Chidule: Zomwe apeza zikusonyeza kuti Kuyanjana koyamba ndi zolaula kumayamba ali ndi zaka 8, okhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa pamakhalidwe ndi malingaliro, monga hypersexualization, kusokonezeka kwamaganizidwe, komanso kupitiliza kwakusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Kuphatikiza apo, zolaula zomwe achinyamata adachita zalumikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa paraphilias, kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerewere ndi kuzunzidwa, ndipo, pamapeto pake, adalumikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuzunzidwa pa intaneti.
Achinyamata 2021, 1(2), 108-122; https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents1020009
Gassó, Aina M., ndi Anna Bruch-Granados.
Kudalirika
Masiku ano, ukadaulo wakhala gawo la zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku za anthu ambiri. Ntchito zambiri za chitukuko ndi njira zachitukuko zaana ndi achinyamata zidasamutsidwa kupita pa intaneti, zomwe zimapangitsa chidwi ndi chidwi kuchokera kumadera ophunzira, asayansi, ndi azamalamulo. Chimodzi mwazinthu zodetsa nkhawa kwambiri zochokera mdziko latsopanoli ndikumakonda zolaula kwa achinyamata. Cholinga cha kuwunikiraku ndikufotokozera zakutsogolo komanso kusokonezeka kwamalingaliro komwe kumachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa achinyamata, komanso zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chodziwikiratu, zomwe ndi zomwe zimachitika, kuponderezana, kuzunzidwa, komanso Kupanga mitundu yatsopano yazogonana pa intaneti. Zotsatira zazikuluzikulu zikusonyeza kuti kulumikizana koyamba ndi zolaula kumayamba ali ndi zaka 8, ndizofunikira pamakhalidwe ndi malingaliro, monga hypersexualization, kusokonezeka kwamaganizidwe, komanso kupitiliza kusasiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Kuphatikiza apo, zolaula zomwe achinyamata adachita zalumikizidwa ndi kukulitsa kwa paraphilias, kuwonjezeka kwa nkhanza zakugonana komanso kuzunzidwa, ndipo, pamapeto pake, zalumikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuzunzidwa pa intaneti. Zotsatira ndi kafukufuku wamtsogolo akukambidwa.
Keywords: zolaula; achinyamata; zovuta zamilandu; unyamata; kugonana
1. Introduction
Kuchokera pamalingaliro am'maganizo, kugonana kumamveka ngati cholumikizira pakati pa anatomical, thupi, ndi malingaliro, ndi zochitika zonse zam'maganizo ndi zamakhalidwe zomwe zimayenderana ndi kugonana, zomwe zimayamba kuphatikizika paunyamata. Kudziwika kogonana kumayamba kukula ali mwana ndipo kumatha kusinthidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza zachikhalidwe komanso zakunja. Kuchokera pamenepo, kukhala ndi zolaula kumakhala nkhani yofunika kwambiri kwa achinyamata ndi achinyamata [1]. Achinyamata amadziwika ndi World Health Organisation ngati anthu azaka zapakati pa 10-24, ndipo, kuti cholinga cha kafukufukuyu, titchula achinyamata ndi achinyamata pawokha, kuzindikira kuti ndi anthu azaka zapakati pa 10 ndi 24.
Chiyambire kuphatikizidwa kwa intaneti ndi ICT (Information and Communication Technology) pazochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku, anthu akumana ndi kusintha m'malo ambiri, ndipo kulumikizana pakati pa anthu kwasintha makamaka mwachangu. Kupanga zida zatsopano zanzeru zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti mwachangu komanso palokha kwathandizira kulumikizana kwanthawi yomweyo komanso mwayi wopanda malire komanso wofulumira wazinthu zilizonse, kuphatikizapo zolaula. Zithunzi zolaula si zochitika zaposachedwa kapena zatsopano ndipo mawonekedwe ake amatha kuchokera ku Agiriki Akale [2]; komabe, zolaula zatsopano zomwe zawoneka ndikuwonongeka kwa zida zatsopano zamatekinoloje zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana siyana, omwe amasiyanitsa ndi "zolaula zakale". Ballester et al. [1] fotokozani ndi izi:
- Mtengo wazithunzi: Zithunzi zolaula zatsopano zimadalira zojambula zapamwamba zomwe zikusintha pakukhala kwazithunzi.
- Zotsika mtengo: Zolaula zatsopano ndizotsika mtengo ndipo zambiri zimakhala zaulere.
- Kupezeka: Pali chopereka chachikulu komanso chopanda malire, chomwe chingapezeke popanda zoletsa komanso chomwe chitha kuwoneka kuchokera pachida chilichonse.
- Zosagonana zopanda malire: Zogonana zomwe zimawonetsedwa mu "zolaula zatsopano" zilibe malire, kuphatikiza zachiwerewere zowopsa kapena zosaloledwa.
Mabukuwa akuwonetsa kuti pakati pa 7 ndi 59% ya achinyamata mwadala amatenga zolaula ndikuwononga [3]. Kusiyanasiyana komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe achinyamata amamwa chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa zitsanzo, zaka za omwe akutenga nawo gawo, komanso njira zogwiritsa ntchito. Kuchuluka kwa mtundu uliwonse wa zakumwa (mwadala motsutsana ndi kusakonzekera mwadala) kumatha kuyambira 7 mpaka 71%, kutengera njira zomwe agwiritsa ntchito [3]. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wofufuza zakusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi adapeza kuti 93% ya anyamata ndi 52% ya atsikana azaka zapakati pa 16 ndi 19 wazaka zapitazo adawonera zolaula m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yapitayo [4]. Kusiyana kwamtunduwu kunanenedwa ndi Ballester, Orte, ndi Pozo [5], omwe zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndikokwera kwambiri ndi anyamata (90.5%) kuposa atsikana (50%), pomwe amuna nawo akutenga nawo gawo pakumwa pafupipafupi kuposa azimayi omwe amatenga nawo mbali.
Kafukufuku wokhudza kusiyana kwa zaka adapeza kuti 50% ya achinyamata aku Spain azaka zapakati pa 14 ndi 17 azaka zolaula pa intaneti [6]. Kuphatikiza apo, Ballester et al. [1] adanenanso kuti pafupifupi 70% ya achinyamata aku Spain azaka zapakati pa 16 ndi 29 azaka zolaula amawonera. Zotsatira zawo zikuwonetsa kuti zaka zoyambira kuonera zolaula zapita ku Spain, pomwe ana amakhala ndi mwayi wowonera zolaula ali ndi zaka zapakati pa 8, ndikuwonetsedwa kuyambira zaka 13 mpaka 14 [1].
Kufalikira kwa umwini wa mafoni kumatanthauza kuti zolaula zitha kupezeka kulikonse ndipo zimawonedwa ndi achinyamata padera komanso m'magulu. Njira yatsopanoyi yopezera zolaula ndikuwononga zimakhudza mchitidwe wogonana, maubwenzi apakati pa amuna ndi akazi, nkhanza zogonana, komanso zachiwerewere, makamaka kwa ana, omwe ali pachiwopsezo chazithunzi zolaula, pomwe akupanga chiwerewere [3].
Kafukufuku waposachedwa adati 40.7% ya omwe akutenga nawo mbali akuti adakumana ndi zovuta zoyipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, pamlingo waumwini, wachikhalidwe, wamaphunziro, kapena waluso [7]. Olemba ambiri anena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa ana kumalumikizidwa ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana [1,5,7,8]. Mwachitsanzo, Burbano ndi Brito [8] ananena kuti kuonera zolaula kumakhudza kwambiri kukula kwa kugonana kwa achinyamata, ndikupanga mitundu yophunzitsira yolakwika yokhudza kugonana. Kuphatikiza apo, Peter ndi Valkenburg [3] adapeza kuti kuonera zolaula ali wachinyamata kumalumikizidwa ndikuwonekera komanso kuwonjezeka kwamakhalidwe oyipa pachiwerewere, monga kugonana mosadziteteza, kuchita zachiwerewere ndi anthu ambiri ogonana nawo, kapena kuchuluka kwazipongwe komanso kuzunzidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, Burbano ndi Brito [8] adawonetsa kuti kuonera zolaula kumayambiriro, makamaka ngati mwana, kumalumikizidwa ndi mitundu yatsopano yazogonana pa intaneti, monga kutumizirana mameseji kapena kudzikongoletsa pa intaneti.
Kuphatikiza apo, zolembazo zawonetsa kulumikizana pakati pa kumwa zolaula ndi achinyamata komanso zamtsogolo komanso zamalamulo. Kafukufuku waposachedwa awonetsa kuyanjana pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyambirira kwa zolaula komanso mawonekedwe ndi kukulitsa kwa paraphilias monga voyeurism ndi chiwonetsero [9,10]. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufukuyu walongosola za ubale womwe ungasinthidwe pakati pa anthu omwe adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kuchuluka kwa nkhanza zomwe amuna amachita komanso kuzunza akazi.3]. Pomaliza, zomwe zapezedwa posachedwa zikusonyeza kulumikizana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula nthawi yayitali komanso kuchita nawo zachiwerewere pa intaneti, monga kutumizirana zolaula, zomwe zitha kuchititsa kuti anthu azigwiriridwa pa intaneti, monga kugonana kapena kudzikongoletsa pa intaneti11].
Chifukwa chake, cholinga cha pepalali chinali kusanthula zomwe zikudziwika pakadali pano pazokhudza zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa achinyamata, ndikuwunika zovuta zamtsogolo zomwe zimakhudza achinyamata.
2. Njira
M'zaka zaposachedwa, kafukufuku wokhudza zolaula amawonjezeka. Kafukufuku angapo adawonetsa zovuta zakumwa kotereku pakukula kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu pa nkhani zogonana komanso zina zokhudzana ndi ukadaulo zomwe zitha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa zamaganizidwe ndi malamulo. Ndemangayi ikufuna kudziwa za kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zolaula pakati pa achinyamata komanso zotsatira zachitukuko, zogonana, komanso zamaganizidwe, komanso zomwe zingachitike pakuwunika. Kuwunikira mwachidule ndi buku lomwe limafotokoza ndikukambirana momwe sayansi imakhalira pamutu winawake kapena mutu wake kuchokera pamaganizidwe ndi zochitika [12]. Pachifukwa cha pepalali, kuwunikiraku kunachitika ngati njira yoyamba komanso kuyerekezera komwe kuli funso lokhudza zolaula paunyamata, poganizira zoperewera, kuphatikiza kafukufuku waku Spain, pamawunikidwe am'mbuyomu pankhaniyi. Tikukhulupirira kuti kuyambira pomwe Peter ndi Valkenburg (2016) adalemba mwatsatanetsatane, zopereka zofunikira zakhala zikuchitika pokhudzana ndi chidwi chofuna zolaula kwa achinyamata, ndipo kafukufukuyu akufuna kuwunikiranso zoperekazo, kuphatikizapo mabuku aku Spain, kuti awone momwe zinthu ziliri funso. Timalingalira mutuwu wofunikira kwambiri kwa makolo, gulu lamaphunziro, ndi akatswiri azaumoyo omwe akugwira ntchito ndi achinyamata omwe angakhudzidwe ndi izi.
Njira zophatikizira pakuwunikanso zinali motere:
- Kafukufuku (mwina wopatsa chidwi kapena wosagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu koma osaphatikiza zolemba za udokotala) kuwunika zolaula pazaka zaunyamata ndi achinyamata
- Kafukufuku wofufuza kuyanjana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula muubwana ndi zotsatira zachitukuko, zogonana, komanso zamaganizidwe
- Kafukufuku wofufuza kuyanjana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula muunyamata ndi zofunikira pamilandu kapena zamalamulo
Zomwe zidaphatikizidwa ndikuwunikaku zidasonkhanitsidwa mu Okutobala, Novembala, ndi Disembala 2020. Kufufuzaku kunaphatikizaponso kafukufuku wopatsa chidwi komanso wosagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuyambira 2000 mpaka 2020, ndipo tidaphatikizanso kafukufuku mu Chingerezi ndi Chispanya. Zotsatira zotsatirazi zidasakidwa: SCOPUS, PsychInfo, MEDLINE, ndi PUBMED, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osonyeza "zolaula", "unyamata", "unyamata", "ana", "achinyamata", ndi "zotulukapo". Kuphatikiza apo, mindandanda yazolemba zomwe zawunikidwa zidawunikidwa molingana ndi mutu wa kafukufuku. Achinyamata amadziwika ndi World Health Organisation ngati anthu azaka 10-24, ndipo, kuti tichite kafukufukuyu, timangotchula za achinyamata ndi achinyamata pawokha, kuzindikira kuti ndi anthu azaka zapakati pa 10 ndi 24. Kuphatikiza apo, ziyenera kudziwika kuti kafukufuku wowunikidwayo sanatchule mtundu wa zolaula zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakufufuza kwawo (amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, akazi achikazi, akazi, ndi zina zambiri), komanso maphunziro omwe adachita, adasanthula zolaula za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
3. Zotsatira
Ponseponse, mapepala a 30 adaphatikizidwa ndikuwunikira. Mwa mapepala 30, 18 anali m'Chingerezi (60%) ndipo 8 anali m'Chisipanishi (26.7%). Mwa zitsanzo zonse za mapepala owunikiridwa, 18 inali zolemba zogwiritsa ntchito (60%), ndipo zaka zofalitsa zimachokera ku 2004 mpaka 2020. Zotsatira zokhudzana ndi tsatanetsatane wa mapepala omwe awunikiridwa zikuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 1.
Gulu 1. Zambiri zamaphunziro zomwe zaphatikizidwa ndikuwunikanso.
3.1. Mavuto Amikhalidwe ndi Maganizo Ophatikizidwa ndi Zithunzi Zolaula Kugwiritsa Ntchito Achinyamata
3.1.1. Zolaula
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kuonera komanso kuwonera zolaula ndichizolowezi pakati pa achinyamata masiku ano. Poganizira mawu amenewa, ndikofunikira kuwonetsa kuti, ngakhale kuti zolaula zimayamba kuyambira ali aang'ono (makamaka paunyamata), nthawi zambiri zimakhala mpaka munthu akakula pomwe zovuta kapena zosintha zomwe zimakhudzana ndikuwonetsedwa kwake. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndikuti zowoneka mwachangu, mosavuta, komanso zosatheka zimalimbikitsa ndikuwongolera (Ledesma 2017).
Laier, Pawlikowski, Pekal, ndi Paul [36] adamaliza kafukufuku wawo kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo zimagawana zomwe zimayambitsa matenda amisala komanso kuti ndi njira zofananira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chizolowezi chikhale chosowa chambiri komanso pafupipafupi, makamaka kuti pakuwonera zolaula, zoyeserera zimachitika mwachangu ndipo imapezeka mosavuta (podina) kuposa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Kafukufuku wowonjezeranso wakhazikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zizolowezi zina. Magulu onsewa amagawana zofananira, monga kulolerana ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso njira zina zamaubongo. Grant, Brewer, ndi Potenza [37] awonetsa zizindikiritso zitatu zodziwika bwino za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso zizolowezi zina: chizolowezi chochita zinthu zosokoneza bongo, kusangalatsa chisangalalo, komanso kuwonongeka pang'ono kwa chifuniro. Dodge (2008) adasanthula kusintha kwa mitsempha mwa iwo omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso, ndikupeza kuti anthu omwe anali osokoneza bongo amafunikira zolaula zambiri, zatsopano, komanso zovuta kuti akhalebe osangalala. Kafukufuku waposachedwa adatsimikiza kuti zolaula pa intaneti zikuchulukirachulukira, zomwe zingayambitse chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito "katatu" A: kupezeka, kuthekera, komanso kusadziwika [15]. Malingana ndi olembawo, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika ndi nkhanzazi kumatha kukhala ndi zovuta pakukula kwakugonana komanso magwiridwe antchito, makamaka pakati pa achinyamata [15].
Pomaliza, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mobwerezabwereza kumathandizanso pakusintha kwachinyamata. Kafukufuku waposachedwa adawonetsa kuti 60% yazitsanzo zomwe zawunikidwazo zikuwonetsa zovuta kuti akhale ndi zovuta kapena kusangalala ndi anzawo enieni koma amatha kuchita izi akamaonera zolaula pa intaneti [33]. Kafukufuku wowonjezeranso pogwiritsa ntchito ma 3T maginito oyeserera amawonanso kuyanjana pakati pa maola angapo pamlungu akuwonera zolaula komanso kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito aubongo, zomwe zapezedwa posonyeza kuyanjana pakati pa zolaula zomwe zanenedwa sabata limodzi ndi zochitika zogonana -Kuyambitsanso paradigm kumanzere putamen [38]. Kühn ndi Gallinat [38] adatinso zomwe apeza zikuwonetsa kuti omwe amawonera zolaula kwakanthawi adayamba kulolerana ndi izi, kutsimikizira lingaliro loti kuwonera zolaula zambiri kumatha kutsitsa kuchepa kwamitsempha pazomwe zimachitika pazakugonana. Ngakhale kuti zotsatira za Kühn ndi Gallinat zidapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito munthu wachikulire wazaka 21-45, zitha kuyembekezeredwa kuti kuonera zolaula kwanthawi yayitali kumatha kukhudza ubongo msanga, monga unyamata [38].
3.1.2. Hypersexualization ndi Hypersexuality
Zakhala zikuwoneka kuti zotsatira zina zakudya komanso kuzolowera zolaula zikuchulukirachulukira (kugonana), hypersexualization yachilengedwe komanso maubale apamtima, ndikupanga chizolowezi chogonana (autoeroticism kapena ndi omwe amagonana nawo). Mwanjira imeneyi, Fagan [19] adanenanso kuti kuwonera zolaula kumasokoneza kwambiri malingaliro ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana. Ponena za zizolowezi zakukakamiza kapena chizolowezi chogonana, Cooper, Galdbreath, ndi Becker [39] adanenanso kuti anthu omwe amachita nawo zachiwerewere pa intaneti amachitika kuti athe kuthana ndi zovuta za tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo kafukufuku wina adalumikiza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zolaula ndi zizolowezi zosakakamiza [23]. Ngakhale zotsatira za olemba onsewa zimapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wachikulire (+ 18), ndikofunikira kunena kuti unyamata ndi nthawi yanthawi yopupuluma, yomwe imatha kukhala yogwirizana kwambiri ndi zomwe apeza. Pankhaniyi, Efrati ndi Gola [17] adatsimikizira kuti achinyamata omwe amachita zachiwerewere (CSB) amakhala ndi zolaula nthawi zambiri [[17].
Kafukufuku wambiri wakhazikitsa zotsatira zakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso momwe zimakhudzira malingaliro azakugonana, zikhalidwe, ndikugonana kwa achinyamata [5,8,20]. Popeza achinyamata nthawi zambiri amati amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngati njira yopezera chidziwitso chokhudza kugonana, zitha kukhala zomveka kulingalira kuti kumwa koteroko kumatha kukhala ndi tanthauzo ndikukhudzanso kudziwa kwawo zakugonana komanso zomwe amachita pambuyo pake [3,20,25,27]. Mpaka pano, zolembedwazo zawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumatha kukhudza chidziwitso cha achinyamata pankhani yokhudza zachiwerewere monga zachiwerewere, zachiwerewere mosagonana, komanso machitidwe osiyanasiyana ogonana [4]. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumathandizira achinyamata omwe amatha kutsanzira makanema olaula m'moyo weniweni, komanso kuchita zachiwerewere zomwe adaziwona pa intaneti [3,13,29]. Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kumwa zolaula mwa achinyamata omwe akuchulukirachulukira kukayikira zakugonana kwawo komanso malingaliro abwino pazakufufuza komwe sikunachitike [26].
Kulekerera komanso kuloleza kuti zolaula zitha kulimbikitsa zokhudzana ndi kugonana zimakhudza momwe zimakhalira ndi momwe zimakhalira, ndichifukwa chake deta ina ikuwonetsa kuti kuonera zolaula kumatha kubweretsa kuchuluka kwa chiwerewere (chiwerewere), kumamveka ngati chizolowezi chogonana mopupuluma,17,33]. Poganizira kuti kuonera zolaula kumayambira adakali aang'ono, titha kudziwa kuti atakumana ndi izi, achinyamata atha kukhala pachiwopsezo chazinthu zomwe zingayambitse chiwerewere chosasintha. Mwanjira imeneyi, zapezeka kuti achinyamata omwe amadya zolaula amakhala ndi malingaliro ogonana ololera, zikhulupiriro zosayenerera zogonana komanso malingaliro awo, ndipo zomwe zapezedwa zakhala zikugwirizana ndi momwe achinyamata amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula zomwe zimawonetsa zachiwawa ndimakhalidwe owopsa achiwerewere [20,25].
Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kuonera zolaula kumatha kukhala kokhudzana ndi kukhala ndi zikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere komanso kuti chiwerewere chimatha kubweretsa zokumana nazo zowopsa, zomwe zimawonjezera mwayi wokhala ndimatenda amthupi komanso amisala [19]. Ponena za chiwerewere mwa achinyamata ndi unyamata, zapezeka kuti iwo omwe amachita zachiwerewere (CSB) adanenanso kuti zolaula zimakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zochitika zapaintaneti zambiri kuposa achinyamata omwe amakonda kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula, zomwe zikuwonetsa udindo wa Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumasintha machitidwe azakugonana ali achinyamata [17]. Momwemonso, kafukufuku waku Sweden omwe adachitika ndi achinyamata a 4026 (azaka 18) adawonetsa kuti kuwonera zolaula nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndimavuto ambiri amachitidwe, ndikuwonetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chilakolako chachikulu chogonana ndipo adagulitsa zogonana pafupipafupi kuposa anyamata ena msinkhu wofanana [31].
3.1.3. Mwambo kapena Kupotoza Kwaubwenzi Wogonana Ndi Wogonana
Kuphatikiza apo, zolemba zaposachedwa zawonetsa momwe kuwonera zolaula pamakhalidwe azakugonana komanso kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Zowona kuti achinyamata amadya zolaula pazolinga zamaphunziro, chifukwa chosowa zonena zakugonana, ndizofunikira kwambiri. Chizolowezi ichi chitha kupangitsa kuti pakhale zitsanzo zotsanzira, poyesa kutengera ndi kubereka pazochita zawo zogonana zomwe amaphunzira pa zolaula, ndipo achinyamata ena atha kukakamizidwa kuti achite kapena kutsanzira zolaula m'moyo weniweni, ali pachiwopsezo zowonetsa zovuta zawo kapena za ena [29].
Kukula mwachangu kwa intaneti kwakhala vuto pokhudzana ndi zolaula. Dziko lapaintaneti limathandizira ndikuthandizira kukhazikitsa mitundu yatsopano yolumikizirana, ndi kuthekera kochita zachiwerewere mosaletseka. Nthawi zambiri, machitidwe ogonana pa intaneti amakhala osasankhidwa, osadziwika, osadzipereka, osavuta, komanso opanda maudindo, zomwe zitha kusokoneza kwambiri ndikusokoneza kumvetsetsa kwakugonana komanso chikondi, makamaka paubwana. Ripoti laposachedwa lomwe bungwe la Save the Children linakhazikitsa linanena kuti pafupifupi 15% ya achinyamata awo (azaka 14-17) adanenanso kuti kuwonera zolaula nthawi zambiri kwakhudza ubale wawo, ndipo 37.4% akuti zakhudza ubale wawo "kwambiri "[13].
Ballester et al. (2014) adawonetsa kuti chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri zogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zatsopano mwa achinyamata ndikuchulukitsa kwa maubwenzi, kusintha kumvetsetsa kwa maubwenzi, ziyembekezo, njira zowunikira, machitidwe azogonana, ndi zina za ubale wapakati pa anthu. Pakafukufuku wawo, adagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za omwe ali nawo pa 37 omwe ali ndi zaka 16 mpaka 29, komanso gawo la omwe ali nawo pazaka za 19 wazaka za 16-22, Ballester et al. [5] adapeza kuti malingaliro omwe amasinthidwa bwino chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula mwa achinyamata ndikuvomereza mchitidwe wogonana womwe umakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu, monga kugonana kwambudzi opanda kondomu, osintha maanja pafupipafupi, gulu logonana, kugonana kumatako opanda kondomu ndi anthu osiyanasiyana, ndi zina zotero.
Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku waposachedwa awunikiranso kuti kupanga zibwenzi zapamtima kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zikuwonetsa zovuta zomwe zingachitike kuti akhazikitse ubale wabwino pakati pawo komanso zogonana, ziyembekezo zosokonekera, zomwe zitha kubweretsa kulephera kwakukulu mukamacheza, komanso kuchepa kwa dziko lapansi magwiridwe [1]. Makamaka, pakuwunika kwawo, adanenanso kuti zoyipa zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chakuwonera zolaula zatsopano ndikuti zitha kupangitsa achinyamata kukhulupirira kuti ayenera kutsatira zomwe awona (mwachitsanzo, kugonana kosagwirizana, zachiwawa mchitidwe wogonana, kukopera zinthu zosaloledwa zomwe zimawonetsedwa zolaula kwambiri, kapena kuchita zachiwerewere zowopsa zomwe zimawoneka pa intaneti), popanda kutsimikizika komveka kapena maphunziro okhudzana ndi kugonana koyenera komanso kotetezeka. Pomaliza, akuti chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, pakhoza kukhala kuchuluka kwa machitidwe "ovuta", chifukwa ogula amafunikira zolimbikitsa zazikulu komanso zachiwawa kuti akhutire atakhala pachiwonetsero chazakugonana [1].
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti zidziwitso zakugonana kwa achinyamata zimapangidwa chifukwa cha maphunziro ndi zidziwitso zomwe amalandira ndikusinthidwa ndimachitidwe omwe amakhala. Poganizira izi, chimodzi mwaziwopsezo za achinyamata omwe amawonera zolaula ndikuti masomphenya osakwanira ogonana omwe akuwonetsedwa mu zolaula amatha kukhala ngati "wophunzitsira zakugonana", potero kukulitsa chidziwitso chosokonekera cha maubwenzi oyenera ogonana ayenera kukhala [18].
Pakafukufuku wawo, Esquit ndi Alvarado [18] adamaliza kunena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumatha kusokoneza kukula kwa malingaliro pakati pa achinyamata, kuphatikizapo zotsatirapo monga chizolowezi chodalira kapena kuzolowera zolaula, kukula kwachiwerewere ndi ziyembekezo zosayembekezereka, chiwerewere, kusowa njira zolerera, chiopsezo ku matenda opatsirana pogonana, ndi kusokonekera kwa magawo azikhalidwe zachiwerewere komanso kudziona.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuonera zolaula kumayambiriro kwa unyamata kumatha kuthandiza kukulitsa malingaliro olakwika okhudzana ndi maubwenzi apabanja (monga kumvetsetsa amuna monga amuna ndi akazi ogonjera kapena ogonana), zomwe zitha kuthandizira kuyimitsidwa kwa matenda zikhalidwe zakugonana, zosokoneza muubwenzi wogonana, ndikuwonekera kwamakhalidwe olimbana ndi zikhalidwe, zosagwirizana ndi anthu, kapena zachiwawa, monga ziwonetsedwa papepalali. Pankhaniyi, Stanley et al. [30] apezeka mu kafukufuku wawo kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zonse kumalumikizidwa ndi chizolowezi chokhala ndi malingaliro olakwika pa jenda, komanso ndimagwiridwe apamwamba okakamiza ndi kuzunza, kuwonetsa ubale wabwino pakati pakumwa ndi kukakamizidwa, kuzunzidwa, komanso machitidwe monga "kutumizirana zolaula".
3.2. Zovuta Zokhudza Forensic ndi Zovuta Zomwe Zimakhudzana ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula muunyamata
Kuphatikiza pa mgwirizano womwe watchulidwa pamwambapa pakati pa kuwonera zolaula komanso mavuto azikhalidwe, malingaliro, komanso zakugonana, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumayanjananso ndimakhalidwe azamalamulo ndi milandu yomwe imakhudza machitidwe azamalamulo. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wapano awunika zovuta zina zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula muunyamata, monga kukula kwa ma paraphilias okhudzana ndi zolaula, kuchuluka kwa nkhanza zakugonana ndikuzunza achinyamata, ndipo, pomaliza pake, monga chifukwa komanso zotsatira zake, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mitundu yatsopano yazakugonana pa intaneti yokhudzana ndi zolaula, monga kutumizirana mameseji azolaula komanso kudzikongoletsa pa intaneti.
3.2.1. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula ndi Paraphilias
Chiyanjano pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi kukulitsa zizolowezi zosagonana ndizosiyana komanso zosadziwika. Pankhaniyi, Ybarra ndi Mitchell (2005) adapeza kuyanjana pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula muunyamata ndikuchita zachiwerewere, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kukhumudwa, komanso kudzitchinjiriza, ndikuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula muunyamata kungathandizire kukulitsa paraphilias.
Olemba ambiri akunena kuti kuyanjana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi paraphilias sikunena mwachindunji, ndipo akuwonetsa kuti kuwonetsa zolaula kungakhale njira yodziwira, kuyambitsa, ndi / kapena kukulitsira paraphilia yemwe sanakhazikike [9]. Mwanjira imeneyi, kafukufuku wapeza kuti kuwonekera kwambiri komanso koyambirira pazokhudzana ndi chiwerewere, kumakhala pachiwopsezo chotenga paraphilias [10]. Chifukwa chake, paraphilias omwe amakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito zolaula amakhala voyeurism ndi chiwonetsero [9,10]. Voyeurism, monga paraphilia, imalumikizidwa ndi zolaula zomwe munthuyo amawonera zogonana, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumapatsa mwayi mwayi wowonera zomwe sizinajambulidwe ndi cholinga cholemba zolaula ndikudyetsa malingaliro awo okhudzana ndi zolaula [9]. Kuphatikiza apo, mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa chiwonetsero komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumawonekeratu mukawona kuti omwe akuwonetsa chiwonetsero akuyenera kuwonetsa ziwalo zawo zogonana pa intaneti kudzera pa mawebusayiti kapena kujambula zachiwerewere zomwe adazipanga ndikuziyika pa intaneti [9].
Pomaliza, ngakhale sizinatheke kukhazikitsa ubale wolunjika pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndikukula kwa ma paraphilias ena, zawonekeratu kuti kuwonetsa zolaula "zolimba" kapena zachiwawa zitha kupangitsa kuti pakhale ziwonetsero, monga zachisoni kapena pedophilia, komanso, kulimbikitsa ndi kukulitsa chikhumbo chochita zachiwawa mlengalenga (monga zachiwerewere kapena zonyansa) kapena pamalo omwe alipo (monga kutumizirana mameseji kapena kudzikongoletsa pa intaneti) [9]. Kuphatikiza apo, mabuku ena awonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumatsata pang'ono ndi pang'ono kutengera zaka zoyambira kumwa. Zotsatira izi zidatengedwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku wachikulire, koma zidawonetsa kuti anthu omwe adayamba kuonera zolaula koyambirira adawonetsa mwayi wambiri wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zomwe sizachilendo komanso zofanizira pambuyo pake, mosiyana ndi omwe adawonetsedwa mwadala zolaula ukalamba [40]. Kuchokera pazotsatira izi, zitha kudziwikiratu kuti ngati kuwonera zolaula mwadzidzidzi kumalumikizidwa ndikumagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pambuyo pake mwa akulu, kuwonekera koyambako kumayambitsanso zomwe zimakhudza wogula, kutanthauza kuti ngati kuwonekera mwadala kuyamba paunyamata, zovuta zakudziwidwa msanga motere zingakhale zazikulu kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimapezeka mwa akuluakulu.
3.2.2. Kuchita Zachiwerewere
Monga tanenera kale, Sánchez ndi Iruarrizaga [9] akuwonetsa kuti kuonera zolaula kumatha kulimbikitsa ndikuthandizira kuyambitsa milandu yokhudza zachiwerewere chifukwa zitha kuchititsa kuti zizolowezi zina zachiwerewere zisinthe. Kafukufuku waposachedwa omwe achichepere aku Spain adapeza kuti 72% yazitsanzozo adawona kuti zolaula zomwe amawononga zinali zachiwawa [13], ndipo zotsatira zosasintha zatulukira zolumikizana ndi zolaula zomwe achinyamata amawonetsa zachiwawa zomwe zimawonjezera zachiwerewere [25]. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku osiyanasiyana apeza kulumikizana kwamphamvu pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kwa ana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zachiwerewere, makamaka kwa ana omwe amawononga zolaula zachiwawa [14,41]. Mwanjira imeneyi, Ybarra et al. [41] adachita kafukufuku wa nthawi yayitali ndi achinyamata a 1588 (azaka zapakati pa 14 ndi 19) ndikuwona kuti ana omwe adawonapo zolaula zachiwawa anali pachiwopsezo chotere chakuchita zachiwerewere.
Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Ybarra ndi Mitchell [35] adapeza kuti, mwa amuna onse omwe amawonetsa ziwonetsero zowonetsa zachiwawa, omwe amakonda kuwonera zolaula anali pachiwopsezo chambiri chogwiririra wina kuposa amuna omwe samadya zolaula pafupipafupi. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwunika kwaposachedwa kwamakalata kunawonetsa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula komanso nkhanza zomwe achinyamata amachita [3].
Ponena za zachiwerewere zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, kafukufuku yemwe Bonino et al adachita. [14] ndi zitsanzo za achinyamata aku Italiya akuwonetsa kuti kuonera zolaula kumayenderana ndi kuchitira nkhanza mnzanu kapena kukakamiza wina kuti azigonana. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Ybarra et al., [41] adapeza kuti zachiwerewere zimakhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula koma osati kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zosachita zachiwawa. Komanso, Stanley et al. [30] adachita kafukufuku ndi achichepere omwe ali ndi achinyamata a 4564 azaka za 14-17 ndipo adapeza kuti zomwe anyamata amachita mokakamiza komanso kuzunzidwa zimakhudzana kwambiri ndikuwonera zolaula za pa intaneti nthawi zonse.
Pomaliza, pankhani yokhudza zolaula komanso kuzunzidwa, Bonino et al. [14] mwa zitsanzo zawo za achinyamata aku Italiya adazindikira kuti atsikana omwe adawonapo zolaula anali ndi mwayi wambiri wochitiridwa nkhanza zakugonana kuposa atsikana omwe sanadyeko zolaula zambiri.
3.2.3. Kutumizirana zolaula ndi mitundu ina yakuzunzidwa pa intaneti
Kukula mwachangu kwamatekinoloje atsopano komanso kulumikizana kwakanthawi kudzera pa intaneti kwabweretsa chitukuko cha njira zatsopano zolumikizirana. Zina mwanjira zoyanjanirana sizowopsa kapena zoyipa; komabe, malo ochezera a pa intaneti atha kukhala ndi zoopsa zomwe zitha kupangitsa kuti pakhale njira zatsopano zankhanza pa intaneti, zomwe sizogonana komanso zogonana. Mwakutero, zolaula zomwe achinyamata achita zakhala zikugwirizana ndi njira yatsopano yogonana yapaintaneti [8]. Kutumizirana mameseji ndi kutumizirana mameseji ndi kutumizirana mameseji kapena zithunzi zolaula, makamaka pafoni. Mabuku am'mbuyomu apeza kuti omwe amatumizirana zithunzi zolaula anali kuvomereza kwambiri zolaula komanso amawononga zolaula zawo kuposa omwe sanachite zolaula. Pankhaniyi, kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi zitsanzo za achinyamata a ku Europe a 4564 adapeza kuti kuwonera zolaula pa intaneti kumalumikizidwa ndi mwayi wokulirapo kwa anyamata kuti atumize zithunzi / mauthenga azakugonana pafupifupi m'maiko onse omwe aphunziridwa [30], mogwirizana ndi lipoti lomwe latulutsidwa posachedwa lonena za kumwa zolaula pakati pa achinyamata aku Spain [13]. Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Save the Children adafufuza achinyamata a 1680 azaka za 14-17 ndipo adapeza kuti 20.2% ya achinyamata omwe amawonetsa zolaula adagawana zolaula kamodzi kamodzi, ndipo adafotokoza zakusiyana kwakukulu pakatumizirana zolaula pakati pa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi osagwiritsa ntchito, ndi ogula omwe amatumizirana zolaula nthawi zambiri kuposa osagwiritsa ntchito [13]. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi kulumikizana ndi anthu osadziwika pa intaneti pazolinga zogonana, zomwe ndi machitidwe owopsa omwe angayambitse mitundu ina yochitira nkhanza, monga kudzikongoletsa pa intaneti, kutumizirana zithunzi zolaula, kapena kuchitiridwa nkhanza zogonana [42]. Kafukufuku waposachedwa woperekedwa ndi Save the Children akuti 17% ya achinyamata omwe amawononga zolaula adalumikizana ndi munthu wosadziwika pa intaneti pazakugonana, ndikuti 1.6% ya omwe amatenga zolaula akuti nthawi zambiri amalumikizana ndi munthu wosadziwika pa intaneti pazogonana [13].
Kutumizirana zolaula kumabweretsa mavuto ambiri kwa achinyamata, monga kuchitiridwa zachipongwe kapena kukakamizidwa kutumiza zachiwerewere [43]. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa chotenga nawo gawo polemba zolaula komanso kufalitsa kosagwirizana ndi zachiwerewere, anthu omwe akuchita izi amatha kuzunzidwa pa intaneti, kuzunzidwa, kugonja, komanso kwa ana, amathanso kukhala ozunzidwa pa intaneti [43]. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti kuli ndi chiopsezo china kwa ana, popeza zachiwerewere zomwe zimachitika zokha zitha kuonedwa ngati zolaula za ana, ndipo achinyamata akuyamba kupanga ndikugawana zolaula zawo [44]. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wapeza kuyanjana pakati pa kutumizirana zolaula komanso nkhanza pakati pa achinyamata, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti atsikana omwe adachitidwapo zachipongwe (kukakamizidwa kapena kukakamizidwa) anali ndi mwayi woti adatumiza chithunzi chogonana kuposa omwe sanatero kuzunzidwa [34].
Makhalidwe ndi mitundu iyi yazakugwiridwa pa intaneti zalumikizidwa ndi olemba ambiri pazotsatira zamisala [43]. Van Ouytsel, Van Gool, Ponnet, ndi Walrave [45] ogwirizana ndi kutumizirana mameseji azithunzithunzi omwe amakhala ndi kukhumudwa, nkhawa, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, pomwe Dake, Price, Maziarz, ndi Ward [46] adapeza mgwirizano pakati pa kutumizirana zolaula ndi kukhumudwa kwakukulu komanso malingaliro ofuna kudzipha. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso kutumizirana zithunzi zolaula ndi njira zoopsa, zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kuchitidwa nkhanza pa intaneti, popeza zolaula kwambiri komanso kuchita nawo zolaula zochulukirapo kumabweretsa mwayi woti ungakhale wokonda kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti [47].
Zomwe tazitchulazi zikuwonetsa komanso kuwonetsa kuyanjana komwe kulipo pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kwa ana ndi mitundu yatsopano yochitira zachiwerewere pa intaneti, monga kutumizirana mameseji, kuzunza anzawo pa intaneti, chiwerewere, komanso kudzikongoletsa pa intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, imatsimikizira kuyanjana pakati pamasinthidwe am'malingaliro ndi zidziwitso za psychopathological, kuwunikira kufunikira kwa kuwunika molondola zochitika zosiyanasiyana zamachitidwe azamalamulo42,43].
4. Zokambirana ndi Mapeto
Kukula kwamalingaliro achichepere ndi mayanjano akusintha kwakukulu chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa ukadaulo m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo zoyanjana zawo zambiri zasamukira pa intaneti. M'dziko latsopanoli lotchedwa cyberspace, achinyamata ali ndi mwayi wopeza mitundu yonse yazinthu, kuphatikizapo zolaula, ndi kafukufuku wosonyeza kuti zaka zoyambira kuwonetsa zachiwerewere pa Spain zili pafupi zaka 8, ndikugwiritsa ntchito anthu wamba kuyambira 13-14 zaka [1]. Mwanjira imeneyi, kupezeka mopanda malire kwa zida zamagetsi kwathandizira njira yatsopano yopezera zolaula zaunyamata zomwe zingakhudze kwambiri chitukuko chawo pakugonana komanso kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi muubale, zomwe zimawoneka ngati zosintha zakugonana komanso tanthauzo lazamalamulo.
Ponena za zovuta zomwe zimadza chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula muubwana, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti zikhalidwe zatsopano za zolaula (mwachangu komanso kupezeka) zimathandizira paradigm ya chizolowezi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yofanana ndi yomwe amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, omwe amagawana njira za neurobiological, zomwe zimabweretsa zotsatira zosagwira, monga kusintha kwa mitsempha yam'mimba komanso zovuta zogonana mwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto losokoneza bongo [33,38]. Kuphatikiza apo, kuonera zolaula koyambirira kumatha kukhala chinthu chomwe chingapangitse kuti mukhale ndi machitidwe okhudzana ndi chiwerewere; M'malo mwake, zolaula ndizomwe zimafotokozedwa nthawi zambiri [28]. Mwanjira imeneyi, kafukufuku wapeza kuti zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti zimakhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana paunyamata, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi kumalumikizidwa ndi zovuta zambiri zamakhalidwe, kuwonetsa gawo lomwe zolaula zimachitika pakusintha machitidwe ogonana achinyamata [17,31].
Kafukufuku wambiri wakhazikitsa zotsatira zakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso momwe zimakhudzira malingaliro azakugonana, zikhalidwe, komanso zachiwerewere kwa achinyamata [5,8,20]. Popeza achinyamata nthawi zambiri amati amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula ngati njira yopezera chidziwitso chokhudza kugonana, zitha kukhala zomveka kuganiza kuti kumwa koteroko kumatha kukhudza zomwe akudziwa pankhani zakugonana komanso zomwe amachita pambuyo pake, monga machitidwe, machitidwe ogonana mosaganizira, komanso machitidwe osiyanasiyana ogonana [3,4,20,25,27]. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumatha kuphunzitsa achinyamata omwe amatha kutsanzira makanema olaula m'moyo weniweni, komanso kuchita zachiwerewere zomwe adaziwona pa intaneti [3,13,29].
Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumalumikizidwa makamaka ndi chizolowezi chokhala ndi malingaliro olakwika pa jenda [1,30]. Momwemonso, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumatha kubweretsa zikhalidwe zosatetezeka komanso zowopsa ndipo zimakhudzana ndikuwonjezeka kwamatenda amisala komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ponseponse, kafukufuku wapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumathandizira pakukongoletsa kapena kupotoza maubwenzi apakati pa anthu ogonana komanso kuwonongera kugonana, komwe kumawopsa pakukula kwa thanzi la munthu. Akuti chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, pakhoza kukhala kuchuluka kwa zizolowezi "zovuta", chifukwa ogula amafunikira zoyeserera zazikulu komanso zachiwawa kuti akhutire atakhala pachiwonetsero chazakugonana [1]. Mwanjira imeneyi, ziyenera kudziwika kuti achinyamata amadya zolaula, mwa zina, kuti aphunzitse, chifukwa chosowa zonena zakugonana, ndipo izi zitha kuchititsa kuti pakhale zitsanzo zotsanzira. Achinyamata atha kukakamizidwa kuti azichita kapena kutsanzira zolaula m'moyo weniweni, ali ndi chiopsezo chodziwonetsa okha kapena mavuto ena kwa iwo [29].
Poganizira zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula muubwana, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuyanjana ndi chitukuko cha paraphilias, monga voyeurism ndi chiwonetsero, ndipo mwanjira imeneyi, zawonetsedwa kuti kuwonekera koyamba kwambiri pazogonana, ndizotheka kuti achinyamata atha kuwonetsa matenda amtundu wina. Kuphatikiza apo, kuonera zolaula "zolaula" kapena zachiwerewere zitha kupangitsa kuti anthu azichita zachiwerewere komanso zachiwerewere, komanso kukulitsa chidwi chofuna kuchita zachiwerewere zina ndi zina [25]. Momwemonso, kafukufuku wasonyeza kulumikizana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka chakuzunzidwa komanso kuchitiridwa nkhanza zogonana; Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwambiri kumawonjezera mwayi woti achitire nkhanza amuna kapena akazi komanso kumawonjezera mwayi woti azichitira nkhanza akazi [14,35]. Ponena za mitundu yakuzunzidwa pa intaneti, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula paunyamata kwakhala kukugwirizana ndi kutumizirana mameseji azolaula, ndipo izi zitha kuperekedwera pamakhalidwe ena atsopano, monga kufalitsa kosagwirizana ndi zachiwerewere, kuzunza anzawo pa intaneti, chiwerewere, komanso kudzikongoletsa pa intaneti. Kafukufuku waposachedwa awonetsa kuti wachinyamata m'modzi mwa achinyamata asanu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula adagawana nawo zolaula, ndipo kusiyana kwakukulu kwapezeka pakutumiza zolaula pakati pa omwe amawonera zolaula ndi omwe samachita [30]. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi kulumikizana ndi anthu osadziwika pa intaneti pazolinga zogonana, zomwe ndi machitidwe owopsa omwe angapangitse kuchitiridwa nkhanza zina, monga kudzikongoletsa pa intaneti, kukakamizidwa kutumizirana mameseji kapena kutumizirana zithunzi zolaula [42].
Pomaliza, kuwonera zolaula muunyamata kumabweretsa zoopsa komanso tanthauzo pakukula kwamalingaliro ndi kugonana kwa achinyamata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zikhalidwe zatsopano zachiwawa komanso mitundu yachiwerewere pa intaneti. Mwambiri, zotsatira za kuwunikaku zikuwonetsa momwe kuonera zolaula kumakhudzira chitukuko chaumoyo ndi malingaliro mwa achinyamata, makamaka pomwe kumwa zolaula kumachitika koyambirira kwa achinyamata. Zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti kuwonera zolaula mwadzidzidzi kumatha kusokoneza machitidwe achichepere poyambitsa chiwerewere ndikuthandizira kupititsa patsogolo kusalinganika pakati pa amuna ndi akazi munthawi yogonana komanso malingaliro. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula koyambirira kumalumikizidwa ndi zovuta zingapo zamtsogolo, monga kukulitsa kwa paraphilias ndikuwonjezeka kwa nkhanza za pa intaneti komanso zosagwirizana ndi intaneti komanso kuchitiridwa nkhanza, zomwe zitha kusokoneza chitukuko cha achinyamata. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuyenera kuwunika zenizeni, zamtsogolo, komanso zamtsogolo pazomwe zakumana ndi zovuta, komanso kukhazikitsa njira zopewera, kuzindikira, ndi malingaliro olowererapo omwe akukhudzidwa ndi magulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo.
sitingathe
Kafukufukuyu adachitidwa ngati kuwunikiridwa kwakanthawi kofufuza zamatsenga komanso zosagwiritsa ntchito njira yolankhulirana yolumikizana pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zolaula kwa achinyamata ndi zomwe zimachitika pagulu, zogonana, komanso zamaganizidwe komanso zovuta zina, zomwe zimathandizira njira yoyamba ndi kuyerekezera mkhalidwe wamafunso komanso zovuta zamaganizidwe ndi azamalamulo pazakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula muunyamata. Kafukufuku wowonjezera komanso wozama wa mutu womwe waperekedwa uyenera kuchitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikiranso, ndipo chifukwa chake, zotsatira zomwe zaperekedwa mu phunziroli ziyenera kusamalidwa mosamala. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kupita patsogolo kwamatekinoloje kumatanthauza kuti zolembedwa m'mundawu ndizolemba mwachangu kwambiri ndipo mapepala ochokera ku 2012 komanso koyambirira sangakhale ndi chithunzi chonse. Momwemonso, ziyenera kudziwika kuti kafukufuku wowunikidwayo sanatchule mtundu wa zolaula zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakufufuza kwawo (amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, akazi achikazi, akazi, ndi zina zambiri), ndipo, maphunziro omwe adachita, adasanthula zolaula za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kafukufuku wowunikanso ayenera kuwunika momwe mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zolaula imakhudzira achinyamata.
Zopereka za Wolemba
Kulingalira, AMG ndi AB-G .; njira, AMG ndi AB-G .; kulemba-kukonzekera koyambirira, AB-G .; kulemba-kuwunikanso ndikusintha, AMG Olemba onse awerenga ndikuvomereza zomwe zalembedwa pamanja.
ndalama
Kafukufukuyu sanalandire ndalama zopezeka kunja.
Ndondomeko Yoyang'anira Bungwe Loyang'anira
Zosafunika.
Chidziwitso Chovomerezeka
Zosafunika.
Mikangano ya Chidwi
Olembawo amanena kuti palibe kutsutsana kwa chidwi.
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