"Popanda Kuonera Zolaula ... Sindingadziwe Gawo La Zinthu Zomwe Ndikudziwa Panopa": Kafukufuku Woyenera Wakuwona Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito Pakati Pazitsanzo Zanyumba Zam'mizinda, Zopeza Ndalama Zochepa, Achinyamata Akuda Ndi Achispanishi (2015)

J Sex Res. 2015 Sep;52(7):736-46. pitani: 10.1080 / 00224499.2014.960908. Epub 2014 Oct 28.

Rothman EF¹, Kaczmarsky C, Burke N, Jansen E, Baughman A.

Kudalirika

Zambiri pazakuwonera zolaula kwa achinyamata amtawuni, opeza ndalama zochepa ku United States zikusowa. Kafukufukuyu adapangidwa kuti ayankhe zotsatirazi pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za achinyamata azaka 16 mpaka 18 okhala m'tawuni, omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa ku Black kapena ku Puerto Rico: (1) Ndi zolaula ziti zomwe achinyamata amati amaonera; kuti ndi cholinga chiti? (2) Kodi achinyamata amaganiza kuti kuwonera zolaula kumakhudza mikhalidwe yawo yakugonana? ndi (3) Kodi makolo amatani akaonera zolaula? Mitu yotsatirayi idachokera pazofunsidwa ndi achinyamata 23: (1) Achinyamata makamaka adawonera zolaula zomwe zimachitika atagonana m'modzi m'modzi komanso akuti awonerapo zolaula zolaula (mwachitsanzo, kuchititsidwa manyazi pagulu, kugonana pachibale); (2) achinyamata akuti amaonera zolaula pamakompyuta apanyumba kapena mafoni, komanso kuti zolaula zimkawonedwa pafupipafupi kusukulu; (3) unyamata wanena kuti akuwonera zosangalatsa, zolimbikitsa kugonana, zolinga zophunzitsira, komanso kuchepetsa kusungulumwa; ambiri adatengera zomwe adawona zolaula atagonana; (4) kukakamizidwa kuti apange kapena kutsanzira zolaula zinali zina mwa zibwenzi zosayenera; ndipo (5) makolo nthawi zambiri amafotokozedwa kuti ndi osagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwa achinyamata koma sanakwanitse kukambirana. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu adakonda kukonda zolaula zomwe zimakhala ndianthu amtundu wawo.

Zomwe zikuyimira mdziko lonse zikuwonetsa kuti 23% ya achinyamata aku US azaka zapakati pa 10 mpaka 15 wazaka zingapo adafunafuna zolaula (SEM; zomwe zimatchedwanso X-rated, erotica, zolaula, kapena zolaula) mchaka chathachi (Ybarra, Mitchell, Hamburger , Diener-West, ndi Leaf, 2011). Pofika nthawi yomwe achinyamata aku US ali ndi zaka 14, 66% ya amuna ndi 39% ya akazi adawonapo zolaula, zosindikiza, kapena zolaula pa intaneti kamodzi pachaka chatha, mwina mwadala kapena mwangozi (Brown & L'Engle, 2009). Ngakhale zanenedwa kuti achinyamata mwina atengeka kwambiri ndi zolaula chifukwa chakuzindikira kwawo pazakugonana komanso kutengera nthawi yovuta yakukula, komanso kusadziwa zambiri zakugonana (Peter & Valkenburg, 2011; Pfaus et al., 2012; Sinkovic, Stulhofer, & Bozic, 2013), Umboni wasayansi woti kuwonera SEM kumakhudza zomwe achinyamata kapena achikulire akuchita zogonana ndizosakanikirana. Kumbali imodzi, kafukufuku wambiri wapeza kuti kukhudzana ndi SEM kumalumikizidwa ndi anthu ambiri omwe amachita nawo zachiwerewere, kuzunzidwa pa intaneti, zaka zoyambirira zogonana, kukhutira ndi kugonana, maganizidwe ololera zogonana, chizolowezi onani akazi ngati zinthu zogonana, komanso zokonda zakugonana zomwe zimaperekedwa ku SEM (Braun-Courville & Rojas, 2009; Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Jonsson, Priebe, Bladh, ndi Svedin, 2014; Morgan, 2011; Peter & Valkenburg, 2009; Peter & Valkenburg, 2011). Komabe, kafukufuku wina wapeza mgwirizano wofooka kapena wopanda mgwirizano pakati pakuwonetsedwa kwa SEM ndi achinyamata 'kapena machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana achikulire (Hald, Kuyper, Adam, & de Wit, 2013; Luder et al., 2011; Sinkovic et al., 2013; Stulhofer, Jelovica, & Ruzic, 2008).

Kulekanitsa momveka bwino kwa gulu lomwe likupezekapo pokhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe achinyamata amagwiritsa ntchito ndikuti ambiri amachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za ophunzira a sukulu (Carroll et al., 2008; Morgan, 2011; Olmstead, Negash, Pasley, ndi Fincham, 2013) kapena kunja kwa United States, kuphatikizapo, ku Croatia, Czech Republic, Greece, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Netherlands, Sierra Leone, Sweden, ndi Switzerland (Tsiku, 2014; Hald et al., 2013; Lofgren-Martenson & Mansson, 2010; Luder et al., 2011; Ma & Shek, 2013; Mulya & Hald, 2014; Sinkovic et al., 2013; Tsitsika et al., 2009). Zotsatira zamaphunzirowa sizingachitike kwa achinyamata omwe sanapite ku koleji kapena aku US, chifukwa zatsimikizika kuti machitidwe ogonana achichepere amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi dziko, zaka, jenda, ndi chikhalidwe (Baumgartner, Sumter, Peter, Valkenburg, & Livingstone, 2014; Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Brown ndi al., 2006; Eisenman & Dantzker, 2006; Hald et al., 2013; Meston & Ahrold, 2010). Choncho, pakhala kuyitana kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza zithunzi zolaula za achinyamata a US (Smith, 2013) komanso kafukufuku wofufuza zolaula kuchokera kwa achinyamata osiyanasiyana (Lofgren-Martenson & Mansson, 2010).

Achinyamata omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa akuda komanso aku Puerto Rico ndiwofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza zaumoyo wa anthu (Koh, Graham, & Glied, 2011), mwa zina chifukwa ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga matenda opatsirana pogonana, mimba zosakonzekera, ndi machitidwe achiwerewere owopsa (Dariotis, Sifakis, Pleck, Astone, & Sonenstein, 2011; Deardorff et al., 2013; Kumaliza & Zolna, 2011; Kaplan, Jones, Olson, & Yunzal-Butler, 2013). Kudziwa kapena momwe kuwonera zolaula kumathandizira pazosiyanazi sikudziwika. Pakadali pano palibe chidziwitso chokhudza ngati zolaula za achinyamata aku US zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potengera mtundu, ngakhale kafukufuku wina wadziko lonse wazowonetsa zolaula pa intaneti pakati pa achinyamata sanapeze kusiyana pakati pa mafuko (Wolak, Mitchell, & Finkelhor, 2007). Komabe, kafukufuku wautali wa achinyamata 1,017 ochokera ku Southeastern United States adapeza kuti achinyamata akuda anali atagwiritsa ntchito zolaula chaka chatha poyerekeza ndi wachinyamata wa White (Brown & L'Engle, 2009); Mofananamo, pakati pa akuluakulu a zaka za 18 ndi zaka zambiri, kafukufuku wa General Social Survey (GSS) apeza kuti anthu omwe si A Whites amatha kuwonetsa zolaula kuposa a Whites, komanso kuti kusiyana kwa zolaula kwawonjezeka pakapita nthawi (Wright, 2013; Wright, Bae, & Funk, 2013).

Zolinga ndi Mafunso Ofufuza

Nkhani yamakonoyi inakonzedwa kuti iwonetsere zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito zochitika za achinyamata omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa, mumzinda wa United States, omwe adziwonetsera pofufuza zolaula mpaka lero. Mafunso ofufuzira akuyendetsa mafunsowa anali awa: Mwachitsanzo cha achinyamata a 16- mpaka 18 a zaka zapitazo amene adawona zolaula m'chaka chapitacho

	Kodi ndi zolaula zotani zomwe amazitchula, kuwona, ndi cholinga chiti?
	Kodi amamva kuti zolaula zimakhudza khalidwe lawo la kugonana?
	Kodi ali ndi chiyanjano chotani ndi makolo awo pa zolaula?

Kudziwa kwathu, iyi ndi phunziro loyambali kuyankha mafunso awa pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha achinyamata a m'matawuni a mtundu.

Theory Framework

Kafukufuku wathu adatsogozedwa ndi malingaliro azakugonana komanso kafukufuku (Gagnon & Simon, 2005; Sakaluk, Todd, Milhausen, & Lachowsky, 2014). Izi zikusonyeza kuti mchitidwe wogonana umatsogoleredwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kuti anthu amakhazikitsa zikhulupiriro zawo komanso za anzawo polemba miyambo ndi zomwe sizikugonana (Lofgren-Martenson & Mansson, 2010). Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kafukufuku wathu amachokera ku zomwe asayansi akufotokoza zokhudza momwe chilakolako cha kugonana mwa anthu chimapangidwira, monga lingaliro lomwe achinyamata ali nalo nthawi yovuta yopanga ndi kugwirizanitsa zofuna zogonana, kuti zokhudzana ndi kugonana zingapangidwe pokhapokha pokhapokha atakhala ndi chilakolako chogonana. amuna, komanso kuti kugonana kungapangidwe pogwiritsa ntchito makapu ndi zofuna zowonjezereka zomwe zimapangidwira ndi zolaula (Baumeister, 2000; Ogas ndi Gaddam, 2011; Pfaus et al., 2012). Kuphatikiza apo, tidasanthula kafukufuku wamasayansi omwe akuwonetsa kuti kuwonetsa zachiwerewere kumatha kukopa malingaliro achichepere, kupsinjika kwachizolowezi, komanso kuchita bwino, zomwe zingakhudze machitidwe awo ogonana (Bleakley, Hennessy, Fishbein, & Jordan, 2008, 2011). Pogwirizana, mfundo izi zikutanthauza kuti pangakhale zifukwa ziwiri zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere komanso kugonana komwe kungakhudzidwe ndi zomwe amaonera zolaula.

njira

Zitsanzo

Achinyamata oyeserera adatoleredwa kuchokera ku dipatimenti yazadzidzidzi ya ana pachipatala chachikulu, cham'mizinda, cha Safety Net ku Boston, Massachusetts. Odwala pachipatalachi ndi 60% Black, 15% Puerto Rico, 15% White, 2% Asia, ndi 8% amitundu kapena mtundu wina; oposa 80% akukhala muumphawi. Dipatimenti yadzidzidzi idagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa inali yabwino komanso yothandiza kwa ofufuza (Rothman, Linden, Baughman, Kaczmarsky, & Thompson, 2013). Ophunzira mu phunziroli anali 60% azimayi, 47% Black, 43% Spanish, ndi 8% mitundu yambiri (N = 23) (Gulu 1).

Gulu 1. Zomwe Zikufotokozedwa Zitsanzo (N = 23)

CSV PDF Onetsani Zamkatimu

Kuti adziwe maphunzirowa, odwala amayenera kukhala pakati pa zaka 16 ndi 18, amatha kukhala ndi thanzi labwino, amatha kulankhulana m'Chingelezi, wokhala ku Boston, ndipo amayenera kuwonetsa kuti adawona zolaula kamodzi pachaka chaka chatha kaya mwadala kapena mwadzidzidzi . Amayi omwe sanali ogwirizana ndi akuluakulu amaloledwa kuvomereza kutenga nawo mbali mu phunziro popanda chilolezo choonjezera cha makolo chopezeka. Ndondomeko zonse zinavomerezedwa ndi bungwe loyang'anira maphunziro (IRB) ku Boston University School of Public Health.

Njira yolembera ophunzira anali motere: Wothandizira kafukufuku wophunzitsidwa (RA) amatha kusanthula makina azadzidzidzi pamakompyuta a wodwala wazaka zoyenerera. RA amatha kuyandikira kuchipinda cha wodwalayo ndikumupempha kuti achite nawo kafukufuku wokhudza zolaula. Iwo omwe adawonetsa chidwi chotenga nawo mbali adapemphedwa kuti amalize kuyesa kuyenerera; ndipo omwe anali oyenerera adafotokozedwera za kutenga nawo mbali ndikupemphedwa kuvomerezedwa. Omwe adavomera kenako adafunsidwa kwa RA pafupifupi mphindi 30. Nthawi yomwe makolo kapena ena adatsagana ndi wodwalayo, anthuwo amafunsidwa kuti adikire panja kufikira kuyankhulana kutatha. Onse pamodzi, omwe atenga nawo mbali 188 adadziwika kudzera pamakompyuta. Mwa awa, 133 (71%) adayandikira ndikufunsidwa ngati angafune kuyesedwa kuti akhale oyenerera; ndipo 133, 100 (75%) adawunikiridwa ndipo mwa awa 39 (39%) anali oyenera.

Ndondomeko za Mafunsowo

Ma RA ophunzitsidwa anachitidwa komanso omvera amawerengera zokambirana. Mafunsowo anachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yovomerezeka (ie, mndandanda wa mafunso otseguka), ndi mafunso ena otsogolera anafunsidwa pamene kufotokozedwa kunali kofunikira. Ophunzira adatsimikiziridwa kuti zoyankhulana zawo zidzasungidwa mwachinsinsi, ndipo aphunzitsiwa adaphunzitsidwa kufunsa mafunso m'njira yosamangidwira ndi yosatsogolera. Kumayambiriro kwa zokambiranazo, ophunzira adziwa kuti mawuwo zolaula angagwiritsidwe ntchito ponena za zolaula kapena x-rated material zomwe zimaonetsa mwakachetechete amaliseche anthu ogonana.

Kusanthula Deta

Kuyankhulana kwapadera kunayamba ndi mafunso oyambira okhudza ophunzira kuti akhazikitse ubale. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi zolaula zidakwezedwa ndikufunsa mafunso angapo okhudza omwe adayamba kuwona zolaula, anali atangowonera zolaula posachedwa, momwe awonera komanso kuwonera pafupipafupi, masamba omwe ophunzira adacheza nawo, ndi mitundu iti ya zolaula amayenera kusankha akawona masamba awebusayiti omwe ali ndi mindandanda yomwe imalola ogwiritsa ntchito kusankha mtundu wamakanema. Kuyankhulana kulikonse kunalembedwa pamitu yokhudzana ndi zomwe ophunzira adawonera, liti, ndi ndani, chifukwa chiyani, komanso mayankho a makolo awo pazolaula zomwe anali, ngati makolo amadziwa.

Ndondomekoyi inali yotsatirayi: (1) anthu atatu (olemba NB, EJ, ndi CK) awerengerapo malemba onse kuti azindikire "Sandelowski, 1995); (2) olemba atatuwa, pokambirana ndi wofufuza wamkulu wophunzira (wolemba ER), adalemba mndandanda wa zolembera, pomwe mawu omwe adawonekera kuchokera ku mafunso oyankhulana; ndi (3) zidazogwiritsidwa ntchito ku magawo a malemba ndi makalata awiri okhaokha (NB, EJ, kapena CK). Zokambiranazo zinakumananso kuti zikambirane zosankha zawo zolembera, ndi kulembera kuti zigawo zingati zomwe analembazo zinali zofanana. Kukhulupirika kwapakati kunali 95%. Pali kusiyana komwe kunalipo, makalata awiriwa adakambirana za zisankho zawo mpaka chigwirizano chitafika. Kupititsa patsogolo mwayi woti ma coder awiriwo azipanga zolemba zofanana pa malemba onse owerengedwa, kumayambiriro kwa ndondomekoyi adagwiritsa ntchito malemba anayi oyankhulana kuti azichita zolemba zawo ndikugwirizana ndi zisankho zawo.

Mukamaliza kufunsa mafunso onse, detayi inkafufuzidwa mozama pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yapamwamba yofufuza pulogalamu ya Atlas.ti (ATLAS.ti, 1999). Choyamba, mamembala a kagulu kafukufuku anafufuza zolemba ndi kuyang'ana pa gawo lirilonse la malemba omwe malamulo ena adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti amvetsetse mayankho omveka bwino m'gululi. Chachiwiri, mamembala onse a kagulu kafukufuku anakumana kuti akambirane nkhani zomwe zinatuluka m'ndandanda ndikusankhira mavesi omwe amaimira aliyense.

Results

Kodi Akuyang'anira Chiyani?

Achinyamata onse pazitsanzozi akuti amaonera zolaula kwaulere komanso pa intaneti. Awiri adawonera makanema olaula komanso / kapena kanema wawayilesi, koma palibe amene adafotokoza zowonera mabuku kapena magazini azolaula. Mawebusayiti omwe adatchulidwa ndi ambiri mwa iwo anali YouPorn, RedTube, ndi Pornhub. Ophunzirawo akuwonera zolaula zingapo, ndipo nthawi zambiri amawonetsa kuti amawonera zolaula zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena azimayi ogonana ndi azimayi, komanso adanenanso kuti adawonera zolaula zomwe zimachitika pachibale, kugwiririra, komanso kugona ndi nyama. Angapo adanenapo kuti adawona zolaula zokhala ndi akapolo, bukkake (mwachitsanzo, amuna angapo akuthira pankhope la mkazi m'modzi), kugonana pagulu, kutsamwa, komanso kuchititsidwa manyazi pagulu - ndipo pomwe akazi ochepa adawonetsa kusakondwa komanso kudabwitsidwa, zomwe zimachitika pamachitidwe owopsawa zolaula zinali zopanda chidwi kapena kuvomereza. Omwe atenga nawo gawo asanu - amuna awiri ndi akazi atatu - adatinso iwo kapena anzawo nthawi zonse amakonda kuwonera zolaula zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi anthu amtundu umodzi kapena mtundu wawo (mwachitsanzo, Wakuda, Waku Spain). Amuna ambiri sanatchule zambiri za zolaula zomwe adawona. Kusinthana kotsatira (ndi wamwamuna wazaka 18) kunali kofanana:

Wofunsayo: Kodi ndi intaneti ziti zomwe mumapita?
Wophunzira: Ndilibe chilichonse [chimodzi]. Chilichonse chomwe ine [google].
Wofunsa: Kodi mumadula zithunzi zolaula zilizonse?
Wothandizira: Uh, ndimangokhala ndi, ngati, molunjika.

Komabe, akazi angapo mu chitsanzocho anapereka ndondomeko yowonjezereka ya zomwe adawona, makamaka mapepala omwe anawonekera kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mayi wina wazaka za 17 anati:

Amatchedwa manyazi pagulu. Zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amumanga msungwanayo, kunena pa chifanizo kapena mzati kapena china chake. Kenako amavula maliseche ndipo mnyamata kapena mtsikana adzawachititsa manyazi pagulu. Koma munthuyo amafunafuna, chifukwa chake amapempha ... kotero iwo, monga, amakakamizidwa kuchita zinthu monga kupatsa mutu kapena ngakhale sanazichitepo kale, ayenera, chifukwa adazifunsa .

Mofananamo, mayi wazaka za 18 anafotokoza mtundu wa zolaula wotchedwa zolaula zomwe adaziwona:

Monga, makamaka anali naye mchipinda chino, matiresi onyansawo pansi, anali atagona pa matiresi kenako, monga, anyamata asanu ndi mmodzi osiyana amangoyenda uku ndi uku. Anangogona pamenepo. Ndiyeno pambuyo pake, iwo anali amwano kwa iye, iwo anali kuponyera 'zovala zake zonse pa iye, kumuuza iye kuti atuluke ndi zina.

Mayi wina wazaka za 18 anafotokoza kuonerera zolaula zomwe zimakhala zachiwawa (mwachitsanzo, ukapolo / discipline / sadomasochism [BDSM]). Mosasamala kanthu kuti ochita zolaula atavomereza, zojambula zachiwawa zinali zosokoneza kwa iye. Iye adafotokoza kanema kanema motere:

[Ndinawawona] amuna akumenya atsikana mkamwa mwawo, ngati pankhope zawo, kapena ngati, tsegulani pakamwa pawo pamene akuwomberanso ... ngati kuwamenya pamatako awo. Monga, kumenya mbama, monga choncho kungandipweteke ine. Inde, amangochita zopenga.

Kodi Amapeza Zithunzi Ziti Zolaula ndipo Ali ndi Kupeza Malingaliro Otani?

Achinyamata mu chitsanzochi anafotokoza kuonerera zolaula pa intaneti kunyumba ndi kusukulu pa makompyuta apakompyuta ndi mafoni a m'manja. Ananena kuti amatha kuona zolaula pa Intaneti mosavuta ngakhale ali aang'ono kuposa zaka 18. N'zosadabwitsa kuti angapo (n = 3) adanenanso kuti kuwonera masamba osakhala ndi zithunzi omwe ali ndi anthu otchuka adawatsogolera kumawebusayiti pomwe adadziwika. Mwachitsanzo, mayi wazaka 17 adati:

[Ndimangokonda [zolaula] ndikadziwa anthuwo, monga anthu otchuka. Monga, pali otchuka kwambiri kunja uko omwe mukuganiza kuti ndiabwino kwambiri, ndipo kwenikweni, mumalemba dzina lawo ndipo ali ndi tsamba lolaula.

Momwemonso, mayi wazaka 18 adalongosola nthawi yomwe amafuna kumvera nyimbo za wojambula koma, chifukwa cha zolaula zomwe zimapezeka patsamba la wojambulayo, adapatutsidwa kuti ayang'ane zolaula:

[Mukapita ku Google], ndipo ngati mumalemba "[NAME]," ndi rapper, komanso ndi nyenyezi yolaula. Ali ndi maulalo mbali [ya tsamba lake lawebusayiti] okhala ndi zithunzi zolaula monga zinthu zotere…. Ndidafuna kumvera nyimbo zake kenako, o, ndidasokonekera.

Achinyamata ambiri amafotokoza kuti amaonera zolaula kusukulu nthawi ya sukulu. Ambiri adalongosola zochitika pamene gulu likuwonerera zolaula limodzi kusukulu komanso njira yoipa yomwe inakhudzidwira chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mayi wina wazaka za 17 anafotokoza zomwe zinachitika pamene kusukulu kusukulu akuonera zolaula, kudziletsa kudzigwiritsa ntchito chiwawa, ndipo pomalizira pake akuchotsedwa kusukulu:

Amuna ena amangotsegula [tsamba] zolaula, kenako amayamba kuyiyang'ana. Ndiyeno monga anyamata akuyamba ngati kumenya mbama za atsikana, kutenga malupu awo ndi zinthu. Ndipo nthawi ina bwenzi ili - nthawi yina mgiredi lakhumi, mkuluyu, adapitabe chonchi kwa ine, adapitilizabe kufikira boob wanga, kenako, am, ndidamugunda. Monga zolimba kwenikweni. Kenako anandimenyanso, ndipo ndinayamba kumumenya, kenako ndinachotsedwa.

Wina wamwamuna wa zaka 17 anafotokoza kuti:

Ndakhala ndikuwonera zolaula kusukulu, kunena zowona ndi iwe. Tonse timakakamira pakompyuta imodzi [kuseka], ndiyeno ndizoseketsa chifukwa - tonse timakolezana pakompyuta imodzi, kenako atsikana, amalowa mkalasi ndi anyamata, ndipo anyamatawo amayamba kumenyetsa bulu ndi zinthu monga choncho. Izi zimachitikadi.

Atamufunsa momwe zinalili zotheka kuti ophunzira azionera zolaula kusukulu, iye anayankha kuti:

Ndi yotsekedwa, koma anthu ambiri amadziwa momwe angatsegulire. Pali tsamba ili la proxy. Mm-hm. Umu ndi momwe amatsegulira… ngati, chabwino uyu, adaiika pamakompyuta, chabwino, ndipo aliyense amapita kumbuyo kwamakompyuta komwe aphunzitsi samawona. Monga makompyuta omaliza kumbuyo. Ndiko komwe aliyense amapita. Ndipo ndipamene amayamba kutsegula mawebusayiti.

Mnyamata wina wazaka 17 anafotokoza kuti:

Ndinkakonda kupita kusukulu, ndimakonda kupita kumawebusayiti nthawi zina, mukudziwa? Chifukwa ndinkadziwa anyamata anga, nthawi iliyonse tikapita kukalasi ya makompyuta kapena zilizonse, amadziwa momwe angapangire - kulowa pa Facebook, kukhala pa chilichonse. Chifukwa chake tikadatha kuchita chilichonse ',ththin' yomwe timafuna. Pitani pa Webusayiti, mulimonse.

N'chifukwa Chiyani Amaonera Zithunzi Zolaula?

Achinyamata akuti amaonera zolaula pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kuti zolaula ndizosangalatsa komanso yankho la kusungulumwa komanso kusungulumwa (mwachitsanzo, "ndangopeza mphindi 5 zakupha"; "Ndimangonyong'onyeka nthawi zina") komanso kuti ndikhutiritse ( Mwachitsanzo, "chifukwa ndine wopusa"; "chifukwa bwenzi langa limasamba"; "ndikafuna kugonana"; "kuphwanya mtedza"). Mnyamata wina wazaka 17 adafotokoza mwachidule zomwe adalimbikitsa motere: "Inde, ndatopa, kapena kunena zowona ndi inu, nthawi zina ndimakhala wovuta komanso mukudziwa, palibenso wina yemwe ndingamuyimbire , kunena zowona ndi inu. Chifukwa chake ndimangodziwa, kuseweretsa maliseche. ”

Pafupifupi aliyense wophunzira (n = 21) akuti adaphunzira zogonana powonera zolaula. Makamaka, adanenanso kuti kuchokera ku zolaula aphunzira zogonana, ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo omwe angasangalale ndi kugonana, komanso kuti aphunzire momwe angachitire zogonana (mwachitsanzo, kugonana mkamwa, kugonana kumatako). Amuna ndi akazi adanenapo kuti amaphunzira zachiwerewere ndi zolaula (mwachitsanzo, amuna asanu ndi awiri ndi akazi a 14), ngakhale akazi amapereka zitsanzo zowoneka bwino za zomwe adaphunzira. Mtsikana wazaka 18 adati:

Popanda zolaula, sindikanadziwa malowa, sindikanatha kudziwa theka la zinthu zomwe ndikudziwa tsopano. Sindinadziwe ngakhale m'kalasi la zaumoyo, kalasi ya biology, zonse zomwe ndadutsamo, kuti thupi lachikazi limatha kusefukira.

Wina wamwamuna wa zaka 17 anafotokoza kuti adaphunzira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito kugonana pamlomo poonera zolaula:

Sindinadziwe momwe ndingakondere, kuyamwa dick, kwenikweni, ndipo ndinapitilira pamenepo kuti ndikaone momwe ndingachitire. Ndipo ndi momwe ndidaphunzirira.

Mofananamo, mwana wamwamuna wa zaka 18 anafotokoza kuti adawonerera zolaula kuti aphunzire momwe angagwiritsire ntchito kugonana, kulankhula pa nthawi yogonana, ndi kuyamba kugonana:

Ah, mwina kudya mtsikana kutuluka. Ah, um, monga ndinganene, ndikuganiza. Monga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zonena. Ah, ndi momwe mungayambire, ndikuganiza.

Ophunzira adafunsidwa mwachindunji momwe amaganiza kuti miyoyo yawo imakhudzidwa ndi zolaula, ngati ayi. Mutu waukulu womwe udatulukira, makamaka kuchokera kwa akazi, udali kuti m'malingaliro awo akuwona zolaula adawapangitsa kuchita zachiwerewere zomwe sakanayesa mwanjira ina. Mwachitsanzo, mayi wazaka 17 adati:

Ndikuganiza kumatako. Zinali zodabwitsa, chifukwa ndiye zimandipweteka kumuwona [winawake] atenga izo kumbuyo uko. Sindinakonde [kuseka]… Zinali zodabwitsa kuti wina akhoza kutero. Ndimaganiza kuti ndipamene mumagwiritsa ntchito bafa, siomwe mumayika chilichonse.

Pofotokozeranso zakugonana komwe kumachitika pakazolowera zolaula, mzimayi wazaka 17 adafotokoza kuyeserera atatha kuyang'ana ndikuvulala:

Chomwe chimandidabwitsa ndi momwe azimayiwa amatha kutenga galu wamatumbo. Ndidayesera kamodzi. Ine ndawona momwe mkaziyo ndi zinthu alili, iwo akuwoneka ngati ali ndi phokoso kuchokera pamenepo. Koma pamene ndinayesera, ndinadabwa kwambiri, monga, ndinatha kupeza ibuprofens [Sic] ndi zinthu chifukwa ndimamva kuwawa kwambiri.

Mzimayi wazaka 18 adanenanso kuti adaphunzira kupanga mawu mwachindunji pakugonana powonera zolaula, ngakhale anali namwali payekha panthawi yowonera:

Kotero monga nthawi ya kanema ... anali akubuula ndikupanga mawu onsewa. Chifukwa chake ndimakhala ngati, ndiyenera kuyesa izi. Monga momwe ndinaliri wotsimikiza… Ndidawona makanema ambiri omwe amachita izi, ndipo izi zisanachitike [ndimagonana], kotero ndimangofanana, ndiyenera kuyesa izi.

Pomaliza, mwana wamwamuna wazaka 17 adafotokoza chifukwa chake adatsanzirira zomwe adawona zolaula m'moyo weniweni:

Ngati ndimaonera zolaula ndipo, monga, ndimawona nyenyezi zolaula, ndipo nthawi zina ndimakhala ngati, ndikakhala ndi wamkazi, ndimayesetsa kuchita zomwezo, chifukwa ndimawona kuti ndi nyenyezi .

Kodi Kuonera Zolaula Kumalimbikitsa Achinyamata Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makhalidwe Abwino?

Ngakhale ndi achichepere ochepa omwe atenga chitsanzochi omwe adakumana ndi zodzachitika chifukwa choonera zolaula, awiriwa adafotokoza njira zomwe zolaula zimathandizira kuti akhale ndi chikhalidwe chosavomerezeka (mwachitsanzo, mchitidwe wogonana wovuta), ndipo ena amafotokoza kukakamizidwa ndi zibwenzi kuti achite machitidwe oyamba kuwonera zolaula. Mwachitsanzo, bambo wina wazaka 17 wazaka zakubadwa, wouziridwa ndi zolaula zamankhwala zomwe amamuonera, adafotokoza nthawi yomwe adagwiritsa ntchito foni yake ya smartphone kudzionetsera kuti amagonana ndi bwenzi lake popanda chilolezo:

Nthawi imeneyi tinali limodzi [ngati abwenzi], ndiye samatha kundiuza kuti ayi, mukudziwa? Ndikutanthauza, akanatha kudziwa, chifukwa, sindikuganiza kuti akanandiuza ayi. Chifukwa, mukudziwa, ndinali chibwenzi chake, ndipo ngati ndikufuna kutenga kanema… mukudziwa?

Woyankhidwayo anapitilizanso kufotokoza kuti foni yomwe agwiritsa ntchito kujambula vidiyoyo idatayika pamapeto pake mwina inaonedwa ndi ena. Mwamuna wina wamwamuna, 18 wazaka, anafotokozanso kudzipanga makanema okonda kugonana. Anafotokozeranso kuti sizachilendo kwa anzanu kugawana nawo mavidiyo olaula mwachisawawa, ngakhale m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri ngati galimoto yapansi panthaka. Sizikudziwika kuti azimayiwo anavomera kuti azjambula kapena kuulutsa mavidiyowo. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati akazi anali ocheperako kuposa 18 atapangidwa mafilimu, amunawo anali kupanga, kupanga, ndi kugawa zolaula za ana.

Ine ndi mzanga, mukudziwa, timapanga makanema patokha, kenako ngati nthawi ina, mwana wanga adapanga kanema. Chifukwa chake tinali m'sitima, tinangokhala ngati chete ndipo iye anangokhala-anaikweza ngati mofuula kwenikweni, ndipo zonse mumangomva kuti mtsikanayo akubuula, ndipo aliyense amangoyang'ana. Imeneyi inali kanema yake, zinthu monga choncho, monga mukudziwa. Timaziwona ndipo timakonda, palibe amene amachita manyazi nazo.

Mayi wina wazaka 17 adanena kuti nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mavuto kuchokera kwa chibwenzi chake kuti aziwonera zolaula ndikutsanzira, koma mpaka pano adatha kumukana bwino:

Amakonda [zolaula]. Amakhala akundiuza kuti ndichite zinthu zambiri, koma sindichita. Ndine ngati, ngati simukukonda momwe ndimakukhutiritsirani, ndiye pitani mukakapeze mayi yemwe amachita zolaula!

Mofananamo, mayi wina wazaka za 18 adanena kuti iye ndi chibwenzi chake adayesedwa ndi zochitika zogonana zomwe adaziona pa zolaula ndi zotsatira zake zoipa:

[Udindowu uli] ndi ine kugona pansi pamimba ndipo iye wagona pamwamba pa ine. Nthawi zambiri, um, ndikudziwa kuti ndizovuta kwambiri, koma zimangokhala ngati kugwiriridwa. Monga, sindikudziwa [kuseka]. Ndimangomva ngati sindingasunthe. Ndikumva ngati sangakhale wankhanza kapena china chilichonse pa ine, ndimangomva ngati ndodzaza, ngati sizolondola. Ndikumva ngati ndichinthu chomwe — sichimangokhala — sichimangokhala… sichabwino. Eya, sizimveka ngati zomwe maanja amachita [akuseka]. Zimamveka ngati ndikukakamizidwa. Sindimakonda.

Mnyamata wina wazaka 17 adati kuwonera zolaula kumamupangitsa kukhala wosavomerezeka chifukwa amadziona kuti kumalimbikitsa kutsitsidwa kwa akazi. Adafotokozanso kuti "sanafune" kuwonera zolaula koma kuti adazichita chifukwa "zilipo":

Sindikuganiza kuti zolaula ndizothandiza…. Ndikuganiza kuti ndizonyazitsa amuna ndi akazi. Ndipo sindikuganiza kuti ziyenera kukhala pamenepo. Koma chinali chida chomwe ndinali nacho, choncho ndinachilandira. Mhm, sindinkafuna kuchita izi, koma mukudziwa, popeza mukudziwa, zinali pamenepo, ndinazichita, kotero… zimapangitsa mkazi kuwoneka wochepera kuposa momwe alili. Ndipo zili ngati, amamuyitana kuti ndi wachihule, hule, amatenga ichi ndi icho, ndipo sindikuganiza kuti ndizabwino, mukudziwa, ndizabwino kunena. Chifukwa chake sindingavomereze, koma zidalipo, ndiye ndidazitenga.

Kodi makolo Amati Chiyani?

Omwe adafunsidwa adafunsidwa ngati makolo awo amadziwa kuti amawonera zolaula, ndipo ngati ndi choncho, momwe adayankhira. Kupitilira kwa malingaliro amalingaliro amomwe makolo amatenga nawo mbali pazolaula kumalumikizana ndi lingaliro loti makolo nthawi zambiri amaletsa zolaula za achinyamata koma sanalankhule chifukwa chomwe achinyamata sayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndipo samakhala omasuka ndi mutuwo. Achinyamata ambiri adawululiranso kuti amadziwa za zolaula zomwe makolo awo amagwiritsa ntchito ndipo akuganiza kuti kuwonera zolaula kwa makolo awo kumawapangitsa kuti asanyalanyaze ana awo. Mwachitsanzo, wamwamuna wazaka 18 adati:

Amayi anga ndi chibwenzi cha amayi anga ali ndi makanema ambiri onyansa, ndipo nthawi ina ndimagwiritsa ntchito ochepa, ndipo adadziwa kuti ndidawatenga. Chifukwa chake adangokhala ngati, "O, musamagwiritse ntchito makanema athu onyansa."

Mwana wamwamuna wazaka 17 ananena kuti makolo ake anali okhwima pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ali ndi zaka 11 kapena 12 koma adakhala wosakhwimitsa zinthu atakula. Adanenanso kuti adakwiyitsidwa ndi abambo ake chifukwa chowonera zolaula ali mwana:

Inde, posachedwapa samanena kwenikweni, koma pamene ndinali ngati khumi ndi awiri-mwina khumi ndi mmodzi kapena khumi ndi awiri, amandithandizira. Sankafuna kuti ndiziwonera. Imodzi mwazomwe adandigwira ... bambo anga anali ngati, ... "O, ndikadzakumananso ndi zinthu izi, ndichotsa iPod yanu."

Mzimayi wazaka 18 adapereka chitsanzo chowoneka bwino cha zovuta zomwe makolo atha kudzipeza. Malinga ndi iye, amayi ake sanafune kukambirana zolaula ndi mwana wake wamwamuna wa preubescent koma panthawi imodzimodziyo adakakamizidwa kuti amugwiritse ntchito kuti asamugwiritse ntchito izo. Adati:

[Amayi anga], amayesetsa kuti asalankhule ndi [mchimwene wanga] za izi koma amupatse njira zodziwira zomwe akuchita, sayenera kuchita pa msinkhu wake. Chifukwa iye ali ndi zaka khumi ndi chimodzi zokha.

Kukambirana

Kudziwa kwathu, uwu ndi kafukufuku woyamba wofufuza zolaula zowonera zokumana nazo ndi zizolowezi za achinyamata omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa, okhala m'matauni okhala ku Black and Hispanic. Mitu ingapo idapangidwa, kuphatikiza (a) kuti mnyamatayo adawona zolaula zingapo; (b) wachinyamata ameneyu anali ndi mwayi wopezeka zolaula pa intaneti kunyumba komanso kusukulu; (c) wachinyamata ameneyu amawonera zolaula pazifukwa zingapo, koma pafupifupi aliyense amene akutenga nawo mbali adanenapo zakuphunzira zogonana poyang'ana zolaula; (d) kukakamizidwa kupanga kapena kutsanzira zolaula kungakhale chinthu china choyipa pachibwenzi; ndipo (e) makolo achichepere pachitsanzo ichi nthawi zambiri amafotokozedwa ngati osagwiritsa ntchito zolaula za achinyamata komanso osakwanitsa kukambirana nawo.

Pomwe ophunzira adanenanso kuti amakonda zolaula zomwe zimachitika atagonana m'modzi m'modzi, achinyamata adaziwonanso mwadala kapena mwadala mwanjira zina zolaula zosaloledwa, zomwe zakhala zowona kwa zitsanzo zina za achinyamata (Gonzalez-Ortega & Orgaz -Baz, 2013). Azimayi angapo omwe atenga nawo mbali komanso wamwamuna m'modzi sanasangalale kuwona akazi akugwiriridwa, kumenyedwa, kuvulazidwa, ndikunenedwa zachipongwe ngati "hule." Komabe, zomwe zimamveka pakati pa anthu pachitsanzochi zinali zakuti zolaula - ngakhale zoopsa kwambiri - ndizosadabwitsa pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku, zomwe zikuwonetsa zomwe kafukufuku wina wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula adachitika pakati pa achinyamata aku Sweden (Lofgren-Martenson & Mansson, 2010). Zachidziwikire kuti owerenga angapo adatinso ojambula omwe amakonda kwambiri amapanganso zolaula, kuti nyenyezi zolaula nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbikitsa kutsegulira kwamakalabu kapena zochitika zina zapadera, ndikuti akufuna kukhala zolaula chifukwa ndizopindulitsa - kuwonetsa kuti zolaula zimawonedwa zambiri zokongola kuposa zonyansa.

Mwinanso mosadabwitsa, achinyamata pazitsanzozi akuti ali ndi zolaula pa intaneti kunyumba komanso pazida zawo zamagetsi (mwachitsanzo, mafoni). Sitinayembekezere kuti chidziwitso chakuwonera zolaula pasukulu, mkalasi, komanso ndi anzathu zitha kufotokozedwa. Zitha kukhala kuti kuonera zolaula kusukulu kumachitika nthawi zambiri kuposa momwe zimayembekezereka m'masukulu omwe ali ndi zovuta chifukwa pali zida zochepa zowunikira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi kapena kusinthitsa ukadaulo womwe umalepheretsa achinyamata kulowa pa masamba oletsedwa. Chodetsa nkhawa ndichakuti achinyamata angapo pachitsanzo ichi adanenanso kuti anzawo akusukulu adayamba "kumenyetsa bulu" ndikugwira mabere achikazi atangoonera zolaula mkalasi, ndipo nthawi ina, adachita ndewu. Ngakhale palibe kukayikira kuti masukulu akuyesetsa kuchita zonse zomwe angathe kuti aletse ophunzira kuwona zolaula, zitha kukhala zopindulitsa kwa aphunzitsi kudziwa kuti zolaula zitha kuchititsa kuti ana azisukulu zogonana zithandizire kuzunzidwa. Zotsatira zake, kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti achinyamata ena amatha kuwona zolaula kusukulu ngakhale ali ndi US Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA), yomwe imafuna kuti masukulu omwe amalandila ndalama za Universal Service Administrative Company (USAC) azitetezedwa kuukadaulo malo olepheretsa mwayi wotere.

Kuonjezera apo, zomwe tapeza zimasonyeza kuti achinyamata ena amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula monga malangizo: achinyamata amafuna zolaula kuti aphunzire kugonana; ena amatsanzira kapena adafunsidwa ndi wokondedwa kuti awatsanzire, zomwe adawona. Tikapeza kuti achinyamata amatsanzira zomwe amawona pa zolaula zimaphatikizapo ndi kafukufuku wina woyamba wa 51 akuwonera achinyamata omwe adalemba kuti iwo adakopera zomwe adawona pa zolaula atagonana (Smith, 2013), ndi kafukufuku wochuluka yemwe anapeza 63% ya chitsanzo cha ophunzira a koleji anafotokoza njira zatsopano zogonana pogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (Trostle, 2003). Phunziro lomweli likugwiritsa ntchito zolaula monga chitsanzo chogonana chomwe chinali ndi zotsatirapo zoipa kwa akazi ena mu chitsanzo chomwe ananena kuti "akudandaula" ndi ululu wa kugonana kwa abambo, kukakamizidwa kuchita zogonana mu malo osasangalatsa, osasangalala ndi kugonana, kapena kuchita chiwerewere yankho. Zotsatirazi n'zogwirizana ndi zomwe Marston ndi Lewis ananena (2014), amene adapeza kuti mwachitsanzo cha achinyamata a 130 zaka 16 kwa zaka zapakati pa 18 akazi adanena kuti kugonana kwa agonana kunkapweteka koma nthawi zambiri "kunkapweteka" ndi amuna, ndipo achinyamatawo ankaona kuti kugonana ndi abambo kunkachitika makamaka chifukwa cha zolaula.

Pali zifukwa zikuluzikulu ziwiri zokhalira ndi nkhawa zakukhudzana ndi zolaula kwa achinyamata. Choyamba, zolemba zachiwerewere zomwe ambiri (55%) a masamba a pa Intaneti aanthu akuluakulu amalimbikitsa kutsata amuna, kupondereza amuna, ndikuika patsogolo zofuna zachiwerewere monga zachilendo (Gorman, Monk-Turner, & Fish, 2010). Chachiwiri, achinyamata angayesetse kukonzanso zachiwerewere ku zolaula zomwe zimachitika, mwakuthupi kapena zovulaza, kapena zosatheka (mwachitsanzo, kuyembekezera kuti amayi onse azikhala ndi zilakolako za kugonana). Phunziroli silinapangidwe pofuna kufufuza chiyambi cha kugonana kwa achinyamata omwe adafunsidwa; Komabe, adapeza kuti anthu ambiri adatsata zolaula ndipo, pakuona kwawo, adakumana ndi zotsatirapo zoipa. Choncho, kupeza kwathu kumachirikiza umboni wowoneka kuti nthawi zina SEM ikhoza kusokoneza khalidwe lachiwerewere la achinyamata (Bleakley et al., 2008; Braun-Courville & Rojas, 2009; Brown & L'Engle, 2009; Tsiku, 2014; Hald et al., 2013; Hussen, Bowleg, Sangaramoorthy, & Malebranche, 2012; Jonsson et al., 2014).

Kaya zithunzi zolaula zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikakamiza kuti azichita chibwenzi kapena kugonana pakati pa achinyamata ndi osadziwika. Phunziroli limapereka poyambira pakufufuzanso kwamutuwu. Mmodzi wamwamuna mwa chitsanzochi anafotokoza kuti anajambula chibwenzi ndi chibwenzi chake popanda kudziwa kapena kuvomereza pogwiritsa ntchito foni yake, ndipo wina ananenanso kuti nthawi zonse iye ndi anzake ankachita nawo mavidiyo oonera zolaula omwe amachitira okhaokha. Azimayi atatu omwe anali pamasamphenyawa anena kuti zibwenzi zawo zidawakakamiza kuti achite zinthu zomwe adaziwona zolaula, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu yemwe adapeza 11% mwa zitsanzo za odwala omwe amathandizidwa pachipatala cha azimayi amtundu womwewo (Rothman et al., 2012). Mwambiri, kuchuluka kwa zolaula pa intaneti komanso kuchuluka kwa masamba pa intaneti pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amaika makanema awo omwe akuwonetsa kuti akuwoneka kuti akuwoneka kuti akuchepetsa SEM, kupezerera anzawo akugonana, kufalitsa zithunzi zolaula za anzawo osakwanitsa zaka 20, ndikukakamiza anzawo omwe ali pachibwenzi nawo kuti kuchita zachiwerewere zomwe zingawakhumudwitse kapena kuwakwiyitsa. Maganizo amenewa ayenera kuyesedwa kupyolera mu kufufuza kwakukulu.

Mwambiri, makolo aubwana wachitsanzo ichi adapereka mauthenga osiyanasiyana pankhani zolaula. Ngakhale achinyamata osankhidwa adadzudzulidwa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ali achichepere (mwachitsanzo, 11 mpaka 13 wazaka), ena adati makolo awo amalekerera zolaula chifukwa anali okalamba. Achichepere adanenanso kuti nthawi zina makolo awo amafuna kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula koma amapewa kuyankhula mwachindunji. Achinyamata ena adanenanso kuti adawona kapena amva makolo awo akuonera zolaula, ndipo izi zimawoneka ngati chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kafukufuku wina waku UK adapeza kuti 16% ya makolo omwe anali ndi ana omwe amapita pa intaneti kamodzi pa sabata kapena kupitilira apo amakhulupirira kuti ana awo amawonera zolaula pa intaneti (Livingstone & Bober, 2004), ndipo kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kunyalanyaza kwa makolo kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwa ana kumawonjezera mwayi woti awone zolaula (Noll, Shenk, Barnes, & Haralson, 2013). Makolo omwe amalandila ndalama zochepa komanso amagwira ntchito zingapo atha kuchepa kuyang'anira zomwe ana awo akuchita pa intaneti, ndipo izi zitha kuwonjezera mwayi woti ana awonere zolaula. Ngati kuwonera zolaula paubwana kumapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi chiwerewere, zolaula zimatha kuchepetsa ubale pakati pakuwunika kwa makolo ndi zotsatira zoyipa zakugonana komanso kubereka mwaubwana.

Kufufuza kosayembekezereka kwachiwerengerochi chinali chakuti nambala (~21%) ya anyamata akuda ndi a ku Puerto Rico mu chitsanzo ichi anawonetsera zokonda zoonera zolaula zomwe zili ndi ojambula a Black Blacks, motero. Kufufuza uku kumagwirizana ndi mawebusayiti a pornhub.com, omwe akuti "ebony" ndi "Black" ndi malo otchuka akusaka zolaula kum'mwera ndi m'mizinda iri yonse yomwe ili ndi anthu akuda / aku Africa-America, monga monga Detroit (Pornhub.com, 2014). Pornhub ananenanso kuti kusaka zolaula "zaku Asia" ndizofala m'mizinda yomwe ili ndi zigawo zazikulu zaku Asia, monga San Francisco ndi Honolulu. Lingaliro loti achinyamata atha kufunafuna zolaula zamtundu uliwonse komanso zofunikira ndizofunikira, chifukwa njira zomwe zingawakometse zomwe zingalimbikitse machitidwe omwe ali pachiwopsezo chazakugonana monga momwe zimakhalira zitha kukhala zowawa kwambiri pazogonana izi. Monga Ogas ndi Gaddam akufotokozedwa mwa iwo 2011 buku Maganizo Oipa Ambiri Biliyoni, zolaula zomwe zimawonetsa amuna akuda zimawawonetsa kuti ndiamphamvu kwambiri komanso achimuna, ndipo "amadziwika kuti ndiopambana" kuposa amuna amitundu ina zolaula (Ogas & Gaddam, 2011, p. 184). Amanenanso kuti "malingaliro opezeka kuchilatini (o) adalembedwa ndipo akuwonjezeredwa" mu zolaula zopangidwa ndi US, komanso kuti azimayi akuda ndi a Latina akuwonetsedwa kwambiri pazithunzi zolaula kuposa azimayi amitundu ina (Brook, 2010; Miller-Young, 2010; Pansi, 2010). Choncho, palifunika kuyesa malingaliro akuti achinyamata aku Black ndi Hispanic akukonda zolaula zomwe zimakhala ndi ojambula a mtundu wawo ndi / kapena mtundu, kuti zithunzi zolaulazi ndi zowonjezereka m'maganizo awo okhudzana ndi maudindo a amuna, komanso kuti zizindikirozo zimakhudza kugonana zilembo za achinyamata a ku Black and Hispanic m'njira zomwe zimawaika pangozi yowopsa ya malingaliro ogonana, machitidwe, ndi zotsatira zowononga za kugonana ndi kubereka.

Mogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu, tawona kuti achinyamata achitsanzo ichi nthawi zambiri amawoneka kuti amasangalala amafunsidwa za mutuwu ndipo amalankhula mosadandaula za iwo (Lofgren-Martenson & Mansson, 2010). Komabe, amuna anali osalankhula, osafotokoza zambiri pazoyankha zawo, osapereka zambiri, ndipo amatanthauzira mozama kapena kudziwonetsera okha pakugwiritsa ntchito SEM kuposa akazi. Zovuta zolimbikitsa zokambirana kuchokera kwa anyamata achimuna ndizovuta zomwe zimachitika pamaphunziro ambiri ofufuza (Bahn & Barratt-Pugh, 2013). Zomwe zimapangitsa kufunsa zambiri zazimuna muchitsanzo ichi ndikuti zotsatira zake zitha kusokonekera pazochitika za akazi; Zowonjezera mozama, kafukufuku wamakhalidwe abwino ndi amuna azaka zaunyamata omwe sakonda kujambula pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zitha kupindulitsa zomwe zapezedwa phunziroli. Kwa amuna ndi akazi mofananamo, kufunikira pakati pa anzawo kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo; kafukufuku wowonjezera yemwe safuna kuti achinyamata azicheza ndi wothandizira akhoza kupanga zotsatira zabwino.

Zotsatira za phunziroli zikukumana ndi malire anayi. Choyamba, chiyambi cha kafukufuku wamakhalidwe abwino ndi omwe angasonkhanitse kapena kusanthula deta kuti awonetse kugonjera ndi kukondera mwa njira yomwe iwo amafunsira mafunso, kuchitapo kanthu pa mayankho, kapena kutanthauzira malemba. Timayesetsa kwambiri kuti tipewe njira zomwe zingatheke poyambitsa ndi kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yothandizira kusonkhanitsa deta, pogwiritsira ntchito makalata angapo kuti tifotokozedwe, ndikuonetsetsa kuti mgwirizanowu unagwiridwa asanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro. Chachiwiri, chitsanzo chathu chinali chitsanzo chabwino; Ophunzira mu phunziroli sanasankhidwe mwachisawawa kuchokera kwa anthu aunyamata mumzinda umene kufufuza kwachitika. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati pali chinthu china chodziwika bwino kwa odwala omwe akugwira ntchito mofulumira omwe awona zolaula zomwe sizili choncho kwa achinyamata ambiri, zikhoza kukhala chinthu chosayenerera chomwe chinakhudza zotsatira. Chachitatu, pangakhale ena amene amawona chitsanzo chochepa (N = 23) ngati malire. Poyankha, titha kunena kuti cholinga cha kafukufuku wamakhalidwe abwino sikuti apange deta yoyimira; M'malo mwake, ndikupeza deta yolemera komanso yatsatanetsatane yomwe ingapereke tanthauzo kuzambiri zopezeka m'maphunziro ena kapena itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga malingaliro azakufufuza zamtsogolo. Pomaliza, achinyamata ena pachitsanzo ichi anali atawonera zolaula mobwerezabwereza chaka chatha; 44% akuti adaziwona katatu kapena kasanu m'miyezi 12 yapitayo (Table 1). Ndizomveka kukayikira ngati kuwonekera pafupipafupi kumatha kukopa malingaliro ndi zizolowezi za achinyamata. Komabe, malingaliro azikhalidwe zakale komanso malingaliro oyambira amathandizira kutsutsa kuti kungodziwikiratu pang'ono pazomwe zingasindikizidwe ndikupanga chidziwitso chokhalitsa (Jo & Berkowitz, 1994). Monga akatswiri a ubongo Ogas ndi Gaddam (2011) adalongosola, "Zolakalaka zambiri zakugonana zimawoneka kuti zimachitika atangowonetsedwa kamodzi, m'malo mochita mobwerezabwereza zomwe sizinatenge nawo mbali ndikulimbikitsa" (p. 50). Kukhazikika kamodzi kapena kwakanthawi kochepa pazomwe zingayambitse zikhulupiriro zomwe zilipo, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zimalimbikitsa (Jo & Berkowitz, 1994); Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuyang'ana limodzi kwa zolaula kungalimbikitse kugonana kosayenerera kapena kukweza.

Pomalizira, phunziroli likuwonjezera mabuku omwe alipo pa zithunzi zolaula zomwe achinyamata akugwiritsa ntchito popereka chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi zolaula zokhudzana ndi zolaula za achinyamata omwe alibe ndalama zambiri. Zotsatira zake zasonyeza kuti achinyamata akuphunzira kugonana ndi zolaula ndikutsanzira zolaula zomwe amaziona pa zolaula, nthawi zina zomwe zimakhala zovuta. Achinyamata ambiri a Black and Hispanic angagwiritse ntchito mavidiyo omwe amaonetsa zovuta zogonana, zomwe zingawononge achinyamata achinyamata omwe alibe chidziwitso chogonana, pochita zachiwerewere, ndikugwirizanitsa zochitika za kugonana zomwe zafotokozedwa.

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"Popanda Zisamaliro ... Sindingadziwe Zapadera Zomwe Ndikuzidziwa Panopo": Phunziro Loyenera la Zithunzi Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito Zitsanzo za Mzinda, Msika Wochepa, Achinyamata Akuda ndi Achipanichi (2015)