Achinyamata a ku Australia akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi mayanjano ndi zizolowezi zogonana (2017)

Ndemanga: Phunziro pa Australiya zaka za 15-29 zapeza kuti 100% ya amunawa adawona zolaula. Linanenanso kuti zolaula zambiri zomwe zimawoneka zikugwirizana ndi mavuto a thanzi la m'maganizo.

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Aust NZJ Zaumoyo Zamtundu. 2017 Jun 29.

yesani: 10.1111 / 1753-6405.12678.

Lim MSC^{1, 2,3}, Agius PA^{1, 2,4}, Carrotte ER¹, Vella AM¹, Hellard ME^1,2.

Kudalirika

ZOLINGA:

Pakati pa nkhawa zaumoyo wokhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe zingakhudze thanzi ndi thanzi la achinyamata, timafotokoza kuchuluka kwa owonera zolaula ndikuwunika zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kuwonera pafupipafupi ndi zaka poyang'ana koyamba.

ZITSANZO:

Kafukufuku wamakono pafupipafupi omwe amachitira anthu achigonjere omwe ali ndi zaka 15 mpaka zaka 29 omwe amawatenga kudzera m'masewero.

ZOKHUDZA:

Kuwonera zolaula nthawi zonse kunanenedwa ndi 815 a otsogolera a 941 (87%). M'badwo wam'mbuyomu poyang'ana zolaula poyamba anali zaka 13 kwa amuna ndi zaka 16 kwa akazi. Kuonera zolaula kawirikawiri kunkaphatikizidwa ndi amuna, azisinkhu, maphunziro apamwamba, osagonana amuna okhaokha, kugonana ndi kugonana komanso mavuto am'maganizo. Mng'ono wachinyamata poyang'ana zolaula poyamba anali kugwirizana ndi amuna aamuna, a msinkhu wachinyamata, maphunziro apamwamba, osagonana amuna okhaokha, zaka zingapo poyamba kugonana ndi mavuto am'maganizo aposachedwapa.

MAFUNSO:

Zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zimakhudzana ndi zotsatira zina zaumoyo ndi khalidwe. Kafufuzidwe ka nthawi yayitali amafunika kudziwa kuti zotsatira za zolaula zimakhudza bwanji izi. Zotsatira za thanzi labwino: Kuonerera zolaula ndizofala komanso kawirikawiri pakati pa achinyamata kuyambira ali aang'ono ndipo izi ziyenera kuganiziridwa mu maphunziro a kugonana.

MAWU OMWE: zolaula; thanzi lachiwerewere; zolaula; achinyamata

PMID: 28664609

DOI: 10.1111 / 1753-6405.12678

PKugwiritsa ntchito zolemba zapamwamba kungakhale chisamaliro cha thanzi. Kuwonjezeka kwa intaneti, mafoni ndi mafilimu pakati pa achinyamata a ku Australia kumatanthauza kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo zachilendo zaka zowononga zolaula zatha zaka zaposachedwapa.¹ Malipoti ochokera kumayambiriro ndi pakati pa 2000s amasonyeza kuti nthawi zonse zithunzi zolaula zinali 73-93% kwa anyamata achichepere ndi 11-62% kwa atsikana aang'ono ku Australia.^1,2 Kafukufuku wogwira mtima amasonyeza kuti achinyamata ambiri a ku Australia amakhulupirira kuti zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi anzawo,³ ngakhale malamulo oletsa anthu a zaka za 18 akuwona zolaula.⁴

Chofunika kwambiri pa umoyo wa anthu pa zochitika zolaula ndi chakuti zolaula zingakhudze kugonana kwa achinyamata mwa kuchititsa kumvetsetsa kuti khalidwe la kugonana ndi malingaliro awo ndi ovomerezeka, olandiridwa ndi opindulitsa.⁵ Ngakhale zolaula zitha kuwonedwa moyenera ndipo zimapereka mwayi wofufuzira za kugonana,^6,7 Zithunzi zolaula nthawi zambiri zimasonyeza makhalidwe amene anthu ambiri samawaona kuti ndi osiyana, osaganizira zokondweretsa, ndi / kapena ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu pazokhudzana ndi kugonana. Mwachitsanzo, pa zolaula zowonongeka pa 2-3% zokhudzana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu.^8,9

Pali mabuku ochulukirapo omwe akufotokoza zotsatira zowonongeka zokhudzana ndi kugonana, khalidwe la kugonana ndi thanzi labwino.¹⁰ Achinyamata awonetsa kuti akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula monga mtundu wa maphunziro a kugonana, monga kuphatikizapo zolaula-zochitika zowonongeka pamoyo wawo weniweni wa kugonana.^11,12 Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wamakhalidwe abwino amasonyeza kuti atsikana ena amakakamizidwa kuchita zolaula, zomwe zimawonetsedwa pa zochitika zolaula za 15-32% ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha,^8,9 ndipo ambiri amati izi zimachitika chifukwa cha zolaula zomwe amuna kapena akazi anzawo amagwiritsa ntchito.¹³ Padziko lonse, kufufuza kwa nthawi yaitali kwapeza kuti kuyang'ana pa zolaula, komanso nthawi zambiri, zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuyambitsa khalidwe la kugonana ali aang'ono pakati pa achinyamata.^14,15 Kuwonetseratu kwaposachedwapa kwawonetsera mgwirizano pakati pa zolaula zolaula ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere pakati pa ogula akulu;¹⁶ Umboni wokhudzana ndi zolaula ndi khalidwe logonana pakati pa achinyamata ndi wosakaniza.¹⁷

Kudziwitsa ndondomeko zaumoyo ndi maphunziro a kugonana, nkofunika kumvetsetsa momwe achinyamata amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndikuzindikira ngati zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zotsatira za thanzi ndi ukhondo. Kufufuza zolaula zokhudzana ndi achinyamata omwe akusintha kukhala akuluakulu pa nthawi ya smartphone ndizochepa, ndipo pakhala palibe maphunziro atsopano mu nkhani ya Australia. Pali vuto lalikulu la deta yamakono yomwe ilipo pokhudzana ndi msinkhu wa nthawi, kufotokozera kawirikawiri ndi njira zomwe anyamata amaonera zolaula. Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa zolaula kumawoneka mu chitsanzo chabwino cha achinyamata a ku Australia. Imafufuza zinthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndi zolaula zomwe zimawonera nthawi ndi nthawi poyang'ana ndi momwe zifukwa zomwe zimayendera zolaula zimayesedwa ndi amuna. Timaganiza kuti nthawi zambiri, nthawi zambiri kuonera zolaula zimakhudzana ndi chiopsezo cha kugonana komanso kuti machitidwe owonetsa zolaula angasiyanitse ndi amuna ndi anyamata omwe ali ndi mwayi wowonerera zolaula komanso kuonerera zolaula nthawi zambiri.

Njira

Kapangidwe ndi zitsanzo zake Kafukufukuyu anali kafukufuku wapaintaneti yemwe ali ndi zitsanzo za anthu a ku Victoria omwe ali ndi zaka 15 mpaka 29, zomwe zidachitika mu Januware mpaka Marichi 2015. Kuyenerera kunayesedwa kudzera munthawi yodzinenera mwezi ndi chaka chobadwa ndi postcode. Kulemba ntchito kunagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi media kuphatikiza zotsatsa zolipira pa Facebook, zoperekedwa kwa a Victorians azaka za 15-29, komanso zotsatsa zomwe zimagawidwa kudzera paukadaulo wa akatswiri ndi maukonde awo. Otsatsa sanatchule zolaula, koma adafotokoza kuti kafukufukuyu ndi wokhudza zaumoyo. Ophunzira adamaliza kufunsa mafunso pa intaneti omwe amafotokoza za kuchuluka kwa anthu, zakugonana komanso machitidwe, ndi machitidwe ena azaumoyo. Mafunsowa adasinthidwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku wa 'Sex, Drugs, and Rock'n'Roll' omwe asonkhanitsa zowopsa ndi zidziwitso zaumoyo kuchokera kwa achinyamata kuyambira 2005.¹⁸ Ophunzirawo anali ndi mwayi wopambana ndi voucher voucher. Chivomerezo chinaperekedwa ndi komiti ya Alfred Hospital Human Research Ethics.

Njira

Chiwerengero cha anthu chimaphatikizapo jenda (wamwamuna, wamkazi, transgender kapena wina) ndi zaka, zomwe zimawerengedwa kuyambira mwezi ndi chaka chobadwa. Ophunzira adanenetsa zaka zomwe adakumana ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zogonana, kapena akuwonetsa kuti sanachitepo kanthu; machitidwewa amaphatikizapo kukhudza maliseche a mnzanu ndi manja awo, kugwiridwa kumaliseche ndi dzanja la mnzanu, kumugonana mkamwa, kulandira kugonana mkamwa, kugonana kumaliseche (mbolo mu nyini), ndi kugonana kumatako (mbolo mu mphako). Papepalali, timagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti 'kugonana' kutanthauza chilichonse mwamakhalidwe asanu ndi limodziwa, pomwe 'kugonana' kumangotanthauza kugonana kwamaliseche kapena kumatako.

Zotsatira

Ophunzira anafunsidwa mafunso anayi owona zolaula; (palibe tsatanetsatane yeniyeni yowononga zolaula yomwe inaperekedwa pafunsolo):

• Munali ndi zaka zingati pamene munayamba kuona zolaula? (chosankha chomwe sichinawonedwepo sichinaperekedwe)
• Mu miyezi yotsiriza ya 12, ndi kangati mumawona zolaula? 'palibe', 'kupatula mwezi,' 'mwezi', 'mlungu uliwonse' kapena 'tsiku ndi tsiku / pafupifupi tsiku ndi tsiku'.
• Munkawona bwanji izi? 'kutsegula / kutsekedwa pa foni yam'manja', 'kutsegula / kutengedwa pamakompyuta', 'DVD', 'kukhala webusaiti', 'magazini / mabuku' kapena 'zina'
• Ndi ndani amene mumakonda kuona izi? 'ndi mnzanga', 'ndi anzanga,' kapena 'ndekha'

Kufufuza, 'mlungu uliwonse' ndi 'tsiku ndi tsiku / pafupifupi tsiku ndi tsiku' kunkaphatikizidwa monga 'mlungu uliwonse kapena kuposa'.

Zithunzi

Zinthu zotsatirazi zinaphatikizidwa mu zitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro athu:

Kugonana koyambirira - Anthu amene amayamba kufotokoza za khalidwe la kugonana (zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa) pa zaka 15 kapena achinyamata adasankhidwa kuti ali ndi zaka zingapo poyamba kugonana.

Chiwerewere - Anayamba kugonana ndi ana amtundu wankhanza ankawoneka ngati wosinthika.

Kuopsa kwa kugonana - Kuopsa kwa matenda opatsirana pogonana (STI) kunasokonezedwa kwa anthu omwe alibe, otsika kapena oopsa; Ophunzira akufotokoza kugonana popanda kugwiritsira ntchito makondomu ndi wina aliyense: omanga nawo atsopano, ogonana okhaokha kapena oposa mmodzi m'miyezi ya 12 yapitayi adasankhidwa kuti ali pachiopsezo chachikulu; omwe adagonana koma nthawi zonse amagwiritsira ntchito kondomu kapena kuwonetsa wokondedwa wokhazikika chaka chatha ankawoneka ngati otsika; Ophunzira omwe sakunena za zochitika zogonana amalingaliridwa kuti sali pangozi. Anthu omwe alibe chidziwitso chogonana ankawonekeratu monga momwe akufotokozera.

Thanzi labwino - Ophunzira adafunsidwa kuti ayankhe inde kapena ayi "M'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yapitayi mudakhala ndi mavuto amisala? Izi zikuphatikizaponso nkhani zomwe simunalankhulepo ndi a zaumoyo. ”

Zochitika - Ophunzira adasonyeza omwe amakhala nawo; Izi zinali zovuta kwa iwo omwe ankakhala ndi bwenzi lawo kapena samakhala ndi mnzawo.

Maphunziro - Ophunzirawo anaonetsa maphunziro apamwamba omwe adatsiriza. Izi zinali zovuta ku maphunziro aliwonse apamwamba apamwamba kapena ayi.

Kugonana - Ophunzirawo adasonyeza kuti iwo ali ndi chiwerewere. Izi zinali zovuta kuti azigonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna okhaokha, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, akufunsana mafunso, abambo kapena ena (GLBQQ +).

Analysis

Kufufuza kwa tebulo kwapadera kunagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka chiwerengero cha kufalikira kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, thanzi labwino ndi chiwerewere chokhudzana ndi chiopsezo cha kugonana ndi zowonera zolaula.

Kuwonongera kwa zolaula zamakono

Zolumikizana zamakono zowonera zolaula zakhala zikudziwika pogwiritsira ntchito zosiyana siyana zowonongeka; zonse bivariate ndi multivariate (kuphatikizapo mitundu yonse yodziimira). Kufufuza ngati zotsatira za zifukwa zina zinkasinthidwa ndi amuna, zochepa zotsatiridwa zitsanzo ndi mawu ogwirizana zinkayesedwa kuti zisonyezedwe. Kumene kuli kovuta kuganiza kuti sikunakwaniritsidwe chifukwa cha zochitika zina zomwe zimaperekedwa (mwachitsanzo, zozizwitsa zomwe zimakhala zosiyana siyana pazithunzi zolaula), zojambula zowonongeka komanso zowonongeka.¹⁹ ankagwiritsira ntchito kufotokozera zowonongeka zowonongeka kuti zikhale zovuta kuti zisawonongeke. Mayeso a Brant²⁰ komanso chiwerengero cha mayesero pakati pa zinyama zokongola zamtendere (zitsanzo zochepa zochepetsera zosangalatsa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu asankhepo) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kupereka chiwerengero cha chiwerengero ngati deta ili ndi malingaliro owerengeka omwe amatsutsana.

Zaka pa kuyang'ana zolaula

Ogwirizanitsa a msinkhu poyang'ana zolaula poyamba anali atagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito zoopsa zazing'ono,²¹ kuganizira zomwe zimachitika mu deta chifukwa cha ophunzira omwe anali asanayambe kuona zolaula pa nthawi yafukufukuwo. Kuphatikiza pa zotsatira zazikulu, mawu ogwirizanitsa amagwiritsidwanso kuti ali mu zitsanzo za moyo kuti aone momwe zotsatirazo zinayesedwera ndi chiwerewere. M'zaka zam'mazana panthawi yoyang'ana zithunzi zolaula, kugonana ndi kugonana zinayambanso kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi.

Njira yothetsera vuto lonse idagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza momwe anthu omwe akusowa deta pazinthu zonse zofunikira zowunikiridwa zidatulukidwe ndizofukufuku. Kufufuza konse kunkachitika pogwiritsa ntchito Stata statistical package ya 13.1.

Results

Pakati pa anthu a 1,001 omwe adafunsidwa, asanu ndi anayi amadziwika ngati transgender kapena 'ena' koma sanagwiritsidwe ntchito pofufuza chifukwa cha ziwerengero zing'onozing'ono m'magulu awa. Otsatira ena a 26 sanayankhe mafunso okhudza zolaula ndipo 25 inasonyeza deta yosadziwika pazigawo zofunikira kwambiri ndipo sizinawonongeke. Zomwe zilibe vutoli zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi zowonera zolaula (p= 0.555) kapena zaka poyang'ana zithunzi zolaula (p= 0.729).

Pa otsogolera a 941 anaphatikizapo, 73% anali azimayi ndipo zaka zapakati ndi zaka 20 (IQR 17-24) kwa akazi ndi zaka 21 (IQR 19-25) kwa amuna. Tchati 1 imasonyeza makhalidwe a omwe akufunsidwa. Pakati pa otsogolera a 804 omwe adanena kuti adayamba kugonana ndi mnzake, zaka zapakati pa nthawi yogonana ndi 16 zaka (IQR 16-17) kwa akazi ndi zaka 16 (IQR 16-16) kwa amuna. Pakati pa anthu a 710 omwe adanena kuti anayamba kugonana, zaka zapakati pa nthawi yogonana ndi zaka 17 (IQR 17-18) kwa akazi ndi zaka 18 (IQR 17-18) kwa amuna.

Gulu 1. Zitsanzo zazikhalidwe za anthu, zikhalidwe zaumoyo komanso chiwerewere: Kuwerengera (n) ndi peresenti (%) (n = 941).

Kuyang'ana nthawi zonse zolaula kunayambika ndi otsogolera a 815 (87%). Amuna amodzi amawonetsa maulendo opitirira maulendo oonera zolaula kuposa azimayi 2). Ambiri mwa ophunzira (n = 629, 87%) kawirikawiri amayang'ana zolaula okha ndipo nthawi zambiri amamasula kapena kuwotula zolaula pa kompyuta kapena foni. Zaka zam'mbuyomu poyang'ana zithunzi zolaula zinali zaka 13 kwa anthu ammagulu (95% CI = 12-13) ndi zaka 16 kwa amai omwe ali nawo (95% CI = 16-16; p<0.001).

Tinayerekezera zaka za omwe adatenga nawo gawo poyamba kuwonera zolaula ndi zaka zawo koyamba kugonana. Ophunzira makumi anayi ndi anayi (5%) akuti sanawonepo zolaula kapena kugona nawo, 536 (57%) adawonapo zolaula asanagonane, 80 (9%) adakumana ndi msinkhu womwewo, ndipo 281 (30%) anali achichepere koyamba kugonana poyerekeza ndi kuwonera zolaula koyamba.

Mayesero a Brant anatsimikizira kuti kuganiza kwa zovuta zofanana kwa chitsanzo chodziwika sikunali kwanzeru kupereka deta (χ²(20) = 50.3; p<0.001). Ziwopsezo zakugonana (χ²(2) = 11.8; p= 0.003) ndi thanzi labwino (χ²(2) = 5.7; p= 0.05) ziwonetsero zinawonetsa zosagwirizana. Izi zinkatsimikiziridwa ndi chiwerengero choyesa kuwonetsetsa kuchokera ku chitsanzo cha kukongola, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti zochitika zowonjezereka zowonongeka mwachitsanzo ndizomwe zimakhala zosangalatsa zofanana (ie, chifukwa cha chiwerewere ndi zinthu zokhudzana ndi thanzi labwino) zinasonyeza bwino kwambiri kusiyana ndi chitsanzo choletsedwa (LR χ²(6) = 31.5; p<0.001). Chifukwa chake, pachiwopsezo chogonana komanso thanzi lamisala mtundu wosagwiritsidwa ntchito udagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Table 3 imasonyeza kuti zithunzi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekezera ndi kukongoletsa. Ophunzira achikazi sakanatha kuyang'anitsitsa zolaula nthawi zambiri poyerekeza ndi amuna amodzi (AOR = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.01-0.12). Kusanthula kunasonyeza kuti poyerekeza ndi anthu ogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, awo omwe anali GLBQQ + anali ndi mwayi wambiri woonera zolaula mobwerezabwereza (AOR = 3.04; 95% CI = 2.20-4.21); ndipo ena omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba apamwamba anali 48% ambiri (AOR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.01-2.17) kuti awonere zolaula mobwerezabwereza kuposa omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba. Anthu amene amafotokoza zochitika zogonana ndi abambo amatha kuona zolaula nthawi zambiri (AOR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.09-2.06); Komabe, kuyerekezera kugwirizana pakati pa kugonana kwa abambo ndi chikhalidwe cha amuna (AOR = 2.47; 95% CI = 1.03-5.90; Wald χ²(1) = 4.14; p= 0.042) amasonyeza kuti mgwirizano umenewu umangokhala kwa akazi okha (amuna: AOR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.33-1.45; akazi: AOR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.12-2.63). Panalibe kugwirizana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka pakati pa kugonana ndi chidziwitso cha kugonana (Wald χ²(1) = 2.29; p= 0.13) kapena chikhalidwe ndi moyo (Wald χ²(1) = 0.17; p= 0.68).

Gulu 3. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kuwonera zolaula pafupipafupi: kusanthula kwakanthawi kofanana kuchokera pazowoneka bwino komanso zosakanikirana zosonyeza kusasinthika (OR) ndikusintha magawo (AOR), magawo a chidaliro cha 95% (95% CI) ndi mitengo yazotheka (p-maganizo) (n = 941) †.

Poyerekeza ndi anthu omwe sanamvepo kugonana, anthu ogonana amadziona kuti ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu (AOR = 1.91; 95% CI = 1.23-2.98) kapena ngozi yaikulu (AOR = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.44-4.16) kugonana khalidwe linalake likanati liwonetsere kuonerera zolaula kupatula mwezi uliwonse, koma panalibe kusiyana kwa zowonera zolaula mobwerezabwereza m'magulu awa. Mofananamo, kunali kusagwirizana kwabwino chifukwa cha mavuto a matenda a m'maganizo ponseponse pa zochitika zolaula. Poyerekeza ndi omwe alibe mbiri ya matenda okhudza matenda a m'maganizo m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yapitayo, iwo omwe amafotokoza mavuto a matenda a m'maganizo panthawiyi anali 65% ambiri omwe amawawonera kuonera zolaula kuposa mwezi uliwonse (AOR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.18-2.31) ndipo 52% ambiri amawoneka mlungu uliwonse kapena mobwerezabwereza (AOR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.06-2.18).

Table 4 imasonyeza kuti anthu amayamba kuwonera zolaula poyang'ana zolaula. Kulimbana ndi zovuta zowonongeka, zaka zochepa poyang'ana zithunzi zolaula zinafotokozedwa ndi ophunzira omwe anali amuna, pakali pano, omwe anali ndi chibwenzi, sanakwaniritse sukulu ya sekondale, anali ndi zaka zing'onozing'ono zogonana, ndipo adanena kuti ali ndi thanzi labwino vuto. Anthu amene amawafotokozera GLBQQ + amadziwika kuti ndi achiwerewere amatha kuona zolaula kuyambira ali aang'ono (AOR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.05-1.48); Komabe, kuyerekezera kugwirizana pakati pa chiwerewere ndi chikhalidwe (AOR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.43-3.02; Wald χ²(1) = 14.6; p<0.01)) adawonetsa kuti mayanjano awa amangokhala azimayi okha (amuna: AHR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.50-1.04; akazi: AOR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.34-1.99).

Gulu 4. Ma Correlates azaka zoyambira kuwonera zolaula: Cox zowerengera zowopsa zowunikiranso zowunikira zosasinthidwa (HR) ndikusintha koyerekeza (AHR), kudalira kwa 95% (95% CI) ndi mfundo zowoneka bwino (p-mfundo).

Kukambirana

Kuwona zolaula kunali kofala pakati pa achinyamata mu chitsanzo chathu, makamaka pakati pa anyamata. Amuna 100 mwa anyamata ndi 82% a atsikana anaonapo zolaula. M'badwo wam'mbuyomu poyang'ana zolaula poyamba anali zaka 13 kwa amuna ndi zaka 16 kwa akazi. Amuna makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu anayi pa anyamata ndi 19% a atsikana anawona zolaula pa mlungu uliwonse kapena tsiku ndi tsiku. Phunziro lachiwiri la Australiya la Health and Relationships, lomwe linapangidwa ku 2012-2013, silinaphatikizepo kuchuluka kwa nthawi kapena zochitika zolaula; Komabe, anapeza kuti achinyamata ocheperapo ankaonera zolaula: 84% ya amuna a 16-19; 89% ya amuna a 20-29; 28% ya amayi a zaka 16-19; ndi 57% ya amayi a zaka 20-29.²² Kafukufuku wina wa ku Australia akusonyeza kuti chiŵerengero cha anthu posachedwapa akuwonetsedwa ku zolaula chikuwonjezeka. Mu 2012-13, 63% ya amuna ndi 20% ya amayi a zaka zapakati pa 16 ndi kumbuyo adawona zolaula chaka chatha.²³ Poyerekeza, mu 2001-02, 17% mwa amuna ndi 12% azimayi anali atapita ku webusaiti yathu yogonana pa intaneti.²⁴ Chiwerengero cha anthu a ku Australia akuwonera zolaula asanakwanitse zaka 16 chinawonjezeka kuchokera ku 37% mu 1950s mpaka 79% kumayambiriro a 2000.¹

Azimayi anali ochepa kwambiri kuposa amuna kuti aziwonerera zolaula, amaziyang'ana mobwerezabwereza, ndipo amawoneka akukalamba. Zomwe akupezazi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wa US omwe amalemba kuti amuna amatha kuwonetsa zithunzi zolaula pa msinkhu wawo kusiyana ndi akazi.²⁵ Ngakhale kuti amuna anali owonetsa kwambiri zolaula, ziyenera kudziwika kuti pakati pa azimayi a 82% omwe amawonetsa zolaula ambiri (84%) kawirikawiri ankawoneka okha ndipo 22% amawayang'ana mlungu uliwonse. Izi zikusonyeza kuti pali amayi ambiri omwe amaonera zolaula nthawi zonse. Kafukufuku wakale wasonyeza kuti anyamata achichepere amafotokoza makhalidwe abwino oonera zolaula kuposa atsikana omwe ali achinyamata; Komabe, atsikana ali ndi maganizo abwino pamene akukula.²⁵

Tinapeza zolaula zambiri pakati pa GLBTIQQ + achinyamata; Izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale.^26,27 Kupeza kumeneku kungasonyeze kuti palibe chidziwitso pakati pa chikhalidwe chosiyana ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere losagonana, zomwe zimachititsa kuti munthu adziwe zambiri zokhudza zolaula.²⁸ Mwachitsanzo, mu phunziro loyenera la anyamata kapena anyamata omwe adakali achinyamata, otsogolera adanena kuti akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti aphunzire za ziwalo zogonana komanso ntchito, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuphunzira za kugonana ndi maudindo komanso kumvetsetsa momwe kugonana kumayenera kumverera mawu osangalatsa ndi zopweteka.⁶

Mwa amayi, zolaula zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukhala ndi chilakolako cha kugonana. Kafukufuku wakale wapeza kuti amayi ena amapeza kugonana kwa abambo; Komabe, amayi amanena kuti kugonana kwa abambo sikusangalatsanso kusiyana ndi amuna omwe amachita zambiri.²⁹ Phunziro limodzi labwino, amayi adanena kuti akukakamizidwa kapena kukakamizidwa kugonana ndi abambo omwe anawona zolaula.¹³ Zinali zosangalatsa kuti mu phunziro lathu, kugwirizana pakati pa kugonana ndi zolaula kunapezeka kwa amai koma osati amuna. Zowonjezereka zowonjezera kuti amayi omwe ali ndi chidwi chofuna kuphunzira zokhudzana ndi kugonana kosiyana kapena angakhale ndi chidwi chofuna kuyesa kugonana ndi ana nthawi zambiri amawonera zolaula; Komanso, amai omwe amawonerera zolaula angakhale oganiza kuti kugonana kwa abambo kumayembekezeredwa ndi amuna awo.

Kuwongolera mwatsatanetsatane kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi ogula akuluakulu amapeza zogwirizana pakati pa kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi zochitika zogonana zopanda chitetezo komanso chiwerengero cha anthu ogonana.¹⁶ Umboni wokhudzana ndi zolaula komanso khalidwe logonana pakati pa achinyamata ndi wosakaniza.¹⁷ Kafukufuku wina wa anyamata ndi achinyamata adasonyezana maubwenzi pakati pa zolaula komanso ogonana nawo nthawi zambiri.^30,31 Kafukufuku wina anapeza kuti kugonana pakati pa zolaula ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kondomu kwa anyamata, koma osati kwa akazi, komanso kusagwirizana pakati pa zolaula ndi anthu omwe amagonana nawo kapena achichepere.²⁷ Kafukufuku wina sanapeze mgwirizano pakati pa zolaula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kugonana popanda chitetezo ndi ogonana okhaokha.³² Phunziro la tsopano, sitinapeze mgwirizano pakati pa zaka zolaula powonera zolaula ndi khalidwe laposachedwapa la chiopsezo cha kugonana. Tinapezanso kuti poyerekeza ndi omwe anali osadziŵa zambiri za kugonana, awo omwe anali pachiopsezo chachikulu kapena chiopsezo chachikulu chogonana anali ndi zovuta zambiri zoonera zolaula kupatula mwezi uliwonse poyerekeza ndi kusawona konse. Kuonerera zolaula mobwerezabwereza (mwezi uliwonse, mlungu uliwonse kapena tsiku ndi tsiku) sikunagwirizane ndi kusiyana kwa khalidwe la chiwerewere. Kafukufuku wina sanafufuze za mgwirizano pakati pa chiopsezo cha chiwerewere ndi maulendo osiyanasiyana owonera zolaula, ndipo kufufuza kwina kuli kofunika kuti muone ngati kuonerera zolaula kupatula mwezi uliwonse ndikofunika koyambira pa mgwirizano ndi chiwerewere. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa maphunziro kungakhale chifukwa cha anthu osiyanasiyana, zojambula kafukufuku, kutanthauzira, kapena kuyika njira zosiyana za makhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana.¹⁷

Kukula msinkhu pachiyambi chokhudzana ndi kugonana kwasonyezedwa kukhala ndi mayanjano oipa ndi thanzi labwino la kugonana.^18,33 Ukalamba pa nthawi yoyamba zogonana zinkagwirizana ndi kuonera zolaula zazing'ono koma osati maulendo ambiri omwe akuwonekera panopa. Kafukufuku wambiri amagawuni amathandizira mgwirizano pakati pa zolaula ndi kuyambitsa khalidwe lachiwerewere ali wamng'ono.^22,34-36 Kafufuzidwe kafukufuku wa nthawi yaitali padziko lonse apeza kuti kuyang'anitsitsa ndi kuwonetsa zolaula nthawi zonse kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuyambitsa khalidwe la kugonana ali wamng'ono.^14,15 Komabe, ubale uwu sungakhale wachisokonezo; Zingasokonezeke ndi chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akutsatira.

Chigwirizano pakati pa matenda osokonezeka maganizo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kalelo kawiri kawiri kanatchulidwa. Mu kufufuza kwa Swedish, pafupifupi 20% ya ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula tsiku ndi tsiku anali ndi zizindikiro zowawa, kwambiri kuposa owerenga osasintha (12.6%).¹¹ Kawirikawiri kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kwakhudzidwa ndi zotsatira zoipa,³⁷ kudandaula ndi nkhawa pakati pa anyamata,³⁸ ndi zizindikiro zachisoni kwa atsikana.³⁹ Zithunzi zolaula zomwe zimachitika kwa ana aang'ono zakhala zikugwirizana ndi kuvutika kwa nthaŵi yochepa;⁴⁰ Komabe, pazodziwitsa zathu iyi ndi phunziro loyamba kuti liwonetsetse mgwirizano pakati pa msinkhu wa chiwonongeko ndi umoyo wathanzi mu moyo wamtsogolo.

Ma correlates ena omwe amayamba kuwonetsa zolaula amagwiritsa ntchito maphunzilo apamwamba komanso osakhala ndi mnzawo. Anthu omwe amakhala ndi bwenzi lawo akhoza kuona zolaula mocheperachepera chifukwa chogonana mobwerezabwereza, kapena mwinamwake kuchokera pa mwayi wochepa woonera zolaula.

Zotsatira za thanzi labwino

Zotsatira za phunziroli zili ndi zofunikira pakupanga maphunziro a chiwerewere. Zotsatira zikusonyeza kuti achinyamata ambiri awona zolaula ndipo pafupifupi anyamata onse nthawi zambiri amawonera zolaula. Choncho, ndikofunikira kuti zolaula zifotokozedwe ngati gawo la maphunziro apamwamba a maphunziro a kugonana kwa sukulu ya sekondale. Zithunzi zolaula zimayang'aniridwa kuyambira ali aang'ono, choncho mapulogalamu oyenera a maphunziro ayenera kukhala akuyendetsedwa kuchokera ku sukulu ya sekondale, osati mwamsanga. Mapulogalamu otere sayenera kukhala osasintha, monga momwe zotsatira zathu zikusonyezera kuti awo omwe amadziwika monga GLBQQ + amawonerera zolaula kawirikawiri komanso kuyambira ali aang'ono. Sitiyeneranso kuganiza kuti atsikana sangayang'ane kapena kusangalala ndi zolaula. Ndondomeko za maphunziro ziyenera kuthana ndi nkhani monga kufalikira komanso kuchita zachiwerewere zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha m'dzikoli mosiyana ndi zolaula. Ngakhale mapulogalamu ophunzitsa zolaula amayamba kuwonekera;^41,42 Padzakhalanso kafukufuku wowona kuti njirayi ikuyenda bwino.¹⁰

Lamulo la ku Australia limaletsa anthu pansi pa 18 kuti asaone zolaula;⁴ Komabe, zomwe tapeza zikuwonetsa kuti malamulo ndi malamulo sakulepheretsa kupeza mwayi kuyambira ali wamng'ono. Mapulojekiti monga mapulogalamu oyang'anira zaka, mapulogalamu a pa intaneti ndi kuwunika kwa makolo angathe kuthandizira kuchepetsa zochitika zolaula, makamaka pakati pa ana aang'ono. Komabe, njirazi sizingakhale zothandiza poletsa mnyamata wolimbikitsidwa kuti apeze zolaula.^2,43

Kugwirizana pakati pa umoyo wathanzi ndi zolaula ndi chifukwa chodandaula. Sindikudziwa bwinobwino kuti zolaula ndizovuta chifukwa cha matenda osokoneza maganizo kapena ngati zizindikiro za mavuto. Mulimonsemo, iwo omwe akugwira ntchito yophunzitsa achinyamata omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino angafune kuganizira ngati zolaula ndizovuta kwa makasitomala ena.

sitingathe

Zomwe zingatheke poyesa zotsatila zathu zotsatilapo zikuphatikizapo kuti mafunso sanali kusiyanitsa pakati pa zolaula ndi mwadzidzidzi ndi zolaula komanso kuti palibe kufotokoza momveka bwino kapena kuwonetsera zolaula. Kuwonjezera apo, palibe tsatanetsatane omwe anasonkhanitsidwa pa zolinga zoyang'ana kapena zolemba zomwe zilipo. Kafukufuku wakale wapeza zifukwa zina zowonetsera zolaula zomwe sizinaphatikizidwe mu kufufuza kwathu, kuphatikizapo kukhutitsidwa pang'ono mu maubwenzi ndi kugonana, chiwawa komanso kugonana kwa amai.¹⁴ Zina zowonongeka sizinagwiritse ntchito miyeso yovomerezeka, mwachitsanzo, mavuto a thanzi la matenda adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chinthu chimodzi. Kafukufukuyu sanaphatikize mitundu yokhudzana ndi zolaula. Kafukufukuyu adadalira chidziwitso chodzidzimutsa, chomwe chiyenera kukumbukira kukondera ndi kudzikonda. Kupanga zofukufuku pamtanda kumatanthauza kuti sitinganene kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa zolaula ndi zina. Pomaliza, kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito sampula yabwino yomwe inatumizidwa pa intaneti, yomwe siyimirire anthu ambiri.

Mawuwo

Uwu ndi kafukufuku woyamba ku Australia kuwunika mayanjano omwe amapezeka pakati pafupipafupi ndi zaka zoyambira zolaula ndikuchita zachiwerewere, thanzi lam'mutu, ndi mawonekedwe ena pakati pa achinyamata. Kafukufuku wathu wasonyeza kuti kuwonera zolaula ndikofala komanso kumachitika kawirikawiri pakati pa achinyamata aku Australia kuyambira ali aang'ono. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumalumikizidwa ndi zotulukapo zowopsa, monga mavuto amisala, kugonana ali wamng'ono komanso kugonana kumatako. Kuti mufufuze zomwe zingayambitse zolaula paumoyo wamakhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha achinyamata, kafukufuku wazaka zambiri amafunikira. Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kufunikira kophatikizira kukambirana za zolaula pamaphunziro azakugonana kuyambira ali mwana.

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