Ndemanga: A American College of Ana akuyankhula za zowawa za zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito odwala.
ZOKHUDZA: Kupezeka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwakhala ponseponse pakati pa akulu ndi achinyamata. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumalumikizidwa ndi zovuta zambiri zamaganizidwe, malingaliro, komanso thanzi.
Izi zikuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa kukhumudwa, kuda nkhawa, kuchita zachiwawa komanso zachiwawa, zaka zoyambira zogonana, chiwerewere, chiopsezo chowonjezeka chotenga pakati pa atsikana, komanso malingaliro olakwika pa ubale pakati pa abambo ndi amai. Kwa akuluakulu, zolaula zimabweretsa mwayi wosudzulana womwe umapwetekanso ana. American College of Pediatricians imalimbikitsa akatswiri azaumoyo kuti alankhule za odwala ndi mabanja awo za zolaula zomwe zimawonetsedwa ndikuwapatsa zida zothandizira kuteteza ana kuti asawonere zolaula ndikuwathandizanso omwe ali ndi zovuta zake.
Zithunzi zolaula zingatanthauzidwe kuti "chiwonetsero cha chiwerewere (kugonana pa zithunzi kapena kulembera) chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chilakolako cha kugonana" chiwonongeke.1 Pazaka khumi zapitazi pakhala kuwonjezeka kwakukulu pazinthu zolaula zomwe zimapezeka kwa akulu ndi ana. Zithunzi zolaula zambiri zafala chifukwa zimakhala zotheka, zotsika mtengo, komanso zosadziwika. Ikhoza kupezeka chifukwa imangodina mabatani angapo pa intaneti. Ndizotsika mtengo chifukwa masamba ambiri pa intaneti amapereka zolaula zaulere kuti akope owonera patsamba lawo. Mawebusayiti ena amangotumiza makanema ena ndipo salipiritsa wowonera chifukwa chamawebusayiti. Sichikudziwika chifukwa chitha kuwonedwa mseri kunyumba kwa munthu. Palibenso chifukwa choyendera malo ogulitsira achikulire kapena malo owonetsera a XXX.
Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe makampani opanga zolaula amapanga m'dziko lino sizidziwikiratu, Pulogalamu yamakono opanga zowonetsera intaneti ikuyesa kuti ndalama za 2012 za US zikhala pafupi ndi $ 8 biliyoni.2 Zikuyesa kuti kuyambira 2007, ndalama zatsikira ndi 50%3, koma kuchepa kumeneku mwina chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa zolaula za pa intaneti osati kutsika kwathunthu pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Mu 2008, intaneti ndi kampani yotsatsa Hitwise adanena kuti mawebusaiti a 40,634 padziko lonse adagawidwa zolaula.4
Amene Amakonda Kuonera Zolaula ndi Chifukwa Chake Ana Ambiri Ayenera Kuzindikira
Kafukufuku wina wa 2014 Barna Group adawulula chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akuwonetsa zolaula ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akuluakulu a ku America:5
Pakati pa amuna a 18-30 a zaka, 79% ankawona zolaula kamodzi pa mwezi ndipo 63% amawona zolaula kuposa kamodzi pa sabata.
Pakati pa amuna a 31-49 a zaka, 67% ankawona zolaula kamodzi pa mwezi ndipo 38% amawona zolaula kuposa kamodzi pa sabata.
Pakati pa amuna a 50-68 a zaka, 49% ankawona zolaula kamodzi pa mwezi ndipo 25% amawona zolaula kuposa kamodzi pa sabata.
Pakati pa akazi a 18-30 a zaka, 34% ankawona zolaula kamodzi pa mwezi ndipo 19% ankawona zolaula kamodzi pa sabata.
Pakati pa akazi a 31-49 a zaka, 16% ankawona zolaula kamodzi pa mwezi ndipo 8% ankawona zolaula kuposa nthawi imodzi pamlungu.
Pakati pa akazi a 50-68 a zaka, 5% ankawona zolaula kamodzi pa mwezi ndipo 0% ankawona zolaula kuposa nthawi imodzi pamlungu.
Zambiri zaanthu ndizofanana pakati pa magulu azaka zazing'ono. Nkhani ya 2008 mu Journal of Adolescent Research adawonetsa kuti 67% ya anyamata ndi 49% ya atsikana omwe anawona zolaula zimalandiridwa.6 Kuonera zolaula kwa ana ndi achinyamata kwakhala ponseponse. Pakufufuza kwa 2010 kwa ophunzira aku England azaka zapakati pa 14 mpaka 16, pafupifupi munthu m'modzi pa atatu aliwonse adati kuwonera koyamba zolaula pa intaneti anali azaka 10 kapena kupitilira apo.7 Mu kafukufuku wa 2011, 31% a anyamata achichepere adavomereza kutsegula mawebusaiti omwe anali akuluakulu okha.8 Kafukufuku wamkulu wa achinyamata a ku America adawulula kuti 51% ya amuna ndi 32% ya akazi adanena kuti awona zolaula kwa nthawi yoyamba iwo asanakhale zaka 13.9 Mu phunziro la 2012 la Australia loonera zolaula, amagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula, omwe amayamba kufotokoza zapakati pa zaka za 11 ndi zaka 13.10 Zotsatira zofananazo zinalembedwa mu phunziro la 2009 mu Journal of Health Adolescent yomwe inapeza kuti 85% ya amuna achichepere ndi 50% ya atsikana achikulire anali ataonera zolaula.11 Mwachiwonekere, zolaula zafala m'magulu amakono aku America. Kafukufuku, komabe, akungoyamba kufotokoza zomwe zimakhudza ana, achinyamata, komanso achikulire.
Ana a sukulu ya sekondale nthawi zina amaonera zolaula mwangozi akamawona zinthu pa intaneti.12 Angathenso kugwirizana ndi zolaula za kholo kapena zakufupi.13 Odyetsa anawulula ana mwachangu zithunzi zolaula pofuna cholinga chokonza ana kuti azisokoneza.14 Zithunzi zolaula zimayambitsa mwanayo nkhawa.15 Ana amanenanso kuti amanyadira, amawopsya, amanyazi, mkwiyo, mantha, ndi chisoni pambuyo poona zolaula.16 Anawa amatha kudwala nkhawa komanso kukhumudwa. Amatha kutengeka ndimachitachita achikulire omwe awona, ndipo izi zitha kukhala zosokoneza komanso zosokoneza kwa anzawo omwe amachitira umboni kapena kuzunzidwa ndi khalidweli. Ana ochepera zaka khumi ndi ziwiri omwe amaonera zolaula nthawi zambiri amatha kugwirira anzawo.17 Mwachidule, ana omwe akuwonetsedwa zolaula amakhala pachiopsezo cha machitidwe a maladaptive ndi psychopathology.
Zotsatira za Kuonera Zolaula ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito
Zotsatira zakudziwonetsa zolaula kwa achinyamata achikulire komanso achinyamata zidalembedwa m'maphunziro angapo omwe Dolf Zillman ndi Jennings Bryant adachita mu 1980's. Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa maphunziro a Zillman / Bryant kukhala odziwika. Choyamba, amayang'aniridwa ndimaphunziro okhudzana ndi zolaula, mosiyana ndi kafukufuku wosavuta wazowonetsa zolaula komanso malingaliro. Chachiwiri, amachitika asanafike zaka zolaula pa intaneti, motero omwe atenga nawo mbali sakanakhala ndi zolaula zochepa poyerekeza ndi achikulire omwe ali ndi zaka zambiri masiku ano. Maphunzirowa adakhudzana ndi kufunsa ophunzira aku koleji komanso ophunzira osakhala koleji am'deralo. Omwe anali mgulu loyeseralo adawonera zolaula kwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi, pomwe gulu lowongolera limakumana ndi makanema wamba komanso makanema apa TV nthawi yomweyo. Pambuyo pake, ophunzira adafunsidwa mafunso angapo kuti athe kuwunika momwe amaonera nkhani zokhudzana ndiubwenzi komanso mabanja.18
Zotsatira zotsatirazi zidatchulidwa ponena za achinyamata omwe akuwonetsedwa zolaula poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira:19,20
- Nkhani zazikulu za amuna zinawonetsa kuwonjezereka kwa akazi.
- Ophunzira akuwona kuti chigamulo chogwirira chigololo sichinali chovuta kwambiri.
- Ophunzira anali kuvomereza za kugonana osagonana kapena osagonana monga chiwerewere ndi kugonana.
- Anthu anayamba kuganizira kwambiri zolaula.
- Ophunzirawo amatha kunena kuti iwo sakhutira ndi zibwenzi zawo.
- Ophunzira anali kuvomereza kugonana kosayenera m'banja.
- Anthu omwe amakhulupirira kuti ukwati ndi wofunika kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhulupirira kuti ukwati ukhoza kutha.
- Amuna anakumana ndi chilakolako chochepa cha ana, ndipo amayi adakhala ndi chikhumbo chochepa chokhala ndi mwana wamkazi.
- Ophunzira adasonyeza kuti akuvomereza zachiwerewere.
Pali umboni kuti kuvomereza zolaula kwa anthu kumabweretsa mavuto kwa azimayi. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumatha kubweretsa nkhanza komanso nkhanza kwa amayi. Amuna omwe amawonera zolaula amatha kutsatira malingaliro abodza ogwiririra, omwe amati azimayi amapangitsa kugwiriridwa kapena amasangalala kugwiriridwa kapena kugwiriridwa.21,22 Pali umboni wamphamvu wakuti kuonera zolaula kumakhudzana ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere pakati pa achinyamata onse23 ndi amuna akuluakulu.24 Kawirikawiri mafilimu owonetsa zolaula amawonetsa nkhanza za amuna ndi akazi komanso zamwano komanso zachiwerewere zomwe zimawononga akazi kwambiri.25 Kwa achinyamata, kuyang'ana ma webusaiti owonetsa zakugonana kunachititsa kuti pakhale miyezi itatu yapitayi komanso kuti mukhale ndi mowa komanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo.26 Zochitika posachedwapa za kutumizirana mameseji olaula kwachinyamata (kutumizidwa kwa zithunzi zolaula, zithunzi, mauthenga kapena mauthenga apakompyuta pogwiritsa ntchito foni) zakhala zikugwirizana ndi zolaula.27 Kwa akazi, kuonera zolaula kumatha kubweretsa chiwerewere ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo. Izi zikuwonekera pakuchulukirachulukira kwakugonana kwa abambo ndi amayi omwe awona zolaula ngakhale zili zambiri zomwe azimayi ambiri amaganiza kuti ndizosangalatsa kugonana.28
Kulimbana ndi zolaula pa intaneti ndi nkhani yomwe ikuchititsa kuti asayansi ayambe kuphunzira. Nkhani yapadera yofufuza kafukufuku waposachedwapa JAMA Psychiatry imasonyeza kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuchepa kwa ubongo m'magulu oyenera, kutsika kwachitsulo chotsalira, komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwachitsulo kumtunda.29 Nkhaniyi idawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi zochepera zazing'ono mwa owonera, ndipo kumalumikizidwa ndikuwongolera mayankho abongo pazinthu zolaula. Kusintha kwamitsempha kumeneku muubongo wa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula sikuwonetsa kuyambitsa koma kuli kofanana ndi kusintha komwe kumawoneka muubongo wa anthu omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cocaine, mowa, ndi methamphetamines, ndipo mayanjanowa ndi njira imodzi yomwe zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsira ntchito magalasi ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo .30 Dongosolo la sayansi likugwirizana ndi zomwe adazipeza mu kufufuza kwa 2012 ku Australia zolaula zosonyeza 20% ya anthu owonetsa zolaula nthawi zonse ankakonda kusangalala ndi zolaula chifukwa chogonana ndi munthu weniweni.31 Mfundo yakuti anthu owonetsa zithunzi zolaula amakhala osokonezeka ndi zochita zawo zogonana ndi amayi awo ndipo kusakhala ndi chidwi ndi akazi enieni ali ndi zotsatira zolakwika pa maubwenzi ndi anthu ambiri.
Zithunzi zolaula zomwe achinyamata ndi achinyamata amachita nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa malingaliro olakwika pazakugonana komanso momwe zimathandizira kukulitsa ubale wabwino. Zolakwitsa izi zimaphatikizaponso kuchuluka kwakuchuluka kwakugonana mderalo, chikhulupiliro chakuti chiwerewere ndichabwinobwino, komanso chikhulupiliro chakuti kudziletsa ndi kosayenera.32 Malingalirowa ndi omwe angapangitse achinyamata kukhala ndi ubale wokhalitsa ndi osagonana, womwe umadzetsa nkhawa, nkhawa, komanso chisangalalo cha moyo.33
Zithunzi zolaula zimakhudza mavuto okwatirana komanso maanja omwe amakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azitha kusudzulana kapena kusokonezeka, ndipo izi zimakhala ndi zotsatira zovuta kwa ana omwe akukhudzidwa.34 Kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula pa nkhani yaukwati makamaka kumangokhala kwa mwamuna; Mkaziyo pokhala nawo mbali palimodzi, kuvomereza mosaganizira kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kusadziŵa kwathunthu kuti mwamuna akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula payekha.35 Amayi omwe ali ndi amuna kapena amuna anzawo omwe amaonera zolaula amadzimvera chisoni. Amayi amawona zolaula ngati njira yotsutsa akazi. Azimayi akawona zolaula zomwe anzawo amawona atha kudzikayikira, kudziona kuti ndi osakwanira, ndikuyamba kumva ngati osayenera.36 Pamene mkazi amadziwa mwamuna wake kapena chibwenzi chake pogwiritsa ntchito zolaula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mkaziyo asasokoneze ubwenzi wake komanso momwe akumvera amachepetsa kugonana kwake.37 Izi zimachitika chifukwa anthu ambiri owonetsa zolaula amatha kukonda zolaula pazochitika zogonana ndi anzawo.38 Zithunzi zolaula zingalimbikitse lingaliro la kulamulira kwa mwamuna pa mkaziyo ndipo zingayambe khalidwe laukali ndi zachiwawa kwa akazi.39,40 Mu 2002, American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers adanena kuti 56% ya kusudzulana konse kumakhala ndi phwando limodzi lokhala ndi chidwi kwambiri pa zolaula zolaula.41 Amuna amene amawonetsa zolaula ndi amayi omwe amavomereza zolaula amavomereza kuti osakhulupirika m'banja ndi kumagwirizana42 zomwe pamapeto pake zimawononga mabanja.
Kutsiliza
Ana amakumana ndi zovuta zambiri chifukwa chakuwonera zolaula za anthu amakono. Zotsatira zoyipazi zimaphatikizapo kusokonezeka kwamisala komanso zipolowe kwa mwana wazaka zakusukulu, kuphatikiza zikhalidwe komanso zachiwawa. Chifukwa chovulaza ana, zolaula siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chophunzitsira ana zakugonana. Kwa achinyamata achikulire komanso achikulire, zolaula zimaphunzitsa nkhani yabodza yokhudza kugonana kwa amuna komanso momwe abambo ndi amai amapangira maubwenzi ogonana. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti anyamata ndi atsikana apange ubale weniweni, wodalirika. Kwa makolo, zolaula zimagawanitsa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti banja likhale locheperako ndikuwonjezera kuthekera kwa kusudzulana ndi kupatukana zomwe zalembedwa kuti ndizovulaza ana.
Madokotala akuyenera kukhala ndi zida zokambirana ndi makolo momwe angapewere kuonera zolaula kwa ana komanso makolo. Chifukwa chakuti intaneti ndiyo njira yoyamba kuwonera zolaula, makompyuta apanyumba akuyenera kukhala m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri (osati m'chipinda chogona cha ana), komanso kukhala ndi pulogalamu yosefera pa intaneti komanso kuwunika kuti muchepetse kuwonekera. Pali njira zingapo zoyendetsera makolo ndi zosefera zomwe zimapezeka kwa makolo, ndipo ena omwe amagulitsa mapulogalamuwa amapereka kusefa ndi kuwunika mafoni anzeru omwe tsopano ndiukadaulo woyambirira womwe achinyamata akugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Komanso, pali mapulogalamu omwe amapereka kuthekera kopanga kuyanjana kuti athe kuwonjezera kupambana pakusiya zolaula. Madokotala a ana komanso othandizira ana ayenera kumvetsetsa zovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa ana amakono ndi makolo awo komanso momwe angathandizire kuti athane ndi mavuto awabanja.
Mlembi wamkulu: L. David Perry, MD, FCP
October 2015
Amishonale a American College of Dokotala ndi gulu lachipatala lachipatala la madokotala omwe ali ndi chilolezo komanso akatswiri azaumoyo omwe amatha kusamalira ana, ana, ndi achinyamata. Ntchito ya College ili kuthandiza ana onse kuti azikhala ndi thanzi labwino komanso labwino.
Resources
- Mapulogalamu a pa Intaneti: Pangano la Pangano, Mobicip, Net Nanny, Screen Retriever, ndi K9 Web
- Zithunzi Zabwino Zoipa: Kuwonetsa Zonyansa Masiku Ano Achinyamata Ana ndi Kristen Jenson ndi Gail Poyner
- khalani
- provenmen.org
- khalida.ir
Zothandizira
[1] www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pornography Zapezeka 6 / 4 / 15
[2] www.covenanteyes.com/2012/06/01/how-big-is-the-pornographic-industry-in-the-united-states/ Zapezeka 6 / 4 / 15
[3] Paul M. Barrett, "Pulezidenti watsopano wa zolaula," Bloomberg Businessweek, June 21,2012, http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/58466-the-new-republic-of-porn Zapezeka 6 / 4 / 15
[4] Bill Tancer, Dinani: Kodi Mamiliyoni a Anthu Akuchita Zotani pa Intaneti ndi Chifukwa Chake Ndizofunika? (New York: Hyperion, 2008). www.covenanteyes.com/pornstats/ Zapezeka 4 / 10 / 15
[5] www.provenmen.org/2014pornsurvey/pornography-use-and-addiction Zapezeka 6 / 2 / 15
[6] Carroll, J., Padilla-Walker, L., Olson, C., Barry, C., Madsen, S., Generation XXX Pornography Kulandira ndi Kugwiritsidwa Ntchito Pakati pa Okalamba Achikulire. Journal of Adolescent Research. Vol. 23, Ayi. 1. January 2008, pp.6-30.
[7] www.psychologies.co.uk/parliament-investigates-online-porn Zapezeka 6 / 23 / 15
[8] www.gfi.com/documents/GFI%20_2011_parent_teen_internet_safety_report_june.pdf Zapezeka 6 / 24 / 15
[9] Michael Leahy, University University: Kodi Ophunzira a Kunivesite Akulankhula Zotani pa Nkhani Yogonana? (Chicago: Northfield Publishing, 2009).
[10] Katie Szittner, "Kafukufuku akuwulula zinsinsi za zolaula," Sydney.edu. Meyi 10, 2012. http://sydney.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=9176
[11] Braun-Courville, D. ndi Rojas, M., Kuwonetsera kwa Zogonana pa Webusaiti ndi Achinyamata Okhudzana ndi kugonana, Journal of Health Adolescent, 45 (2009) pp. 156-162.
[12] Chigumula, Michel. Mafilimu a Zithunzi Zolaula Pakati pa Ana ndi Achinyamata. Kukambirana Kwachinyengo kwa Ana. 2009 Vol. 18: 384-400.
[13] Ibid.
[14] Ibid.
[15] Ibid.
[16] Manning, Jill. Zotsatira za Zolaula pa Intaneti pa Ukwati ndi Banja: Kubwereza kafukufuku. Kugonana ndi kukakamizidwa 2006, 13: 131-165.
[17] Ibid.
[18] Zillman, D., Bryant, J., Zotsatira za Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula Kwa Nthawi Zonse pa Miyambo ya Banja. Journal of Issue Issue, Vol. 9 No. 4, December 1988, pp. 518-544.
[19] Ibid
[20] Manning, Jill. The Impact Internet Zithunzi Zolaula pa Ukwati ndi Banja: Kubwereza kafukufuku. Kugonana ndi kukakamizidwa 2006, 13: 131-165.
[21] Chigumula, Michael. Mafilimu a Zithunzi Zolaula Pakati pa Ana ndi Achinyamata. Kukambirana Kwachinyengo kwa Ana. 2009 Vol. 18: 384-400.
[22] Manning, Jill. Zotsatira za Zolaula pa Intaneti pa Ukwati ndi Banja: Kubwereza kafukufuku. Kugonana ndi kukakamizidwa 2006, 13: 131-165.
[23] Ybarra, M., Mitchell, K., Hamburger, M., Diener-West, M., ndi Leaf, P. X-Rated Material ndi Kuchita Mchitidwe Wachiwerewere Pakati pa Ana ndi Achinyamata: Kodi Ndili Kugwirizana? Makhalidwe Okhwima Vol. 37 pp. 1-18 (2011)
[24] Hald, G., Malmuth, N., ndi Yuen, C. Zithunzi zolaula ndi Maganizo Ochirikiza Chiwawa kwa Akazi: Kubwereza Chiyanjano pa Zomwe Sizinayesedwe, Makhalidwe Okhwima Vol. 36, 2010, pp. 1065-1086.
[25] Mapulaneti, A., Wosnitzer, R., E., Sun, C., ndi Liberman, R. Kulakwira ndi khalidwe la kugonana mu Mafilimu Owonetsa Zithunzi Zolaula. Chiwawa kwa Akazi 16 (10) 2010, pp. 1065-1086.
[26] Braun-Courville, D. ndi Rojas, M., Kuwonetsera kwa Zogonana pa Webusaiti ndi Achinyamata Okhudzana ndi kugonana, Journal of Health Adolescent, 45 (2009) pp. 156-162.
[27] Van Ouytsel, J., Ponnett, K., ndi Walrave, M., Associations Pakati pa Achinyamata Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula ndi Mavidiyo a Mafilimu ndi Mauthenga Awo a Zithunzi Zolaula. Cyberpsychology, makhalidwe, ndi Social Networking Vol. 17, No. 12, 2014, pp. 772-778.
[28] Tyden, T., Olsson, S., ndi Haggstrom-Nordin, E., Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Zolimbitsa Bwino, Makhalidwe Oonera Zolaula, ndi Kugonana Pakati pa Ophunzira a Yunivesite, Mavuto a Azimayi, Vol. 11, No. 2 March / April 2001, pp.87-94.
[29] Kuhn, S., Gallinat, J. Brain Maonekedwe ndi Kuyanjana Ophatikizana ndi Zithunzi Zolaula, JAMA Psychiatry, May, 2014.
[30] Ibid
[31] Katie Szittner, "Phunziro likuwonetsa dziko lobisala la zolaula", Sydney.edu. May 10, 2012. http://sydney.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=9176 Zapezeka 6 / 14 / 15
[32] Zillman, D., Bryant, J., Zotsatira za Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula Kwa Nthawi Zonse pa Miyambo ya Banja. Journal of Issue Issue, Vol. 9 No. 4, December 1988, pp. 518-544.
[33] Michael Leahy, University University: Kodi Ophunzira a Kunivesite Akulankhula Zotani pa Nkhani Yogonana? (Chicago: Northfield Publishing, 2009).
[34] www.acpeds.org/the-college-speaks/position-statements/parenting-issues/the-impact-of-family-structure-on-the-health-of-children-effects-of-divorce Zapezeka 3 / 10 / 15
[35] Manning, Jill. The Impact Internet Zithunzi Zolaula pa Ukwati ndi Banja: Kubwereza kafukufuku. Kugonana ndi kukakamizidwa 2006, 13: 131-165.
[36] Stewart, DN, Szymanski, DM, Malipoti Amayi Akazi Amuna Amuna Akazi Achikondi Akazi Achikondi Amagwiritsira ntchito monga Correlate Of Self-Esteem, Ubale Wawo, ndi Kukhutira Pagonana. Ntchito Zogonana, May 6, 2012. 67: 257-271.
[37] Ibid
[38] Manning, Jill. The Impact Internet Zithunzi Zolaula pa Ukwati ndi Banja: Kubwereza kafukufuku. Kugonana ndi kukakamizidwa 2006, 13: 131-165.
[39] Zillman, D., Bryant, J., Zotsatira za Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula Kwa Nthawi Zonse pa Miyambo ya Banja. Journal of Issue Issue, Vol. 9 No. 4, December 1988, pp. 518-544.
[40] Manning, Jill. The Impact Internet Zithunzi Zolaula pa Ukwati ndi Banja: Kubwereza kafukufuku. Kugonana ndi kukakamizidwa 2006, 13: 131-165.
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