Kugonana ndi Umoyo wa Ana ndi Thanzi (2017)

Kudalirika

PMID: 29093054

DOI:10.1542 / peds.2016-1758X

Miyambo Yachikhalidwe ndi Kugonana, Maganizo, ndi Zotsatira

Televizioni, mafilimu, nyimbo, ndi magazini zili ndi zochitika zambiri zogonana komanso kukambirana pang'ono za maganizo, maudindo, kapena zoopsa zokhudzana ndi kugonana (mwachitsanzo, mimba, matenda opatsirana pogonana, kubeleka, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu). Kugonana kumasonyezedwa m'mawu onse ndi zochita, ndi anthu omwe akukambirana za kugonana komwe akufuna kapena omwe akufuna kukhala nawo, nthabwala zambirimbiri ndi maulendo, mauthenga ochokera m'magazini zokhudzana ndi njira zowonetsera wokondedwa wanu zakutchire, ndi zithunzi zomwe zikuwonetsera ntchito kuchokera "kupanga" kugonana . Mu 2005, magawo awiri mwa magawo awiri pa atatu a mapulogalamu a pa televizioni anali ndi zogonana, koma ziwonetsero za kugonana kosavuta zinali zosawerengeka.¹

Umboni wosiyanasiyana umagwirizanitsa kugonana muzofalitsa zamtunduwu ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha kugonana, khalidwe, ndi zotsatira. Mu maphunziro a 21, ofufuza anagwiritsa ntchito deta yautali kuti apeze mgwirizano womwe ungakhalepo chifukwa cha kugonana ndi kugonana koyambirira.² Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi thanzi labwino ndizomwe zimachitika m'zaka zapakati pa 3 za achinyamata omwe ofufuza omwe adapeza kuti achinyamata omwe amadya zakudya zogonana ndi anthu ambiri akayamba kufufuza amayamba kuchita zogonana (1-2 zaka zotsatira) ).^3-5 Ubwenzi umenewu unagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pa ndalama zambiri pazinthu zina khumi ndi ziwiri zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zizoloŵezi zamankhwala ndi khalidwe la kugonana, monga kukhulupilira ndi kuyang'anitsitsa kwa ntchito za ana awo komanso kumene akukhala. Mu 1 ya maphunziro awa, ofufuza anapeza mayanjano pakati pa kugonana ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso pambuyo pake.⁶ Zotsatirazi sizikutanthauza kuti mauthenga omwe amalimbikitsa kugonana komanso kuti ntchito yomwe amalimbikitsa ndi yoopsa.

Ofufuza ambiri adalembanso maubwenzi pakati pa zochitika zogonana ndi maganizo ndi zikhulupiliro za kugonana. Muwongosoledwe wambiri wa maphunziro a 32, Ward⁷ anaganiza kuti kugonana kwabwino kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuvomereza kugonana kosagonana komanso malingaliro akuti kugonana kumakhala kofala kapena kawirikawiri. Mu phunziro lina,⁸ ochita kafukufuku anapeza kuti zakudya zolimbana ndi zolaula zinaneneratu kuti achinyamata azitha kugonana okhaokha, kuganizira zochitika za kugonana, komanso zizoloŵezi za anzawo. Mofananamo, zikuwoneka kuti mauthenga ogonana angalimbikitse zikhulupiliro zogonana zogonana. Achinyamata omwe adanena kuti akuwona kanema wa pa TV akukambirana za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kondomu, anasintha chikhulupiliro chawo ngati makondomu amapewa kutenga mimba.⁹ Mufukufuku wowonjezera, ofufuza adaika ophunzira ku koleji kuti aziwona zochitika za pa televizioni zomwe zimaphatikizapo zolakwa kapena zolakwitsa chifukwa cha kugonana kapena zochitika zofanana popanda zotsatirazi. Owona za zotsatira zovulaza amawonetsa malingaliro olakwika a kugonana asanalowe m'banja.¹⁰ Ochita kafukufuku amachititsa kuti zotsatirazi zikhale njira zowonjezera khalidwe la kugonana zokhudzana ndi thanzi labwino.

Media Media, Script Sexual Script, ndi Kugonana

Zolinga zamakono zimawonekeranso kuti zimakhudza achinyamata "zolemba za kugonana," kapena zikhulupiliro zomwe anthu amakhulupirira za momwe anthu ayenera kuchita zogonana. Malembawa ndi ofunika mwa iwo okha ndipo angakhudze thanzi labwino, zosangalatsa, kutenga chiopsezo, ndi kusemphana. M'mayiko a kumpoto kwa America, zolemba za kugonana zimayembekezera amuna kuti azigonana, kuika patsogolo kugonana ndi chisangalalo pamalingaliro, kuchitira akazi monga zinthu zogonana, ndi kukana kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena "khalidwe lachikazi". Akazi amayenera kukhazikitsa malire, kuchita zachiwerewere, kugwiritsira ntchito matupi awo ndikuwoneka kuti azikopa amuna, kuika patsogolo maganizo ndi kudzipereka pa kugonana, ndi kuchepetsa chikhumbo chawo.¹¹ Kupeza nthawi zambiri kuzinthu zamakono kumagwirizana ndi chithandizo cha malingaliro ameneŵa ndi malingaliro olakwika pa akazi.⁷

Zolinga zogonana zogonana zimapezeka mu 52% ya malonda a magazini, 59% ya mavidiyo a nyimbo, ndi 32% ya nyimbo za nyimbo za amuna ojambula.⁷ Zambiri kuposa kafukufuku wa 100 zavumbulutsa zokhudzana pakati pa zomwe achinyamata akuziwona kuti zikhale zowonjezereka komanso zomwe zimawathandiza akazi kapena zofuna zawo.⁷ Anthu omwe amavomerezedwa ndi ena amavomerezana kapena akugwirizana ndi chiwerewere, zikhulupiliro za kugonana, zikhulupiriro zabodza, kugonana kwachinyamata, nkhanza zapadera kusiyana ndi anthu omwe alibe nawo chidwi komanso kukhala osakhutira ndi thupi, kuoneka ndi nkhawa, ndi zikhulupiriro zosokonezeka.⁷

Masabata makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu asanu ndi awiri mwa magulu asanu ndi awiri a masewera omwe ali ndi achinyamata ali ndi nkhani zogonana.¹² Kuwonetsera kwa izi zikugwirizana ndi kuwonjezereka kwakukulu koyambanso kugonana, kugonana, ndikuyesera kugwiriridwa pakati pa achinyamata 14 ku 21.¹³

Azimayi amaimiridwa m'maseŵera a pakompyuta, ndipo pakakhalapo, ndizovuta kwambiri kusiyana ndi amuna omwe angasonyezedwe ndi maonekedwe ogonana kapena zovala zakugonana.⁷ Anthu omwe amavomerezedwa ndi amayi ogonana ndi amai pa masewero a pakompyuta amavomereza kwambiri kuvomereza kugwiriridwa ndi kuvutitsidwa kwa chiwerewere kuposa ena.⁷ Kusewera masewera a pakompyuta monga khalidwe lachiwerewere lachiwerewere kumawoneka kuti kumapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala odzidalira komanso osakhala ndi maganizo abwino pokhudzana ndi kuzindikira kwa amayi.¹⁴

Media Media: Gwero Latsopano la kugonana ndi Ubale

Poyerekeza ndi zochitika zogonana zogonana, sitidziwa zambiri zokhudza mafilimu, zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana, komanso momwe angakhudzire achinyamata.² Facebook idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafilimu ku United States, ndi 71% ya achinyamata omwe ali ndi zaka 13 mpaka 17 pogwiritsa ntchito tsamba.¹⁵ Kuchokera ku 2012, kugwiritsa ntchito mafilimu ndi achinyamata kumazindikirika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa maulendo omwe anawonekera, ndi achinyamata ambiri omwe akusonkhanitsa dera la malo ndi zofunikira zomwe amakonda, kuphatikizapo Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter, ndi ena, zomwe zimapangitsa kufufuza zotsatira za malo ochezera a pa Intaneti omwe ndi zovuta kwambiri.¹⁶

Ofufuza akungoyamba kufufuza ngati kafukufuku wina wotchulidwa pamwambapa akuwulula mgwirizano pakati pa kugonana ndi zochitika za kugonana zomwe zimapangitsa achinyamata kugwiritsira ntchito zachiwerewere. Kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti kugonana pazinthu zokhudzana ndi kugonana kunayanjanitsidwa ndi machitidwe okhudzana ndi chiwerewere (kuphatikizapo kugonana kosayenera).¹⁷ Kafukufuku wam'mbuyo wam'mbuyo a achinyamata a ku Dutch adanena kuti pokhala ndi zochitika zodzikweza kwambiri pazolumikizidwe ndi mafilimu komanso zojambulazo, zonsezi zinali zokhudzana ndi zikhulupiliro za achinyamata kuti kunali kofunikira kuti "azigonana" (flirty, wild, seductive , ndi kupereka lingaliro lakuti wina ali ndi kugonana).¹⁸ Olemba a phunziro lomweli adawonetsa kuti kufotokozera zochitika zowonongeka mosagwirizana ndi chilakolako chofuna kuchita zachiwerewere chifukwa chowonjezera achinyamata omwe ali ndi khalidwe labwino.¹⁸

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mafilimu kumawonetsanso kuti kumagwirizana ndi zofuna zawo, manyazi, thupi, komanso kuchepetsa kugonana.⁷ Kafukufuku wina amasonyeza kuti anthu omwe amacheza ndi anzawo amachititsa kuti achinyamata azikhala ndi zibwenzi zosiyana kapena zachiwawa mwa "kubwezeretsa malire pakati pa zibwenzi." Zomwe anthu adagwiritsa ntchito poyang'anira kapena kuyendetsa bwenzi, pokhala ndi nkhanza ndi wokondedwa, kuchepetsa kudzipezera nokha, komanso kubwereranso pambuyo pa chiwawa kapena kusweka.¹⁹

Ngakhale kuti ambiri mwa ochita kafukufuku akuphunzira za kugonana akuganizira za zotsatira zovuta za ntchito zamagetsi, luso lapadera loti anthu azitha kulumikizana ndi achinyamata akudziwe zambiri kuti athetse thanzi la kugonana silinatayidwe m'mabungwe omwe ali ndi cholinga. Olemba za kafukufuku waposachedwapa apeza kuti 10% ya achinyamata amapeza zambiri zamtundu wathanzi kuchokera ku zamasewera ndi 23% kupeza zina kuchokera pazofalitsa; 18% asanthula matenda opatsirana pogonana pa intaneti.²⁰

zolaula

Kutumizirana zithunzi zolaula kumaphatikizapo kusinthanitsa kugonana (malemba kapena zithunzi) kudzera pa mafoni a m'manja kapena pa intaneti. Mitengo yotumizirana mameseji pakati pa achinyamata ikusiyana pa njira zophunzirira, zitsanzo zazitsanzo, ndi matanthauzo a mawuwo.²¹ Muzitsanzo zowonetsera dziko la achinyamata, mlingo wa kutumiza zithunzi za kugonana ndi 5% mpaka 7%.^22,23 Pafupifupi 7% mpaka 15% adalandira sext.^22,24 Kutumizirana zithunzi zolaula kungakhale mbali yowonongeka yofufuza za kugonana ndi achinyamata.²³ Nthawi zambiri ndi mbali ya kukhalapo kapena kukondana. Kutumizirana zithunzi zolaula kumagwirizananso ndi zoopsa zina. Nthaŵi zina amakakamizidwa kapena kukakamizidwa.²⁵ Kugonana nthawi zina kumaperekedwa kwa munthu wina ngati njira yozunza kapena kubwezera.²⁶ Nthawi zambiri achinyamata omwe amatumiza zogonana amatsutsidwa ndi malamulo oonera zolaula.²⁶ Pomaliza, kutumizirana mameseji okhudzana ndi kutumizirana mauthenga okhudzana ndi kugonana kumayenderana ndi kagulu ka khalidwe la achinyamata, kuphatikizapo kugonana, kutenga chiopsezo cha kugonana, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala,²³ kuwonetsa kufunikira kochepetsetsa chiopsezo cha achinyamata ndi achinyamata olaula.

Zolaula pa Intaneti: Mlandu wapadera

Zatsopano zamakono zathandiza achinyamata kuti azionera zolaula. Kuonera zolaula pa Intaneti kumasiyana ndi zolaula za m'mbuyomu mwa njira zofunikira kwambiri.²⁷ Zomwe zili pa intaneti nthawi zonse "ziri" ndipo zimakhala zosavuta, zomwe zimapereka mwayi pa nthawi iliyonse ndi pamalo alionse. Zingakhale zogwirizana komanso zowonjezera, kotero kuti pangakhale nthawi yowonjezereka yophunzira ndi nthawi yowonekera. Mitundu yambiri ya zachiwawa kapena zachiwerewere ndi yofala kwambiri kuposa intaneti ina.²⁷ Kugwira ntchito ndipadera ndipo simukudziwika, zomwe zimapangitsa ana ndi achinyamata kufunafuna zipangizo zomwe sangathe kuzifufuza muzofalitsa zachikhalidwe. Pamapeto pake, mafilimu a pa Intaneti akuvuta kwambiri kuti makolo aziwunika kusiyana ndi zofalitsa zomwe zimachitika kumalo ena. Kafukufuku wapadziko lonse ndi apadziko lonse amasonyeza kuti kufotokoza zolaula pa Intaneti n'kofala pakati pa anyamata ndipo si zachilendo pakati pa atsikana. Ku United States, 42% a 10 kwa zaka za 17 awona zolaula pa intaneti, ndi 27% akunena kuti mwachidwi amawona zinthu zoterezi.²⁷ Kufufuza kwa 15 kwa zaka za 18 kumapezeka ana a 54% ndi 17% a atsikana omwe amavomerezedwa kuti ayang'ane mwachidwi.²⁷

Madokotala ndi Operekera

Madokotala ayenera kutsatira ndondomekoyi mu ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ya American Academy of Pediatrics yokhudza kugonana, kulera, komanso zofalitsa.³⁰

Olemba Mapulani

Opanga ndondomeko ayenera kuchita zotsatirazi:

• phunzitsani makolo za mphamvu zogonana;

• perekani zipangizo zothandizira makolo kuzindikira zovuta zogonana, kuwalimbikitsa kuti athetse kuwona kwa ana awo ndikupanga zinthu zoterezi, ndi kuwathandiza kukambirana momwe angakhudzire ana awo;

• Kuphatikiza mgwirizano pakati pa opanga mafilimu kapena mapulatifomu ndi ochita kafukufuku wa zamalonda kapena akatswiri azaumoyo kuti athetse kuwonetsa kovuta ndikuwonjezera mauthenga abwino pa nkhani yogonana ndi kugonana;

• kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha zinthu zatsopano, zozikidwa pa umboni zomwe zimapangitsa kuti olemba mabuku azitha kuwerenga komanso kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro awo; ndi

• amachititsa kufufuza momwe mitundu yatsopano yowonetsera zogonana, kuphatikizapo chikhalidwe cha achinyamata ndi zomwe zimakhudza thanzi labwino ndi ubwino wawo, zimayang'aniridwa.

Olemba Mapulani ndi Ophunzitsa

Opanga ndondomeko ndi aphunzitsi ayenera kuchita izi:

• kuyendetsa patsogolo pa chitukuko chomwe chikupititsa patsogolo ndikufalitsa maphunziro othandizira kuwerenga komanso kuwerenga

• pangani zokambirana za kugonana ndi chikoka chake kukhala gawo lalikulu la maphunziro a umoyo ndi kugonana m'masukulu.