zimakhudzira moyo wa achinyamata ochita kutha komanso ana ku Nigeria sizikupezeka, mfundo yoti 32% ya ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ku Nigeria ndi ana ndi achinyamata azaka za 7 mpaka 18 ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri Izi ndi zoyenera kuzindikiridwa. Mantha ali ponseponse m'magulu ena okhudzana ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe anthu amakhala nazo pa intaneti.11].

Kafukufuku angapo adachitika pakugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ku Africa kuphatikiza pa Ojedokun [12] omwe adaphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi ophunzira aku University of Botswana. Kafukufuku wake adawonetsa kuti 77% ya omwe adayankha adagwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Ajuwon [13] adaphunzira kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti ndi chaka choyamba ophunzira azachipatala komanso a anamwino a University College Hospital ku Ibadan, Nigeria ndipo adapeza kuti 60% ya omwe adayankhapo adagwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Odusanya ndi Bamgbala [14] adapeza kuti 58% yaophunzira zamankhwala ndi mano mchaka chawo chomaliza ku University of Lagos, Nigeria omwe adaphunzira adagwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Popeza kuti achinyamata ambiri amathera nthawi yochuluka pa intaneti, ndikofunikira kuti kuzindikira za zomwe zimakhudza zomwe achinyamata akuchita, thanzi lawo, komanso chitukuko chikudziwika. Malinga ndi kuneneratu kwa chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, achinyamata omwe ali ndi zikhalidwe zina zosavomerezeka amatha kutengera ndikusintha machitidwe awo monga wamba. Popeza kutchuka kwa intaneti pakati pa achinyamata, ofufuza ena adasanthula ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa achinyamata kuti azichita zachiwerewere pa intaneti (kuphatikiza macheza pa intaneti, omwe akuchita nawo misonkhano, komanso kufunafuna zibwenzi ndi zogonana) ndikukula kwakugonana kwawo. Cooper et al [15] adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri (monga momwe amawonongera nthawi yowonera zokhudzana ndi kugonana pa intaneti) kunali kogwirizana ndi kupsinjika ndi chidwi chogonana. Kafukufuku wofananawa wochitidwa ndi a Goodson et al [16] ku Adebayo et al [17] pakati pa ophunzira aku yunivesite, apeza kuti malingaliro omwe anafunsidwa ofuna kudziwa zambiri zakugonana komanso zosangalatsa zakugonana amasiyana malinga ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito intaneti. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti makamaka pakati pa achinyamata ku Nigeria, kafukufuku wowerengeka adasanthula zovuta zomwe masamba omwe ali ndi zachiwerewere atha kukhala nawo makamaka pamalingaliro amachitidwe achichepere. Kafukufukuyu adachitidwa kuti azindikire momwe intaneti ingagwiritsire ntchito chiwerewere ku Ibadan North Local Government Area, m'boma lamzinda wa Ibadan metropolis, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Nigeria.

Njira

Kapangidwe kofufuzira: Kafukufuku wofotokozerayu komanso wamagawo awa omwe cholinga chake chinali kulembera zomwe achinyamata angachite pa intaneti. Inayesetsa kudziwa kufala kwa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, zochitika zomwe zimachitika komanso zomwe zimabweretsa pa kugonana.

Zokambirana: Ibadan North Local Government Area (LGA) ndipamene pamakonzedwe. Ndi amodzi mwa ma LGAs asanu ku Ibadan metropolis ndipo adapangidwa pa 27th September 1991 kuchokera m'boma la Municipal la Ibadan. LGA ili ndi zigawo zandale za 12 zokhala ndi mitundu yambiri. Pali masukulu ambiri ophunzitsa ku LGA monga University of Ibadan, The Polytechnic Ibadan, 78 pagulu ndi 48 sukulu zoyambira wamba komanso 80 masukulu wamba sekondale ndi 20. Pali ma cybercafés angapo ku LGA ndipo ndiosiyanasiyana kuyambira pakatikati lamizinda mpaka m'misewu yaying'ono. Ambiri mwa ma cybercaféswa amakhala ndi malo ophunzirira a Agbowo, Polytechnic ndi Bodija a LGA.

Sampling ndondomeko ndi kukula kwa zitsanzo: Njira yokhala ndi zitsanzo zosinkhanira zinayi yomwe inali ndi njira zophatikizika, zowerengera komanso zosavuta kuzitsatira zinagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha achinyamata a 413 ochokera m'mabanja omwe ali m'zigawo zaboma. Mu gawo loyamba, ma wadi asanu adasankhidwa pama wadi khumi ndi awiri ku Ibadan North LGA, chachiwiri, misewu isanu idasankhidwa mwachisawawa pama wadi asanu omwe adasankhidwa kuti aphunzire ku Ibadan North LGA. Gawo lachitatu, banja lidasankhidwa mwadongosolo mumisewu yosankhidwa kuti iphunzire pomwe gawo 4 limakhudza kusankha kwa anthu omwe akuyankha 413 kuchokera kumabanja.

Chida chomenyera deta: Mafunso omwe anadziwonetsa okha omwe ali ndi mafunso pazinthu zonse ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti, kuwonetsa zolaula ndikusintha kachitidwe pambuyo pakuwunikira ntchito.

Ntchito yosonkhanitsa: Kuyankhulana kulikonse kunayambira ndikuyambitsa ndikuwunikira kwa kafukufukuyu kuphatikizapo zolinga za phunziroli. Omwe adafunsidwawo adauzidwa kuti asalembe dzina lililonse papulogalamu yomwe idadziyendetsa yokha. Oyankha adalimbikitsidwa kufunsa mafunso pazomwe samamvetsetsa pamafunso. Mafotokozedwe adaperekedwa kwa omwe adafunsidwa momwe amafunikira kuti amvetsetse mawu osazindikirika. Zofunsazo zidabwezedwanso kuchokera kwa aliyense poyankha atamalizidwa ndipo zidawunikiridwa kuti zitheke.

Kuwongolera deta, kusanthula ndi kuwonetsa: Makope ofunsidwa omwe adathandizidwa adasinthidwa ndikuwakhazikitsa mothandizidwa ndi bukhuli. Zambiri zamakalata adalowetsedwa mu kompyuta kuti ziwonetsedwe pogwiritsa ntchito IBM / Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 15.0. Manambala achidule monga njira, njira zapakati ndi zofananira zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachidule mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chiyanjano pakati pa zosintha zamagulu zimayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a Chi. Kusanthula kwamalingaliro kunachitika kuti zidziwike zotsogola zofunikira ziwiri: zomwe zimachitika pakuwona zolaula ndikuwonetsa kusintha kwazogonana. Mulingo wofunikira unali pa p = 0.05.

Kuganizira: Phunziroli lidatsata mfundo zamakhalidwe abwino zomwe zimatsogolera kugwiritsa ntchito kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali pakufufuza. Asanalowe mu phunziroli, chilolezo chochita kafukufukuyu chinaperekedwa kwa oyang'anira zipata oyang'anira mdera lawo komanso kuchokera kwa makolo a achinyamata omwe akhudzidwa. Onse omwe anafunsidwa adadziwitsidwa kuti kutenga nawo mbali pazowunikirazi kunali kodzifunira, komanso kuti sangatenge nawo gawo ngati atha kutengapo gawo kapena nthawi iliyonse. Ofunsidwa adatsimikiziridwa kuti kusungidwa kwachinsinsi pazomwe zidzasungidwe mkati ndi data itatha. Ndi manambala okha omwe adatumizidwa kuti azitsogolera kulowetsedwa ndi kusanthula deta ndipo palibe amene angalumikizitse omwe amafunsidwa ndi manambala omwe adapatsidwa. Chilolezo chofotokozedwa pamawu chinaperekedwa kuchokera kwa aliyense wofunsa mafunso asanapatsidwe pepala la mafunso.

Results

Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti

Pafupifupi theka (49.2%) ya omwe anafunsidwa adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pakati pa zaka za 15-19 ndi 99.3% amalola mauthengawa kuchokera ku cybercafés. Gwero lalikulu lazidziwitso zapaintaneti linali abwenzi (63.3%). Kugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi kunawonetsa kuti 29.5% ilowa pa intaneti tsiku lililonse. Kutalika kwa nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti kuyambira pa 30 mphindi mpaka maola atatu (Gulu 1). Ntchito zazikuluzomwe zimachitika ndikuphatikiza kutumiza kapena kuwerenga maimelo (55%), pamacheza ochezera (34.1%), kafukufuku / homuweki (31%), zambiri zokhudzana ndi zochitika zaposachedwa (27.6%), zambiri zokhudzana ndi sukulu zakunja (24.9%), kutsitsa nyimbo (18.6%), kusaka ntchito (16.2%) ndi kusewera masewera pa intaneti (12.6%). Kuyendera zolaula zanenedwa ndi 8.0% ndipo 3.6% inafunafuna chidziwitso pazokhudzaumoyo.

 

Gulu 1

Pafupipafupi komanso nthawi yayitali yogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndi omwe amafunsidwa

Owayankha amayendera zolaula komanso zomwe amachita

Gulu 2 ikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa achinyamata omwe adayendera kapena kupunthwa pa malo zolaula komanso zomwe amachita. Kusiyanitsa kugonana kumadziwika pazomwe zimachitika pamasamba: kuyang'anitsitsa musanatseke 45.2% (akazi, 30.1%; amuna, 46.7%), kutsekedwa kwa masamba 38.5% (akazi, 57.5%; amuna, 38.7%), ndikuchepetsa tsamba kuti muwone pambuyo pake 12.6% (akazi, 12.3%; amuna, 13.6%). Pakufunsidwa ngati omwe adayang'ana pa intaneti, 55.2% ya omwe adayankhapo sanakambirane zolaula zomwe zimawonedwa ndi wina aliyense, 32.6% yomwe amakambirana ndi abwenzi ogonana amuna okhaokha, 9.6% adagawana zomwe adakumana ndi abwenzi ogonana amuna okhaokha ndipo ndi 2.6% yokha yomwe amakambirana ndi kholo / wosamalira.

 

Gulu 2

Gawo la ofunsidwa omwe adawachezerako kapena omwe adapunthwa pa malo zolaula ndi zomwe amachita

Zisonkhezero zowonetsedwa pawebusayiti zolaula pazokhudza kugonana

Zosintha pamachitidwe azakugonana zimanenedwa ndi 31.1% ya omwe adayankhapo akuwonetsedwa pawebusayiti yowonetsa zachiwerewere ndipo 19.5% idachita zomwe zidawonedwa. Zochita zomwe zimawonetsedwa pakawonetsedwe kazinthu zimaphatikizira kugonana pakamwa (48.3%), tattoo ya thupi (18.3%), kukhala ndi zibwenzi zingapo (11.6%) ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (5.0%) (Chithunzi 1). Ogwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku (95% CI OR = 1.168 - 3.497) ndi amuna (95% CI OR = -1.245 - 6.465) amatha kuyendera masamba azolaula poyerekeza ndi ena omwe anafunsidwa.

 

Chithunzi 1

Anthu omwe amachita zachiwerewere atayamba kuonera zolaula

Kukambirana

Kuchulukanso kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti pakati pa amuna kumanenanso kuti amuna amakonda kwambiri ukadaulo kuposa akazi zomwe zimayenera kusinthidwa. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha omwe afunsidwa kudzera pa intaneti pa intaneti sichodabwitsa kwambiri poganizira magetsi osasunthika mdziko muno popeza ma cybercafé ali ndi gwero lina lamagetsi. Kuphatikiza apo, kupita ku cybercafé kumaperekanso njira yolowera pa intaneti yomwe idagwirizana ndi kupeza kuti abwenzi ndiwo omwe amapanga zambiri pa intaneti. Phunziroli, oposa theka la omwe adayankhulapo pa intaneti adavomereza kukambilana za ubale ndi alendo. Izi zikuchulukirachulukira ndipo zikuwoneka kuti ndizowopsa masiku ano ku Nigeria. Izi zikuyenera kusintha kuti achinyamatawa atetezedwe ndikutchinjiriza kwa anthu osazindikira. Kupeza zidziwitso zaumoyo ndi zomwe sizinatchulidwepo pa intaneti. Izi sizingakhale zolumikizidwa ndi chikhalidwe chosakonda unyamata pamamasamba. Masamba ambiri amapereka chidziwitso pogwiritsa ntchito ma terminologies azachipatala omwe sangakhale osavuta kumvetsetsa. Izi zitha kuwerengetsa chiwerengero chachikulu chomwe chimacheza, kuwerenga ndi kutumiza maimelo monga zalembedwa ndi Osakinle [18].

Ambiri mwa achinyamata omwe adawafunsidwa sanafotokozere zomwe akumana nazo pa intaneti ndi aliyense ndipo ochepa omwe anachita izi ndi abwenzi awo. Izi zikuyenera kuyang'aniridwa kuti kuchuluka kwa malingaliro olakwika ndi / kapena malingaliro olakwika pakati pa achinyamata monga akukhudzana ndi nkhani zakugonana akuchepetsedwa. Kuyankhulana kopanda vuto kwa makolo ndi mwana kunanenedwanso pankhaniyi. Izi sizingakhale zolumikizana chifukwa chakuti makolo sanakonzekere bwino kukambirana izi ndi ana awo zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa ndi miyambo yokhudza kugonana komanso kubereka. Kuti makolo athe kufikira ana awo, luso lawo limafunikira kulimbikitsidwa m'deralo.

Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufukuyu atsimikizira zolemba zam'mbuyomu kuti abambo amapereka malingaliro abwino okhudzana ndi zolaula kuyambira ali aang'ono kuposa akazi19, 20]. Pafupipafupi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi machitidwe okhudzana ndi zolaula. Izi zikugwirizana ndizomwe zidapeza kuti zikhalidwe zakugonana zitha kupezeka kudzera mukuwonetsedwa zolaula ndi zolaula pa intaneti potengera ndi kutsitsa zochitika ngati izi [17, 21, 22]. Mgwirizano wambiri unalembedwa pakati pa zomwe zimachitika paziwonetsero zolaula pa intaneti za jenda komanso pafupipafupi pa intaneti. Akazi poyerekeza ndi amuna nthawi zambiri amatha kuvomereza kuwonekera kotere ndipo ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri amayendera masamba azolaula mwadala. Kusiyana kwachikhalidwe kumene kwatengedwa pangozi ya zolaula kumatsimikizira maphunziro apakale [17, 23, 24]. Komanso, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pafupipafupi kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi machitidwe azinthu zolaula. Degree iyi ya mayanjano yanenedwa ndi Inyang [20], Egbochukwu et al [25] Odeyemi et al [22] ndi Brown et al [26].

Zotsatira za kusanthula kwa zinthu zomwe zidawunikidwa zikuwonetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku anali ndi mwayi wowonera zolaula kuposa ena omwe amafunsidwa komanso amuna nthawi zambiri akazi amakhala osinthika pakugonana. Izi ndizogwirizana ndi maphunziro apitawa omwe apeza kuti kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndizolingalira zamakhalidwe azakugonana komanso chikhalidwe cha achinyamata [17, 27].

Kutsiliza

Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pakati pa achinyamata. Idanenanso za mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pafupipafupi komanso machitidwe achisembwere akugogomezera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa intaneti monga kuwonetseratu zakugonana kwa achinyamata. Kuphatikiza apo, kulumikizana kwaubwino kwa makolo ndi mwana kunatsimikizidwanso. Chifukwa chake, ngati kuthekera kwathunthu kwapaintaneti kukwaniritsidwa kwa achichepere, kulumikizana kwakanthawi kochepa komwe kukuloza achinyamata, kukulitsa luso la makolo kuti athe kulumikizana bwino ndikukhazikitsa malangizo owongolera ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti.

Kuvomereza

Zosangalatsa zovuta

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