Zomwe zimapangitsa ubongo wachinyamata kukhala wokhudzana ndi kugonana (2019)

Lumikizani ku zovuta - J Adolesc. 2019 Feb 9; 72: 10-13. doi: 10.1016 / j.adolescence.2019.01.006.

Brown JA1, Wisco JJ2.

Kudalirika

CHIYAMBI: Cholinga chakuwerenga mwachidule mabukuwa ndikuwunika ngati pali ubale pakati pa ziwongola dzanja zamunthu zaubongo komanso chidwi champhamvu chogonana.

ZOTHANDIZA: Maziko a kafukufuku wa EBSCO amafufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawu ofunikira awa: unyamata, kukula kwa ubongo wa achinyamata, neuroplasticity, zinthu zolaula, kugonana, ndi zolaula.

Zotsatira: Mabukuwa adawunikira magawo angapo aubongo wachinyamata omwe ali osiyana ndi ubongo wokhwima. Izi zikuphatikiza: gawo lam'mbuyo lanyumba yam'mimba komanso mabwalo olimbitsa thupi komanso olimba mtima, nthawi yolimba ya neuroplasticity, dopamine yogwira ntchito kwambiri, axis yotchulidwa ya HPA, kuchuluka kwa testosterone, komanso kuchuluka kwapadera kwa mahomoni a steroid. Kuyankha kwakuthupi pazinthu zolaula kumapangidwira. Kuchulukana kwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukula kwa ubongo wa achinyamata komanso zogonana ndizofunikira. Chidule chogwirira ntchito chomwe chikufanizira kuyankha kwa wachikulire ndi ubongo wa achinyamata ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale wogonana.

ZOYENERA: Mabukuwa akuwonetsa kuti ubongo wa wachinyamata ungakhale wololera kwambiri zolaula, koma chifukwa chakusowa kwa maphunziro owonjezera funso ili silingayankhidwe motsimikizika. Malingaliro pa kafukufuku wamtsogolo amaperekedwa kuti apititse patsogolo ntchitoyi m'gawo lino la lero.

MALANGIZO OTSATIRA: Unyamata; Kukula kwa ubongo wa achinyamata; Neuroplasticity; Zolaula; Kugonana; Zinthu zolaula

PMID: 30754014

DOI: 10.1016 / j.adolescence.2019.01.006

Mapadera apadera aubongo wachinyamata

Cholinga cha kuwerengera mwachidule izi ndikufufuza ngati pali ubale pakati pamatenda apadera aumunthu wachinyamata komanso chidwi chazinthu zolaula. Mabungwe a EBSCO Research Data adasanthulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawu ofunikira awa: unyamata, kukula kwaubongo waubwana, kufalikira kwa m'mimba, zolaula, zolaula, zolaula. Achinyamata ndi nthawi yapakati paubwana ndi uchikulire yophatikizidwa ndi kusintha kwakuthupi, kwamaganizidwe, komanso chitukuko (Ernst, Pine, & Hardin, 2006).

Ma paradigms apadera aubongo wachinyamata amaphatikizapo izi: 1) Khola loyambirira lokhazikika komanso ma circuits oyenda mwamphamvu komanso oyendetsa (Dumontheil, 2016; Somerville & Jones, 2010; Somerville, Hare, & Casey, 2011; Van Leijenhorst et al. , 2010; Vigil et al., 2011); 2) Kutalikirana kwa matenda amitsempha (McCormick & Mathews, 2007; Schulz & Sisk, 2006; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Vigil et al., 2011); 3) Dopamine yogwira ntchito kwambiri (Andersen, Rutstein, Benzo, Hostetter, & Teicher, 1997; Ernst et al., 2005; Luciana, Wahlstrom, & White, 2010; Somerville & Jones, 2010; Wahlstrom, White, & Luciana, 2010) ; 4) Chotchulidwa cha HPA axis (Dahl & Gunnar, 2009; McCormick & Mathews, 2007; Romeo, Lee, Chhua, McPherson, & McEwan, 2004; Walker, Sabuwalla, & Huot, 2004); 5) Kuchulukitsa kwa testosterone (Dorn et al., 2003; Vogel, 2008; Mayo Clinic / Mayo Medical Laboratories, 2017); ndi 6) Mphamvu yapadera yamahomoni a steroid (cortisol ndi testosterone) pakukula kwaubongo panthawi yazoyang'anira (Brown & Spencer, 2013; Peper, Hulshoff Pol, Crone, Van Honk, 2011; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Vigil et al., 2011).

Blakemore ndi ogwira nawo ntchito athandiza anthu kuti azitha kukonzekera ubongo ndipo akuganiza kuti zaka zaunyamata ziyenera kuonedwa ngati nthawi yovuta chifukwa cha kukonzanso kwa ubongo komwe kumachitika (Blakemore, 2012). Mbali za ubongo zomwe zimasintha kwambiri paunyamata zimaphatikizapo kuyendetsa mkati, kugwiritsira ntchito zamakono ndi kukonza (Blakemore, 2012).

Blakemore ndi Robbins (2012) adalumikiza unyamata kuti ukhale pachiwopsezo chopanga zisankho ndipo adati izi zimachitika pakudzipatula pakati, pang'onopang'ono, kozungulira kwa kayendetsedwe kazovuta komanso kuyankha panthawi yaunyamata motsutsana ndi chitukuko cha dongosolo lamalipiro, lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhala lodana kwambiri ndi mphoto muunyamata.

Zogonana zogonana

Zinthu zolaula zimayambitsa amygdala a limbic system (Ferretti et al., 2005; Karama et al., 2002; Redoute et al., 2000; Walter et al., 2008). Kukhazikitsa kwa amygdala mogwirizana kumayambitsa zotsatirazi: 1) hypothalamus imayendetsa ma neurons mu tsinde laubongo ndi chingwe cha msana poyambitsa magawano achisoni a dongosolo la mantha amomwe amachititsa kuti epinephrine amasulidwe ndi norepinephrine; 2) hypothalamus imalimbikitsa kutulutsa kwa pituitary, kumapangitsa kuti cortisol imasulidwe kudzera mu hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, ndi kutulutsidwa kwa testosterone kudzera mu hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis (Viau, 2002); 3) ma nucleus accumbens amathandizira kudzera pa dopamine. Kuti muwone mwatsatanetsatane za amygdala ndi mawonekedwe ake komanso kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka ena, onani Mirolli, Mannella, ndi Baldassarre (2010). Ntchito ya preortalal cortex imachepa, ndipo ntchito ya basal ganglia imakulitsidwa chifukwa cha kumasulidwa kwa ma neurotransmitters (Arnsten, 2009; Hanson et al., 2012; Radley, 2005).

Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi komanso pafupipafupi kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi kusokonekera pakati pa achinyamata achi Greek (Tsitsika et al., 2009). Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumathandizira kuchepetsa kuchotsera, kapena chizolowezi cha munthu chochepetsera zotsatira zamtsogolo pofuna kulandira mphotho yomweyo (Negash, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016). Negash ndi anzawo adagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zomwe zinali ndi zaka zapakati pa 19 ndi 20, zomwe wolemba adanenanso kuti adakali achinyamata. Adanenanso kuti zitsanzo zawo sizinanene kuti ali osokoneza kapena osokoneza bongo, koma zosintha pakupanga zisankho zidawonetsedwa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumalumikizidwa ndi chidwi komanso kupindika kwa masolimbic dopaminergic mphoto dongosolo (Hilton, 2013). Kufufuza kwa MRI kunapeza kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa maola olaula atanenedwa sabata ndi kuchuluka kwa imvi munjira yolondola yolumikizirana ndi dorsolateral pre mbeleal cortex (Kuhn & Gallinat, 2014). Zithunzi zolaula zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha matendawa, koma zifukwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zolaula zikhale zopindulitsa kwambiri sizingatheke.

Chidule cha ntchito

Tikufuna kufotokozera mwachidule chitsanzo cha ntchito, poganizira zosiyana siyana za ubongo wa achinyamata komanso zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kupezeka kwa mbali zofunikira zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ubongo wapadera wachinyamata komanso zolaula zimadziwika.

Mukakumana ndi zolaula, kukondoweza kwa amygdala ndi axPA ya HPA kumalimbikitsidwa mwaunyamata, poyerekeza ndi wamkulu. Izi zitha kubweretsa kuchepa kwa kotekisi yoyambira komanso kuyambitsa mphamvu ya basal ganglia muunyamata. Izi, chifukwa chake, zimatha kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito, omwe amaphatikizapo kuletsa komanso kudziletsa, komanso kukulitsa chidwi. Chifukwa chakuti ubongo wa wachinyamatayo ukupitabe patsogolo, umathandizira kuti ubongo ukhale wopanda nkhawa. Kortex yoyenda patsogolo "yopanda mzere," titero kunena kwake, imayendetsa kubwereza mobisa komwe kumakonda chitukuko chochepa. Kusagwirizana kwa neuroplasticity kukupitilira pakapita nthawi, izi zitha kubweretsa gawo lofooka m'malo mwa gawo lalikulu kwambiri, lomwe lingapangitse kuti mnyamatayo apitilizebe kudzikhutiritsa komanso kutengeka mtima. Phata launyamata limadzikundikira, kapena malo azisangalalo muubongo, limakhala ndi zokokomeza zochulukirapo poyerekeza ndi wamkulu. Kuchuluka kwa dopamine kumatha kutanthauzira kukulira kwa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi dopamine, monga chisangalalo ndi kukhumba (Berridge, 2006; Volkow, 2006).

Chifukwa cha kukula kwa testosterone, mulingo wake amathanso kukulitsidwa poyerekeza ndi wamkulu. Kuwonjezeka kwa testosterone kumatha kubweretsa zizolowezi zowopsa (Banks & Dabbs, 1996; Goetz et al., 2014; Nelson, Leibenluft, McClure, & Pine, 2005; Schulz & Sisk, 2006) ndi chiyembekezo chachiwerewere (Amstislavskaya & Popova, 2004; Bonilla-Jaime, Vazquez-Palacios, Arteaga-Silva, & Retana-Marquez, 2006; Exton et al., 1999; Redoute et al., 2000; Stoleru et al., 1999;).

Chifukwa cha zenera la bungwe laubwana mkati mwa unyamata, cortisol ndi testosterone zimakhudza mwapadera pakukonzekera kwaubongo kapena kuthekera kwachilengedwe kwa ma circuits osiyanasiyana a neural. Izi sizingapezeke mwa munthu wamkulu chifukwa zenera la bungwe latseka. Kuwonetsedwa kwanthawi yayitali ndi cortisol kumatha, munthawi yachinyamata, kuyendetsa matenda am'mitsempha omwe amachititsa kuti magwiridwe antchito asasinthike komanso kupirira kupsinjika ngakhale atakula (McEwen, 2004; Tsoory & Richter-Levin, 2006; Tsoory, 2008; McCormick & Mathews, 2007; 2010). Kukhwima kwa msinkhu wa ubwana wa amygdala, mwina pang'ono, kumadalira kukula kwa testosterone pakuwonekera pawindo lazovuta launyamata (De Lorme, Schulz, Salas-Ramirez, & Sisk, 2012; De Lorme & Sisk, 2013; Neufang et al., 2009; Sarkey, Azcoitia, Garcia- Segura, Garcia-Ovejero, & DonCarlos, 2008). Amygdala wolimba amalumikizidwa ndimitengo yayikulu yakukhudzidwa ndikudziwongolera kodziletsa (Amaral, 2003; Lorberbaum et al., 2004; De Lorme & Sisk, 2013).

Kukambirana ndi kuwongolera mtsogolo

Pepala ili linayambitsa kuyambitsa zokambirana: Kodi achinyamata angamveke kwambiri pazinthu zolaula chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apadera a ziwongo zaubwana? Mabuku apano akuwonetsa kuti ubongo wa wachinyamata ungakhale wokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zolaula, koma chifukwa cha kusowa kwa maphunziro owunikira funso ili silingayankhidwe motsimikizika. Vuto lakugwira ntchito molingalira pa maphunziro olamulidwa ndilothunthanso, ndizomveka, zotchinga kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi pankhaniyi.

Poyamba, tikukulimbikitsani kuchititsa maphunziro a kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amafufuza kuti adziwe zoyenera kuchita asanalowe zolaula, komanso atatha kuwonetsedwa mosiyanasiyana. Kafukufuku angaperekedwenso kwa makolo kuti atsimikizire ngati ubale wa kholo ndi mwana uli wofunikira kwambiri pakubwera kwa mwana (komanso kuchita bwino kwa sukulu).

Njira ina yofufuzira yomwe ingaganizidwe ndi gawo laukadaulo monga chitseko cha achinyamata kuti aziwonekera pazinthu zolaula. Popeza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoulutsira zenizeni zitha kutsatiridwa ndikuyerekeza zomwe tikuganiza kuti zikugwiritsa ntchito, kafukufuku yemwe amafunsira ophunzira kuti adziyesa pawokha momwe angagwiritsire ntchito ukadaulo wawo komanso kuwonetsa zinthu zolaula zingakhale kafukufuku wowongolera mowonera.

Pomaliza, gawo lofunikira kwambiri mu gawo ili limatha kukhala kuphunzira kwakanthawi komwe kungaphatikizepo kutsatira gulu la ana kuyambira paunyamata komanso kukhala wamkulu pakugwirizana ndi mbiri yakale yachipatala komanso kupeza kwa anatomical, zokhudza thupi, komanso malingaliro amisala kuchokera ku MRI yoyambira komanso yogwira ntchito, ndi / kapena kuyerekezera kwa PET.

Kupanga maphunziro osamalitsa, amakhalidwe kuti afufuze momwe kuwonekera kwa zinthu zolaula kumaonekera paubwana wachinyamata ndi gawo lofunikira kuti amvetsetse kusiyanasiyana kwa zomwe akumana nazo akalamba pazinthu zolaula.

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