Inkolelo evamile kunye engafanelekanga yokuba umlingo ulingana "nengozi" kwingqondo, okanye ukuba umlutha yabangela "umonakalo" kwingqondo. Nangona ezinye izinto eziluthayo (i-meth, i-alcohol) ingaba neurotoxicity, umlutha kubangelwa yinkqutyana ethile yenguqu yenguqu engabonakaliyo ngokuthi "umonakalo wengqondo". Debunking the umonakalo njengomlutha meme, inikotini (ehanjiswa ngeesigarethi) ithathwa njengenye yezona zinto zilikhobokisayo, ukanti inikotini iyabuphucula ubuchopho kwaye inezinye izibonelelo zempilo ezinokubakho ("uninzi lomlutha" luthetha ukuba ipesenti enkulu yabasebenzisi ekugqibeleni iba ngamakhoboka). Jonga amanqaku malunga nezibonelelo ze-nicotine: I-Nicotine: Ubungenakwenzeka Ubunzima Ukuphucula Imithi.
Umlutha ngowokukodwa Ukuphazamiseka kokufunda kunye nememori -Kwezininzi (kodwa ayizizo zonke) iziyobisi ezibangelwa ziziyobisi zisebenzisa iindlela ezifanayo nezibandakanyeka ekufundeni nakwimemori: Umlutha njengengxaki yokuFunda. Oko kwathiwa, ubuchopho buguquka njengokungafuneki okanye ukungazenzisi kungabandakanywa utshintsho olungaphantsi kwe-sambuli yokufunda (ukulahleka kwezinto ezimpunga, ukunciphisa umonakalo, ukunciphisa ukuxhunyezwa komsebenzi).
Abaphandi ngeziyobisi bayavuma ukuba abo bahlakulela isimilo sokuziphatha baba namava okutshintsha kwengqondo ngokufanayo nakwabo banamakhoboka eziyobisi. Oku akuthethi ukuba zonke iinguqu zeselfowuni kunye ne-biochemical efanayo ziyafana kuye wonke umntu onomlutha. Endaweni yoko, oko kuthetha ukuba zonke iziyobisi isabelo ezimbalwa iingqondo ezingundoqo. Utshintsho olukhulu lweengqondo ezi-4 lubandakanyeka kuzo zombini izilwanyana kunye nokuziphatha kakubi, njengoko kuchazwe kweli phepha elipapashwe kulo nyaka I-New England Journal of Medicine: "UI-Neurobiologic Intuthuko evela kwi-Brain Disease Model of Addiction (2016)". Olu hlaziyo luphawuleka nguMlawuli weZiko leSizwe ngokuSetyenziswa gwenxa kotywala kunye notywala (NIAAA) UGeorge F. Koob, kunye nomlawuli weSizwe soMgaqo-nkqubo wokuThatshazwa kweziyobisi (NIDA) Nora D. Volkow, ingabonakali nje inguqu yenguqu echaphazelekayo ekugqithiseni, ikwabonisa kwakhona kumhlathi wokuvula ukuba umlutha wesondo ukhona:
"Sigqiba ekubeni i-neuroscience iyaqhubeka ixhasa uhlobo lwesifo sengqondo somlutha. Uphando lwe-neuroscience kule ndawo aliniki nje ngamathuba amatsha okuthintela kunye nokunyangwa kwezilwanyana eziphathekayo kunye nezidakamizwa zokuziphatha (umzekelo, ukutya, isini, kunye nokugembula) .... "
Ngendlela elula, kwaye ebanzi, imigqaliselo ebalulekileyo yongxaki yokuguqula ingqondo yile: 1) Sensitization, 2) Ukuxhatshazwa, 3) Izijikelezo ezingasebenzi (unobungqina), i-4) Izijikelezo ezingasebenzi. Zonke i-4 zale nguqu zengqondo ziye zafunyanwa phakathi Izifundo ze-50 ezisekwe kwi-neuroscience kubasebenzisi be-porn rhoqo kunye neziyobisi:
- Sensitization (cue-reactivity kunye neminqweno): Imijikelezo yobuchopho ebandakanyeka ekukhuthazeni nasekufumaneni umvuzo ukuba ubuthathaka kwiimemori okanye iindlela ezinxulumene nokuziphatha okuluthayo. Oku kubangela ukwandisa "ukufunwa" okanye ukuthanda xa kunqwenela okanye ukuzonwabisa kunciphisa. Ngokomzekelo, iziqendu, ezifana nokuguqula ikhompyutha, ukubona i-pop-up, okanye ukuba yedwa, kubangela nzima kanzima ukungaziboni iimfuno zoononophala. Abanye bachaza impendulo yoononophelo ephathekayo njengokungena kwi-tunnel ephunywe kuphela: i-porno. Mhlawumbi uziva ukhawuleza, intliziyo ekhawulezayo, ukuthuthumela, kunye nayo yonke into ongayicinga ngayo ngokungena kwisayithi yakho oyithandayo. Ukufundiswa kweengxelo zokukhuthaza ukubika ingxelo okanye ukukhangela-abasebenzisa abasebenzisi bezononisi: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25.
- Ukuxhatshazwa (ukunciphisa ukuqonda komvuzo): Oku kubandakanya ukutshintsha kwexesha elide kunye neengqungquthela zesakhiwo ezishiya umntu abajongene nokuzonwabisa. Ukuhlengahlengiswa kuhlala kubonakalisa njengokunyamezelana, sisidingo sedosi ephezulu okanye ukukhuthaza okukhulu ukufikelela kwimpendulo efanayo. Abanye abasebenzisi bezononografi bachitha ixesha elininzi kwi-Intanethi, bandise iiseshoni ngokuhlela, ukubukela xa bengaphululi amalungu esini, okanye ukukhangela ividiyo egqibeleleyo yokuphela. Ukuhlengahlengiswa kwemeko kunokuthatha indlela yokwenyuka kweentlobo ezintsha, ngamanye amaxesha kunzima kwaye kungaziwa, okanye kuphazamise. Khumbula: ukothuka, ukothuka okanye unxunguphalo lunokwenza i-dopamine. Olunye uphononongo lusebenzisa igama elithi "ukuhlala," elinokubandakanya iindlela zokufunda okanye iindlela zokulutha. Izifundo zokubika ukungafuneki okanye ukuhlala kubasebenzisi bezesono / izilonda zesini: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
- Izijikelezo ezingasebenzi (amandla obuthathaka obuthathaka + ukusebenza kwakhona kwe-hyper-reacue to cues): Utshintsho ekusebenzeni kwangaphambili kunye nokunxibelelana phakathi kwesekethe yomvuzo kunye ne-lobe yangaphambili kukhokelela kunciphiso lolawulo lwempembelelo, kodwa ke inkanuko enkulu yokusebenzisa. Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwemijikelezo yangaphambili ibonisa ukuba uziva ngathi iinxalenye ezimbini zobuchopho bakho zibandakanyeka kwimfazwe yomlo. Iindlela zokunyanzelisa iziyobisi ziyakhwaza 'Ewe!' Ngelixa 'ingqondo yakho ephezulu' isithi, 'Hayi, hayi kwakhona!' Ngelixa iinxalenye zolawulo oluphezulu kwengqondo yakho zikwimeko ebuthathaka iindlela zokulutha zihlala ziphumelela. Izifundo zokuxela "ukungazenzisi" okanye ukutshintsha imisebenzi ephambili kubasebenzisi be-porn: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.
- Izijikelezo ezingasebenzi -Inokubangela noxinzelelo oluncinci olukhokelela kwiminqweno kunye nokuphinda ubuye ngenxa yokuba ivuselela iindlela ezinamandla zokukhuthaza. Izifundo zokuxela iimpendulo zoxinzelelo olungasebenziyo kubasebenzisi be-porn / iziyobisi ngokwesondo: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Ingaba ezo ngqondo ziguquka kuphela? Inombolo nganye yalezi zibonakaliso ezibanzi zibonakalisa i-subtler Ukuguqulwa kwamaselula kunye nokuguqulwa kwamachiza-Njengoko ukuskena komhlaza bekungabonakalisi utshintsho olunxulumene neselfowuni / utshintsho lweekhemikhali. Uninzi lotshintsho olufihlakeleyo alunakuvavanywa kwiimodeli zabantu ngenxa yokuhlasela kwetekhnoloji efunekayo. Nangona kunjalo, zichongiwe kwiimodeli zezilwanyana (jonga kule Matshi, i-2018 yenziwe yintloko ye-NIDA, uNora D. Volkow Kuthetha ukuthini xa sibiza umlutha we-Brain Disorder?).
Ubuntununtunu bakholelwa ekubeni lolona tshintsho luphambili lobuchopho, njengoko lukwenza ulunqwenele, nokuba yeyiphi na, kwaye ibandakanya phantse iindlela ezifanayo nemeko yokuqala yezesondo. Bukela - Ubunjengebuntongo obuneminyaka engama-10 bubambisana noThishino lwe-intanethi ephakamileyo (2013), emalunga neemeko zesondo nge-intanethi nge-intanethi ngexesha lokufikisa. Ngapha koko, Ucwaningo lwe-brain cvridge university (kunye nabanye abangu-20 olu luhlu) ufumene ukukhuthaza (ukukhwabanisa okukhulu okanye ukuthanda) kubasebenzisi abangabonwayo boononophelo.
Oko kwathiwa, iyeza ngalinye lichaphazela ngokukodwa i-physiology, kwaye iziyobisi zingatshintsha ingqondo ngendlela iindlela zokuziphatha ezingazenzi ngayo. Ukongeza, iziyobisi ezinje ngecocaine kunye ne-meth ziphakamisa i-dopamine ephezulu kakhulu (ekuqaleni) kunamanqanaba afumanekayo ngemivuzo yendalo. Kunokwenzeka ukuba iziyobisi, ngenxa yetyhefu yazo, zinokubangela ukonakala okusisigxina kwiinkqubo zedopamine, ezingazenziyo izilingo zokuziphatha.
Kungenxa yoko le nto ingalunganga xa iiwebhusayithi okanye izithethi zithetha oko I-porn ye-intanethi ifana ne-meth okanye i-cocaine. Ezi zinto zilinganayo zikhokelela abantu ekucingeni ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-porn kunokubangela umonakalo njengokusebenzisa imeth. Kwabanye, ukukhaba iziyobisi ezingamanyala kunokuba nzima kunokukhaba iziyobisi, kodwa oku akubonisi ukuba kubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwimithambo-luvo. Ubunzima ekupheliseni umlutha unokuhambelana nje nenqanaba lotshintsho lwe-neuroplastic olubangelwa kukusetyenziswa.
Eyona nto ibacaphukisayo ngabo bathi ukungaziphathi kakuhle, okanye "kukunyanzelwa," kodwa ayizizo iziyobisi eziyinyani. Iingxelo ezinjalo azinasiseko sesayensi, kuba utshintsho olufanayo lweemolekyuli lubangela isimilo sokuziphatha kunye nemichiza. Iswitshi yenkosi ebangela utshintsho olunxulumene nomlutha yiprotein DeltaFosB. Amanqanaba aphezulu okusetyenziswa imivuzo yemvelo (isini, iswekile, ephezulu) okanye ukulawula okungapheliyo malunga nasiphi na isichengululo sokusetyenziswa gadalala kubangela ukuba i-DeltaFosB iqokelele kwiziko lokuvuza.
Umlutha we-neuroplasticity ungatshwankathelwa ngokuthi: Ukuqhubeka kokusebenzisa → iDeltaFosB → ukusetyenziswa kweendiza → utshintsho kwi-synapses → ukukhuthaza nokungafuni. (Jonga Ubunzima Bomlutha ukufumana iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu.) Kubonakala ukuba Utshintsho olumalunga noxilongo luya kutshintsha ekugqibeleni ukulahlekelwa kolawulo olulawulayo (ukungazenzisi) kunye nempendulo yokuguquka kwengcinezelo, ezinye iimpawu ezinobungozi.
DeltaFosB injongo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kukukhuthaza thina ukuba "siyifumane ngelixa ukufumana kulungile!" Yindlela yotywala ye ukutya kwaye ukuvelisa, esebenza kakuhle kwamanye amaxesha kunye neendawo. Le mihla yenza izilingo ukutya okungenamsoco kunye ne-intanethi ye-intanethi njengoko kulula njenge1-2-3.
Qaphela ukuba iziyobisi eziyingozi zibangelwa umlutha kuba ziphakamisa okanye zivimbela iindlela sele sele ikhona kwimbuyekezo yemvelo. Yingakho i-American Society of Addiction Medicine ithi ukuba izidlo zokutya kunye neentlobano zesini ziyizobisi eziyinyaniso.
Ukuqinisekiswa kweendlela zokuxhatshazwa komzimba kukuguqulwa kolunye ubomi obungapheliyo kwizilwanyana zomzimba kunye nokuziphatha kakubi. Ngendlela elula, le mizila ibonisa iinkumbulo eziqinileyo, ezithe zenziwa xa zikhutshwe, zithintela i-circuit circuit, kunye nezifiso.
Ngaba ubuntununtunu buya kuphela ngokuhamba kwexesha? U-Eric Nestler ucinga njalo. Wenza uphando oluninzi kwiindlela zobuchopho zokulutha. Nantsi i-Q & A evela kwiwebhusayithi yakhe. Ufundile ngokukodwa i-DeltaFosB, iprotein kunye nezinto ezikhutshelweyo (oko kuthetha ukuba kulawula ukwenziwa kwemfuza) ekhankanywe apha ngasentla.
09. Ingaba utshintsho kwingqondo yakho lunokutshintshwa?
A. “Akukho bungqina bokuba utshintsho kwingqondo olunxulunyaniswa neziyobisi lusisigxina. Endaweni yoko, sikholelwa ekubeni olu tshintsho lunokubuyiselwa umva, nangona oku kungathatha ixesha elide, kaninzi iminyaka kwaye ukubuyela umva kufuna "ukuyeka" imikhwa emibi (inyanzeliso) enxulunyaniswa nomlutha.
Kodwa utshintsho ngokubanzi aluhlali ixesha elingaziwayo. Kucacile ukuba iDeltaFosB iqokelelelela kwinqanaba lokutya kunye nokwabelana ngesondo. Siyazibuza ukuba ngaba utshintsho olulungileyo olufumana abasebenzisi bezononono ngokubanzi lubona malunga ne-4-8 iiveki ezinokuthi zihambelane nokuhla kwe-DeltaFosB.
Ukusuka kwinqaku elibizwa ngokuba yi "The Pleasure Principle" kwi inzululwazi phephancwadi:
U-Nestler kunye noogxa bakhe bafumene ubuncinci imolekyuli ebonakala ngathi ichaphazela iziyobisi, nangona kunjalo. Iprotein, ebizwa [DELTA] -FosB, yakha kwindlela yomvuzo emva kokubhengeza okuphindaphindiweyo kwiziyobisi kunye nokunamathela ixesha elide kunezinye iiprotein- kangangeeveki ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-6 emva kwethamo lokugqibela. Iprotein inyusa ubuntununtunu besilwanyana kwiziyobisi kwaye inokubangela ukuba iphinde ibuye xa itofiwe.
I-DeltaFosB ikwasekwa kwiipilisi ezinomlutha wokuqhuma kwevili (ukuziphatha okubi kokuziphatha ngokusondeleyo ekusebenziseni ukusetyenziswa koononophelo koonwabo).
Umbuzo ngulo, “Ngaba ingqokelela ye-DeltaFosB ibangela utshintsho kwi zendalo-Yintoni ejikeleze ixesha elide kuneDeltaFosB uqobo? Nokuba 'ngunaphakade' kwezinye iingqondo? Ukuba kunjalo, ngaba olu tshintsho lwemfuza lwenzeka ikakhulu ngamachiza hayi ngemicimbi yemvelo ebaxekileyo njenge-Intanethi?
Izilwanyana ezininzi ezinobungozi zibuye zibuye ziphile ubomi ngaphandle kwezifiso. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ezo zilutha zifanayo zilawulwa zizidakamizwa ezikhethiweyo kwiimeko apho zidibanisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo, bangaphi abantu abaza kubetha, okanye mhlawumbi babe ngumlutha kwakhona? Ngubani owaziyo?
Ngokucacileyo, amaxesha atyhawulayo abuyele emva kwexesha lokuziyeka. Olunye uluvo kukuba ubuchopho babo bunqatshelwe ngokusisigxina (nge-DeltaFosB) ukuba baphendule kwi-addiction, kwaye ukuvezwa kuvuselela le mizila endala. Ngaphantsi kwalo mzekelo, ubuchopho buye bunaphakade utshintshile, kodwa “umonakalo” usenokuba lilizwi elinamandla kakhulu. Umntu owayengumlutha woononophala angakhuthazwa (mhlawumbi aphinde abuyele) kwi-pornography okanye ezinxulumene nazo kwaye unokufuna ukuhlala kude noononophala. Ngokuqinisekileyo. Kodwa ungathi yingqondo yakhe yonakaliswe? Hayi.
Isicatshulwa esilandelayo sivela kwelinye lamaphepha kaNestler, kwaye ucebisa ukuba iDeltaFosB ngenye imini isetyenziswe njenge-bio-marker kwinqanaba lokulutha kunye nokubuyiselwa.
Ukuba le hypothesis ichanekile, iphakamisa umdla onomdla wokuba amanqanaba e-osBFosB kwi-nucleus accumbens okanye mhlawumbi eminye imimandla yobuchopho inokusetyenziswa njenge-biomarker ukuvavanya imeko yokusebenza komjikelezo womvuzo womntu, kunye nenqanaba lomntu 'ulikhoboka', kokubini ngexesha lokuphuhliswa kwesiyobisi kunye nokuhla kancinci kancinci ngexesha lokurhoxa okanye lonyango olongezelelekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ΔFosB njengommakishi wombono wobukhoboka kubonisiwe kwiimodeli zezilwanyana. Izilwanyana ezifikisayo zibonisa ukungeniswa okungaphezulu kwe-osBFosB xa kuthelekiswa nezilwanyana ezindala, ngokuhambelana nokuba sesichengeni sokulutha.
Qaphela ukuba abantwana abaselula bayabonakalisa ukuqokelela okukhulu kwe-DeltaFosB. (Baphinde bavelise amanqanaba aphezulu e-dopamine.) Ukuqala i-intanethi ye-Internet kwi-11-12 mhlawumbi yimeko enzima kakhulu kwiibilini zethu.
Bona kwakhona Kutheni iinqwenela (ukukhawuleza) kusasaza emva kokuqalisa kwakhona?
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