Mau Oyamba - Kugonana mu Digital Times: Zowopsa ndi Zowopsa Zolaula Paintaneti (2020)

Ubwino wokalamba ndikuti umapereka mwayi wowonera. Ndikuwona zosintha ziwiri zazikulu pomwe ndimaganizira zamankhwala omwe ndimachita ndi achinyamata pazaka zopitilira makumi atatu. Choyamba, thupi lakula kwambiri ngati malo obalalikirako ndipo zosintha zake zocheperako ndiye njira yothetsera vuto lamatsenga lamkati. Chachiwiri, njira yakugonana (mwachitsanzo kukhazikitsa a Khola kudziwika kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi kapena akazi mosasamala kanthu zakugonana) kwakhala kovuta kuposa momwe psychoanalysis yakhala ikuzindikira kuti njirayi ikuchitika, ngakhale mutakhala munthawi yabwino. Zinthu ziwiri zakunja zikuwoneka kuti zathandizira pakusintha uku: kuthekera kwamatekinoloje amakono komanso kuthekera kwakukulu kwazithandizo zamankhwala zomwe zasintha kusinthidwa kwa thupi lomwe ndapereka - ndikungoyankha zoyambirirazo pano.

Kuthamanga kwachitukuko chaukadaulo kumaposa kuthekera kwamaganizidwe kuthana ndi tanthauzo la mawonekedwe athu ndiukadaulo. Monga ma psychoanalysts am'mbuyomu opanga zinthu zatsopano, tikuyesera kumvetsetsa china chake chomwe sichinali gawo lathu lokula. Zomwe takumana nazo munthawi zama digito zitha kupereka malingaliro othandiza, koma sitingapewe kuti ndife mibadwo yotsiriza yomwe ikhala ikukumana ndi dziko losakhala digito.

M'badwowu ukukula osati pa intaneti kapena pa intaneti koma "moyo”(Floridi 2018, 1). Chikhalidwe chatsopano komanso chosatha cha chikhalidwe cha netiweki ndikuti kulumikizana ndi njira yolumikizirana komanso kulumikizana kwa digito, limodzi ndi zingwe zosiyanasiyana, tsopano ndi gawo lofunikira pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku wachinyamata. Kuchuluka kwa pafupifupi malowa amapereka zochitika zomwe zikuchitika pakati pa achinyamata omwe amakambirana za kugonana ndi amuna kapena akazi, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zapaintaneti komanso zolaula pa intaneti. Makamaka, chitukuko chakugonana chimachitika masiku ano m'malo ochezera momwe zomwe kale tidawavomereza ngati "zowona za moyo" (monga thupi lopatsidwa ndi malire ake), tsopano ali pachiwopsezo chazomwe zikuwonjezera ukadaulo waukadaulo. Kukula kwachiwerewere palokha ndiukadaulo waluso. Ngati tikufuna kumvetsetsa kukula kwakugonana kwa mbadwo wa digito, ndikofunikira kuti mwamaganizidwe ndi zamankhwala tizindikire kuti kusintha kwaukadaulo kumeneku kumafunikira malingaliro atsopano okhudzana ndi kugonana.

Monga mbali zina zonse zadigito, nyengo yatsopano yogonana imabweretsa zabwino komanso zovulaza. Pabwino kwambiri, intaneti imapereka njira yofunikira pakufufuza ndikufotokozera zakugonana kwa achinyamata (Galatzer-Levy 2012; Shapiro 2008) ndipo kwa ambiri izi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizira kuwonera zolaula asanayambe zolaula pa intaneti. Komabe, Intaneti Njira yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula imafunikira kupenda mosamala ndipo ndizilingalira izi. Zochitika zaukadaulo zomwe zapangitsa kuti zolaula zizipezeka pa intaneti sizoyipa kwenikweni pawokha, koma sizitsatira kuti ukadaulo wogwirizana ndi ukadaulo sulowerera nawo pakukula kwa chiwerewere kwa achinyamata.

M'mawu Oyamba awa a gawo lazokhudza zolaula pa intaneti, ndikuyamba mwachidule mwachidule kafukufukuyu pazokhudza zolaula pa intaneti paumoyo wogonana komanso maubale mwa achinyamata. Ndikulongosola kuti kusiyana pakati pa zolaula zisanachitike pa intaneti komanso pa intaneti sizachidziwikire. Izi ndichifukwa choti njira yapaintaneti imasinthira, m'njira zofunikira kwambiri, ubale wa wachinyamata ndi zida zogonana pomupatsa malo omwe chilakolako chogonana chimakwaniritsidwa mwachangu komanso mosaganizira, kuwononga kuthekera a) kukulitsa chilakolako chake chogonana komanso ya ena ndi b) kuwunika zoopsa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti. Zowopsa izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa mbadwo wa digito omwe chitukuko chawo chogonana tsopano chitha kupangidwa ndi zolaula pa intaneti. Izi zitha kukhala ndi vuto chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zolaula pa intaneti kapena mwanjira zina kudzera mukuchita chibwenzi ndi mnzanu yemwe zolaula pa intaneti zimawadziwitsa zakugonana komanso ziyembekezo zawo.

Zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti: vuto lathanzi?

Kwa ambiri, zolaula zimachitika ndichinsinsi, sizimakambidwa kapena kuyesedwa pagulu. Kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso kuyambitsa foni yam'manja kwalimbikitsa zolimbikitsa pazokambirana zolaula chifukwa cha zomwe zapangidwa ndiukadaulo zapangitsa kuti izipezeka mosavuta komanso zobisika kwambiri. Sipanakhalepo mwachangu kwambiri, kosavuta kapena kotakata, kuchuluka kwake ndikungodina. Ndipo (makamaka) kwaulere. Mu 2018 Pornhub analandira maulendo 33.5 biliyoni - ndiye kuti maulendo okwana 92 ​​miliyoni tsiku lililonse.¹ Kafukufuku waku UK wa ana azaka 11-16 wazaka akuti 28% ya azaka 11-14 wazaka 65% yazaka 15-16 azionera zolaula pa intaneti (Martellozzo et al. 2016). Lamulo lakuwona zolaula za pa intaneti kwa azaka zosakwana khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zawonetsa kuti sizingatheke.

Ngakhale kuti intaneti ingathandize kuti anthu adziwe zambiri zokhudza kugonana zomwe zimathandiza anthu kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi, kafukufuku wazaka khumi ndi zisanu zapitazi akuwonetsa momwe zolaula za pa intaneti zitha kupanganso chiopsezo cha kugonana kwa achinyamata komanso kuwononga chikhalidwe cha anthu ogonana. Asanachuluke masamba azolaula,² kuchuluka kwapazovuta zakugonana, monga erectile dysfunction (ED) komanso chilakolako chogonana, zinali zochepa, zomwe zimawerengedwa pafupifupi 2% -5%. M'ma 1940 ochepera kuti 1% ya amuna ochepera zaka makumi atatu adziwa, kapena osanenedwa, zovuta za erectile (Kinsey, Pomeroy, ndi Martin 1948). Mu 1972 chiwerengerochi chinakwera kufika 7% (Laumann, Paik, ndi Rosen 1999). Masiku ano mitengo imakhala pakati pa 30% ndi 40%. Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa malipoti okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amuna ochepera zaka 40, mwa 30% -42% (Park et al. 2016). Kafukufuku wa anyamata azaka zosakwana 25 komanso achinyamata azaka zosakwana 18 amajambula zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mavuto azakugonana awonjezeke (O'Sullivan 2014a, 2014b). Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwaumboni kwa kutumizidwa kwamankhwala ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.³ Pazaka zapakati pa 19 zokha, ku UK, National Health Service idalemba kuwonjezeka katatu kwa omwe adatumizidwa kuchipatala pakati pa 2015-2018.⁴

Kafukufuku amene adayang'ana kupyola kuchuluka kwa mavutowa, apeza kulumikizana pakati pazogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi kuwonongeka kwa erectile, low libido, zovuta zovuta (Carvalheira, Træen, ndi Stulhofer 2015; Wéry ndi Billieux 2016), komanso kukonda zolaula pazogonana zenizeni ndi mnzanu (Pizzol, Bertoldo, ndi Foresta 2016; Dzuwa ndi al. 2015). Poyenerana ndi funso lachitetezo, ngakhale izi sizinganenedwe kuti ndizofunikira pakuwona zamatsenga, tirinso ndi umboni kuti kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti kumatha kubwezeretsanso magwiridwe antchito, ndikupatsanso umboni wotsutsana pa intaneti zolaula zimachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pazovuta zakugonana (Park et al. 2016).

Kuwonjezeka kwa zolaula kwakhala kukugwirizana ndi kugonana ali wamng'ono, komanso kuchuluka kwa abwenzi omwe amagonana nawo (Livingstone ndi Smith 2014). Komabe, mochulukira, pali nkhawa yomwe ikukula pakati pazaka zikwizikwi kukhala nayo Zochepa kugonana (Twenge, Sherman, ndi Wells 2015), ndikuchita kafukufuku wazaka zapakati pa 18-20 azindikira kulumikizana kwamphamvu pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula za pa intaneti ndikudzipatula pachibwenzi (Pizzol, Bertoldo, ndi Foresta 2016). Pakadali pano titha kungolingalira za tanthauzo la machitidwe amenewo. Timafunikira kafukufuku wotalika wazitali komanso makamaka wama psychoanalytic kuti timvetsetse zomwe zikuchitika mdziko lapansi. Ndizotheka, komabe, kuti machitidwe oterewa akuwonetsa njira yomwe njira yosavuta yodzigwiritsira ntchito mwaukadaulo yogonana imangodalira kukopa kwaubwenzi wosagwirizana kwenikweni komanso kugonana kwakutali kwambiri. Zina ndizovuta mwamalingaliro; ngati ukadaulo ungapewe kukumana ndi zina, izi zimapereka njira zazifupi zomwe zitha kukhala zokopa, makamaka kwa achinyamata omwe amalimbana ndi matupi awo komanso kugonana.

Kafukufuku wina wazindikira momwe zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti zimakhudzira mawonekedwe amthupi komanso kudzidalira, zomwe zikuwonetsa atsikana ambiri akusankha kuchotsa tsitsi ku pubic kuti aziwoneka asanakwane komanso labiaplasty. Zonsezi zopempha zodzikongoletsera zakula kwambiri, zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi kupezeka kwa zolaula za pa intaneti (Gambotto-Burke 2019). Mwachitsanzo, zopempha za labiaplasty zawonjezeka ndi 80% pazaka ziwiri mwa atsikana azaka zosakwana 18 (Hamori 2016). Mwa anyamata nawonso, kutengeka kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a matupi awo kumalumikizidwa ndikuwonera zolaula za pa intaneti komanso zomwe zimatchedwa "zolinga zamthupi" zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa ndi omwe amawonetsa zolaula (Vandenbosch ndi Eggermont 2012, 2013).

Zomwe zimakhudza thanzi lakugonana zimafunikanso kuganiziridwa limodzi ndi umboni wochulukirapo wokonda zolaula pa intaneti zomwe zimagawana njira zofananira ndi zosokoneza bongo (mwachitsanzo Love et al. 2015). Vuto logwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ladziwika kuti ndiwopseza zolaula za pa intaneti poyerekeza ndi momwe zimakhalira pa intaneti. Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti pafupipafupi ndikuwongolera athanzi pokhudzana ndi kubereka kwawo kuti athe kufunafuna zithunzi zatsopano zogonana. Izi zimamveka chifukwa chofulumira kuzolowera zithunzi poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera athanzi (Brand et al. 2016; Cordonnier 2006; Meerkerk, van den Eijnden, ndi Garretsen 2006). Ngakhale chiopsezo chokhala ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula pa intaneti chimakulitsidwa ndi zovuta zina zapaintaneti (onani Wood 2011; Wood 2013), makamaka, monga ndikufotokozera pambuyo pake, sitiyenera kuyitanitsa chiopsezo chomwe chingakhalepo kuti tipeze vuto pazovuta zolaula zomwe ana ndi achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti.

Kafukufuku akuwonetsanso kulumikizana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa intaneti komanso kuchuluka kwa nkhanza za amayi ndi / kapena mawu. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti m'mene munthu amaonera zolaula, komanso makamaka zolaula, ndizotheka kuti wogula amakhala ndi malingaliro achiwawa ndipo amatha kutsutsa akazi (Hald, Malamuth, ndi Yuen 2010). Zotsatira zakutali komanso zikhalidwe zina zimagwirizananso zachiwerewere komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (Ybarra, Mitchell, ndi Korchmaros 2011). Kukakamizidwa kugonana, kuzunzidwa komanso malingaliro olakwika pakati pa anyamata ndi atsikana kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, monga mwayi wowonera zolaula (Stanley et al. 2018a, 2018b; Ybarra, Mitchell, ndi Korchmaros 2011). Zomwe zimakhudza sikungokhala kwa anyamata okha: atsikana achichepere omwe amachita zachiwerewere amanenanso kuti amaonera zolaula zachiwawa kwambiri kuposa gulu lolamulira (Kjellgren et al. 2011).

Ngakhale zolaula zosachita zachiwawa, pali nkhawa (komanso umboni wina) kuti achinyamata omwe sadziwa zambiri zogonana, amasangalatsidwa ndi zolaula pa intaneti kuti awone kugonana komwe kumawonetsa kuti ndi "zenizeni" osati zongopeka, ndipo izi, mu kutembenuka, kumawononga malingaliro ndi mchitidwe wogonana weniweni (Lim, Carrotte, ndi Hellard 2016a, 2016b; Martellozzo et al. 2016) potero kukhutitsidwa ndi ubale weniweni.

Kuphatikiza pazomwe zapezedwa zomwe zimaloza kulumikizana, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti maphunziro omwe ali osakwanira kapena otsutsana pokhudzana ndi mayanjano azolaula komanso zachiwerewere (Horvath et al. 2013). Chiwawa chogonana chimatsimikiziridwa mosiyanasiyana ndipo mwina chimayendetsedwa ndi kusiyanasiyana, kulimbikitsa kuchenjerera motsutsana ndi generalizations (Malamuth, Hald, ndi Koss 2012). Komabe, ngakhale tifunika kukhala osamala polemba ubale wachindunji pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndi nkhanza zakugonana, izi sizimachotsa zolaula za pa intaneti zopereka kuvulaza pagulu lazaumoyo komanso maubwenzi apamtima omwe achinyamata amakhazikitsa.

Udindo wothamanga komanso momwe zimakhudzira 'ntchito yakukhumba'⁵

Pre-Internet tinkakhala m'dziko lomwe ndalikudziwitsa kwina ngati dziko la 3D (esire) pomwe "Desire "adatsatiridwa ndi"Delay ”ndipo pomaliza"Delivery ”pazomwe timafuna (Lemma 2017). "Ntchito yakulakalaka" yamaganizidwe (mwachitsanzo, ntchito yamatsenga yozindikira komanso yosazindikira chifukwa cha chidwi chakukhumba) idakhazikika pakukula kwa kuthekera kopirira kudikirira komanso mkhalidwe wokhumudwitsidwa ndi izi. Mosiyana ndi izi, m'badwo wa digito ukukula mdziko la 2D (esire). "Chilakolako" chimabweretsa "Kutumiza" komweko ndipo chimadutsa zonse zomwe "Kuchedwa". Chofunikira kwambiri pakuwonera zolaula pa intaneti ndikuti kumachotsa, kapena kuchepetsa kwambiri, zomwe zimachitika pakukaniza kukhutitsidwa ndi chikhumbo cha munthu. Zolepheretsa zamkati (mwachitsanzo manyazi) komanso zakunja zimachotsedwa kapena kuyimitsidwa kwakanthawi. Kuthamanga (kukulitsidwa ndi mwayi wopanda mwayi wowonera zolaula pa intaneti) tsopano kumachepetsa mtunda pakati pa chikhumbo ndi kukhutira: palibe khama kapena kuyembekezera. Mwachangu, "zomwe zimachitika pakulakalaka sizinasinthidwe ndi intaneti" (Lemma 2017, 66).

Mkhalapakati wa "kuchedwa" - kwa nthawi yomwe timayenera kuvomereza monga yapatsidwa - ndikofunikira pamaganizidwe chifukwa ndikukumana ndi kuchedwa komwe kumapangitsa chiyimira wa chikhumbo m'malingaliro. Popanda kudziwitsidwa ndi kuchedwa kapena kukhumudwa chikhumbo chimataya mawonekedwe ake a 3D omwe angalolere magawo osiyanasiyana azomwe akufuna kuyimiridwa m'malingaliro.

Chofunikira pakufotokozera zakugonana munthawi zama digito, ndikuti chifukwa zolaula zapaintaneti zitha kupezeka mosavuta komanso mwachangu, pali kufulumira popanda kuyimira pakati. Kapena, mwanjira ina, ngati ukadaulo ukhoza kunenedwa kuti ndi "mkhalapakati", umagwira ntchito pothetsa kulumikizana kofunikira pakati pamaganizidwe ndi thupi motero kumachepetsa kuyanjanitsa komwe kungakhale kothandiza pakuwunika. Zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti zimasokoneza thupi ndi makina osangalatsa omwe amaponyera pampopi zomwe malingaliro amafunikira (mochulukira) pang'onopang'ono ndikuziphatikiza mwanjira ina yakufunira.

Chiwonetsero chamalingaliro (chachiwiri) chimakhala ndi maubwino ofunikira: chimatipatsa mwayi woti tiwonetse tisanachite izi kuti izi zidziwike mwa njira yakuzindikira komanso malingaliro yomwe imathandizira (more) kudziyimira pawokha m'malo motengeka ndi zinthu zopanda chidziwitso. Kuchulukitsitsa, kuledzera kwa chilakolako chogonana, kumakhala kovuta chifukwa sikusiya mpata woti malingaliro aziyimira zomwe akufuna kapena akufuna ndikuwunikanso ngati chikhumbo ichi chikulimbikitsa thanzi kapena, m'malo mwake, chitha kukhala chowopsa.

Pa intaneti, wachinyamatayo "amapatsidwa" mwachangu zithunzi zolaula zambiri. Izi zimalimbikitsa kusintha mwachangu kuchoka kuthekera koyimilira kwachiwiri kwa chikhumbo chotsitsimutsa ndikumverera kosokoneza chilichonse. Izi zitha kupanga chiwembu chofulumira kukulitsa zomwe zitha kukhala zovulaza (kwa iwo eni ndi / kapena kwa ena) pa intaneti, zomwe sizingatheke pamlingo womwewo chisanachitike pa intaneti: mwachitsanzo, magazini yolaula kapena kanema wa VHS sanalole kuchuluka kulikonse msanga pazomwe mukusaka.

Kuthamangira kwakanthawi komanso kuchuluka kwa zithunzi zogonana zomwe zimapezeka pa intaneti kudzera pazowonjezera "zowonera". Pankhani yakukula kwakugonana, a Freud (1930) gawo la latency lasinthidwa (Lemma 2017). Tsopano tikuwona ana omwe ali pa latency site koma akuwoneka kuti ali ogonana kwambiri. M'malo mochedwa pali zomwe ndatchula mwachipongwe: mwana wazaka zosakhalitsa amakhalabe wosangalatsa ngati mwana wa Oedipal ndipo, monga ananenera Guignard;

Pamodzi ndi akatswiri ena (monga Guignard 2014) Sindikuganiza kuti ndizomveka kulingalira zakukula kwakugonana mokhudzana ndi gawo la latency. Komabe, ndimawona kuti chitukuko chakugonana chimasinthiratu pakutha msinkhu ndipo izi zikuyimira vuto kwa achinyamata ambiri. Njira yamatsenga yaunyamata nthawi zambiri imayambitsa kuwunika komwe ndikomwe mizu mthupi: wachinyamata ayenera kuphatikiza thupi lawo lomwe likusintha kukhala chithunzi chomwe ali nacho. Njira zovuta komanso zosokoneza zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano zikuchitika munthawi yosiyana siyana momwe ukadaulo umathandizira njira zowunikira zomwe zimakhudza kuthekera kowongolera momwe akumvera, kulumikizana ndi ena ndi magwiridwe antchito odziyimira pawokha. Pazithunzi zolaula pa intaneti, zomwe amatchedwa "kusankha" kwa wachinyamata za ngati angadye zolaula ndipo, ngati ndi choncho, ndi mtundu wanji, ndizofunikira m'maganizo: kutsatira zolaula za "vanila" sizofanana ndi achinyamata munthu ngati wadzutsidwa poyang'ana zipinda zozunzirako. "Kusankha" ndikofunikira ndipo kumabweretsa mavuto m'maganizo momwe wachinyamata amadziyanjanitsira ndi iye (ndi chilakolako chake chogonana) komanso momwe amalumikizirana ndi omwe atha kukhala zibwenzi nawo.

Black Mirror: Kodi chilakalaka chake ndi chani?

Ndikoyenera kukula kwa wachinyamata kuti afufuze kalilole wopitilira ziwerengero za makolo kuti afotokoze ndikuphatikiza chidziwitso chakugonana:

The Black Mirror imasiyana mosamala ndi njira zomwe zidafotokozedwapo kale, osati pokhapokha ngati zimafotokozera wachichepereyo pazogonana zomwe sizinachitikepo, komanso chifukwa kaliloleyu amalowerera mwa owonera osati "kuwunika". "Imakankhira" zithunzi ndikumverera mthupi ndi m'maganizo, nthawi zina ngakhale wachinyamata sanafunefune zithunzizi. Kufufuzaku ndikofunika kwambiri, njira yapaintaneti imapatsa wachinyamata chiwerewere ku la Carte: zokonda zingapo zakugonana zomwe sizingafotokozeredwe kufikira ataziwona pa intaneti:

Black Mirror ndiyokopa kwambiri komanso ndi kovuta kuyikana nayo chifukwa imapereka zithunzi za konkriti ndi zochitika zogonana zomwe zimafanana kwambiri ndi malingaliro oyambira maliseche (Laufer 1976), omwe tsopano akuvomerezedwa ndi anthu kudzera paukadaulo. Ngakhale tiyenera kuzindikira kuti izi zitha kupereka chitsimikiziro cha china chake chomwe chimamusokoneza mkati, ndipo mpaka pano wachichepereyo amapeza china chake chamtengo wapatali kwa iwo pamene akulimbana kuti amvetsetse malingaliro azakugonana komanso malingaliro ake, ndichifukwa chake Black Mirror imapereka zochitika zokonzekera kugonana zomwe siziyenera kukhala zawo zokha zomwe zimawononga kukhazikitsidwa kwa chizolowezi chogonana. Monga Galatzer-Levy (2012) wanena kuti, zithunzithunzi / malingaliro omwe agwidwa motere sanamveke kuti ndi anu. Ndikuwonjezera pa mfundo yamtengo wapatali iyi kuti kuphatikiza kwa mtundu uliwonse wakudzipatula ku bungwe lirilonse lokhala ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana pomwe akukakamizidwa nthawi yomweyo, kumakhazikika kwambiri kwa wachinyamatayo. Chitsanzo cha nkhaniyi ndi Janine.

Janine anali ndi zaka 7 pomwe adayamba kuyang'ana zolaula pa intaneti atadziwitsidwa izi ndi abwenzi a mlongo wake wamkulu. Pomwe ndimakumana ndi zaka 16 zakubadwa, anali kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti pafupifupi tsiku lililonse. Anali wokondwa, wokakamizidwa komanso wosokonezeka ndimagwiritsidwe ake mofanana. Adafotokoza zovuta zazikulu ndi mawonekedwe ake: amafuna labiaplasty kuti athe kuwoneka ngati ojambula zolaula omwe amamuwona omwe onse akufuna kumutsanzira komanso adakopeka naye. Anasokonezeka pankhani yakugonana kwake: samadziwa ngati amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo nthawi zina amawopa kuti amangodana ndi kugonana.

Ntchito ikamapita patsogolo zidadziwika kuti Janine adavutika kuphatikiza thupi lake lakubadwa kuti lidziyimire. Ali ndi zaka 13, adakumbukira kuwona kwa mawere ake omwe amadzimva kuti ndi akulu ngati "onyansa" ndipo adapezeka atakopeka ndi zithunzi za atsikana okhala ndi chifuwa chofewa. Anayamba kumuletsa kudya.

Janine adagwiriridwa ndi m'modzi mwa abwenzi akulu a mlongo wazaka zakubadwa khumi ndi ziwiri. Adaganiza kuti anali "wachikondi" ndi mwamunayo (wamkulu zaka zambiri kuposa iye) ngakhale atagonana koyamba, komwe sanakonde chifukwa anali ataledzera, ndipo zidamupweteka kwambiri. Komabe, amadzimva kuti ngakhale adayamba movutikira chotere, kuti apanga ubale wapadera ndipo zimamupangitsa kuti asamasungulumwe. Atakwanitsa zaka 13, adasowa. Anakumbukira kuti ndipamene adayamba kuthawa kwa ena ndikukhala nthawi yayitali pa intaneti.

Janine adalongosola kuchuluka kwakanthawi pazaka zolaula zomwe adasanthula pa intaneti. Anapeza kuti chilakolako chake chogonana chinatenga nthawi yayitali, motero anafunafuna zithunzi zatsopano zomwe zinamupatsa "hit" mwachangu. Ndi mantha komanso manyazi, pamapeto pake adandiuza za momwe akumvera. Pamene amamva kuti sangathe kulamulira malingaliro ake ogonana ndi malingaliro ake, makamaka adayang'ana pakuwongolera zomwe zimamveka kuti zingafikire, monga: kulemera kwake. Anayamba kuda nkhawa ndi kuchuluka kwama calories ndikuchepetsa thupi. Vuto lakudya ndilo lomwe lidapangitsa makolo ake kuti amufunire chithandizo koma momwe ntchito idkawonekera zinali zowonekeratu kuti izi zidali chabe pachimake pachimake chakulephera kwamphamvu pamalingaliro ake.

Monga achichepere ena omwe ndimagwira nawo ntchito masiku ano, Janine modzidzimutsa adafotokoza zomwe zimachitika ndikumverera chifundo cha thupi lomwe limadzimva kukhala losalamulirika komanso malingaliro azakugonana omwe samatsimikiza pano zokonda. Kuyanjanitsa kwaumisiri kumasokoneza ubale womwe wachinyamata amakhala nawo ndi chikhumbo chake. Kukula kwamakina oponderezedwa kumafooketsa kulumikizana kofunikira kwa mbiriyakale yaumwini, mikangano yopanda chidziwitso komanso chilakolako chogonana: "Mtengo wake ndikuti chidziwitso chimafafanizika ndipo chitha kukhala konkriti" (Lemma 2017, 67).

Funso lofunika ndiloti limasiyanitsa achichepere omwe amatembenukira kwambiri pa intaneti ngati njira yabwino yotetezera ku maubale omwe ali nawo komanso makamaka kuchokera kuzomwe zili kugonana maubale. Apanso, izi zimafunikira kafukufuku wina. Kutengera zomwe ndaziwona mchipinda chofunsira, ndikupangira kuti palibe njira imodzi yachitukuko kapena psychopathology yeniyeni yomwe ingapereke mayankho odalirika pafunso ili. Komabe, kwa achichepere omwe ali pachiwopsezo chothana ndi zofuna zomwe zimachitika m'maganizo mwa kusintha kwa kutha msinkhu (chifukwa chakuchepa kwakukula ndi / kapena kusamvana), kubwerera kumalo opezeka kumakhala kovuta makamaka chifukwa kumawalola chisokonezo ndi kukhumudwa kwakuthupi pakulowetsa mtunda pakati pa iwe ndi ena komanso pakati pa thupi lawo ndi malingaliro awo.

Wogwiritsa ntchito intaneti samabweretsa mavuto amisala. M'malo mwake, ndikulangiza kuti itha kupereka galimoto yolimbikitsidwa mwachikhalidwe komanso yosavuta yokhazikitsira mikangano yokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe chathu yomwe achinyamata ena amasangalatsidwa nayo chifukwa cha mbiri yawo yachitukuko. Sing'anga uyu ndi woyenera kuti "agwiritsidwe ntchito molakwika" poteteza zovuta zina zomwe zimamveka kuti zili mthupi. Monga ndafotokozera kwina (Lemma 2014), izi zitha kumvedwa ngati zina mwazinthu zina zapaintaneti monga momwe zingathandizire kukana kukondera, momwe zingagwiritsire ntchito kuthetsa zenizeni zakusiyana ndi kudzipatula kapena kulimbikitsa chinyengo cha kuwonekera poyera pakati pa anthu. Zowonjezera, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha ubale wapakati ndi wakunja:

Malo enieni ndi zokopa za makonda anu

Chomwe chimafotokozera zenizeni zenizeni zakugonana ndikosayembekezereka chifukwa chakupezeka kwa 'china', chomwe chimafuna kufunika. Mosiyana ndi izi, m'malo owonera zolaula, timawona kusokonekera kwa mfundo zakugonana, makamaka chifukwa kulibe thupi lina "lenileni" loti lithandizire zenizeni komanso malire. Danga lenileni limapereka kuchokapo kuzowonadi kukhala zongopeka pomwe palibe zopinga kukhutiritsa chikhumbo.

Ngakhale zolaula zolaula pa intaneti zitha kungopangitsa kuti munthu azilamulira ena, izi zitha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zamaganizidwe zomwe zimakhudza maubwenzi enieni ngati izi zikusintha momwe mwanayo amadziyankhulira ndi iye kapena ndi ena omwe ali nawo moyo. Mwachitsanzo, wodwala wamwamuna wazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi wazaka, anali ndi chibwenzi chogonana chomwe amakhoza kukhutiritsa pa intaneti. Izi zidamubweretsera chisangalalo chapompopompo chomwe chidamutsitsa ku malingaliro ena osasangalatsa monga kukhumudwa kwake ndi kuda thupi lake. Zowonadi, kupeŵa kukhudzidwa kwapezeka kuti kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi zovuta zolaula pa intaneti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa amuna ndi akazi (Baranowski, Vogl, ndi Stark 2019). Pakanthawi, ndikakhala pa intaneti, wodwala wanga amadziona ngati wolamulira pamaganizowa. Komabe, nthawi yochuluka yomwe amakhala pa intaneti, amamverera kwambiri ndi bwenzi lake yemwe anali mumdima wazomwe amachita pa intaneti komanso fetish wake. Zogonana pa intaneti zidagulitsidwa kwakanthawi kochepa "pamphamvu" pamalingaliro abwinobwino osathandizika kwakanthawi pochulukirachulukira kumavuto.

Mkhalidwe wamaganizidwe omwe wachinyamata amalowa akagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndiwomwe winayo wosagulitsidwayo amachepetsedwa kukhala mtundu wina "wina" yemwe akuwoneka kuti akulamulidwa ndi yekha. Makondawo amakulitsidwa kwambiri pa intaneti popeza kuchuluka kwa zithunzi ndi makanema kumalola wowonera kuti azisankha bwino ndipo potero amalimbikitsa malingaliro amphamvu zonse. Mosiyana ndi izi, mu maubale enieni, ena a "ena", titha kunena, amachititsa kuchedwa (kokhumudwitsa) kwamtundu wina chifukwa kumafunikira ntchito yamatsenga. Mwachitsanzo, tiyenera kulingalira awo chikhumbo chakugonana, ndipo zimatenga nthawi, zitha kukhala zokhumudwitsa ndipo zimayimitsa njira yakukhutira pomwe tikukhumba. Mosiyana ndi izi, zolaula pa intaneti zimalola wachinyamata kudzitchinjiriza ku zovuta zomwe zimachitika padziko lapansi lapansi.

"Ntchito yakukhumba" ndi nkhawa zomwe zimalimbikitsa (mwachitsanzo kudalira), sizingatheke chifukwa chopeza zithunzi zolaula mosavuta pa intaneti. Kuyembekezera wina weniweni yemwe mwina sangatifune m'malo mwathu ndi "wina wolaula" yemwe amakhala chinthu chomwe chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe kukakamizidwa kugonana sikungasokonezedwe ndimavuto azilakolako zosiyanasiyana, kapenanso kuganizira za munthu wina zosowa zomwe, zingatithandizenso kulingalira mozama ndi zinazo. Kuthamanga kumathandizira kuthekera kwakuti njira yoyambira yamaganizidwe yofunikira kuti ubale wabwino ukhalepo, imasokonekera. Ndimawatcha kuti "malingaliro okhumba" ndipo ndikulongosola izi motsatira.

Kukulitsa chilakolako chogonana

Kuthamangira komanso mwayi wopezeka zolaula pa intaneti, kuphatikiza kusintha kwamalingaliro chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe zachitika pa intaneti zomwe zafotokozedwa pano, zimawononga njira yofunikira yamaganizidwe - kulingalira - ndichofunikira kwambiri pakukula bwino pakugonana komanso kuchititsa ubale wogonana. Ndikulangiza kuti chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito Intaneti zolaula zimaphunzitsa, kapena kulepheretsa, kukulitsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuthekera kolimbitsa chilakolako chakugonana komanso chilakolako cha winayo. Izi zikuyimira chiwopsezo chachikulu pakukula kwakugonana m'badwo wa digito (Lemma 2020).

Kufunika kwamalingaliro pamayanjano abwino pakati pa anthu komanso kukhala ndi thanzi lam'mutu kumavomerezedwa kwambiri m'mabuku azamisala ndi zamaganizidwe. Kulangiza m'maganizo kumaphatikizapo kutha kulingalira pamakhalidwe ako (kudziyesa wokha) ndikuneneratu zamunthu wina (malingaliro ena) kutengera kuzindikira kuti khalidweli limadziwitsidwa ndi mayiko ena (monga zikhulupiriro, malingaliro, zokhumba ndi zokhumba). Pazakugonana, kulingalira kumalimbikitsa luso la kulingalira, mwachitsanzo, kuti ngakhale munthu atakhala wolakalaka kwambiri zogonana, izi sizitanthauza kuti mnzathu amamva chimodzimodzi. Chifukwa chake, izi zimafunikira kuti tiwongolere chikhumbo chathu cholephera pomwe sichikubwezeredwa. Kulingalira ndi komwe kumathandizira kubweretsa malingaliro pazomwe mnzake sangakonde kugonana chifukwa zimatipangitsa kuti tizigwirizana ndi bwenzi lathu ngati tili ndi malingaliro osiyana ndi kufuna kwathu: atha kungokhala kuti mnzakeyo watopa kapena amakhala wotanganidwa ndi kena kake panthawiyo. Pakadali pano, kulingalira mwanjira zotere kumangothandiza osati kokha pakulamulira mopupuluma (mwachitsanzo, kumalepheretsa kuyankha mwamphamvu pakukanidwa) komanso kumachepetsa chiopsezo chotanthauzira "zaumwini" komanso zoyipa zakusowa kwa mnzake.

Kulangiza ena ndi gawo limodzi lodzidziwitsira ndipo ndikofunikira pakudziwongolera, ndichifukwa chake kusakhazikika kwamaganizidwe kumatha kubweretsa zovuta zingapo zamaganizidwe zomwe zimawononga thanzi lamunthu (Bateman and Fonagy 2019). Ngati zolaula pa intaneti zimachepetsa kuthekera kolingalira zakhumbo zanu ndi za winayo, mwachitsanzo polimbikitsa zolemba zogonana zomwe zimatengedwa ngati zogonana zenizeni ndi wachinyamata, koma nthawi zambiri sizikhala ndi ubale wochepa kapena wopanda ubale ndi zomwe wokonda kugonana akufuna kuchita. , ndiye kuti ubale wamunthu ukhoza kusokonekera. Izi zitha kugwira ntchito, mwachitsanzo, polimbikitsa malingaliro osinjirira kwa wokondedwa chifukwa izi zimasinthidwa ndi zolaula. Izi zimawonekera kwambiri mukamagwira ntchito ndi odwala achichepere omwe ziyembekezo zawo za "kugonana kosangalatsa" zimalimbikitsidwa ndi zonyansa komanso nthawi zina zachiwawa zogonana zomwe zimawonedwa pa intaneti zomwe zimamveka kuti ndizovomerezeka pa intaneti kenako zimakakamizidwa kwa omwe amagonana nawo. , azimva kuti akukakamizidwa kuti azitsatira chifukwa ndi zomwe amaganiza kuti "anyamata amafuna" - kudandaula mobwerezabwereza kuchokera kwa odwala anga achikazi.

Kuwongolera malingaliro ndi nkhani yayikulu ndipo zimadalira momwe zinthu zilili komanso maubale, koma makamaka osakhazikika nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa mavuto ambiri. Tikamakhala m'malo omwe kulowetsedwa m'maganizo kumalepheretsedwa kapena kuthandizidwa, m'pamene timanyalanyaza zomwe takumana nazo zomwe zimawononga thanzi lathu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti kumatha kukhala kwamavuto ndipo chifukwa chake kumabweretsa mavuto m'badwo wa digito.

Kutsiliza: kuteteza Chitukuko za kugonana

Kwa mbadwo wa digito makamaka, zolaula za pa intaneti ndiye njira yatsopano yokhudzana ndi chidwi chogonana komanso kuyesa, motero, zikuwoneka zomveka kunena kuti zimathandizira pakukula kwa chiwerewere. Izi sizongokhala zokopa za psychoanalytic zokha. Ikufotokozanso zamakhalidwe oyenera okhudzana ndi zolaula za pa intaneti pa "kukhala bwino" kwa ana pokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha kugonana (Graf ndi Schweiger 2017, 39).

Kuyimira pakati paukadaulo kwakhala mkhalidwe wotanthauzira chikhalidwe chamakono. Malingaliro ndi machitidwe a Psychoanalytic akuyenera kufotokozedwa munjira yatsopanoyi. Munthawi zama digito thupi la mwana silimasulidwanso kudzera mukumadziwika kwake ndi makolo. Mawonekedwe a mwana ndi ukadaulo amatenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri pazochitikira zake. Masiku ano thupi laubwana limasindikizidwa ndiukadaulo womwe umalimbikitsidwa komanso maiko ena omwe amakulitsa ma geographies akuthupi ndi abwinobwino.

Zochitika zolaula pa intaneti zikuwonetsa bwino kufunikira kwakanthawi koti anthu aziganiza mozama pazowopsa zomwe zimabweretsa. Njira zowonetsera zaka ndizovuta kuzichita ndipo pakadali pano zalephera komanso / kapena zasiyidwa ngati njira zothanirana ndi zoopsazi. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa vuto limabwera chifukwa cha matekinoloje atsopano, yankho siliyenera kukhala luso. M'malo mwake, zikuwonekeratu kuti chifukwa ukadaulo umakulitsa chiopsezo chomwe sichingathe kuchepetsedwa moyenera chifukwa chakuchulukana kwa njira yolumikizirana ndiukadaulo pachikhalidwe chathu, tifunikira kulingalira njira zothetsera mavuto zomwe sizingowonjezera ukadaulo. Ma Psychoanalysts akuyenera kupitilira malire a chipinda chofunsira kuti akambirane ndi mfundo komanso njira zazikulu zazaumoyo ndi maphunziro kuti athandize njira zomwe zimalimbitsa kulimba kwa achinyamata kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo womwe ungakhale wosavuta, makamaka ngati izi sizabwino malinga ndi thanzi lam'mutu. Tiyenera kukhazikitsa njira zamaganizidwe ndi anthu zomwe "zimachiza" ana onse komanso achinyamata pazowopsa zolaula pa intaneti (Lemma 2020). Monga momwe katemera wa chimfine sangatsimikizire kuti sititenga chimfine, palibe kuchitapo kanthu kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe zingachitike pazithunzi zolaula pa intaneti zidzakhala umboni wathunthu koma zitha kuthandizanso kuchepetsa mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa chomwa.

Ulamuliro wa digito (Floridi 2018) ndikudandaula. Monga ma psychoanalyst tili ndi malingaliro amtengo wapatali omwe angatithandizire pazomwe tikukambirana pazokhudza zolaula pa intaneti. Monga momwe Floridi ananenera moyenera: