Kukula ndi kugwirizana kwa makhalidwe a chiwerewere pakati pa ophunzira a yunivesite: phunziro ku Hefei, China (2012): 86% ya amuna amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula

Ndemanga: Porn ndi (yotchedwa) zimaletsedwa ku China. Komabe, phunziro ili la ophunzira aku yunivesite linapeza kuti 86% ya amuna amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

BMC Zaumoyo Zamagulu. 2012 Nov 13;12:972. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-972.

Chi X, Yu L, Zima S.

gwero

Dipatimenti Yophunzitsa, Yunivesite ya Hong Kong, Malo 101, HOC BLOG, Hong Kong, China. [imelo ndiotetezedwa].

ZOKHUDZA:

MALANGIZO:

Ku China, kugonana ndi khalidwe la achinyamata lakhala likudandaula ndi anthu koma pali zochepa chabe zomwe zachitidwa pofuna kufufuza zowonjezereka ndi zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe chazochitika.

ZITSANZO:

Kafukufuku wokhudza mafunso okhudza zachiwerewere achinyamata anachitidwa pakati pa ophunzira a yunivesite ya 1,500 ku 2011 ku Hefei, mzinda waukulu pakati pa China. Chiwerengero cha ophunzira a 1,403 (zaka = 20.30 ± 1.27 zaka) adatsiriza funsolo ndi mayankhidwe apamwamba a 93.5%.

ZOKHUDZA:

Mwa anthu omwe anafunsidwa, 12.6% (15.4% ya amuna ndi 8.6% ya akazi) ophunzira adanena kuti ali ndi zibwenzi zogonana asanakwatirane; 10.8% (10.5% ya amuna motsutsana ndi 11.2% akazi) anali ndi kugonana kwa m'kamwa; 2.7% (3.4% ya amuna motsutsana ndi 1.7% akazi) anafotokoza zochitika zofanana pa kugonana; 46% (70.3% ya amuna kuphatikizapo 10.8% ya akazi) adafotokoza makhalidwe odzisangalatsa; 57.4% (86.2% ya amuna ndi 15.6% akazi) ophunzira amawonedwa zolaula. Ponena za kugonana pogonana, 13.7% (10.7% ya amuna ndi 18% ya akazi) adayankhula ndi makolo awo za kugonana; 7.1% (6.1% ya amuna kuphatikizapo 8.4% ya akazi) ophunzira amapereka kukambirana ndi makolo pa njira zobereka. Pofuna kukakamiza khalidwe la kugonana, 2.7% (4% ya amuna ndi 0.9% ya akazi) adawaumiriza okondedwa awo kugonana, ndipo 1.9% (2.4% ya amuna ndi 1.2% ya akazi) adawaumiriza kugonana.

Kugonana kunapezedwa kuti ndikofunika kuwonetsa khalidwe la kugonana kwa ophunzira a yunivesite: Amuna amaonetsa makhalidwe ambiri okhudzana ndi kugonana kuphatikizapo kugonana, kugonana amuna okhaokha, kugonana, maliseche zolaula ndi kukambirana za kugonana ndi anzanu. Makhalidwe angapo okhudzana ndi kugonana anadziwika kwa ophunzira osiyana payekha. Kwa amuna, kukhala ndi maubwenzi achikondi, zochitika zapakati pa maphunziro a kugonana, zikhumbo zochepa za maphunziro, nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa Internet, ndi malo okhala m'matawuni adayanjanitsidwa kwambiri ndi makhalidwe ambiri ogonana. Kwa ophunzira azimayi, kukhala ndi zibwenzi zapamtima komanso kumidzi ya m'midzi kunaneneratu za chiwerewere.

POMALIZA:

Kuchita zachiwerewere pakati pa ophunzira a yunivesite ku China si zachilendo, ngakhale kuti pali njira zochepa zomwe ophunzira angapezere chidziwitso chogonana: ophunzira aamuna amasonyeza makhalidwe ochuluka kwambiri okhudzana ndi kugonana kusiyana ndi ophunzira aakazi. Kukhala ndi ubale wapamtima komanso nthawi yambiri yogwiritsira ntchito pa Intaneti ndizofunikira kwambiri zokhudzana ndi kugonana pakati pa ophunzira a yunivesite. Kuwongolera khalidwe labwino la kugonana kwa achinyamata, mapulogalamu ophunzitsira za kugonana omwe amapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pa nkhani zogonana pogonana ayenera kukhazikitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayunivesiti ku China, makamaka kwa ophunzira omwe ali ndi chibwenzi ndi omwe amatha nthawi yaitali pa intaneti .

Background

Achinyamata ali pachiyambi cha moyo wawo wogonana ndi wobereka. Momwe akukonzekera ulendowu ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri pamoyo wawo wamtsogolo komanso thanzi la mbadwo wotsatira. Zizolowezi zokhudzana ndi kugonana zimatchula zosiyana za kugonana, monga kukambirana za kugonana, kugonana modziletsa, kugonana, ndi kugonana pogwiritsa ntchito zochitika zawo ndikuwonetsa kugonana kwawo. Mchitidwe wa chiwerewere wachinyamata umakhudza kwambiri mavuto osiyanasiyana azachuma [1,2]. Mwachitsanzo, kugonana kosatetezeka kumathandiza kuti munthu asatenge mimba, zochotsa mimba, mavuto okhudzana ndi mimba, komanso matenda opatsirana pogonana (kuphatikizapo HIV / AIDS)3]. Ngakhale pali maphunziro ochuluka pankhani za kugonana ndi thanzi la achinyamata m'mayiko a Kumadzulo, kufufuza koteroko sikupezeka kawirikawiri m'madera osiyanasiyana achi China. Kumvetsetsa kugawana ndi kugonana kwabwino kwa chikhalidwe cha kugonana kwa achinyamata a ku China kungapereke zambiri zofunika pa chitukuko ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapulogalamu ogwira ntchito za kugonana ku China ndipo motero amathandiza achinyamata achi China kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino okhudzana ndi kugonana. Zomwe zili choncho, phunziroli likufuna kufufuza zokhudzana ndi khalidwe la kugonana pakati pa achinyamata a ku China pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chachikulu cha ophunzira ku yunivesite ku Hefei, mzinda waukulu pakati pa China.

Zaka makumi angapo zaposachedwapa, kafukufuku wochulukirapo adafufuza kuchuluka kwa khalidwe lachiwerewere lachichepere kawirikawiri m'zochitika zambiri za kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kugonana, kugonana ndi maliseche, ndi zolaula m'mayiko akumadzulo [4]. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku anapeza 80% ya amuna ndipo 73% ya akazi anali atagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku United States [5]. Pafupifupi, a 74% a ophunzira a ku yunivesite adanena kuti agonanapo ku Turkey [6]. Lipoti lomwe linaperekedwa pakati pa ophunzira a yunivesite ya 8658 ku America linapeza kuti ophunzira a 5% anali ndi zochitika zogonana ndi amuna awo okhaokha [7]. Umboni wapadziko lonse umasonyeza kuti chiopsezo cha kugonana chikufala kwambiri pakati pa achinyamata. Pafupifupi 25-33% ya amayi a koleji ku United States adanena kuti akukakamizidwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito mokakamizidwa ndi ziwalo zogonana komanso kuzungulira 10% ya akazi a koleji omwe akukakamizidwa kuti azitenga, anal, ndi / kapena kugonana [8]. Zapezeka kuti 92% ya amuna ndi azimayi a 77% a ku yunivesite aakazi adakali ndi masturbated ku United States [9]. Ku Denmark 97.8% ya amuna ndi 79.5% ya akazi amaonerera zolaula pakati pa 1002 anthu a zaka 18-30 [10].

Ku China, chiŵerengero chochepa cha kafukufuku adayesa kufufuza zochitika za kugonana kwa ophunzira ku yunivesite zaka makumi awiri zapitazo. Ku 1989, kufufuza kwakukulu pa miyoyo ya ophunzira a yunivesite ku Beijing, komwe kunawonetsa kuti pafupifupi 13% ya ophunzira aamuna ndi a 6% a ophunzira aakazi anakumana ndi zochitika zogonana [11]. Mu 1992, kufufuza komweku ku Shanghai kunasonyeza kuti 18.8% ya ophunzira a yunivesite ndi 16.8% mwa ophunzira aakazi anali atagonana asanakwatirane [12]. Mu 2000, kafukufuku wapadziko lonse okhudzana ndi anthu oposa 5000 ochokera ku mayunivesite a 26 m'zigawo za 14 adanena kuti 11.3% ya ophunzira a ku yunivesite anagonana [13]. Pakalipano, kuphunzira kwa zaka zambiri ku Beijing kunawonetsa kuti chiwerengero cha kugonana musanalowe m'banja pakati pa ophunzira a yunivesite chinachokera ku 16.9% mu 2001 mpaka 32% mu 2006 [14]. Ngakhale zotsatirazi zinapereka zidziwitso zabwino zokhudzana ndi khalidwe la kugonana kwa ophunzira a ku yunivesite ya China, maphunziro ambiri adangotenga mafunso amodzi okha akuti "Inde" kapena "Ayi" kuti adziwe ngati wophunzirayo wagonana kapena ayi. Zochitika zambiri za kugonana, monga kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kugonana, sizidziwika. Mwachiwonekere, maphunziro oterowo sangathe kupereka chithunzi chowonekera chokhudza machitidwe achiwerewere a ophunzira a ku China osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, pali chofunikira kwambiri kupitiliza kufufuza izi mwa kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zowunika zomwe zingayang'ane miyeso yambiri ya khalidwe lachiwerewere ku China.

Zofufuza zingapo zofunikira za khalidwe lachiwerewere la achinyamata zakhala zikudziwika ndi ofufuza azungu. Kafukufuku adawulula ophunzira omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba, poyerekeza ndi omwe ali ndi sukulu zamaphunziro, amakhala ndi chizoloŵezi chogonana kusukulu ya sekondale [15]. Ophunzira a ku Koleji ochokera kumidzi ndi midzi ankagonana kwambiri kuposa anthu ochokera kumidzi [16]. Kusukulu ya sekondale, achinyamata omwe ali ndi sukulu zoipa sakhala atayika kale ndipo amachita zambiri zogonana kusiyana ndi omwe apambana maphunziro awo [17]. Ponena za maphunziro a kugonana, akhala akukangana m'maiko ena kwa nthawi yaitali, monga USA ndi China. Kafukufuku wochuluka omwe adachitika padziko lonse lapansi adawunika ndikugwirizana ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere la achinyamata. Ena adapeza maphunziro a kugonana angachepetse kugonana ndi chiopsezo cha kugonana [18]. Zakafukufuku zina zapeza kuti maphunziro a kugonana sangayambe kusintha kwa kugonana [19]. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pakati pa achinyamata ndi achinyamata, kukhala pachibwenzi kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi chiwopsezo chowonjezereka chogonana komanso kuchita zachiwerewere [20]. Komanso, kuwonetsetsa pa intaneti ndi mauthenga omwe amapezeka ndizimene zimakhudza kwambiri achinyamata a ku America [21]. Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wapereka mfundo zamtengo wapatali kuti amvetsetse mgwirizano wa kugonana pakati pa achinyamata ndi achinyamata, maphunziro ochulukawa ankachitidwa ndi madera akumadzulo. Palibe kafukufuku wofufuza ngati ndizimene zimakhudzanso khalidwe la kugonana kwa a ku yunivesite ya ku China. Phunziroli ndilo phunziro loyambirira kuti ayese kufufuza zokhudzana ndi maganizo okhudzana ndi chiwerewere pogwiritsa ntchito Chichewa.

Komanso, zomwe zimakhudza khalidwe la kugonana zimawoneka zosiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi. Maphunziro ambiri m'mayiko akumadzulo amasonyeza kuti amuna amatha kuyamba chiwerewere, kuchuluka kwa chiŵerengero cha kugonana, khalidwe lachiwerewere lomwe limakhalapo nthawi zambiri komanso khalidwe loopsa kwambiri kuposa atsikana [22,23]. Amuna amatha kunena kuti ataya namwali ndipo adayamba kugonana m'zaka za msinkhu komanso ogonana kwambiri kuposa akazi [24]. Achinyamata nthawi zambiri amaphunzira kuchokera ku zomwe akumana nazo, ndipo zochitika zawo zingakhudze khalidwe lawo lotsatira. Izi zimachitika mosiyana kwa anyamata ndi abambo, chifukwa nthawi zambiri anthu amamasulira malingaliro osiyanasiyana pazogonana amuna ndi akazi. Mwachitsanzo, chilango chogwirizanitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi maganizo chimakhudzana ndi kugonana kwa akazi kusiyana ndi amuna [25]. Amuna amakonda kulandira chilolezo chochuluka kuchokera kwa anthu kuti asagonana asanalowe m'banja kusiyana ndi akazi. Chifukwa chakuti khalidwe la kugonana limakhudza kusiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi, zochitika za maganizo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi khalidwe la kugonana zidzasinthasintha. Komabe, sizikudziwika bwino momwe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pakati pa kugonana kulili; Nanga ndi motani momwe zinthu zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa azimayi achimuna ndi aakazi a ku China. Choncho, m'pofunika kufufuza momwe kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pa chiwerengero cha khalidwe la kugonana; Nanga ndi motani momwe zinthu zokhudzana ndi umoyo zimakhudzidwa ndi khalidwe la kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi, motero.

Potsutsana ndi zofukufuku, phunziroli lapangidwa kuti lipeze mafunso atatu oyambirira a kafukufuku: (a) Kodi khalidwe lachiwerewere likufala bwanji pakati pa ophunzira a ku yunivesite ku Hefei. (b) Ndi kusiyana kotani pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kusiyana ndi chikhalidwe cha kugonana? (c) Ndi zifukwa ziti zomwe zimakhudzana ndi khalidwe la kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi, motero?

Pitani ku:

Njira

Ndondomeko ndi omvera

Phunziroli lidachitidwa ku Hefei, mzinda waukulu pakati pa East China mu September, 2010. Pali mapunivesite asanu ndi anayi akuluakulu a ku Hefei, omwe ali ndi maphunziro osiyanasiyana monga sayansi, maphunziro, malamulo ndi mabuku. Kuchokera ku mayunivesiti asanu ndi anayi, mayunivesite anai adasankhidwa mwachisawawa, pakati pa magulu a 16 omwe anasankhidwa kuchokera ku sukulu ina mosiyana ndiyi kuti pali chiwerengero chofanana cha ophunzira ndi abambo m'kalasi (chiŵerengero cha amuna ndi akazi chochokera ku 1: 1.5 ku 1.5: 1). Mwachindunji, pa sukulu iliyonse ku yunivesite, gulu limodzi linasankhidwa. Ophunzira onse m'masukulu omwe anasankhidwa (n = 1,500) adaitanidwa kutenga nawo mbali mu phunziroli ndipo onse adagwirizana kuti akhale nawo mwa kulembapo fomu yobvomerezedwa musanayambe kufufuza mafunso. Mwa omvera a 1,500, ophunzira a 1403 adabweretsanso mayankho omaliza, omwe amasonyeza kuwerengera kwakukulu kwa 93.5%. Mibadwo ya ophunzira idayambira zaka 18 kufikira zaka 25 (M = 20.30, SD = 1.27), ndi 59.2% kukhala amuna ndipo 40.8% ndi akazi. Makhalidwe ambiri a anthu omwe ali nawo gawo ali mwachidule mu Table 1.

Gulu 1   

Makhalidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu a anthu omwe adasankhidwa nawo (n /%)

Maphunziro a mafunsowa anachitidwa ndi wolemba woyamba ndi wothandizira ochita kafukufuku m'kalasi ndi malangizo oyenerera. Pa nthawi iliyonse yowunikira, zolinga za phunziroli zinayambitsidwa ndipo chinsinsi cha deta yomwe idasonkhanitsidwa mobwerezabwereza chinalimbikitsidwa kwa ophunzira onse. Poonjezera kuti zenizeni izi zidziwike, ziwerengero zingapo zachitidwa. Choyamba, zipinda zazikuluzikulu zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kafukufukuyo ndipo ophunzira adakonzedwa kukhala padera. Mwapadera, pa phunziro lililonse la kafukufuku, nyumba yophunzirira mipando ya 100 inaperekedwa kwa ophunzira osaposa 40 kuti amalize mafunsowa. Chachiwiri, wolemba woyamba ndi wothandizira ofufuza analipo panthawi ya kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kuti athe kuyankha mafunso otheka. Palibe aphunzitsi a makalasi kapena mayunivesite omwe adawonetseratu pofufuza. Chachitatu, ophunzira anayenera kuganizira mafunso awo okhawo komanso osaloledwa kukambirana ndi ophunzira ena. Chachinayi, ophunzira adalimbikitsidwa kuti ayankhe mafunsowa moona mtima ndipo atsimikiziridwa mobwerezabwereza kuti zotsatira zawo zidzasanthuledwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi chidziwitso chaumwini chomwe chidzasungidwa mwachinsinsi.

Ndondomekoyi ndi ndondomeko yosonkhanitsa deta yakhala ikuvomerezedwa kuchokera kwa afukufuku omwe adafunsidwa ku University of Hong Kong.

Njira

Makhalidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu

Gawo loyamba la mafunsowa liri ndi mafunso okhudza chiwerengero cha amai, zaka, msinkhu (Chaka 1 kufikira Chaka 4), kuphunzira chilango (Sayansi kapena Art), chilakolako cha maphunziro, chibwenzi chaubale, maphunziro a kugonana komanso nthawi Intaneti ndi dera. Pofuna kuphunzira maphunziro, ophunzira adapemphedwa kuti afotokoze kuti ali ndi digiri yochuluka bwanji, digiri ya master, ndi digiri ya PhD. Mafunso awiri "eya" kapena "ayi" akufunseni ophunzira ngati ali ndi chibwenzi chokha tsopano kapena kale; komanso ngati adalandira maphunziro a kugonana kale kapena pakalipano (maphunziro opatsirana pogonana omwe amachitira maphunziro apamwamba kuphatikizapo maphunziro, masewera, masemina). Kwa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti, ophunzira amafunika kufotokoza maola angapo patsiku omwe amathera pa intaneti. Funso limodzi linapempha ophunzira kumene anakulira, kaya kudera kapena kumidzi.

Chiwerewere chiyeso

Mu phunziro ili 20 zinthu zosankha zambiri kuchokera ku Sexual Resource Inventory ya SKAT zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kufufuza zochitika za kugonana kwa achinyamata a ku China. chaka chatha. Mchitidwe wogonana Unventory unakhazikitsidwa ndi Mayi mu 1990 [26] ndikusinthidwa ndi Fullard, Scheier, & Lief mu 2005 [27], lomwe ndi funso lofunika kwambiri, lolembera pepala ndi pensi lokha lapepala loti mudziwe zambiri zokhudzana ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogonana ndi zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere ndi maphunziro. Funso la mafunso a 20 lothandizira kuti lidziwe zambiri zokhudza kugonana komwe kunaphatikizapo kumpsompsona, kuyimba, kulumikizana ndi kugonana (mwachitsanzo, Kuyankhula ndi chibwenzi / bwenzi lanu zokhudza kugonana), kugonana (mwachitsanzo, kugonana ndi munthu yemwe si mwamuna kapena mkazi), ndi kukakamiza kugonana. Otsutsa anayankha pamtunda wa Likert (1 = Zosatha, 2 = Zosakwana mwezi uliwonse, 3 = mwezi uliwonse, 4 = mlungu uliwonse, 5 = tsiku ndi tsiku). Maphunziro okwera kwambiri amasonyeza kukhala ndi zochitika zambiri zogonana. Kuti agwirizane ndi chiyankhulo cha Chichina, chiwerengerocho chinamasuliridwa ndi kutembenuzidwa kumbuyo poyamba ndi akatswiri awiri a Chingerezi (Chingerezi ndi Chinois) (okamba amodzi ndi aakazi), kenaka adakonzedwanso ku ophunzira a yunivesite ya 14 kufunsa mafunso pagulu ndi 5 akatswiri owona, ndipo potsiriza kuyesedwa kwa oyendetsa ndi ophunzira a yunivesite ya 400 kunachitidwa kuti athandizidwe kuti akhulupirire ndi kuwongolera. Potsirizira, zinthu za 2 ("Kupita kunyumba ndi mlendo yemwe mwakumana naye ku phwando kapena piritsi "ndi" Pita tsiku limodzi ndi anzanu") Sizinali zofunikira pa chiyankhulo cha Chinsina zinachotsedwa ndipo khalidwe logonana lachiyanjano lachi China linapangidwa ndi zinthu 18 zinapangidwa. Zomwe zili mkati mwa funsoli mu phunziro ili linali Cronbach's alpha = 0.84.

Kusanthula kusanthula

Choyamba, mafupipafupi ndi magawo a gawo lililonse la mafunso okhudzana ndi kugonana anawerengedwa kuti apereke mbiri yowonetsera za chizolowezi chogonana pakati pa ophunzira a ku China. Chachiwiri, khalidwe lachiwerewere linafananitsidwa pakati pa ophunzira aamuna ndi azimayi mwazidziwitso kuti ayese kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Chachitatu, kufufuza kwapadera kunkachitika pofuna kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zochitika zogonana, momwe phindu lonse la ophunzira pa mafunso okhudzana ndi kugonana linagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana; zaka, msinkhu, maphunziro okhudzana ndi chibwenzi, zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana, malo oyambirira / malo, komanso nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti zinkakhala zosiyana ndi zogonana monga kusankha kosinthika. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito SPSS for Windows, version 17.0.

Pitani ku:

Results

Kukula kwa makhalidwe ogonana

Table 2 amasonyeza kuchuluka kwa makhalidwe ogonana mu chitsanzo cha chaka chimodzi chomaliza. Ochepa ophunzira (10.8%) ankachita zogonana ndi ocheperapo ndipo ophunzira angapo (12.6%) anali ndi zibwenzi zogonana. Ophunzira angapo (2.7%) anali ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pafupi 46% ophunzira anali ndi maliseche ndipo oposa theka la ophunzira (57.4%) adawona kanema / kanema m'chaka chimodzi chokha. Pankhani yolankhulana ndi kugonana, ophunzira a 75.6% adayankhula za kugonana ndi abwenzi awo. Komabe, ophunzira omwe analankhula ndi makolo za kugonana ndi kulera anapeza 13.7% ndi 7.1%, motero. Pofuna kukakamiza ndi kukakamizidwa kuchita zogonana, ophunzira a 2.7% adakakamiza kugonana kuti agonane ndipo ophunzira a 1.9% adakakamizidwa kugonana chaka chimodzi chomaliza.

Gulu 2   

Kukula kwa makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana (n /%)

Kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pa chiwerewere

Panali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pagulu chaka chatha. Panali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pazochitika zina za makhalidwe ogonana. Amuna anafotokoza zambiri zogonana (84.6%), kujambula maliseche (70.3%), ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mavidiyo oonera zolaula (86.3%) ndi magazini (53.6%), pokambirana za kugonana ndi anzanu (85.9%) ndi malingaliro ogonana (84.5%) kuposa akazi (36.1%, 10.9%, 15.6%, 9.3%, 85.9%, ndi 36%, motsatira). Panali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi poyankhula ndi abwenzi zokhudzana ndi kulera, powonetsera kuti amuna amatha kukambirana ndi abwenzi zokhudzana ndi kulera (57.4%) kusiyana ndi akazi (40.4%). Amuna amalembetsa chibwenzi chochepa (49.1%), kumpsompsona (42.7%) ndi kuseka (29.9%) kusiyana ndi amuna (51.7%, 32.4%, ndi 26.5%, motsatira). Zikuwoneka kuti amuna amatha kufotokozera zachiwerewere kusiyana ndi atsikana. Ndipo akazi ankakonda kufotokozera chiyanjano chochuluka kuposa anyamata omwe adachita (Table 3 ndi Table 4).

Gulu 3   

Kukula kwa makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana (n /%) ndi amuna / akazi
Gulu 4   

Makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana: kusiyana ndi amuna (M ± SD)

Zochitika zogwirizana ndi khalidwe la kugonana ndi amuna / akazi

Kusanthula kwapadera kunkachitika pofuna kuyesa zinthu (zaka, msinkhu, chidziwitso, maphunziro okhudzana ndi chiwerewere, chidziwitso cha maphunziro a kugonana, kumidzi / kumidzi ndi nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti) zokhudzana ndi makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa ophunzira azimayi ndi aakazi, motero. Kafukufukuyu anapeza kuti zifukwa zisanu za amuna zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi khalidwe la kugonana chaka chatha: chibwenzi (β <-. 29, p <0.001), adalandira maphunziro azakugonana (β <−.13, p <0.001), chiyembekezo cha maphunziro (β <−.09, p <0.05), nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti (β .09, p <0.01) ndi dera (- <-.07, p <0.05). Zinthu zisanuzi zitha kufotokozera 19% yamachitidwe ogonana amuna. Zinthu ziwiri za akazi zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndimakhalidwe azakugonana: chibwenzi (β <−.46, p <0.001) ndi dera (- <-.09, p <0.01). Zinthu ziwirizi zitha kufotokozera 27% yazikhalidwe zakugonana zazimayi. Zaka, kalasi ndi chilango sizinakhudzidwe kwenikweni ndi machitidwe ogonana pagulu la amuna ndi akazi (Gulu 5).

Gulu 5   

Zotsatila za makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana: kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi
Pitani ku:

Kukambirana

Kafukufuku wamakono akupeza kuti chiwerengero cha kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe aphunzitsi a ku yunivesite ku Hefei omwe adayankha omwe adayankha pa phunziro lathu anali 12.6% (15.4% amuna ndi 8.5% akazi). Mitengoyi imakhala m'matawuni omwe amawerengedwa ndi ophunzira a ku China omwe ali m'mizinda ina ya China kuyambira 1995 [16,28,29]. Zaka khumi zapitazi, chiwerengero cha kugonana pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pakati pa anthu a ku China asayansi sichinaoneke kuti chasintha kwambiri, chikukhala chofanana kapena sichikusiyana kwambiri ndi mitengo yomwe ikupezeka m'madera oyandikana nawo kapena mayiko. Mwachitsanzo, zinanenedwa kuti 22% ya anyamata osakwatiwa omwe akhala zaka zaka 20 atagonana ku Taiwan mu 2004 [30]. Ndipo mu kafukufuku wa Survey of Youth Youth omwe anachitidwa kumapeto kwa 2003, anapeza kuti 16.7% wamwamuna ndi 2.4% azimayi okalamba a 18 mpaka zaka 25 anachita kugonana [31]. Zikhoza kukhala chifukwa chigawo cha Asia, monga Taiwan, Korea, Vietnam ndi Japan, chimafanana ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha Confucian chomwe chimayembekezera kuti amuna ndi akazi azichita zoyenera kuchoka pamtunda nthawi zonse ndipo alibe chiyanjano chilichonse pamaso pa ukwati [32]. Ngakhale kuti akhala otsegulira kunja kwa zochitika zamtundu wina, zamalonda ndi zachuma kwa nthawi zosiyanasiyana komanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kugawana nawo miyambo yachikhalidwe kumayambitsidwabe m'madera ambiri. Poyerekeza ndi maiko akumadzulo, chiwerengero cha China chinakhala chochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi mitengo yomwe inachitika ku USA kuti 80% ya ophunzira a ku yunivesite ndi 73% a ophunzira a yunivesite ankachita zogonana amuna ndi akazi komanso ku Scotland kuti pafupi 74% ophunzira a yunivesite ankagonana panthawi ya 1990s ndi oyambirira a 2000s [33,34]. Izi zikhoza kukhala zogwirizana ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Chitsanzo chapadera ndichoti Utumiki wa Zigawo wa China unaletsa ukwati pakati pa ophunzira ku yunivesite mpaka 2005 ndi mayunivesite apereke nkhani yomwe inalepheretsa anthu kugonana ndi ophunzira ku yunivesite. Ku China, mayunivesites ambiri ali ndi malamulo omwe amaletsa kugwirizana pakati pa ophunzira ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo kusukulu. Mwachitsanzo, wophunzira aliyense ayenera kukhala kusukulu ndipo amuna samaloledwa kulowa m'mabwalo aakazi; ophunzira ayenera kubwerera ku nyumba yosungirako zinthu zisanafike 10: 30 masana kuyambira pamene zipata za nyumba zogona zikuyandikira 10: 30 pm, ndi magetsi atsegulidwa pa 11: 30 pm. Kuwonjezera pa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zotsatira zathu zimasonyezanso kuti pali zochitika zina pakati pa ophunzira a ku yunivesite, omwe amaphunzira amuna ndi akazi omwe ali ndi chiwalo chogonana, kugonana, kugonana ndi kukakamizidwa kugonana. Zotsatira zikhoza kusonyeza kuti maphunziro a kugonana samangotanthauza kudziletsa monga njira yabwino yothetsera kugonana koyenera, komanso amapereka maphunziro ochuluka a za kugonana kuphatikizapo chidziwitso cha kugonana pa nkhani ya uchembere, kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu komanso kugwiritsira ntchito njira zogonana, zoyenera kuchita komanso zachiwerewere pofuna kutetezera, komanso makhalidwe abwino. achinyamata.

Pali zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi muzofukufuku zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndikufunsa ophunzira za kuyankhulana kwawo ndi anthu ena pa nkhani zogonana kapena njira zina zopezera chidziwitso cha kugonana (mwachitsanzo, kuyang'ana mavidiyo kapena zolaula). Ponena za kuyankhulana pa nkhani za kugonana, zotsatira za kafukufuku wamakono zikusonyeza kuti kulankhulana kwa achinyamata ndi achinyamata kugonana kunali kofala kwambiri ku China kuposa m'mayiko a Kumadzulo. Kafukufuku wopangidwa ku Sweden adanena kuti 40% ya amuna ndi 60% a ophunzira a sekondale aakazi akuyankhula ndi makolo awo za kugonana [35]. Komabe, mu phunziro laposachedwapa, a 13.7% (10.7% amuna ndi a 18% azimayi) adayankhula ndi makolo zokhudzana ndi kugonana, ndipo 7.1% (6.1% amuna ndi 8.4% akazi) adayankhula ndi makolo zokhudzana ndi kulera kwa chaka chimodzi ku China. Chifukwa choti makolo amawathandiza kwambiri pamoyo wawo [35], kutenga nawo mbali kwa makolo pa maphunziro a kugonana achinyamata kumayenera kukulitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, makolo ayenera kulimbikitsidwa kulankhulana ndi kuphunzitsa ana za kugonana kumalo otseguka pamene amakopeka kwambiri ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere ali mwana.

Maphunzirowa adawonetsanso ophunzira ambiri, makamaka ophunzira aamuna, amene adawona zolaula monga mabuku / magazini / mavidiyo / mawebusaiti. Zingasonyeze kuti zolaula zingakhale zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa achinyamata a Chitchaina ndipo zikhoza kukhala ndi mphamvu pamasewero ogonana omwe akufunsayo. Zimakhala zofunikira kuti ziphatikizepo zolaula pamutu pa maphunziro a kugonana kwa ophunzira ku yunivesite ku China [15]. Mwachitsanzo, kuphunzitsa achinyamata zokhudzana ndi zolaula komanso ubale pakati pa mafilimu ndi moyo; kulimbikitsa ophunzira kuti aganizire ndi kukambirana zomwe zowoneka phindu ndi zotsatira zovulaza za zolaula ndizo achinyamata, chifukwa chomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito, ndi zomwe lamulo likunena za izo.

Kafukufukuyu adapeza kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (amuna> akazi) pakuchuluka kwa kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, maliseche, malingaliro azakugonana, kuwonetsa zolaula; kusiyana kumeneku kunali kogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale yemwe adachitika ku China ndi USA [29,36,37]. Kusiyana kwa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kungathe kufotokozedwa podziwa kuti ngakhale kugonana musanakwatirane kwa anyamata kumatengedwa kuti ndi gawo lovomerezeka laling'ono, atsikana amakonda kulembedwa ndi kusalidwa ndipo nthawi zambiri amatsutsidwa chifukwa cha kugonana komwe kungabweretse mimba ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana [38]. Malingaliro ndi zikhulupiliro za banja ndi anthu akuyembekezerabe amuna kutenga udindo woyambitsa ndi kuthetsa kugonana. Akazi amayenera kukhala anamwali asanalowe m'banja ndipo ayambanso kugonana kuposa amuna [14,39]. Kusiyana kwa kusiyana pakati pa kugonana ndi malingaliro, kugonana maliseche komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zingakhalenso pang'ono chifukwa cha kugonana. Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti amuna ambiri amakhala ndi magetsi amphamvu kwambiri ndipo amaukitsidwa ndi zolaula kuposa akazi [40]. Mwinanso, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pa kugonana, kugonana maliseche ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zingathe kufotokozedwa ndi mayankho abwino a anthu. Stigma ikupitiriza kugwirizanitsidwa ndi khalidwe lachikazi la autoerotic makamaka m'madera osiyanasiyana achi China; Choncho, amayi akhoza kutchula ziwerengero za maliseche kapena zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito [38].

Mogwirizana ndi maphunziro apitalo, anapeza kuti chikhalidwe cha chiwerewere chaka chapitachi kwa ophunzira a yunivesite chinali chogwirizana kwambiri ndi kukhala ndi chibwenzi chokwanira, kulandira maphunziro a kugonana, kufunafuna maphunziro apansi, nthawi yambiri yogwiritsira ntchito pa intaneti ndi malo okhala m'matawuni kwa amuna komanso kukondana ndi kumakhala kumidzi kwa akazi.

Pakati pa zifukwa zonse zomwe zidafotokozeratu kuti ophunzira adzalandira chiwerewere, kukhala ndi chibwenzi ndizovuta kwambiri kwa amuna ndi akazi. Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti chibwenzi, makamaka chibwenzi chokhazikika ndi chofunika kwambiri chokhudzana ndi makhalidwe ogonana. Kukhala ndi chibwenzi kapena chibwenzi kungawonjezere mwayi wokhala ndi makhalidwe apamtima komanso am'mawa, monga kumpsompsonana ndi kukondana, zomwe zingatsatidwe ndi kugonana. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kukhala ndi chibwenzi kapena chibwenzi kungasonyeze achinyamata kwa anzanu atsopano, omwe angagawane zizolowezi zambiri zokhudzana ndi kugonana; Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti achinyamata omwe zikhalidwe zawo zimalimbikitsa kugonana zimakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi chiwerewere. Choncho, achinyamata omwe ali pachibwenzi amakhala ndi chidziwitso chowonjezereka chokhudzana ndi chibwenzi ndi chiopsezo cha kugonana komanso chitetezo. Phunziroli likusonyeza kufunika kokakamiza achinyamata kuti akhale ndi chibwenzi [41]. Sukulu ndi makolo ayenera kuthandizira achinyamata, makamaka omwe ali pachibwenzi, kulimbikitsa luso ndi luso mu ubale ndi chiyanjano kuphatikizapo kuphunzitsa chidziwitso chogonana, kulimbikitsa khalidwe logonana, ndikupanga chisankho chogonana.

Maphunziro okhudzana ndi kugonana ali ndi chitsimikizo chachiwiri chothandiza kufotokozera khalidwe lachiwerewere la azimayi. Kwa amuna, ophunzira omwe adalandira maphunziro opatsirana pogonana anaonetsa makhalidwe abwino kwambiri okhudzana ndi kugonana kusiyana ndi omwe alibe zochitikazo. Izi zikuwoneka kuti sizikugwirizana ndi "cholinga chabwino" cha anthu amtundu waku China omwe maphunziro a kugonana ayenera kuchepetsa kugonana ndikuchepetsa kugonana pakati pa achinyamata ndi achinyamata [42]. Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti deta yaposachedwapa yasonyeza kuti "cholinga chabwino" sichinateteze achinyamata bwino [43-45]. Komano, maphunziro a kugonana ndi maphunziro osankhidwa mu masunivesite achi China. N'kuthekanso kuti ophunzira omwe ali ndi chidwi chogonana kapena kukhala ndi zochitika zogonana amakhala ndi mwayi wosankha nkhani zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Kugwirizana pakati pa maphunziro a kugonana ndi achinyamata okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi zovuta [46]. Kodi maphunziro a kugonana amathandiza bwanji? Ochita kafukufuku amavomereza maganizo a Pan akuti: "Kuphunzitsa kugonana sikungokhalako 'chozimitsa moto', osati kugwira ntchito monga 'accelerant'; Cholinga chachikulu cha maphunziro a kugonana ndi kuthandiza anthu onse, makamaka mbadwo wotsatira, kukhala ndi "moyo wosangalala" monga momwe zingathere [46] "Momwemo, maphunziro a kugonana ayenera kuthandiza achinyamata kuti azikhala ndi maganizo oyenera pa nkhani yogonana, awathandize kudziwa zomwe akufunikira kuti azisamalira thanzi lawo, ndikuwathandiza kupeza luso lochita zisankho panopa komanso m'tsogolo. Komabe, poona kuti China ilibe mwayi wokhala ndi ufulu wochita zachiwerewere womwe umakhala wofunikira kwambiri popititsa patsogolo maphunziro a kugonana, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito njira yunivesite kuti adziwe za kugonana. Choyamba, yunivesite imawoneka ngati malo otetezeka kuti iphatikize zokambirana ndi kumvetsetsa za kugonana. Amayunivesite amakhalanso ndi ufulu wochuluka wokhudzana ndi kugonana kusiyana ndi malo ena; Choncho, kukangana kungakhale kozama komanso kosavuta. Komanso, ophunzira a ku yunivesite amakonda kukhala otseguka kwambiri ndipo amayamba kupeza malingaliro atsopano pa zogonana [47].

Chinthu china chogwirizana ndi makhalidwe achiwerewere chinali maphunziro opindulitsa kwa amuna. Tapeza kuti maphunziro okhudzana ndi chiwerewere amatha kufotokoza molakwika makhalidwe a chiwerewere a ophunzira, omwe ndi maphunziro apamwamba, osagonana. Chotsatirachi chinatsimikiziranso kale kuti kudzipereka kumeneku kuchitapo kanthu pochita bwino ophunzira otetezedwa ndi ophunzira kuti akhale okhudzana ndi kugonana komanso ogonana nawo [48]. FPanthawiyi, nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti inali chinthu chomaliza chogwirizana ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere kwa amuna. Phunziro lathu linapeza kuti nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti imatha kufotokozera pang'ono za khalidwe lachiwerewere la ophunzira, zomwe ndi nthawi yambiri yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti, komanso kugonana kwambiri. Koma sizingathe kuneneratu khalidwe lachiwerewere la azimayi. Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa ophunzira aamuna amawonetsa maulendo apamwamba kwambiri pa malo oonera zolaula, okondedwa awo kufunafuna ndi kuchita nawo makhalidwe oipa omwe ali pa intaneti, omwe amagwirizana kwambiri ndi makhalidwe achiwerewere kuphatikizapo makhalidwe owopsa a kugonana [49]. Chitsogozo choyenera pa ntchito yawo ya intaneti chidzafunika ku China pokhudzana ndi zomwe zingatheke kutsogolo kwa intaneti ndi zolaula pazochitika zogonana za achinyamata. Mwachitsanzo, kuyang'anitsitsa mosamala ndi kuchepetsa makhalidwe omwe ali pa intaneti pazochitika zogonana, makamaka amuna, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti monga chitukuko chophunzitsira za kugonana.

Phunziroli linali ndi malire ambiri. Choyamba, mapangidwe ake adatiteteza kuti tisazindikire mabungwe omwe amachititsa kuti awonongeke, monga ngati chilakolako cha maphunziro chinachepetsa kufalikira kwa makhalidwe a chiwerewere a abambo sakanatha kudziwika mu phunziro ili. Chachiwiri, zotsatira zomwe zapezeka mu phunziroli siziyenera kukhala zowonjezera kwa achinyamata onse a Chitchaina kapena kwa ophunzira onse a ku China, popeza kuti sitingakwanitse kupita ku yunivesite mumzinda umodzi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndizosiyana kwambiri m'madera a Chitchaina. Pomalizira, zofuna zowonongeka zowonongeka ziyenera kuzindikiridwa. Zotsatira za kugonana mu phunziroli zinachokera pa zozizwitsa zokhazokha komanso chidwi cha ophunzira, makamaka ophunzira azimayi, pokhudzana ndi kugonana kungayambitse kupatsirana malipoti chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. Chikhalidwe cha anthu chokhazikika chikhoza kuphatikizidwa mu kafukufuku wamtsogolo.

Pitani ku:

Kutsiliza

Zotsatira zathu zasonyeza kuti nthawi zambiri zochitika zogonana pakati pa ophunzira a ku yunivesite ku Hefei zimasiyana ndi kusiyana kwa kusiyana kwa amuna, monga kugonana maliseche, kuona zolaula, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kugonana. Komanso, zotsatira zathu zasonyeza kuti khalidwe la kugonana linalosedweratu ndi chibwenzi, kulandira maphunziro a kugonana, kufunitsitsa maphunziro, nthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti ndi malo a ophunzira aamuna, ndi chibwenzi ndi malo a ophunzira aakazi. Mfundoyi ndi yofunikira kwa opanga ndondomeko ndi ophunzitsa za kugonana kuti athe kukhazikitsa njira zowonjezera komanso zowonjezereka zomwe zimalimbikitsa polimbikitsa maphunziro a kugonana kwa ophunzira a ku China.

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Zosangalatsa zovuta

Olemba amanena kuti alibe zopikisana.

Pitani ku:

Zopereka za olemba

Olemba onse adathandizira kupangidwe kwa kafukufukuyu. XC ndi LY anachita zowerengerazo ndikuwerengera zolembedwazo; XC inayang'aniridwa ndi SW mu lingaliro la maphunziro ndi kufufuza ndipo SW nayenso anayang'anira kafukufuku, kufufuza kwa chiwerengero ndi kukonzanso zolembazo. Olemba onse amawerenga ndi kuvomereza pamanja pake.

Pitani ku:

Mbiri yisanayambe

Mbiri yakambidwe yosindikizidwa ya pepalayi ingapezeke apa:

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/972/prepub

Pitani ku:

Kuvomereza

Olembawo amayamikira ophunzirawo ndi othandizira pafukufuku ku mayunivesite a 4 ku Hefei. Olembawo amayamikira kwambiri thandizo kuchokera ku komiti ya yunivesite ya mayunivesite anayi.

Pitani ku:

Zothandizira

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