NKHANI: 65% ya ophunzira aku koleji aku Ethiopia akuonera makanema olaula.
Health Reprod. 2014 Dec 6;11:84. doi: 10.1186/1742-4755-11-84.
Kudalirika
MALANGIZO:
Khalidwe logonana ndilo chimata cha nkhani zogonana mu achinyamata ndi achinyamata. Khalidwe lawo lozama kapena lamphamvu limawayika pachiwopsezo chogonana. Ku Ethiopia, pali kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwamanema ofotokoza zamachitidwe azogonana omwe ali ndi ophunzira kuti akhale ndi chithunzi cha dziko lawo pamaphunziro apamwamba. Kafukufukuyu adayesa kuyesa machitidwe azakugonana komanso zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi yunivesite ya Bahir Dar, ku Ethiopia.
ZITSANZO:
Kafukufuku wopanda mtanda adachitika pakati pa ophunzira aku Bahir Dar University kuyambira Disembala mpaka February 2013. Makina osindikizira ambiri ndi mafunso omwe adadziyendetsa okha adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ziwerengero zofotokozera monga ma frequency ndi tanthauzo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera omwe ali nawo phunziroli molingana ndi zosowa zina. Kusanthula kwa ma multivariate kunachitika chifukwa cha mitundu iyo yomwe inali ndi mtengo wa p of 0.2 pakuwunika kwa bivariate kuti idziwe zosinthika za wolosera.
ZOKHUDZA:
Mwa omwe anali nawo pa kafukufuku wa 817, ophunzira a 297 (36.4%) adagonapo. Zaka zoyambira poyamba zogonana zinali zaka za 18.6. Kugonana osadziteteza, kukhala ndi zibwenzi zingapo zogonana, kugonana ndiogulitsa ogulitsa ogulitsa ndikugulitsa ndalama posinthanitsa ndalama kumachitidwa ndi 184 (62%), 126 (42.7%), 22 (7.4%) ndi 12 (4%) ya ophunzira ogonana , motero. Chigawo chopita kumakalabu ausiku ndikuwona mavidiyo olaula anali 130 (15.8%) ndi 534 (65.4%), motsatana. Amuna omwe anafunsidwa anali ndi mayanjano abwino ndi kuwonera makanema olaula (AOR = 4.8, CI = 3.49 - 6.54) ndikupita kumakalabu ausiku (AOR = 3.9, CI = 2.3 - 6.7). Kuonera makanema olaula, kupita nawo kumakalabu ausiku, kutafuna kwa khat ndi kumwa mowa nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa kwambiri chifukwa chogonana komanso kukhala ndi zibwenzi zingapo. Mchitidwe wofuna kutafuna wa Khat (AOR = 8.5, CI = 1.31 - 55.5) ndikupita kumakalabu ausiku (AOR = 4.6, CI = 1.8 - 11.77) anali ndi ziwerengero zofunikira kwambiri zogonana chifukwa chofuna ndalama komanso kugona ndi malonda ochita zogonana, motsatana.
MAFUNSO:
Chiwerengero chambiri cha ophunzira chinali ndi chikhalidwe chowopsa. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kupita kumakalabu ausiku ndikuonera vidiyo ya zolaula ndizo zinali zofunikira kwambiri pakuchita zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, mapulogalamu othandizira kupewa ayenera kulimbikitsidwa, kukhazikitsidwa bwino ndikuyang'aniridwa m'sukulu zoyambirira komanso m'mayunivesite.
Kafukufuku wopanda mtanda adachitika pakati pa ophunzira aku Bahir Dar University kuyambira Disembala mpaka February 2013. Makina osindikizira ambiri ndi mafunso omwe adadziyendetsa okha adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ziwerengero zofotokozera monga ma frequency ndi tanthauzo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera omwe ali nawo phunziroli molingana ndi zosowa zina. Kusanthula kwa ma multivariate kunachitika chifukwa cha mitundu iyo yomwe inali ndi mtengo wa p of 0.2 pakuwunika kwa bivariate kuti idziwe zosinthika za wolosera.
Introduction
Mu achinyamata ndi achinyamata omwe ali pachiwopsezo chazakugonana akuzindikiridwa kuti ndizofunikira zokhudzana ndi thanzi, chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso chiwerengero cha anthu m'dziko lomwe likutukuka [1]. Achinyamata ndi achinyamata amakhala pachiwopsezo cha zovuta zambiri zaumoyo. Chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zibwenzi zambiri zogonana komanso kugwiritsa ntchito makondomu mosagwirizana [2]. Amuna achichepere amakhala ndi mwayi wawo woyamba wogonana ndi mahule, pomwe azimayi achichepere amatha kukhala ndi zikhalidwe zoyambirira zogonana ndi abambo achikulire, zonsezi zimakulitsa mwayi wopezeka ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana kuphatikiza kachilombo ka HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV))1, 2]. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumapangitsa ogwiritsa ntchito kukhala pachiwopsezo cha kugonana monga kugonana mosadziteteza komwe kumatha kukhala ndi mavuto azachuma, chikhalidwe, thupi, malingaliro, komanso thanzi [2, 3].
Ophunzira ku Yunivesite ali mgulu la achinyamata ndipo ali ndi machitidwe oopsa ogonana osadziteteza pogonana omwe amapititsa ku HIV, matenda ena opatsirana pogonana komanso mimba zosafunikira [4-6]. Achinyamata achikazi amakhala ndi mimbayo yosakonzekera yomwe imatsogolera kuchotsa mimba, matenda oopsa, kubereka komanso kufa [3, 7].
Achinyamata azaka za 10-24 zaka amapanga pafupifupi 1.8 biliyoni ndipo amayimira 27% ya anthu padziko lapansi [7]. Kafukufuku adawonetsa kuti momwe alili m'gulu la achinyamata, machitidwe awo odzichepetsa kapena achangu amatha kuwayika pachiwopsezo cha kugonana [7, 8]. Matenda opatsirana pogonana monga HIV / Edzi komanso mavuto ena okhudzana ndi uchembere wabwino (RH) ndiwopseza kwambiri thanzi la achinyamata ndi unyamata [7, 9].
Padziko lonse lapansi, gawo limodzi mwamagawo atatu mwa 340 miliyoni a matenda opatsirana pogonana amapezeka pachaka kwa anthu ochepera zaka 25. Chaka chilichonse, achinyamata oposa 20 pa 15 aliwonse amatenga matenda opatsirana pogonana. Kafukufuku adawonetsa kuti oposa theka la onse omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV amapezeka mwa anthu azaka zapakati pa 24 ndi XNUMX [7, 10].
Ku Ethiopia, achinyamata (achikulire 15-24) adayimira gulu limodzi lalikulu kwambiri, lomwe lili pafupifupi 35% ya anthu [11]. Kupititsa patsogolo kugonana ndi kubereka komanso thanzi launyamata, Ethiopia inali ndi malingaliro ndi zochita zawo. Ena mwa njirazi ndikupereka kwa njira zonse zokhudzana ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi RH ndi jenda, zaka, udindo wapabanja, ndi nyumba; kuthana ndi zosowa za RH za nthawi yayitali komanso zazitali za achinyamata; ndikulimbikitsa maubale omwe amayanjana mosiyanasiyana kuti ayankhe kuti azimayi achichepere amatha kukhala pachiwopsezo ku nkhanza zakugonana komanso osagwirizana.7, 12]. Zina mwazinthuzi ndikupanga chidziwitso chokhudza thanzi la kugonana, kupereka maubwenzi aubwana, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa anthu, kufufuza mwayi watsopano ndikukulitsa mgwirizano wa ma multitorectorial [7, 12]. Komabe, zolumikizana zokhudzana kwambiri zimayang'anira anthu onse chifukwa siziyankha mwachindunji pamaphunziro ophunzira apamwamba omwe amafunikira komanso chiyembekezo, ndikupanga kufotokozedwa kwenikweni kwa zoyenera kuchita komanso zotsutsana kwambiri [13]. Chifukwa chake, machitidwe ogonana pakati pa achinyamata ndiunyamata akadali vuto lalikulu ku Ethiopia [11].
Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu omwe adachitika m'mayunivesite ena aku Ethiopia adawonetsa 26.9% mpaka 34.2% ya ophunzira omwe adagonanapo. Mwa iwo, 45.2% anali ndi zibwenzi zoposa m'modzi ndipo 59.4% adagonana koyamba kusekondale. Kuphatikiza apo, zaka zoyambirira zogonana zinali zaka 17.9 ndipo 4.4% mwa omwe amatenga nawo mbali adagonana ndi ogulitsa malonda [4, 14-16]. Inadditon, akatswiri osiyanasiyana adanenanso kuti zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndizomwe zimayambitsa chikhalidwe cha achinyamata. Mwa zina, kumwa mowa ndi kutafuna khat ndi zinthu zofala [4, 17-19].
Ngakhale Ethiopia ikuyesetsa kulimbikitsa mchitidwe wogonana wa achinyamata ogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, zochitika ndi mfundo ku dziko lonse, mliriwu ukupitilizabe kukula mdziko muno makamaka pankhani zamaphunziro zomwe zimati miyoyo ya magawo omwe amapanga zipatso kwambiri Gulu lachiEthiopiya lomwe lingapangitse ndalama zambiri pazachuma komanso zachuma, nthawi yomweyo komanso m'tsogolo. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa zochita za achinyamata; akuyerekezeredwa kuti chikhalidwe cha ophunzira chimagona mosiyanasiyana pamaderamo, chitukuko, kutukuka kwam'mizinda komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu. Makamaka, Yunivesite ya Bahir Dar ili m'malo omwe kuli alendo ambiri othamanga, mapenshoni omasuka komanso makalabu ausiku omwe angawonetse ophunzira kuti azichita nawo zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zoopsa zogonana. Komabe, ndimavuto omwe ali pamwambapa, pali kuphatikizidwa kwazinthu zambiri zomwe zikuyimira zochitika zakugonana kwa ophunzira omwe amapanga maphunziro apamwamba pamlingo wadziko komanso pakati pa ophunzira aku University of Bahir Dar .Pompo, cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kuyesa machitidwe azakugonana ndi zomwe zikugwirizana nazo. mwa ophunzira a Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia.
Njira
Makina ophunzirira, nthawi ndi dera
Kafukufuku wophunzirira adachitika pakati pa ophunzira ku Bahir Dar University (BDU) kuyambira Disembala mpaka February 2013. BDU ndi malo apamwamba apamwamba omwe akhazikitsidwa ku 2000 [20]. Yunivesite ili ku Bahir Dar tawuni 567 makilomita Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Addis Ababa. Imapereka maphunziro osiyanasiyana pamaphunziro apamwamba komanso osakwanira [20]. BDU tsopano ili m'gulu la Mayunivesite akuluakulu ku Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, yomwe ili ndi ophunzira opitilira 35,000 m'maphunziro ake a 57 omwe ali ndi digiri yoyamba komanso 39. Panthawi ya phunziroli, ali ndi masukulu anayi (Campus yayikulu, kampu ya Poly, Zenzelma ndi Yibab campus) ku Bahir Dar yomwe inali ndi ophunzira pafupifupi 20,00020]. BDU ili ndi zipatala zisanu za ophunzira. Amachita ntchito zachinyamata. Panthawi yopeza deta, chidziwitso ndi upangiri pa nkhani zakugonana komanso kubereka, kupititsa patsogolo machitidwe azakugonana mwa njira zosiyanasiyana kuphatikiza maphunziro a anzanu, chidziwitso cha kulera, upangiri ndi njira kuphatikiza njira zakulera mwadzidzidzi ndi kukwezetsa kondomu ndi ntchito yopereka mimbayo. muutumiki wochezeka. Pakadali pano chipatala chilichonse chili ndi anamwino atatu ophunzitsidwa bwino ntchito zothandiza achinyamata [20, 21].
Chiwerengero cha ophunzira
Onse ophunzira omaliza maphunziro asukulu yoyamba ku Bahir Dar University panthawi yophunzira.
Njira zophatikizira
Ophunzira athunthu akumaphunziro oyambira maphunziro a chaka choyamba mpaka chaka V anali nawo pagululi.
Njira zochotsera
Ophunzira atamaliza maphunziro, kuwonjezera, chilimwe, kuyimilira ndi kuphunzira kwa mtunda sikunatengedwe panthawi yopeza deta.
Kukula kwachitsanzo ndi njira yotsatsira
Kukula kwachitsanzo
Kukula kwachitsanzo kunatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu poganizira zotsatirazi: P = 50% (Chiyembekezo chomwe chakhala chikugonana pakati pa ophunzira), kuchuluka kwa chidaliro cha 95% ndi cholakwika chakumapeto kwa 5%.
Njira zowerengetsera kukula kwake ndi:
Kungoganiza kuchuluka kwa mayankho a 10%, zotsatira za 2, kukula kwa zitsanzo kunali: n = 384 × 2 + 10% = 768 + 76.7 = 848. Kukula kwa zitsanzo zomaliza kunali 848. Komabe, ophunzira a 817 BDU okha ndi omwe adamaliza kufunsa mafunso mokwanira.
Njira zowerengera
Kusintha kwazinthu zambiri kunagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuti muwonetsetsetsetsetsetsetsetsetsetsetsetse, kuchuluka kwa zitsanzozo kumagawidwa moyenerera ku koleji iliyonse mogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa ophunzira awo. Njira yosavuta yotsatsira masamu idagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha madipatimenti kuchokera chaka chilichonse m'maphunziro asanu ndi awiriwo. Pomaliza ophunzirawo adasankhidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachitsanzo zosasinthika.
Zosiyanasiyana za phunziroli
Osiyana modalira
Zochita zogonana monga momwe zidagonanapo, kugonana osadziteteza, kugonana ndi zibwenzi zingapo, zogonana posinthana ndi ndalama komanso zogonana ndi ogulitsa ogulitsa.
Zosiyanasiyana (zosafotokozera) zosintha
Zosiyanasiyana monga zaka, kugonana, chaka chophunzirira, chipembedzo, ulemu, ukwati komanso malo okhala, uchidakwa, kutafuna, kupita kumakalabu ausiku ndikumaonera zolaula.
Tanthauzo la ntchito
Kugonana mosadziteteza
Kugonana popanda kondomu panthawi yomwe amagonana.
Kugonana kotchinga
Kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu pakugonana kulikonse.
Munayamba mwagonanapo
Kugonana kwa Penile nthawi zonse pogonana.
Njira zotolera deta
Mafunso okonzedwa komanso odziyendetsa okha, omwe mwanjira ina adatengedwa kuchokera ku Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS), Behavioral Surveillance Survey (BSS) ndi magawo ena ofunikira adagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba dongosololi [22, 23]. Mafunso onse anamalizidwa payekhapayekha pachipatala cha ophunzira.
Nkhani zowongolera zaumoyo wabwino
Kusunga mtundu wa deta, maphunziro adaperekedwa kwa osonkhetsa deta ndi oyang'anira momwe angafikire ndikusankha omwe atenga nawo mbali phunziroli, pazolinga za phunziroli komanso zomwe zili patsamba la mafunso. Mafunso omwe adakhazikitsidwa komanso odziyendetsa okha adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mafunso amayesedwa asanatenge ophunzira a 85 ochokera ku yunivesite ina kupatula omwe amaphunzira nawo. Mafunso amafunsidwa koyambirira m'Chingerezi ndipo adamasuliridwa m'chinenedwe cha Chiamhariki kuti akhale oyenera komanso osavuta. Mtundu wa Amharic udasinthidwanso kuchokera ku Chingerezi kuti ukayang'ane tanthauzo limodzi.
Kusanthula deta
Detayi idasanthulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa SPSS 20. Ziwerengero zofotokozera monga mafupipafupi ndi tanthauzo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokozera omwe akutenga nawo mbali pokhudzana ndi zosintha zina. Zambiri mwazosinthidwa zidakonzedwa ndikuwongolera kwamaphunziro. Kenako zosintha zonse zokhala ndi mtengo wa -0.2 pakuwunika kwa bivariate zidalowetsedwanso pamachitidwe oyendetsera zinthu. Pakusanthula kwama multivariate, njira zobwerera m'mbuyo zanzeru zidakwaniritsidwa ndikukhumudwitsa komanso kulumikizana kwakukulu kumayendetsedwa. Zosintha zomwe zili ndi phindu p <0.05 pakuwunika kwa multivariate zidatengedwa ngati olosera zamtsogolo. Zowerengera zopanda pake komanso zosinthidwa pamasinthidwe awo 95% adawerengedwa. Mayeso oyenerera a Hosmer ndi Lemshow adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika ngati malingaliro oyenera pakugwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zakwaniritsidwira ndipo p- value> 0.05 imawonedwa ngati yoyenera.
Chilolezo chakhalidwe
Chilolezo chotsimikizika chinapezedwa ndi komiti yowunikira Ethical ya University of Bahir Dar, College of Medicine ndi Health Science. Kuvomerezedwa kotsimikizika kudachitidwa ku yunivesite ya Bahir Dar ndipo chilolezo chodziwikiratu chidapezeka kuchokera kwa omwe anafunsidwayo asanapitirize kusonkhanitsa deta. Chinsinsi cha zotsatira zake zidasungidwanso.
Results
Makhalidwe a demio-demographic
Ophunzira onse a 817 a nthawi zonse omwe ali ndi digiri yoyamba ya 96.7% adachita nawo phunziroli. Mwa awa, 545 (66.7%) anali amuna. Tamatanthauza zaka za omwe adayankha anali zaka 21 kuyambira zaka 18 mpaka 30. Ambiri 618 (75.6%) a iwo anali pakati pa zaka 20-24. Inen ethncity, 466 (57.1%) anali ochokera ku Amhara ndi 147 (18%) anali Oromo. Ponena za chipembedzo, 624 (76.4%) mwa omwe adayankhidwawa anali otsatira a Akhristu achi Orthodox. Phunziroli, 704 (86.4%) anali osakwatirana. Ophunzira mazana asanu ndi khumi (62.4%) mwa omwe anali nawo pagululi anali mwina chaka chimodzi kapena awiri ophunzira. Pafupifupi, 802 (98.2%) ya omwe adafunsidwa amakhala mumzinda wazipinda zamasamba (Gome 1).
Mchitidwe wogonana
Gawo lonse lazomwe zimakhalapo ndi kugonana linali 297 (36.4%). Pakafukufuku wapano, omwe anali ndi zibwenzi zingapo anali 126 (42.7%) ya ophunzira ogonana. Kukhala ndi zibwenzi zingapo zogonana kunali 110 (48.5%) ndi 16 (23.5%) mwa amuna ndi akazi, motsatana. Zokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu, 113 (38%) mwa omwe adagwiritsa ntchito kondomu amagwiritsa ntchito kondomu nthawi zonse pogonana. Kuwona makanema olaula adadziwika mu 534 (65.4%) ya omwe adayankha. Chiwerengero chapamwamba kwambiri cha 421 (77.2%) chinapezeka mwa amuna (Table 1).
Kugonana kosinthanitsa ndalama kunapezeka mu 12 (4%) mwa omwe adachita zachiwerewere (Gome 2). Zaka zoyambirira pakugonana zinali zaka 18.6. Makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu awiri (24.3%) mwa omwe adayankha adayamba zogonana asanakwanitse zaka 18. Kuphatikiza apo, mwa omwe anafunsapo omwe anagonapo, 174 (58.6%) anali atayamba kugonana ali kusekondale. Komabe, 33 (11.1%) adagonana koyamba pa nthawi ya pulayimale (Table 3).
Pazifukwa zomwe zinakhalapo ndi zibwenzi zingapo zogonana, kufunafuna chisangalalo chogonana komanso momwe chiyanjano cha nthawi yayitali chinali chifukwa chachikulu mwa amuna ndi akazi, motero. Kumbali ina, pakati pa omwe anagwiritsa ntchito kondomu nthawi zonse, 67 (36.4%) adanena kuti kondomu imachepetsa chisangalalo chogonana. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito makondomu kumachepetsa chisangalalo chogonana chinali chifukwa chachikulu champhongo pomwe chikondi ndi bwenzi lawo chinali chifukwa chachikulu chachikazi chogonana mosadziteteza (Tebulo 3). Chofunika koposa, kufunikira kudikira mpaka ukwati, 363 (69.8%) chinali chifukwa chachikulu chosakhalira ndi zogonana ndipo zifukwa zina zidalembedwa pa Gome 3.
Popeza mudagonapo ndiogulitsa omwe amagulitsa malonda zanenedwapo ndi 27 (7.4%) ya omwe anafunsidwa. Makumi asanu ndi limodzi ndi chinayi (21.5%) ya ophunzira ogonana anali ndi mwayi wogonana ndi achikulire. Kuchita zachiwerewere mutatha kuwona mavidiyo olaula, kumwa mowa ndi kutafuna khat zidadziwika mu 73 (24.6%), 102 (34.3%) ndi 51 (17.2%) mwa ophunzira omwe adagonanapo mpaka kalekale (Tebulo 3).
Kusanthula kwamankhwala ambiri pamachitidwe azogonana
Pakusanthula kwama multivariate, zaka zakubadwa zidalumikizana kwambiri ndi omwe adagonapo ndikuwonera makanema olaula. Omwe adayankha omwe ali ndi zaka 20-24 (AOR = 9.5, CI = 3.75 - 23.85) ndi> zaka 24 (AOR = 3.65, CI = 1.7 - 7. 8) motsatana anali ndi mwayi 10 komanso 3.6 woti agonanepo. Omwe, omwe adayankha mgulu lazaka> zaka 24 anali ndi mwayi wambiri wowonera zolaula kuposa ophunzira azaka <3 zaka (AOR = 20, CI = 3.0 - 1.05). Momwemonso, kusiyana kwakugonana kumawonetsa kuyanjana kwakukulu ndi mbiri yakuwonera makanema olaula, kupita kumakalabu ausiku ndipo adagonanapo ndikusinthana ndalama. Omwe adayankha anali nthawi 8.39 pomwe adawonapo makanema olaula poyerekeza ndi omwe amayankha akazi (AOR = 4.1, CI = 4.1 - 2.88). Komabe, omwe amayankha akazi anali pafupifupi nthawi 5.75 yochitira zachiwerewere poyerekeza ndi amuna omwe anafunsidwa (AOR = 3.7, CI = 3.7 - 1.04) (Gome 4). Kuphatikiza apo, amuna ambiri anali otumikira mu kalabu yausiku kuposa akazi (AOR = 2.3, CI = 1.25 -3.43) (Gome 5).
Kuchuluka kwa zogonana sikunasinthe kwenikweni pofika chaka chophunzira komanso zachipembedzo. Momwemonso, kukhala ndi zibwenzi zingapo zogonana sikunasinthe kwambiri mwakugonana, chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe 4). Kuchulukitsa kwa kugonana kosatetezedwa sikunasinthe kwenikweni ndi zaka, kugonana, kukhala, chaka chophunzira, chikhalidwe, chipembedzo ndi zina zambiri zofotokozera.
Ophunzira omwe amaonera makanema olaula anali 1.8 nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mwayi wogonana poyerekeza ndi omwe sagwiritsa ntchito (AOR = 1.8, CI = 1.19 - 2.59). Momwemonso, omwe amayankha omwe amawonera makanema olaula anali 2.8 nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zibwenzi zingapo zogonana poyerekeza ndi omwe sanawonerere makanema olaula (AOR = 2.8, CI = 1.12 - 6.9). Ogwira ntchito kumakalabu ausiku anali ndi mwayi wopitilira kugonana nthawi 7 (AOR = 7.4, CI = 4.23 -12.92) (Gome 4). Momwemonso, kupita nawo kumakalabu ausiku ndikofunikira chifukwa chogonana ndi ochita malonda ogonana (AOR = 4.6, CI = 1.8- 11.77) (Gome 5).
Kumwa mowa pafupipafupi (AOR = 1.9, CI = 1.35 - 2.83) ndidali chinthu china chogwirizanapo chomwe chidachitikapo zogonana. Gawo lokhala ndi zibwenzi zingapo zogonana linali lochulukirapo pakati pa oledzera nthawi zina kuposa omwe samamwa mowa (AOR = 2.8, CI = 1.4 - 5.6) (Gome 4). Kupita kumakalabu ausiku, kumwa moledzeretsa mosasintha (AOR = 9.5, CI = 5.2 - 17.5) komanso pafupipafupi (AOR = 3.3, CI = 1.1 - 10.1) analinso ofunika kwambiri (Gome 5).
Okhala ndi zibwenzi zingapo zingapo adalinso 2.8 nthawi zambiri pakati pa chewing cheached poyerekeza ndi osafuna chewing (AOR = 2.8, CI = 1.4 - 5.69). Chewing khat mchitidwe womwe umagwiranso ntchito kwambiri pakugonana ndi ndalama (AOR = 8.5, CI = 1.31 - 55.5) (Gome 4). Kuphatikiza apo, kutafuna khat pafupipafupi (AOR = 1.98, CI = 1.08 - 3.64) ndikumwa mowa (AOR = 4.78, CI = 3.17-7.20) ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuwonera makanema olaula (Gome 5).
Kukambirana
Phunziroli 36.4% ya ophunzira adagonanapo. Zotsatira izi zikufanana ndi kafukufuku wochitidwa ku Nigeria (34%) [24]. Komabe, gawo ili linali lokwera kuposa zopezedwa ndi BSS-II (9.9%) [23], maphunziro a mayunivesite ena (26.9% mpaka 34.2%), Ethiopia [4, 14-16] ndi kafukufuku wopangidwa ku yunivesite yaku India (5% ya akazi ndi 15% ya ophunzira achimuna) [25]. Mosiyana ndi izi, ndizotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi maphunziro ena ku Africa. Mwachitsanzo, 49% mpaka 59% ya omwe adagonapo ku Koleji ndipo ophunzira aku University adanenedwa ku South Africa [26] ndi Uganda [27]. Kufotokozera komwe kungachitike pakati pa achinyamata pazakuchitika mosiyana pakati pa achinyamata pazophunzira zosiyana kungakhale chifukwa chosiyana chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, komanso kusiyana pakumvetsetsa, malingaliro ndi machitidwe ku HIV / Edzi.
Ukalamba poyamba kuchita zachiwerewere ndi chisonyezo chofunikira chodziwitsira pachiwopsezo cha mimba yosafunikira komanso matenda opatsirana pogonana. Zaka zapakati pazakugonana koyambirira (zaka 18.6) za amuna ndi akazi mu kafukufukuyu ndizofanana ndi malipoti a EDHS (zaka 18.2) [22], mayunivesite ena ku Ethiopia [14-16] ndi ophunzira aku Madagascar (zaka 18.4) [26]. Mosiyana ndi izi, zaka zoyambira zogonana koyamba zinali zazikulu kuposa zomwe zimapezeka ku Jimma University (zaka 17.7) [4] ndi Gomo Gofa (zaka 17) [28]. Kuphatikiza apo, opitilira theka (58.6%) ya ophunzira omwe amagonana adagonana koyamba nthawi yasekondale. Izi zikugwirizana ndi maphunziro a ma University ena ku Ethiopia ochokera ku 58.5% mpaka 75.2% [4, 14-16]. Izi zitha kuwonetsa kuti vuto loyeserera kugonana koyambirira silimakhala vuto ku yunivesite kokha, komanso kusukulu yasekondale komanso kumayambira. Chifukwa chake, ophunzira aku sekondale ayenera kulimbana ndi njira zodzitetezera ngati achinyamata kuti alepheretse zachiwerewere asanakwane. Zotsatira zakuwongolera zinthu zingapo zowonetsa kuwonetsa zaka zakubadwa zakuchulukirachulukira kwa omwe adagonanapo ndi nyini pomwe zaka zimawonjezeka kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chakugonana kudakulitsidwa. Omwe adayankha omwe ali ndi zaka 20 kapena kupitilira apo amakhala ndi mwayi wambiri kuposa omwe ali ndi zaka zosakwana 20 kuti anene kuti anali ndi chidziwitso chogonana. Izi zikugwirizana ndi malipoti ochokera ku 2011 EDHS [22].
Gawo la omwe anali ndi zibwenzi zingapo pakati pa omwe adagonana ndi 42.7%. Kupeza kofananako kudadziwikanso mumzinda wa Bahir Dar pa ophunzira wamba aku koleji [29] ndi ku Gonder [30]. Komabe, kuchuluka kwambiri kwa ogonana angapo adanenedwa ku Wolaita University [31]. Mosiyana ndi izi, kafukufuku ku Haramaya [15] ndi University ya Jimma [4] adanenapo za otsika omwe amakhala ndi zibwenzi zingapo. Kusiyanaku kungakhale chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa zitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa owerengera komanso kusintha kwakusintha kwa mayunivesite.
Kuchita zokhala pachiwopsezo monga Khat kutafuna, kumwa mowa, kupita ku makalabu ausiku ndikumaonera makanema olaula zokhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe zidagonane komanso kukhala ndi zibwenzi zingapo. Zikugwirizana ndi kuphunzira kuchokera ku Slovakia [32] ndi mayunivesite ena ku Ethiopia [4, 14-16]. Izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha kutha kwa kuzindikira komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha ngozi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chakuchepa kwa mowa kumatha kuledzera ndi kumwa kwa nthawi yambiri chifukwa ophunzira sangathe kuganiza mwanzeru ndipo mwina sangathe kuneneratu za zoyipa zawo.
Kukula kwa zochitika zogonana mosadziteteza mu phunziroli (62%) kunali kofanana ndi kafukufuku wochitidwa ku Jimma University (57.6%) [4] ndi maphunziro apamwamba aku Cambodia [33]. Komabe, linali lokwera kuposa kuphunzira kuchokera ku Yunivesite ya Medawolabu (40.4%), Ethiopia [34]. Komanso, kuchuluka kwa makondomu nthawi zonse (38%) pakati pa ophunzira ogonana kunali kotsika poyerekeza ndi maphunziro ena, Ethiopia [15, 29, 34] zomwe zidalemba 48% - 81% yogwiritsa ntchito kondomu nthawi zonse. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa chakukula kwamachitidwe achichepere, kusiyana kwa chidziwitso pamakhalidwe omwe ali pachiwopsezo chogonana, zokhudzana ndi uchembele wabwino komanso luso logwiritsa ntchito kondomu.
Malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, 7.4% ya ophunzira omwe amagonana idagonana ndi ogulitsa ogulitsa. Izi ndizotsika kuposa zopezeka ku Ma University ena ku Ethiopia [4, 31, 34] pomwe kuchuluka kwa ogonana ndi ochita malonda ogonana kunali 13.9% mpaka 24.9%. Kusiyana kumeneku kungakhale kusiyana pakudziwitsa za njira zopatsirana komanso chiopsezo cha kugonana pakati pa ophunzira mumayunivesite osiyanasiyana. Ngakhale kupita kumakalabu ausiku inali njira yokhayo yomwe ingagwire ntchito yogonana ndi ogulitsa ogulitsa, Yunivesite ya Bahir Dar yayambika njira zoyendetsera zomwe zingalepheretse ophunzira kupita kumakalabu ausiku. Malamulowa amalepheretsa ophunzira kuti asakhale kunja kwa sukulu nthawi yamadzulo.
Phunziroli, zomwe zimachitika posinthana zogonana chifukwa cha ndalama zinali 4%. Ndizofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma University ena aku Ethiopia (4.4%) [4, 14, 15]. Mosiyana ndi izi, ndizotsika poyerekeza ndi kafukufuku wina ku mzinda wa Bahir Dar [35] ophunzira aku koleji achinsinsi ndi Addis Ababa komwe kusinthanitsa kugonana pakati pa achinyamata anali 20.6% [36] ndipo mwa ophunzira aku Yunivesite anali 14.5% [37]. Kusinthanitsa kugonana ndi ndalama kumachitika kwambiri mwa akazi kuposa amuna.
M'madera ambiri atsikana amagonana ndi amuna omwe ndi akulu kuposa iwo. Mchitidwewu ungathandizire kufala kwa kachirombo ka HIV ndi matenda ena opatsirana pogonana chifukwa amuna achikulire nthawi zambiri amatha kupezeka ndi matendawa. Phunziroli, 21.5% ya omwe adagwiriridwa adagonana ndi achikulire. Momwemonso, malinga ndi kafukufuku wa EDHS, pa azimayi onse 21% azaka zapakati pa 15 ndi 19 omwe adagonana adagonana ndi bambo wazaka khumi kapena kupitilira apo ndipo anyamata ochepa, <1% adagonana ndi azimayi achikulire [22].
Gawo lowonera mavidiyo olaula mu kafukufukuyu (65.4%) likufanana ndi zina zomwe zapezeka ku Etiopia (47.2%) [30]. Komabe, zomwe tapeza zinali zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa maphunziro omwe adachitidwa ku Medawolabu (15.6%) [34] ndi mayunivesite a Jimma (32.4%) [4]. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri chowonera makanema olaula omwe amapezeka mwa amuna ndi omwe zaka zawo> 24 azakafunsidwa. Izi zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi kupezeka kwakusiyana kwazikhalidwe.
Phunziroli, gawo lopita ku makalabu ausiku likufanana ndi kafukufuku ku koleji ya payokha ya Bahir Dar [29] ndi ophunzira a ku yunivesite ya Jimma [4]. Omwe adayankha anali nthawi ya 2.2 kuti azilowa m'makalabu ausiku kuposa akazi. Izi zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi abambo omwe amakhala ndi ufulu wambiri komanso kutonthozedwa kuti azilowa m'makalabu ausiku kuposa azimayi chifukwa chachikhalidwe chakomweko. Kusiyana kwamakhalidwe kumalumikizidwanso kwakukulu ndikupita nawo kumakalabu ausiku (Gome 5). Izi zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi kusiyanasiyana kwachikhalidwe komanso kukopa kwa miyambo ndi zikhalidwe za mdera lanu.
Zowunikira zazikulu za phunziroli zinali mtundu wa kafukufuku wopingasa zomwe sizingafotokoze mgwirizano wapakati pazosinthika zina ndi zina. Mutu wophunzirawu pawokha umawunikira anthu ogwira ntchito ndi zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kugonana zomwe zitha kuchititsa kuti pakhale chisankho chokomera anthu ena. Chifukwa chake, zotsatira za kafukufukuyu ziyenera kutanthauziridwa ndi zolephera izi.
Mawuwo
Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kumvetsetsa kwathunthu kwamakhalidwe azakugonana kwa ophunzira aku Bahir Dar University. Zochita zachiwerewere zokhala pachiwopsezo monga kugonana kwa zaka zoyambira, kukhala ndi zibwenzi zingapo, kugonana osatetezeka, komanso kugona ndi ogulitsa ogulitsa ogonana ndizomwe zimachitika pakati pa ophunzira ku University ya Bahir Dar. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kupita nawo kumakalabu ausiku ndikumaonera vidiyo ya zolaula ndizo zinali zofunikira kwambiri pakuwonetsa za machitidwe osiyanasiyana ogonana. Chifukwa chake, mapulogalamu othandizira kupewa ayenera kulimbikitsidwa, kukhazikitsidwa bwino ndikuyang'aniridwa m'sukulu zoyambirira komanso ku yunivesite.
Zolemba za olemba
Pulofesa wothandizira wa WML ku College of Medicine ndi Health Science, Bahir Dar University ku Medical Microbiology. Pulofesa wa BAB Pulofesa wa Microbiology, mkulu wa dipatimenti ya Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology ku College of Medicine ndi Health Science, Bahir Dar University. Pulofesa wothandizira wa MyM ku College of Medicine ndi Health Science, Bahir Dar University ku Medical Parasitology.
Kuvomereza
Bahir Dar University imavomerezedwa kuti idathandizira pantchitoyi. Ife olemba tikuthokoza kuvomereza, kuletsa BDU ku HIV / Edzi ndikuwongolera ofesi yolinganiza njira yotolera deta. Tikufunanso kuthokoza a a Mr Lemma Kassaye, oyang'anira nkhani za HIV / Edzi ku Bahir Dar University komanso a Mlongo Martha Asmare, okhudzana ndi ophunzira a Bahir Dar University pakuthandizira kwawo pogwirizanitsa ndikuwongolera njira yotolera deta. Timakondanso kupititsa patsogolo kuthokoza kwathu kochokera pansi pamtima kwa ophunzira.
Mawu a M'munsi
Zosangalatsa zovuta
Olemba amanena kuti alibe zopikisana.
Zopereka za olemba
WM Anazindikira ndikupanga kafukufukuyu, wokhudzika ndi kusonkhanitsa deta, kusanthula kwa mawerengeredwe, kukonzedwa ndikutsirizitsa zolemba pamalirowo. BA Anazindikira ndikupanga phunzirolo, lomwe linaphatikizidwa pakuphatikiza deta ndi kusanthula, lidasinthiratu zolemba pamanja. NDINAKHALA ndikuwunikiranso za pempholi, ndidasinthiratu zolemba pamanja. Olemba onse adawerenga ndikuvomereza zolemba zomaliza.
Zowonjezera Zowonjezera
Wondemagegn Mulu, Imelo: moc.oohay@23_mednoW.
Mulat Yimer, Imelo: moc.liamg@talumremiy.
Bayeh Abera, Imelo: moc.liamg@51arebaeyab.
Zothandizira
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