Zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito kutumizirana zithunzi zolaula pakati pa ana ndi achinyamata: kuwunika mwachidule kuwunika

Background

Kuonera zolaula zomwe achinyamata amachita komanso kutumizirana zithunzi zolaula zimawonedwa ngati zovulaza. Papepalali lipoti zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera ku 'kuwunikiranso ndemanga', zomwe cholinga chake chinali kuzindikira ndikupanga umboni wazolaula komanso kutumizirana zolaula pakati pa achinyamata. Apa, timayang'ana kwambiri zaumboni wokhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito; kuchita nawo zolaula; ndi zikhulupiriro zawo, malingaliro awo, machitidwe awo ndi thanzi lawo kuti amvetsetse zovuta zomwe zingachitike ndi maubwino awo, ndikuzindikira komwe kafukufuku wamtsogolo adzafunikire.

Njira

Tinafufuza magawo asanu a zaumoyo ndi zachitukuko; kusaka zolemba zaimvi kunachitidwanso. Ubwino wowunikiranso unayesedwa ndipo zotsatira zake zidapangidwa motere.

Results

Ndemanga khumi ndi imodzi zamaphunziro owerengera komanso / kapena oyenerera adaphatikizidwa. Ubale unadziwika pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula komanso malingaliro ogonana ovomerezeka. Mgwirizano wapakati pazogwiritsira ntchito zolaula komanso zikhulupiriro zamphamvu zogonana zomwe zidafotokozedwanso zafotokozedwanso, koma osasinthasintha. Mofananamo, umboni wosagwirizana wokhudzana ndi zolaula pakati pa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso kutumizirana zolaula komanso zikhalidwe zakugonana zidadziwika. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumalumikizidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhanza zakugonana, nkhanza komanso kuzunza, koma ubalewo umawoneka wovuta. Atsikana, makamaka, amatha kukakamizidwa ndikukakamizidwa kuti azitumizirana zolaula komanso kukumana ndi zoyipa zambiri kuposa anyamata akagonana pagulu. Zinthu zabwino kutumizirana zolaula zidanenedwa, makamaka pokhudzana ndi ubale wachinyamata.

Mawuwo

Tidapeza umboni kuchokera pakuwunika kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana komwe kumalumikiza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zolaula ndi kutumizirana zolaula pakati pa achinyamata pazikhulupiriro, malingaliro ndi machitidwe ena. Komabe, umboni nthawi zambiri unkakhala wosagwirizana ndipo makamaka umachokera m'maphunziro owonera pogwiritsa ntchito magawo osiyanasiyana, omwe amalepheretsa kukhazikitsa ubale uliwonse. Zolephera zina za njira ndi mipata yaumboni zidadziwika. Maphunziro owonjezera okhwima ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera amafunikira.

Pazaka khumi zapitazi, pakhala kuwunikiridwa kodziyimira pawokha m'malo mwa boma la UK pankhani yokhudza kugonana kwaubwana komanso chitetezo cha achinyamata pa intaneti komanso pazofalitsa zina za digito (mwachitsanzo, Byron [1]; Kochukwu [2]; Bakuman3]). Malipoti ofananawo adasindikizidwanso m'maiko ena kuphatikiza Australia [4,5,6]; France [7]; ndi USA [8]. Pogwiritsa ntchito kufunika koti ateteze ana ku zinthu zolaula pa intaneti, boma la UK lidaphatikizanso mu Digital Economy Act [9], chofunikira pamawebusayiti azolaula kuti atsimikizire zaka zowunikira. Komabe, kutsatira kuchedwa kambirimbiri pakukhazikitsa, zidalengezedwa mu nthawi yophukira 2019 kuti ma cheke sangayambitsidwe [10]. M'malo mwake, zolinga za Digital Economy Act pokhudzana ndi kupewa ana kuwonera zolaula pa intaneti zikuyenera kukwaniritsidwa kudzera mu dongosolo latsopano lokhazikitsidwa pa pepala la Online Harms White [11]. White Paper ikufuna kukhazikitsa chisamaliro chovomerezeka m'makampani oyenera kuti ateteze intaneti ndikuthana ndi zochitika zoyipa, zomwe azikakamizidwa ndi owongolera palokha [11].

Nthawi zambiri akuti ana ndi achinyamata kuwonera zolaula kumabweretsa mavuto (mwachitsanzo, Chigumula [12]; Zakudya [13]). Kuphatikiza apo, kutumizirana mameseji ocheperako (gawo lofunika kwambiri la 'kugonana' ndi 'kutumizirana mameseji') nthawi zambiri kumakhazikitsidwa mukulankhula zakusokonekera komanso zomwe zimawonedwa ngati chiopsezo chachikulu kwa achinyamata [14]. Zina mwa zovulaza zimaphatikizapo nkhanza zakugonana komanso kuumirizidwa kuti muchite zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana, ngakhale zomwe sizikutanthauza kuwononga sizinafotokozeredwe bwino nthawi zonse.

Papepalali lipoti zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera ku 'kuwunikiranso ndemanga' zotumizidwa ndi Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) ku England, zomwe cholinga chake chinali kuzindikira ndi kuphatikiza umboni wazolaula komanso kutumizirana zolaula pakati pa ana ndi achinyamata. Popeza kukula kwake, 'kuwunikanso ndemanga' (RoR) idawonedwa ngati njira yoyenera kwambiri. Ma RoR amazindikira, kuwunika ndi kupanga zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera kuwunikiridwe wowonekera bwino ndipo zitha kuwunikiranso zakusowa kwa umboni [15,16,17,18,19]. Apa, timayang'ana makamaka za umboni wokhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito; kuchita nawo zolaula; ndi zikhulupiriro zawo, malingaliro awo, machitidwe awo ndi thanzi lawo, kuti amvetsetse zovuta zomwe zingachitike ndi maubwino awo, ndikuzindikira komwe kafukufuku wamtsogolo adzafunikire.

Tinafufuza m'mabuku asanu apakompyuta pogwiritsa ntchito mawu ndi matchulidwe osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo "zolaula", "zolaula" ndi "kutumizirana zolaula", kuphatikiza ndi fyuluta yakusaka kuti muwunikenso mwatsatanetsatane^{Malemba 1}. Njira yofufuzira yonse imapezeka ngati fayilo lowonjezera (Zowonjezera fayilo 1). Masamba otsatirawa adasanthulidwa mpaka Ogasiti / Seputembara 2018: Applied Social Science Index & Abstracts (ASSIA), MEDLINE ndi MEDLINE in Process, PsycINFO, Scopus ndi Social Science Citation Index. Palibe zoletsa zomwe zidayikidwa patsiku lofalitsidwa kapena malo. Kuphatikiza apo, kusaka kowonjezera kunachitika pamawebusayiti amabungwe ofunikira, kuphatikiza Commissioner wa Ana ku England; National Society for the Care and Protection of Children (NSPCC) ndi tsamba lawebusayiti la boma la UK. Tinkafufuza mabuku ena otuwa pogwiritsa ntchito Google.

Mutu ndi zolembedwa, ndi zolemba zonse zidawunikidwa ndi owunikirako awiri pawokha. Zotsatira zomwe zafotokozedwa papepalali zidakhazikitsidwa pakuwunika komwe kukumana ndi izi:

• Amayang'ana kwambiri ana ndi achinyamata (ngakhale atanthauzidwa) kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, kutumizirana zolaula kapena zonse ziwiri. Zithunzi zamtundu uliwonse (zosindikizidwa kapena zowoneka) zimawerengedwa kuti ndizofunikira.
• Adanenanso zomwe zakhudzana ndi zolaula komanso kutumizirana mameseji azolumikizana ndi ubale wawo ndi zikhulupiriro, malingaliro, machitidwe kapena thanzi la achinyamata.
• Anagwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira mwatsatanetsatane, zomwe zimafuna kuti olemba akhale nawo, osachepera: afufuze osachepera magwero awiri, omwe ayenera kuti anali database; zomveka zowerengera zophatikizira / kuchotsera zomwe zikuphatikiza zofunikira pakuwunika; ndikupereka zomwe zapezedwa. Izi zitha kukhala zowerengera monga kusanthula meta kapena kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zomwe zapezedwa m'maphunziro omwe aphatikizidwa. Ndemanga sizinali zoyenerera kuphatikizidwa ngati olemba amangofotokoza za munthu aliyense kuphatikiza kuphunzira popanda kuyesera kuti apeze zomwe zapezedwa pazotsatira zomwezo kuchokera m'maphunziro angapo.

Ndemanga zimafunika kuyang'ana kwambiri zolaula kapena kutumizirana mameseji ndi achinyamata ndipo zitha kuphatikizira maphunziro oyambira amachitidwe aliwonse (ochulukirapo komanso / kapena oyenera). Ndemanga sizimasankhidwa ngati amayang'ana kwambiri zolaula pazinthu zosafunikira monga mapulogalamu a kanema wawayilesi, masewera apakanema kapena makanema anyimbo. Kutumizirana mameseji olaula kunkadziwika ngati kutumiza kapena kulandira zithunzi zolaula kapena mauthenga pafoni kapena pazida zina.

Zambiri zidatengedwa pakuwunikanso kulikonse pazofunikira monga njira zowunikirira, kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi zotsatira zake. Kuchotsa deta kunayendetsedwa ndi wowunika m'modzi ndikuwunikiridwa ndi wowunikira wachiwiri.

Kuwunika kulikonse kunayesedwa mozama malinga ndi kusinthidwa kwa Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE)20]. Ubwino wowunikiranso unayesedwa ndi wowunikira wina ndikuyang'aniridwa ndi wina. Njira yoyeserera yoyeserera idagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwitsa ziweruzo pazomwe zingayambitse kukondera ndikuwopseza kutsimikizika ndi kudalirika kwa zomwe zapezedwa pamawunikidwe.

Zotsatira zidakonzedwa mwatsatanetsatane pakuwunika ndikuyerekeza ndikuyerekeza, pomwe kuli koyenera. Munthawi yophatikizira, zidziwitso zonse zomwe zidatengedwa pamalingaliro okhudzana ndi gulu lomweli kapena mutu (mwachitsanzo machitidwe azakugonana, malingaliro azakugonana) adasonkhanitsidwa pamodzi ndi kufanana ndi kusiyanasiyana pazomwe zapezedwa kuzowunikira pakuwunika konse komanso maphunziro onse pakuwunika. Chidule chachidule cha zomwe zapezedwa mu ndemanga zidapangidwa. Zotsatira zakuchulukitsa komanso maphunziro apamwamba zidapangidwa mosiyana pamutu wankhani. Sitinaganizire pazomwe zimapangidwira ngati zotsatira zake ndizovulaza kapena ayi. Mawu oti achinyamata amagwiritsidwa ntchito mgulu lotsatirali kufotokoza achinyamata ndi ana. Sitinalembetse protocol kuti tiwunikenso pa PROSPERO chifukwa chakuchepa kwa nthawi, koma tidapanga mwachidule projekiti yomwe idavomerezedwa ndi DHSC. Izi zidakhazikitsa cholinga chakuwunikiranso, njira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito komanso nthawi yake pantchitoyo.

Pambuyo pobwereza, maudindo ndi zolemba zina zokwana 648 ndi mapepala 241 athunthu adasanthulidwa. Ndemanga khumi ndi imodzi zidakwaniritsa zomwe zaphatikizidwa pamwambapa. Kutuluka kwa mabuku kudzera pakuwunikiridwa kukuwonetsedwa Mkuyu. 1.

Kuyenda kwamaphunziro kudzera pakuwunikanso

Chithunzi chachikulu kukula

Kufotokozera kwa ndemanga

Mwa ndemanga 11, atatu adayang'ana kwambiri zolaula [21,22,23]; zisanu ndi ziwiri zimayang'ana pa kutumizirana zolaula^{Malemba 2} [24,25,26,27,28,29,30]; ndipo ndemanga imodzi idalankhula zolaula komanso kutumizirana zolaula [[31]. Makhalidwe apamwamba pakuwunika kwa 11 amaperekedwa mu Gome 1.

Ndemanga ziwiri zidangonena za mayesedwe okha [26, 27]. Ndemanga zisanu zidanenanso zakupezeka kokha [23, 24, 29,30,31], ndi zinayi zomwe zafotokozedwa kuchokera kumitundu iwiri yamaphunziro oyambira [21, 22, 25, 28]. Ndemanga imodzi idangotchula zomwe zapezeka pakufufuza kwakanthawi [23]. Ndemanga zisanu ndi zitatu zidaphatikizira maphunziro owerengera okha kapena kafukufuku wopingasa komanso wamtali [21, 22, 24, 25, 28,29,30,31]. Pakuwunika konse, maphunziro ambiri anali ophatikizika ndipo deta inasonkhanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga mafunso ofunsidwa mafunso, zoyankhulana m'modzi ndi m'modzi ndi magulu owunikira.

Zambiri pazowunikira zitatu zidapangidwa mosiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito meta-analysis [29,30,31] ndipo kuwunikanso kumodzi kunachitika meta-ethnographic qualitative synthesis [26]. Ndemanga zina zidafotokoza mwachidule zomwe zapezedwa. Pakati pa kuwunikirako, maphunziro ambiri kuphatikiza omwe amawoneka kuti achokera ku USA ndi Europe (makamaka Netherlands, Sweden ndi Belgium), koma zambiri zokhudza komwe adachokera sizinafotokozedwe mwadongosolo.

Ponseponse, kuphatikiza ndemanga zomwe zinali ndi mutu womwewo zinali zofananira ndi kuchuluka ndi kuphatikiza. Madeti ofalitsa omwe anaphatikiza maphunziro m'mayankho eyiti mwa ma 11 anali pakati pa 2008 ndi 2016 [23, 24, 26,27,28,29,30,31]. Omwe ali ndi chidwi pakuwunika konse akuphatikizira ana azaka zoyambira asanakwanitse zaka mpaka zaka 18, koma panali kusiyana pakati pa kuwunikanso malinga ndi malire azaka zakubadwa, zomwe zikufotokozedwanso pagawo locheperako. Kusiyana kwina pakati pa ndemanga kunadziwika: Ponena za zolaula, Watchirs Smith et al. [31] amayang'ana kwambiri kuwonetsa zomwe zili patsamba loonera zolaula / zolaula pa intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, Handschuh et al. [30] ndi Cooper et al. [25] amayang'ana kwambiri kutumiza zogonana mosiyana ndi kuzilandira.

Horvath et al. [21] adalongosola kuwunika kwawo ngati 'kuwunika mwachangu umboni' ndipo sanaphatikizepo kafukufuku wamaphunziro okhaokha komanso osaphunzira koma komanso 'kuwunikanso' ndikuwunika meta, zikalata zamalamulo ndi 'malipoti' ena. Momwemonso, njira zoyenerera zomwe Cooper et al. [25] adaloledwa kuphatikizira 'zokambirana zopanda tanthauzo' (tsamba 707) komanso maphunziro oyambira. Pakuwunika konse, zofalitsa zingapo zidalumikizidwa ndikufukufuku womwewo. Mwachitsanzo, Koletić [23] anaphatikizira mapepala 20 omwe anali olumikizidwa ndi maphunziro asanu ndi anayi osiyanasiyana ofufuza. Kuphatikiza apo, Peter ndi Valkenburg [22] adanenanso kuti kafukufuku / mapepala angapo adagwiritsa ntchito zomwezo.

Panali zochuluka kwambiri m'maphunziro oyambira omwe anaphatikizidwa pakuwunika konse, zomwe sizinali zosayembekezereka chifukwa cha kufanana pakati pa kuwunika. Mwachitsanzo, ndemanga zitatu zidaphatikizira kuchuluka kwa maubwenzi apakati pa kutumizirana zolaula ndi machitidwe ogonana, komanso pakati pa kutumizirana mameseji azikhalidwe zosagonana monga kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Osabereka-Dias et al. [28] adatchula mapepala asanu ndi awiri omwe amalankhula za maubwenzi awa, Van Ouytsel et al. [24] adatchula asanu, ndipo mapepala atatu anali ofala pakuwunika konseku. Mapepala onse asanu omwe Van Ouytsel et al. ndi anayi wolemba Barrense-Dias et al. anaphatikizidwanso ndi Cooper et al. [25]. Ndemanga za Horvath et al. [21], Peter ndi Valkenburg [22] ndi Koletić [23] anali ndi maphunziro anayi ofanana omwe amafotokoza za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi malingaliro ololera komanso zikhulupiriro zogonana zogonana.

Onaninso mtundu

Kuwunika kwa kuwunika motsutsana ndi njira zosinthidwa za DARE kukuwonetsedwa mu Gome 2. Ndemanga zonse zidavoteledwa kuti ndizokwanira kuchuluka kwa kusaka mabuku ndikufotokozera za njira zophatikizira / kupatula. Mu ndemanga zisanu ndi zinayi, kusaka kunachitika pazosachepera zitatu [21, 23,24,25,26, 28,29,30,31]. M'ndemanga ziwiri, kusaka kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito nkhokwe zochepa, koma zinawonjezeredwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina monga kuwunika mindandanda kapena kusaka pa intaneti [22, 27]. Mu ndemanga ziwiri, mawu amodzi okha, 'kutumizirana zolaula' ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawu osaka [24, 29]. Ndemanga zonse zidafotokoza ziyeneretso zomwe zikukhudza zonse kapena zambiri mwazigawo zotsatirazi: kuchuluka kwa anthu; khalidwe (mwachitsanzo zolaula, kutumizirana zolaula kapena zonse ziwiri); kutulutsa kapena zotsatira zakusangalatsidwa; ndi mtundu wofalitsa / kafukufuku.

Momwe olemba adapangira zomwe apeza zinali zosintha koma zokwanira pakuwunika konse. Ndemanga zitatu zomwe zidapanga zotsatira mwachidule zidavoteledwa kwambiri pamutuwu chifukwa zimapereka kaphatikizidwe kamene kanali kofotokoza mwatsatanetsatane komanso kokwanira palimodzi ndikufotokozera zomwe zapezeka m'maphunziro angapo [22, 24, 28].

Ndemanga zinayesedwanso molingana ndi njira zina ziwiri: kupereka malipoti a kafukufuku, komanso ngati kuwunika kwamachitidwe ophatikizira kunanenedwa. Ndemanga zisanu ndi zitatu zidafotokoza zamaphunziro omwe aphatikizidwa ngati tebulo lazikhalidwe zomwe zidafotokoza zambiri zamitundu ya anthu, kapangidwe ka kafukufuku, zosintha ndi / kapena zotsatira za chidwi / zotsatira zazikulu [22,23,24, 26, 28,29,30,31]. Ndemanga zina zitatuzi zidafotokoza zochepa zakuphatikiza kwamaphunziro [21, 25, 27].

Mu ndemanga zinayi, mtundu wina wa kuwunika kwabwino udanenedwa [21, 27, 30, 31]. Kuphatikiza apo, Peter ndi Valkenburg [22] sanayese maphunziro aumwini, koma adanenanso zowunikira zomwe apeza, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuzindikira kukondera kwamaphunziro ndi njira zosankhira. Wilkinson et al. [26] adanenanso kupatula mapepala chifukwa cha mtundu wotsika wamachitidwe koma sananene motsimikiza kuti kuwunika koyenera kwachitika. Horvath et al. [21] adanenanso kuti sanagogomeze kwambiri kaphatikizidwe kamaphunziro omwe amawerengedwa kuti 'otsika kwambiri' kutengera kusintha kwa 'Kunenepa kwa Umboni' [32].

Zitha kuwonedwa kuchokera pagome 2 ndemanga ziwirizo (Handschuh et al. [30] ndi Watchirs Smith et al. [31]) adayesedwa kuti akwaniritsa zofunikira zonse zisanu. Ndemanga zisanu (Van Ouytsel et al. [24]; Peter ndi Valkenburg [22]; Osabereka-Dias et al. [28]; Kosenko et al. [29] ndi Wilkinson [26]) adakwaniritsa zofunikira zinayi, kuphatikiza malipoti apamwamba kwambiri pazofufuza kapena kusanthula meta.

Malipoti a njira zowunikirako anali osakwanira pamawunikidwe onse, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuyesa kudalirika kwathunthu kapena kuthekera. Mwachitsanzo, ndemanga zambiri sizinapereke chidziwitso chokhudza kuchuluka kwa owunika omwe akuchita nawo zisankho kapena kutulutsa deta.

Maganizo ndi zikhulupiriro zogonana

Umboni unali wofanana pazowerengera zinayi zakayanjanitsidwe ka ubale pakati pa kuwonera achinyamata zolaula, komanso malingaliro olowerera ogonana [21,22,23, 31]. 'Maganizo ololera' ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwunika, koma samatanthauziridwa nthawi zonse. Peter ndi Valkenburg [22] adaligwiritsa ntchito pofotokoza malingaliro abwino okhudzana ndi kugonana, makamaka kunja kwa chibwenzi.

Ndemanga zinayi zidanenanso umboni woti pali mgwirizano pakati pazogwiritsira ntchito zolaula komanso zikhulupiriro zolimba zogonana, kuphatikizapo kuwona azimayi ngati zinthu zogonana, komanso malingaliro ocheperako pantchito zachiwerewere [21,22,23, 31]. Komabe, umboni wa ubale pakati pa zolaula ndi zikhulupiriro zogonana zogonana sizinadziwike nthawi zonse. Kafukufuku wina wamtali wophatikizidwa mu ndemanga zitatu sanapeze mgwirizano pakati pa kuwonera zolaula pa intaneti pafupipafupi komanso zikhulupiriro zogonana zokhudzana ndi jenda [21,22,23].

Umboni udanenedwapo pazowunikira zitatu zomwe zikusonyeza ubale pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi malingaliro ndi zikhulupiriro zingapo zakugonana, kuphatikiza kusatsimikizika kwakugonana; kutengeka ndi kugonana; Kukhutira / kusakhutira; zikhulupiriro / malingaliro osaganizira za kugonana komanso malingaliro olakwika okhudzana ndi maubale [21,22,23]. Zotsatira izi nthawi zambiri zimakhazikitsidwa pa kafukufuku m'modzi kapena awiri okha, pophatikizira ndemanga.

Zochita zogonana komanso zogonana

Umboni wa kafukufuku wazaka zazitali komanso wopingasa womwe udanenedwa pamawunikidwe anayi udawonetsa kuyanjana pakati pa zolaula ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wambiri wogonana komanso zikhalidwe zina zogonana monga kugonana mkamwa kapena kumatako [21,22,23, 31]. Amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amadziwika ngati oyang'anira mgwirizano pakati pa zolaula ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi yogonana [XNUMX]22]. Kafukufuku adanenedwa pamawunikidwe omwe sanapeze ubale pakati pa zolaula ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazogonana komanso machitidwe, kuphatikiza kugonana asanakwanitse zaka 15, kapena kafukufuku anapeza mayanjano omwe anali osagwirizana [21,22,23, 31].

Mgwirizano wapakati pazogonana ndikuchita zachiwerewere kapena kugonana ndi anthu angapo munanenedwapo ndemanga zitatu [21, 22, 31]. Komabe, mgwirizano pakati pa kugonana kwachiwerewere ndi zolaula umapezeka mwa achinyamata achichepere m'modzi mwa maphunziro omwe Peter ndi Valkenburg adachita [22]. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wina yemwe adawonetsa kuwunika katatu sanapeze mgwirizano wofunikira pakati pazogwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndikukhala ndi chiwerewere chochuluka [21, 22, 31].

Umboni wolumikiza zolaula womwe umagwira achinyamata unali wosagwirizana. Ndemanga zitatu zidanenanso kuti kuyanjana pakati pa zolaula ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zoopsa zogonana, kuphatikizapo kugonana mosadziteteza komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo / mowa panthawi yogonana [21, 22, 31]. Komabe, kafukufuku wina wophatikizidwa m'mawunikidwe awiri sanazindikire kuyanjana pakati pa zolaula ndikugonana mosadziteteza [22, 23].

Onse Horvath et al. [21] ndi Peter ndi Valkenburg [22] adaphatikizanso maphunziro oyeserera omwe amati achinyamata atha kuphunzira zachiwerewere ndi zolaula, zomwe zitha kukopa ziyembekezo zawo ndi machitidwe awo. Zithunzi zolaula zimawonedwanso ngati muyezo woweruza momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso malingaliro amthupi m'maphunziro ena oyenera. Umboni wofotokozedwa ndi Horvath et al. [21] adawonetsa kuti achinyamata ena amawona zolaula ngati gwero labwino la chidziwitso cha kugonana, malingaliro, maluso komanso chidaliro.

Kuyanjana pakati pa kutumizirana mameseji azithunzithunzi ndikuchita mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazogonana kunadziwika m'mayankho sikisi [24, 25, 28,29,30,31]. Kusanthula kwaposachedwa kwamaphunziro asanu ndi limodzi [30] adapeza kuti zovuta zakanena zakugonana kwakale kapena kwapano zinali zochulukirapo kasanu ndi kamodzi kwa achinyamata omwe amatumiza zogonana, poyerekeza ndi omwe sanachite (OR 6.3, 95% CI: 4.9 mpaka 8.1). Kusanthula koyambirira kwa meta [31] adapeza kuti kutumizirana zolaula kumalumikizidwa ndi mwayi wambiri wogonana (kumaliseche kokha kapena kumaliseche, kumatako kapena mkamwa) (OR 5.58, 95% CI: 4.46 mpaka 6.71, maphunziro asanu) komanso zachiwerewere zaposachedwa (OR 4.79 , 95% CI: 3.55 mpaka 6.04, maphunziro awiri). Kusanthula kwina kwa maphunziro a 10 [29], adatinso kuyanjana pakati pa kutumizirana zolaula ndi kuchita 'zachiwerewere' (r = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.23 mpaka 0.46). Panali kupezeka kwakukulu m'maphunziro oyambira pakuwunika kwa meta kochitidwa ndi Watchirs Smith et al. [31], Kosenko et al. [29] ndi Handschuh et al. [30]. Kafukufuku asanu mwa khumi omwe anaphatikizidwa pakuwunika kwa meta Kosenko et al. idaphatikizidwa pakuwunika koyambirira kwa Watchirs Smith et al. zomwe zimangoganizira zakugonana kale. Kusanthula kwaposachedwa kwambiri kwa Handschuh et al. adaphatikiza kafukufuku m'modzi yemwe sanali mu kusanthula kwa meta ndi Kosenko et al. Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro atatu omwewo adaphatikizidwa pazosanthula zitatu za meta.

Ndemanga zinayi zidazindikira kuyanjana pakati pa kutumizirana zolaula ndi kukhala ndi chiwerewere chochuluka [29] kapena abwenzi angapo, munthawi zosiyanasiyana [24, 25, 31]. Komabe, mu imodzi mwamafukufuku omwe a Van Ouytsel et al. [24] bungwe linalipo pakati pa atsikana okha. Kosenko et al. [29] adatinso kuyanjana pakati pa kutumizirana zolaula ndi kuchuluka kwa abwenzi kunali kochepa (r = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.16 mpaka 0.23, maphunziro asanu ndi awiri). Oyang'anira Smith et al. [31] adapeza kuti mwayi wokhala ndi zibwenzi zingapo m'miyezi 3 mpaka 12 yapitayi idakwera pafupifupi katatu pakati pa achinyamata omwe amatumizirana mameseji pafoni poyerekeza ndi omwe sanachite (OR 2.79, 95% CI: 1.95 mpaka 3.63; maphunziro awiri).

Umboni wosagwirizana wokhudzana ndi kutumizirana zolaula ndi 'zoopsa' zokhudzana ndi kugonana kunanenedwa pazowunikira zisanu [24, 25, 28, 29, 31]. Kosenko et al. [29] adapeza mgwirizano pakati pa kutumizirana zolaula komanso kuchita zachiwerewere mosaziteteza powunika pamodzi maphunziro asanu ndi anayi, koma kukula kwa ubalewo kunali kochepa (r = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.09 mpaka 0.23). Mosiyana ndi izi, kusanthula kwina kwa meta kwamaphunziro awiri [31] sanapeze mgwirizano pakati pa kutumizirana mameseji azigonana komanso kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha wopanda mwana mwezi umodzi kapena iwiri yapitayo (OR 1.53, 95% CI: 0.81 mpaka 2.25). Ndemanga zitatu [24, 25, 31] adanenanso kuti kutumizirana mameseji okhudzana ndi zolaula kumalumikizidwa ndi kumwa mowa kapena mankhwala ena musanagone (Watchirs Smith, OR 2.65, 95% CI: 1.99 to 3.32; two studies) [31].

Makhalidwe ena owopsa

Kuyanjana pakati pa kutumizirana mameseji ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (mowa, fodya, chamba ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo) kunanenedwa m'mayankho atatu [24, 25, 28]. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku m'modzi wolemba Barrense-Dias et al. [28] adapeza mgwirizano pakati pa kutumizirana zolaula ndi kumenya nkhondo pakati pa anyamata. Olemba omwewo adazindikiranso umboni kuchokera ku kafukufuku wina wokhudza ubale pakati pa kutumizirana zolaula ndi zina zomwe zili 'zowopsa' monga kusowa tulo ndikulowa m'mavuto ndi aphunzitsi kapena apolisi. Momwemonso, kafukufuku wina wophatikizidwa ndi Van Ouytsel et al. [24] adanenanso kuti ophunzira pasukulu omwe amatumizirana zolaula amatenga nawo gawo 'pachinyengo'. 'Kupulupudza' kosinthika kumatanthauzidwa ndi omwe adachita nawo zomwe adachita m'mbuyomu pamachitidwe asanu ndi anayi omwe olemba kafukufuku adawona ngati zonyansa, monga kuba, kusuta, kusuta fodya ndi kumwa. Umboni wa kulumikizana pakati pa zolaula ndi machitidwe oswa malamulo kapena zachiwerewere zidanenedwa pamawunikidwe awiri21, 22]. Kuphatikiza apo, onse Horvath et al. [21] ndi Peter ndi Valkenburg [22] anaphatikiza kafukufuku m'modzi yemwe adazindikira kuyanjana pakati pa zolaula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Chiwawa chogonana komanso nkhanza

Mgwirizano wapakati pazowonetsa zolaula komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachiwawa pakazifukufuku zapezeka pakufufuza kwakutali komanso magawo awiri. Malingaliro atatu adazindikira kuyanjana pakati pazogwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso kuchitiridwa zachipongwe kapena zachiwerewere, kuphatikizapo kukakamizidwa kugonana [21,22,23]. Kafukufuku wina adalemba ndemanga zitatuzi, kulumikizana pakati pa kuchitiridwa zachipongwe ndikuwonera zolaula zapezeka kwa anyamata okha. Kafukufuku wina wophatikizidwa ndi Horvath et al. [21] adanenanso zakuti zolaula zimangogwirizanitsidwa ndi zachiwerewere mwa anyamata omwe anali ndi chiyembekezo chazakugonana. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wazaka zazitali omwe adaphatikizidwa pamawunikidwe onse atatuwa adapeza kuyanjana pakati pa zolaula ndi nkhanza zachiwerewere kapena chiwawa, koma pokhapokha ngati achiwawa amawonedwa. Peter ndi Valkenburg [22] adanenanso zaumboni kuchokera kafukufuku wina yemwe adapeza mgwirizano pakati pa nkhanza zakugonana kapena kuzunzidwa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito magazini azithunzithunzi ndi nthabwala, koma osazindikira mgwirizano uliwonse wogwiritsa ntchito makanema ndi makanema olaula. M'maphunziro awiri owunikiridwa ndi Horvath et al. [21], kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi komanso / kapena kuwonera zachiwawa zinali zofala pakati pa ophunzira aku sekondale achimuna ndi achikazi omwe amachita zachiwerewere poyerekeza ndi anzawo omwe sanatero.

Ndemanga ziwiri zidanenanso mgwirizano pakati pakuwona zolaula komanso kuchitiridwa zachipongwe kapena kuzunzidwa, makamaka pakati pa atsikana [21, 22]. Ndemanga zitatu zidafotokoza zomwe zapezedwa pa kafukufuku wina yemwe anapeza kuti achinyamata omwe amatumizirana zolaula amatenga nthawi zambiri kuti amakakamizidwa kugonana, komanso kuzunzidwa ndi anzawo mchaka chatha, kuposa achinyamata omwe sanatumizane zolaula [24, 25, 31]. Cooper et al. [25] ananenanso za mgwirizano pakati polandila zolaula komanso kukumana ndi ziwawa kuchokera pa kafukufuku m'modzi wa ophunzira aku yunivesite.

Kukakamizidwa, kuzunzidwa ndi kuzunzidwa

Ndemanga zitatu zidanenanso kuti atsikana, makamaka, atha kukakamizidwa kuti atumizane zolaula [25, 26, 28]. Chiyanjano chidadziwikanso pakati pa kupezerera anzawo, kuzunza anzawo pa intaneti kapena kuzunza anzawo ndi kutumizirana mameseji zolaula [24, 25, 28]. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wopingasa wophatikizidwa ndi Barrense-Dias et al. [28] adapeza kuti atsikana omwe adachitidwapo zachipongwe amakonda kutumizirana zolaula. Kuphatikiza apo, Cooper et al. [25] adazindikira chiwopsezo chachikulu cha mitundu ingapo yozunzidwa kwa azimayi omwe amatumizirana mameseji azithunzithunzi potengera kafukufuku wina wophunzitsidwa ndi ophunzira aku koleji. Adanenanso zomwe zapezedwa pa kafukufuku wina yemwe adati achinyamata omwe amachita 'zachiwerewere' pa intaneti atha kuzunzidwa pa intaneti.

Zotsatira zoyenerera zomwe zafotokozedwazo zidawunikiridwa kuti atsikana omwe amatumizirana mameseji angazunzidwe kuposa anyamata, komanso atha kulangidwa kwambiri ndikamadzitamandira, ngati zithunzi ziziwonetsedwa pagulu chifukwa chogawana mosavomerezeka [25,26,27,28]. Kafukufuku wowerengeka wowunikiridwa ndi Cooper et al. [25] adapeza kuti anyamata, makamaka, amatha kuzunzidwa kapena kuchitiridwa nkhanza zosagwirizana ndi mafano. Onse Cooper et al. [25] ndi Handschuh et al. [30] adanenanso kuti akazi amakhumudwa kwambiri chifukwa chofunsidwa zolaula kuposa amuna.

Thanzi ndi thanzi

Kafukufuku wosakwatiwa wofotokozedwa ndi Koletić [23] ndi Peter ndi Valkenburg [22] adalumikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndikuwonjezera kuyang'anira thupi kwa anyamata. Kuphatikiza apo, Horvath et al. [21] ndi Peter ndi Valkenburg [22] anaphatikizapo maphunziro apamwamba omwe adapeza kuti atsikana, makamaka, amakhulupirira kuti zolaula zimawonetsa thupi losatheka la akazi, ndipo amadzimva osasangalatsa poyerekeza. Ananenanso kuti amakakamizidwa ndi mauthenga okhudzana ndi zolaula omwe amawonetsedwa ndi zolaula. Horvath et al. [21] ananenanso umboni wosagwirizana wokhudza kuyanjana pakati pa zolaula ndi kukhumudwa: kuwonetsa zolaula kunali kokhudzana ndi kukhumudwa m'maphunziro awiri, koma wachitatu sanapeze mgwirizano pakati pakupeza zolaula ndi kukhumudwa kapena kusungulumwa. Koletić [23] adanenanso zomwe zapezeka pakufufuza kwakutali komwe kunapeza kukhumudwa koyambira kumalumikizidwa ndikuwonetsa zolaula kwa achinyamata 6 miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake.

Ndemanga zitatu zidanenanso zaumboni wosagwirizana pa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kutumizirana zolaula ndi thanzi lamisala [24, 25, 28]. Kafukufuku wina wophatikizidwa ndi Barrense-Dias et al. [28] adazindikira kuyanjana pakati pa 'zovuta zamaganizidwe' komanso mwayi wochulukirapo wogonana ndi 'kuvulazidwa' nawo. Ndemanga zitatu zonsezi zidawonetsa umboni wa ubale wapakati pakukhumudwa, kapena zodandaula komanso kutumizirana mameseji azithunzithunzi zolaula. Phunziro limodzi lophatikizidwa ndi Van Ouytsel et al. [24] ndi Cooper et al. [25], bungwe linalembedwa pakati pa kutumizirana zolaula ndikumva chisoni kapena kutaya chiyembekezo kwa milungu yopitilira iwiri chaka chatha. Mgwirizanowu udadziwikanso pakati pa kutumizirana mameseji azolaula komanso kuganizira kapena kuyesa kudzipha chaka chatha. Pakafukufuku wina yemwe Barrense-Dias et al. [28], kuyanjana ndi kukhumudwa kumangodziwika kwa akazi achichepere. Kafukufuku wina yemwe adanenedwa pamawonekedwe atatuwa sanapeze ubale pakati pa kutumizirana zolaula ndi kukhumudwa, kapena kutumizirana zolaula ndi nkhawa [24, 25, 28].

Pa kafukufuku wina wa achinyamata 1,560 omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti akuphatikizidwa mu kuwunika katatu, wachisanu mwa omwe adayankha omwe adatumiza sextation adamva kukhumudwa (kukhumudwa kwambiri kapena kukhumudwa kwambiri, kuchita manyazi kapena mantha) [24, 25, 28]. Komanso potengera zomwe zapezedwa pa kafukufuku m'modzi, Barrense-Dias et al. [28] adanenanso kuti atsikana ndi achinyamata achichepere nthawi zambiri amatha kunena zakukhumudwitsidwa kapena kuvulazidwa chifukwa chotumizirana zolaula.

ubale

Ndemanga zitatu zidazindikiritsa zabwino zakutumizirana mameseji okhudzana ndi zolaula zokhudzana ndi ubale wachinyamata [25,26,27]. Mwachitsanzo, kutumizirana mameseji otumizirana mameseji ndi zolaula kwafotokozedwa ndi achinyamata ena ngati njira yabwino yochitira kukopana ndi kuyeserera, komanso njira ina yotetezeka yogonana m'moyo weniweni. Kutumizirana zolaula kunanenedwa kuti kumathandizira kukhalabe ndi maubale akutali.

Zomwe zapezedwa pamawunikidwe a 11 zidapangidwa kuti zizipereka mwachidule ndikuwunika zaumboni wapano wokhudzana ndi momwe achinyamata amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula komanso kutenga nawo gawo polemba zolaula, zikhulupiriro zawo, malingaliro awo, machitidwe awo komanso moyo wawo. Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zolaula komanso kutumizirana mameseji azithunzithunzi nthawi zambiri amapangidwa munthawi ya 'zoyipa', zomwe zimawonetsa kuti zikhalidwe zina zakugonana zimawonetsa zoopsa kapena zovulaza [33]. Mu paradigm iyi, kuwonetsedwa pazankhani zolaula kumawoneka ngati chinthu chomwe chingalimbikitse anthu kuchita zoyipa '33, 34].

RoR iyi idazindikira kuyanjana pakati pazogwiritsira ntchito zolaula komanso kutumizirana zolaula komanso zikhalidwe zina zakugonana. Zina mwazikhalidwezi, monga kuchita zachiwerewere, kugonana kumatako kapenanso kukhala ndi zibwenzi zochulukirapo, nthawi zina zimakhala ndi zoopsa zina, koma palibe imodzi mwazo, kapena kukhala ndi malingaliro olekerera ogonana, zomwe zili zovulaza [33, 35].

Umboni wogwirizana pakati pa machitidwe azakugonana ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, makamaka, nthawi zambiri sizimagwirizana pamawunikidwe komanso kafukufuku wamaphunziro. Zotsatira zosagwirizananso zidanenedwa za ubale pakati pa zolaula ndi kutumizirana mameseji ndi thanzi lam'mutu, komanso pakati pazogwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso zikhulupiriro zogonana zogonana. Mgwirizano wapakati pazogwiritsira ntchito zolaula komanso nkhanza zakugonana komanso zachiwawa zimawoneka zovuta ndi kafukufuku wina wosonyeza kuyanjana ndi zolaula zokha, zolaula kapena anyamata omwe amakonda kuchita zachiwawa.

Nkhani za Method

Kuwunikanso kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo ambiri anali ndi zolephera zazikulu, koma onse khumi ndi m'modzi adawonedwa kuti ndi oyenera. Makamaka, ndemanga za Horvath et al. [21] ndi Cooper et al. [25] atha kuphatikizira umboni wochokera ku zidziwitso zosadziwika zomwe sizinafotokozedwe. Popeza kusatsimikizika pazomwe zimachokera pamaumboni awiriwa, zomwe apeza ziyenera kusamalidwa.

Zina mwa njira zazikuluzikulu zimadziwika ndi kuwunika ndipo maphunziro oyambira amaphatikizidwa nawo. Chofunika kwambiri, umboni wambiri wokhudza zolaula komanso kutumizirana mameseji azinthu zolaula umachokera m'maphunziro owonera pogwiritsa ntchito magawo osiyanasiyana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti sikutheka kupeza mayankho ngati mabungwe omwe ananenedwa ndi zotsatira kapena chifukwa chowonera zolaula kapena kutumizirana zolaula. Mwachitsanzo, zitha kukhala choncho kuti kutumizirana zolaula kumalimbikitsa achinyamata kuchita zachiwerewere. Komabe, monga Kosenko et al. [29] adanenanso, ndizothekanso kuti kutumizirana mameseji ndi zinthu zomwe anthu omwe amachita kale zachiwerewere, zomwezi zimachitikiranso pankhani yakuwona zolaula. Mofananamo, anthu omwe ali kale ndi malingaliro ovomerezeka ndi zikhulupiliro zokhudzana ndi jenda atha kukopeka ndi zolaula.

Onaninso olemba adanenanso kuti umboniwo ndiwocheperako, ndipo kafukufuku wofunafuna nthawi yayitali adanenedwa kuti athandize kumvetsetsa za ubale wakanthawi pakati pa zolaula kapena kutumizirana mameseji azotsatira ndi zotsatirapo zingapo. Peter ndi Valkenburg [22] adatsimikiza zakufunika kwamitundu ingapo yofunikira pakuwongolera kusanthula kwa kutalika kwakanthawi kuti muchepetse kusokoneza ndikupeza mayanjano abodza. Chofunika kwambiri, olemba awa adanenanso kuti ngakhale maphunziro apakatikati amakhala ndiukadaulo waluso kwambiri kuposa mapangidwe am'magawo osiyanasiyana, amakhalabe olumikizana mwachilengedwe ndipo sakuwonetsa kuwonongeka.

Popeza kuthekera kwa mayanjano abodza chifukwa cha kusokonezeka, zomwe zapezedwa m'maphunziro omwe alipo ziyenera kusamalidwa. Peter ndi Valkenburg [22] idawonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu momwe ofufuza adayesere kusintha kuti asokoneze maphunziro omwe adalipo kale, pomwe ena amangowongolera zochepa zochepa monga kuchuluka kwa anthu. Zikuwoneka kuti olosera zamtsogolo zodziwika zamakhalidwe ndi zina zomwe zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri zosokoneza mwina sizingayang'aniridwe pakuwunika, zomwe zimachepetsa chidaliro chomwe chitha kupezedwa pazofufuza.

Umboni ukusonyeza kuti chidwi chokwanira sichinaperekedwe pazomwe zikuchitika pazowerengera zowerengera zolaula ndi achinyamata. Mwachitsanzo, palibe maphunziro omwe adayang'aniridwa ndi Van Ouytsel et al. [24] anali atasiyanitsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zomwe kutumizirana zolaula kumatha kuchitika, ndipo izi zimadziwika kuti ndizotheka. Zotsatira zokhudzana ndi kutumizirana mameseji angakhudzidwe ndi zochitika zingapo zosiyanasiyana kuphatikiza ubale wa omwe akutenga nawo mbali komanso zolinga zawo kutumizirana zolaula. Van Ouytsel neri Al. adanenanso kuti mayanjano omwe adanenedwa pakati pa kutumizirana zolaula ndi machitidwe sangakhale oona atawongolera zomwe kutumizirana kutumizirana.

Kafukufuku wofananako adanenanso zosagwirizana pazokhudza ubale pakati pa zolaula ndi kutumizirana mameseji azotsatira komanso zotsatira zingapo zosangalatsa. Kusagwirizana kumatha kukhala kofananira, mwina mwa zina, ndi heterogeneity momwe kafukufuku wakale wagwiritsidwira ntchito. Makamaka, panali kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu pamalingaliro ndi tanthauzo la kutumizirana zolaula ndi zolaula. Mwachitsanzo, kutumizirana zithunzi zolaula zingapo [28,29,30,31] adanenanso kuti kafukufuku amasiyanasiyana ngati chidwi chimangokhala kutumizidwa, kulandiridwa kapena zonse ziwiri. Kusiyana kunazindikiridwanso pamitundu yamauthenga omwe aphunziridwa, (monga chithunzi chokha, zolemba ndi zithunzi kapena makanema), komanso m'mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera zomwe zili mmauthenga, ndikuti mawu ali otseguka kutanthauzira kwa munthu aliyense. Mwachitsanzo, mawu ophatikizira 'achigololo', 'zachiwerewere' 'zolaula', 'zoyipa', 'zoyambitsa zolaula', 'zolaula' 'pafupifupi amaliseche' kapena 'theka-maliseche'. Mofananamo, matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana ndi matchulidwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito pamaphunziro azolaula, mwachitsanzo 'X-rated material'; 'zolaula zolaula'; ndi 'makanema ogonana' [23]. Kusiyanaku kudawoneka kuwonetsa kusiyana pakati pa maphunziro pamaganizidwe azolaula ndi zina zomwe zili zosangalatsa. Onaninso olemba adawonetsa kulephera m'maphunziro ena kuti apereke tanthauzo kapena tanthauzo la mawu ofunikira. Kusiyanasiyana kunapezekanso pazinthu zina zofunika monga zaka, zaka zapadera zomwe zaphunziridwa, kuyeza zotsatira ndi nthawi zokumbukira zamakhalidwe (mwachitsanzo, chaka chatha kapena masiku 30 apitawa). Pamodzi, izi zimapangitsa kufananiza pakati pa zomwe zapezedwa, ndikuwunika umboni wonse, ndizovuta kwambiri.

Vuto la heterogeneity lidawunikidwa m'mawunikidwe atatuwo pogwiritsa ntchito kuwunika kwa meta. Oyang'anira Smith et al. [31] ananena kuti kuyerekezera kophatikizidwa sikunapezeke pakuyanjana pakati pa zolaula ndi kutumizirana mameseji ndi mitundu ingapo yachiwerewere chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ziwerengero. Kuphatikiza apo, Kosenko et al. [29] ndi Handschuh et al. [30] adatinso kuchuluka kwa heterogeneity m'maphunziro awo ophatikizidwa. Handschuh neri Al. [30] adalemba ma meta-analytics angapo okhudzana ndi kutumizirana zolaula ndi zochitika zogonana: zomwe apeza zidanenedwa kwa achinyamata onse kuphatikiza, kenako kwa amuna ndi akazi padera. Kusanthula kunawulula heterogeneity kuti ikhale yayikulu kuposa momwe amayembekezera mwangozi yokha, ndi I² akuti ndi 65% ya achinyamata onse. Makhalidwe a I² ya 50% ndi 75% amawerengedwa kuti akuyimira kuchepa kwapakati komanso kwakukulu [36]. Pofufuzidwa ndi kugonana, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa heterogeneity kunapezeka: I² = 86.4% ya amuna ndi I² = 95.8% ya akazi. Kafukufuku wamagulu ang'onoang'ono adachitika, koma sanathe kufotokoza za heterogeneity. Kosenko et al. [29] adanenanso za kusanthula kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazogonana komanso kutumizirana mameseji azinthu zolaula komwe amawerengera kuti ndi komwe I² = 98.5% (zogonana); I² = 87.5% (kugonana kosaziteteza) ndi I² = 42.7% (chiwerengero cha omwe amagonana nawo). Popeza kuchuluka kwa heterogeneity komwe kumapezeka, zomwe apeza ziyenera kusamalidwa.

Sizinali zotheka kuwunika kuchuluka kwa kafukufuku yemwe amapezeka mu kuwunika pazotsatira zonse zomwe zanenedwa. Komabe, monga timayembekezera, tapeza kuti pazotsatira zina panali kupezeka kwakukulu m'maphunziro omwe anaphatikizidwa pakuwunika komanso pakuwunika kwa meta. Izi zidaphatikizaponso kuchuluka kwamaphunziro omwe amafotokoza za kuyanjana pakati pazogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi zikhulupiriro zogonana, malingaliro ndi zochitika komanso pakati pa kugonana ndi kutumizirana zolaula. Kuphatikizidwa kwa kafukufuku kapena maphunziro omwewo pamawunikidwe angapo kumatha kutsimikizira kuti kuwunika kwawokha kwachitika mosasinthasintha ndipo zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa zolemba zomwe zilipo. Komabe, kupezeka kwa maphunziro oyambira mopitilira mu kuwunika kumadziwika kuti ndi vuto kwa a RoRs [16, 18]. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa kafukufuku kumatha kukhala komwe kumayambitsa kukondera, pomwe maphunziro ena, makamaka omwe ndi ocheperako kapena osauka, amaimilidwa mopitilira muyeso wawo [16]. Zitha kuchititsanso kuti pakhale kuwunika kwakukulu ndi kukula kwa umboniwo.

Zolemba zazikulu zaumboni ndi kafukufuku wamtsogolo

Mawu oti zolaula amatenga zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndipo mtundu wazomwe zitha kuwonedwa zitha kukhala zofunikira poti zitha kuvulaza, monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi zomwe zapezeka pa ubale wapakati pa zachiwawa ndi zolaula (mwachitsanzo, kulumikizana ndi nkhanza kumadziwika pokhapokha zithunzi zolaula zitawonedwa ). Pomwe kafukufuku wina adayang'ana pazinthu zina zakuthupi, monga zolaula za pa intaneti, kafukufuku ndi achinyamata akuwoneka kuti amachita zolaula ngati chinthu chofananira malinga ndi zomwe zili. Monga olemba ena adazindikirira, pakufunika kuti pakhale kafukufuku wochulukirapo yemwe amafufuza payokha, kapena kufotokozera zotsatira za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zolaula [23].

Ngakhale pali nkhawa kuti achinyamata ambiri ali ndi zithunzi zolaula, zonyozetsa kapena zachiwawa, palinso kusazindikira komanso kumvetsetsa pazinthu zolaula zomwe achinyamata akuwona [21, 22]. Nkhani yomwe ilipo pakadali pano yakhazikika makamaka pamalingaliro kapena malingaliro pa zomwe achinyamata akupeza [21]. Kafufuzidwe kafukufuku amafunika kuti mufufuze zamtundu wa zolaula zomwe achinyamata akuwona m'malo modalira malingaliro.

Maumboni adadziwika kuti akuwonetsa kuti achinyamata sakuvomereza zomwe amawona pazinthu zolaula. Mwachitsanzo, Peter ndi Valkenburg [22] adawonetsa kuti pafupifupi achichepere samawona zolaula ngati magwero enieni azidziwitso zakugonana. Momwemonso, Horvath et al. [21] adawonetsa umboni kuti achinyamata ambiri adazindikira kuti zolaula zitha kuwonetsa mauthenga opotoka okhudzana ndi kugonana, maubale, mphamvu komanso malingaliro amthupi. Zotsatira izi ndizogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wina wofalitsa nkhani, yemwe akuwonetsa kuti achinyamata samangokhala 'onyenga' kapena 'ozunzidwa' a mauthenga atolankhani. M'malo mwake, achinyamata adapezeka kuti ali ndi udindo wotenga nawo mbali pazamasulira osiyanasiyana [37,38,39,40].

Olemba osiyanasiyana kuphatikiza Attwood [34] ndi Horvath et al. [21] awonetsa kufunikira kochita kafukufuku wambiri woganizira njira zomwe achinyamata amawonera, kumvetsetsa ndikuchita ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazofalitsa. Kafukufuku wowunikanso yemwe amafufuza zomwe zimakhudza malingaliro a achinyamata zolaula, ndi momwe amathandizira atha kukhala othandiza kwambiri.

Kutumiza kosagwirizana ndi ziwerewere kunadziwika kuti ndi vuto lalikulu. Zotsatira zoyipa zomwe angatumize zimanenedwa ngati zachiwerewere zidziwitsidwa pagulu, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuwonongeka mbiri, kuzunzidwa komanso kuzunzidwa pa intaneti. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti zotulukapo sizotsatira zachindunji kapena zosapeŵeka zotumizirana zolaula. M'malo mwake zimachitika chifukwa chakusakhulupirika komanso kuzunzidwa komanso kuzunzidwa chifukwa chazikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso kudziyimira pawokha, makamaka kwa atsikana [14, 41]. Kafukufuku woyenererana akuwonetsa kuti kugawana mosagwirizana komwe kumakhudza atsikana kumakhudza atsikana, koma izi sizigwirizana ndi zomwe zilipo pakadali pano. Kusanthula kwa meta kochitidwa ndi Madigan et al. [42] sanapeze mgwirizano pakati pa kugonana / jenda komanso kuchuluka kwa kutumizirana zolaula popanda chilolezo kapena kuchititsa zolaula zosagwirizana. Olembawo adachenjeza kuti kusanthula kwa meta pamagulu osagwirizana ogonana kutengera zitsanzo zazing'ono ndikulimbikitsa kafukufuku wowonjezera kuti awone kuchuluka. Kuphatikiza pa maphunziro owonjezera, kutumizidwa kosagwirizana ndi achinyamata komwe kumapangitsa kuti anthu azifufuza mozama pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera. Kafukufuku wofuna kudziwitsa njira zopewera kugonana mosagwirizana zitha kukhala zofunikira kwambiri.

Olemba angapo owunikira adazindikira kusowa kwa kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu monga mtundu, malingaliro azakugonana kapena kulemala pazotsatira. Uwu ndi mwayi wofunikira pakudziwa zambiri, makamaka momwe kuchuluka kwa anthu komwe kumanenedweratu kukuwonetsa kuti kutenga nawo gawo zolaula ndi / kapena zolaula zitha kukhala zazikulu mwa anthu a LGBT komanso ochokera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono [22, 25, 28, 43]. Makamaka, kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti achinyamata a LBGT amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngati chinsinsi chodziwitsa anthu zakugonana, komanso kuti adziwe ngati ali ndi vuto lakuchita zachiwerewere [21, 22, 33, 44]. Kafukufuku yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana akhoza kukhala kopindulitsa kuti mumvetsetse kuphatikiza komwe kumachitika pazosangalatsa.

Umboni wapano ulibe kusiyanasiyana kwamayiko, ndizambiri zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku yemwe adachitika m'maiko ochepa okha. Momwe zopezazo zimafikira m'maiko onse sizikudziwika. Ndemanga imodzi idazindikira momwe dziko limakhalira ndi chikhalidwe chowolowa manja ngati chinthu chodziwitsa kukhalapo, kapena kukula kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pazogwiritsa ntchito zolaula [22]. Chikhalidwe komanso zikhalidwe zina zakumayiko ena zimakhudzanso ubale womwe umakhalapo pakati pa zolaula ndi kutumizirana mameseji ndi zikhulupiriro, malingaliro, machitidwe ndi thanzi. Mwachitsanzo, mwayi wopeza maphunziro okwanira, ogwirizana komanso apamwamba pankhani zachiwerewere komanso ubale.

Ngakhale zina zabwino zokhudzana ndi zolaula komanso kutumizirana mameseji azinthu zolaula zidawonekera, zomwe zimawunika kwambiri pamaphunziro omwe adanenedwa pakuwunika konse, zinali pazotsatira zoyipa, kapena zotsatira zomwe olemba olemba adalemba kuti ndizosavomerezeka. Kufunika kwamaphunziro owonjezera kuti athe kukhala ndi malingaliro owerengera ndikuwunika zabwino zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwawonetsedwa ndikuwunika kwa Peter ndi Valkenburg [22] ndi Koletić [23].

sitingathe

Tidayendetsa RoR iyi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zinali zogwirizana ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zafotokozedwa muulangizi wofalitsidwa, mwachitsanzo Pollock et al. 2016 [45] ndi 2020 [46]. RoR iyi ndiyoperewera chifukwa cha kuwunika komwe anthu amawunika, komanso kupereka malipoti pamaphunziro oyambira ndi zomwe apeza ndi olemba owunikira. Zotsatira zina mwina zidasiyidwa, zanenedwa kapena kunenedwa molondola. Zithunzi zolaula zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutumizirana mameseji ang'onoang'ono ndizovuta ndipo chifukwa chake kufotokozera zamakhalidwe mwina kumakhudzidwa ndi kusakondera komwe anthu amakhala nako. Pafupifupi ndemanga zonse zimangophatikiza maphunziro omwe adasindikizidwa m'manyuzipepala owunikiridwa ndi anzawo ndikulemba mchingerezi, zomwe zitha kukhalanso zokondera.

Gulu lazosangalatsa za RoR iyi linali ana ndi achinyamata mpaka unyamata, koma kuwunika kambiri kunaphatikizapo maphunziro omwe anali ndi malire azaka zopitilira khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi. Kuphatikiza apo, ndemanga za Kosenko et al. [29] ndi Watchirs Smith et al. [31] anaphatikiza maphunziro osachepera atatu ndi anthu azaka 18 kapena kupitilira apo. Zaka zingapo zamaphunziro omwe adaphatikizidwa pamawunikidwe ena, komanso kuti kafukufuku m'maphunziro angapo adachokera kwa anthu azaka za 18 ndi kupitilira apo, ndiye kuthekera komwe kungachitike poyang'ana zomwe ana ndi achikulire akuchita.

Tidazindikira kuwunika komwe kudasindikizidwa mpaka koyambirira kwa nthawi yophukira 2018, koma zomwe zidapezeka sizinachitike chifukwa chazidziwitso zomwe adapeza m'maphunziro oyambira oyambirira. Onaninso olemba sanafufuze kupitirira 2017 maphunziro oyambira kutumizirana mameseji ndi 2015 kwa omwe ali ndi zolaula. Chifukwa chake, zomwe zidasindikizidwa mzaka zitatu kapena zisanu zapitazi sizikuyimiridwa mu RoR iyi. Pakhoza kukhalanso ndi ndemanga zomwe zidasindikizidwa kuyambira 2018 pazogwiritsira ntchito zolaula komanso kutumizirana zolaula pakati pa achinyamata. Komabe, ndizokayikitsa kwambiri kuti ndemanga zilizonse zofunikira zomwe zidasindikizidwa munthawi yochepa zitha kusintha kwambiri zomwe tapeza ndikuwunika umboni.

Tidagwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthidwa za DARE kuti tiwunikire mozama kuphatikiza ndemanga ndipo izi zimavomerezedwa ngati zoperewera. Njira za DARE sizinapangidwe koyambirira ngati chida chowunikira bwino ndipo sizinatsimikizidwe pantchitoyo. Pomwe malingalirowa amayang'ana kwambiri pamakhalidwe ochepa, owunikirako adakwanitsa kuwonjezera pakuwunika pochita kafukufukuyo polemba zomwe zanenedwa pokhudzana ndi njira zomwe zingakhudze kapena magwero okondera. Tidaphatikizira izi pakuwunika kwa kuwunika.

Umboni unadziwika wolumikiza zolaula komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pakati pa achinyamata pazikhulupiriro, malingaliro ndi machitidwe ena. Komabe, umboniwo nthawi zambiri unkakhala wosagwirizana ndipo zambiri zimachokera m'maphunziro am'magawo osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimalepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ubale wachipembedzo. Zomwe zilipo pakadali pano ndizocheperanso chifukwa cha zovuta zina zomwe zimachitika pamaphunziro oyambira ndikuwunikanso za maphunzirowa, komanso mipata yayikulu m'mabuku, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zovuta kuzimvetsetsa.

M'tsogolomu, kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro owonjezera komanso okhwima angathandize kuwunikira maubwenzi apamtima. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti kafukufukuyu sangakhale wokhoza kuzindikira kapena kudzipatula motsimikiza 'zotsatira' zolaula komanso kutumizirana zithunzi zolaula kwa achinyamata. Maphunziro oyenerera omwe amalemekeza mawu a achinyamata omwe ali ndi gawo lofunikira lofunikira pakumvetsetsa bwino za ubale wawo ndi zolaula komanso kutumizirana zolaula.

Zosafunika.

1. 1.

   https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/crdweb/searchstrategies.asp Fayilo yosinthidwa pang'ono ya fyuluta yosakira idagwiritsidwa ntchito pa RoR iyi.

2. 2.

   Zotsatira pazowunikiridwa ndi Handschuh et al. Kuphatikizidwa mu lipoti la a DHSC kudatengera pamsonkhano womwe udasindikizidwa mu 2018. Zomwe zapezedwa mu pepala lapano zikuchokera pa nkhani yathunthu yomwe olemba adalemba pakuwunika kwawo ku 2019.

KODI:

Nthawi yokhulupirira

DHSC:

Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Zosamalira Anthu

xxxx

Amuna okhaokha, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, transgender

OR:

Zovuta za chiŵerengero

RoR:

Unikani ndemanga