pomwe:
Zolaula, malingaliro ogonana komanso kugonana kosagwirizana ndi achinyamata ku Spain (2024)
Zitsanzo zazikulu za anthu 2,346 azaka 18-35.
Amuna omwe amadya zolaula anali ndi makhalidwe apamwamba apakatikati a [Kugonana Kwaudani] kuposa omwe sanatero.
Makhalidwe abwino a [Benevolent Sexism] adawonedwa kukhala otsika kwa akazi onse [β(95%CI):-2.16(-2.99;-1.32)] ndi amuna [β(95%CI):-4.30(-5.75;- 2.86)] amene ankakonda zolaula poyerekeza ndi omwe sanadye.
Introduction
Tsambali likusonkhanitsa zofukufuku zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu ambiri azikonda zachiwerewere amanena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumalimbikitsa maganizo osiyana ndi akazi (tsambali lili ndi zochepa chabe zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kuti zikhale zosiyana ndi amuna).
Tiyeni tiyambe ndi kafukufuku wa 2016 womwe unalimbikitsa kupangidwa kwa tsamba lino - " Kodi Zithunzi Zolaula Zimakhudzadi "Kudana ndi Akazi"? Ogwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula Ali ndi Maganizo Ofanana Kwambiri Pakati pa Amuna ndi Akazi Kuposa Osagwiritsa Ntchito mu Chitsanzo Choyimira cha ku America ." Izi zatchulidwa kwambiri ndi olimbikitsa zolaula ngati umboni wamphamvu wakuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumabweretsa kufanana kwakukulu komanso malingaliro ochepa okhudza kugonana. Ndipotu, kafukufuku wa Taylor Kohut (monga pepala la 2017 la Kohut ) amapereka chitsanzo chophunzitsira cha momwe mungasinthire njira kuti mupeze zotsatira zomwe mukufuna.
Kuphunzira kwa Taylor Kohut kunakhazikitsidwa zosiyana monga: (1) Kuthandizira kuchotsa pakati, (2) Kuzindikira akazi, (3) Akazi omwe ali ndi maudindo, (4) Kukhulupirira kuti moyo wabanja umavutika pamene mkazi ali ndi ntchito yokhazikika, komanso zosamveka (5) Kugwira zochulukira malingaliro olakwika pa banja lachikhalidwe. Ziribe kanthu zomwe mumakhulupirira, zosavuta kuwona anthu achipembedzo angafike patali m'munsi pa kuwunika kwa Taylor Kohut kagawo kakang'ono ka 5 ka "egalitarianism".
Chofunika: anthu osapembedza, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala omasuka kwambiri, ali ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuposa anthu achipembedzo . Posankha njira izi ndikunyalanyaza zinthu zina zosatha, wolemba wamkulu Taylor Kohut adadziwa kuti pamapeto pake ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula adzalandira mphoto yayikulu pa chisankho chosankhidwa mosamala cha zomwe zimapangitsa " kufanana. " Kenako adasankha mutu womwe unazungulira zonse. Mu chiwonetserochi cha 2018 Gary Wilson akuwonetsa chowonadi cha maphunziro 5 okayikitsa komanso osokeretsa, kuphatikiza maphunziro onse awiri a Kohut: Kafukufuku wa Zolaula: Zoona Kapena Zongopeka?
Taylor Kohut ali ndi mbiri yofalitsa maphunziro 'olenga' omwe adapangidwa kuti apeze mavuto ochepa kapena opanda chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Mu kafukufuku wa 2017, Kohut akuwoneka kuti adasintha chitsanzocho kuti apange zotsatira zomwe amafuna. Pomwe kafukufuku wambiri akuwonetsa kuti akazi ochepa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, mu kafukufukuyu 95% ya akazi adagwiritsa ntchito zolaula okha (85% ya akazi adagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuyambira pachiyambi cha chibwenzi)! Zoona zake: Deta yochokera ku kafukufuku wamkulu kwambiri ku US (General Social Survey) idanena kuti 2.6% yokha ya akazi idapita ku "tsamba la zolaula" mwezi watha.
Webusaiti yatsopano ya Kohut ndi kuyesa kwake kusonkhanitsa ndalama zikusonyeza kuti mwina ali ndi cholinga. Tsankho la Kohut lawululidwanso mu chikalata chaposachedwa cholembedwa cha Komiti Yoyimirira ya Zaumoyo Ponena za Kusuntha M-47 (Canada). Muchidulechi, Kohut ndi olemba anzake ali ndi mlandu wosankha maphunziro angapo apang'ono pomwe akuwonetsa molakwika momwe kafukufukuyu alili pano pa zotsatira za zolaula. Kufotokozera kwawo kolakwika komanso koseketsa kwa maphunziro amitsempha ofalitsidwa pa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula sikuti kukayikira tsankho lawo. Mu 2019 Kohut adatsimikiza tsankho lake lalikulu lochokera ku zolinga zake pomwe adagwirizana ndi anzake poyesa kuletsa YourBrainOnPorn.com . Kohut ndi anzake pa www.realyourbrainonporn.com akuchita nawo kuphwanya malamulo osaloledwa komanso kuphwanya malamulo a malonda.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti pafupifupi kafukufuku aliyense wofufuza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi kufanana (malingaliro ogonana) wanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi malingaliro okhudza akazi omwe okonda ufulu ndi osunga mwambo amawaona kuti ndi ovuta kwambiri. (Chonde dziwani kuti maphunziro onsewa adanenanso za zomwe zapezeka pankhani ya malingaliro. Maphunziro omwe sananene za mgwirizano pakati pa malingaliro sakuphatikizidwa, ngakhale atanena za kulumikizana pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi nkhanza zenizeni. Pa maphunziro amenewo, onani Maphunziro ogwirizanitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi kuphwanya malamulo ogonana, nkhanza zogonana, ndi kukakamiza kugonana (akufotokoza zonena za kuchuluka kwa kugwiriridwa ndi zolaula).
Mndandanda wamaphunziro oyenera ndi kusanthula kwa meta (mndandandawu umayamba ndikuwunika mabuku ndi kusanthula meta):
Nkhani ndi Kugonana: Kafukufuku Wamakono, 1995–2015. (2016) - Kuwunikanso mabuku . Chidule:
Kuwonetsa akazi mopanda tsankho kumachitika kawirikawiri m'manyuzipepala akuluakulu, zomwe zimapangitsa mafunso okhudza momwe kuwonetsedwa kwa izi kungakhudzire malingaliro a ena pa akazi komanso malingaliro a akazi pa iwo eni. Cholinga cha ndemangayi chinali kupanga kafukufuku woyeserera zotsatira za chiwerewere cha atolankhani. Cholinga chinali pa kafukufuku wofalitsidwa m'magazini owunikiranso a Chingerezi pakati pa 1995 ndi 2015. Mabuku 109 omwe anali ndi maphunziro 135 adawunikidwanso. Zomwe zapezekazi zidapereka umboni wokhazikika wakuti kuwonetsedwa m'ma laboratories komanso kuwonetsedwa nthawi zonse tsiku ndi tsiku kuzinthu izi kumalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kusakhutira kwa thupi, kudziona ngati wopanda tsankho, kuthandizira kwambiri zikhulupiriro zachiwerewere komanso zikhulupiriro zotsutsana ndi kugonana, komanso kulekerera kwambiri nkhanza zogonana kwa akazi. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonetsedwa m'zinthu izi kumachititsa akazi ndi amuna kukhala ndi malingaliro ochepa pa luso la akazi, makhalidwe abwino, ndi umunthu.
Zaka zambiri za kafukufuku zasanthula zotsatira za kufotokozedwa ndi zochitika zogonana zogonana m'mafilimu. Pali meta imodzi yokha yomwe ikuwonetsedwa pamutu uwu, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kufotokozera "mafilimu opanga mafilimu" sikungathandize kwenikweni pa chiwerewere. Pali zifukwa zingapo zoperewera pa kafukufuku wamakono, ndipo cholinga cha kusanthula kamvekedwe kake ndiko kuyesa mayanjano pakati pa zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi momwe ogwiritsira ntchito ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere.
Kufufuzira kwapadera kwa mabuku kunkachitidwa kuti mupeze nkhani zofunikira. Kuphunzira kulikonse kunkapezeka ndi mayanjano pakati pa kugonana ndi zochitika zogonana ndi chimodzi mwa zotsatira zisanu ndi chimodzi kuphatikizapo malingaliro a kugonana (malingaliro ololera, ochita zogwirizana ndi anzawo, ndi ziphunzitso zogonana) ndi zizolowezi zogonana (khalidwe lachiwerewere, zaka za kugonana, ndi khalidwe logonana).
Ponseponse, kusanthula kwa meta-ku kukuwonetsa ubale wokhazikika komanso wolimba pakati pa kuwulutsidwa kwa atolankhani ndi malingaliro ndi machitidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana omwe amaphatikizapo njira zingapo zoyezera zotsatira ndi makanema ambiri. Ma TV akuwonetsa khalidwe la kugonana ngati lofala kwambiri, losangalatsa, komanso lopanda chiopsezo [3], ndipo kusanthula kwathu kukuwonetsa kuti kupanga zisankho za kugonana kwa wowonera kungapangidwe, mwanjira ina, powonera mitundu iyi ya ziwonetsero. Zomwe tapeza zikusiyana kwambiri ndi kusanthula kwa meta-ku, komwe kunanena kuti momwe atolankhani amakhudzira khalidwe la kugonana kunali kochepa kapena kulibe [4]. Kusanthula kwa meta-ku kale kunagwiritsa ntchito kukula kwa zotsatira 38 ndipo kunapeza kuti makanema "okongola" anali ogwirizana pang'ono komanso pang'ono ndi khalidwe la kugonana (r = .08), pomwe kusanthula kwa meta-ku pano kunagwiritsa ntchito kuchulukitsa nthawi 10 kuchuluka kwa kukula kwa zotsatira (n = 394) ndipo kunapeza kuti zotsatira zake zinali pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kukula (r = .14).
Choyamba, tapeza mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa zogonana ndi achinyamata komanso achinyamata ndikulolera kugonana ndi malingaliro okhudza kugonana kwa anzawo.
Chachiwiri, kufotokozera zokhudzana ndi kugonana kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuvomereza kwambiri nthano zochigwiriridwa.
Pomalizira, kufotokozera za kugonana kunapezeka kuti kuneneratu makhalidwe a chiwerewere kuphatikizapo zaka za kugonana, zochitika za kugonana, komanso khalidwe loopsa la kugonana. Zotsatirazi zinasintha njira zambiri ndipo zimapereka chithandizo chotsimikiziridwa kuti mauthenga amathandizira pa zochitika za kugonana kwa achinyamata.
Ngakhale kuti kusanthula kwa meta kunawonetsa zotsatira zazikulu za kuwonetsedwa kwa makanema ogonana pa malingaliro ndi machitidwe a kugonana pamitundu yonse yosangalatsa, zotsatira izi zidasinthidwa ndi mitundu ingapo. Chodziwika kwambiri, zotsatira zazikulu za mibadwo yonse zinali zoonekeratu; komabe, zotsatira zake zinali zazikulu kuwirikiza kawiri kwa achinyamata kuposa akuluakulu omwe akutuluka, mwina kuwonetsa kuti ophunzira okalamba mwina ali ndi chidziwitso chofananira, chenicheni chomwe angachigwiritse ntchito kuposa ophunzira achichepere [36, 37]. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira zake zinali zamphamvu kwa amuna poyerekeza ndi akazi , mwina chifukwa kuyesera kugonana kumagwirizana ndi zomwe amuna amalemba pa kugonana [18] komanso chifukwa anthu aamuna amalangidwa pang'ono kuposa anthu achikazi chifukwa choyambitsa kugonana [38].
Zotsatira izi zimakhudza kwambiri thanzi la achinyamata komanso achikulire omwe akuthupi komanso m'maganizo. Kuzindikira kuchuluka kwa zochitika zogonana ndi anzawo komanso kuloleza zachiwerewere kumatha kukulitsa kukakamizidwa kwamkati kuyesa kuyesa [39]. Pakafukufuku wina, kuwonetsedwa pazinthu zokhudzana ndi kugonana ali mwana kunawoneka kuti kupititsa patsogolo kugonana ndi miyezi 9e17 [40]; komanso, kuyesa koyambirira kumatha kuwonjezera ngozi zamaganizidwe ndi thanzi [37].
Zotsatira zochepa zomwe zimawoneka pano zikufanana ndi zomwe zinafukufuku m'maganizo a zamaganizo monga momwe ma TV akukhudzira chiwawa [41], khalidwe lachikhalidwe [42], ndi thupi labwino [43]. Pazifukwa izi, ngakhale kuti ma TV akugwiritsa ntchito mauthenga ndi gawo limodzi chabe la zosiyana pakati pa zotsatira za chidwi, ofalitsa amachitanso mbali yofunikira. Kuyerekezera uku kumasonyeza kuti zolaula zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndizochepa, koma zimakhala zofunikira pa chitukuko cha khalidwe la kugonana ndi khalidwe la achinyamata ndi achinyamata akuluakulu.
Ndemanga za YBOP: Pali mbiri yosangalatsa yokhudzana ndi pepalali. (Onani chidule cha Mapeto ake pansipa ya Chidule). Chidulecho chimanena kuti kusanthula kwina kokha pankhaniyi kwasindikizidwa. Pepala linalo linapeza kuti, "Zomwe atolankhani amakhudza kugonana kwa achinyamata zinali zochepa kwambiri ndipo kukula kwa zotsatira kunali pafupi ndi zero." Linalembedwa ndi Christopher J. Ferguson: Kodi Sexy Media Imalimbikitsa Kugonana kwa Achinyamata? Kuwunikanso kwa Meta-Analytic ndi Methodological (2017)
Kwa zaka zambiri, Ferguson wakhala akutsutsa lingaliro la kuledzera pa intaneti, pomwe akuchita kampeni yolimba kuti Internet Gaming Disorder isalowe mu ICD-11. (Anataya imeneyo mu 2018, koma kampeni yake ikupitilirabe m'mbali zambiri.) Ndipotu, Ferguson ndi Nicole Prause anali olemba nawo nkhani zazikulu zoyesa kunyoza kuledzera pa intaneti . (Zonena zawo zidatsutsidwa m'mapepala angapo ndi akatswiri, mu magazini iyi ya Journal of Behavioral Addictions .) Pano, olemba meta-analysis akufotokoza momwe kusankha kwa Ferguson kwa magawo okayikitsa kumapangira zotsatira zake.
Zolaula ndi Maganizo Othandizira Nkhanza kwa Akazi: Kubwerezanso Ubale mu Maphunziro Osachita Zoyeserera (2010) - Kuwunikanso mabuku. Chidule:
Kusanthula kwa meta kunachitika kuti adziwe ngati maphunziro osayesa akuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula za amuna ndi malingaliro awo othandizira chiwawa kwa akazi. Kusanthula kwa meta kunakonza mavuto ndi kusanthula kwa meta komwe kunafalitsidwa kale ndipo kunawonjezera zomwe zapezeka posachedwa. Mosiyana ndi kusanthula kwa meta koyambirira, zotsatira zaposachedwa zawonetsa mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi malingaliro othandizira chiwawa kwa akazi m'maphunziro osayesa. Kuphatikiza apo, malingaliro oterewa adapezeka kuti akugwirizana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachiwawa zogonana kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zopanda chiwawa, ngakhale ubale womalizawu udapezekanso kuti ndi wofunikira.
Maphunziro otsalawa adatchulidwa mwadongosolo:
Zithunzi Zolaula ndi Kusakonda Kugonana komanso Kupeputsa Kugwiriridwa (1982 ) - Chidule:
Ndinafufuza zotsatira za kupitiriza kuona zolaula pa zikhulupiriro zokhudza kugonana kwa anthu onse komanso makamaka pa akazi. Ndinapeza kuti kuona kwambiri zolaula kunachititsa kuti akazi asamveredwe chifundo ngati ogwiriridwa komanso akazi onse.
Kuonera zolaula ndi malingaliro okhudza akazi ndi kugwiriridwa: Kafukufuku wogwirizana (1986) - Chidule:
Poyerekeza ndi gulu lomwe linaonera filimu yowongolera, amuna omwe adawonetsedwa filimu yachiwawa adagwirizana kwambiri ndi nkhani zomwe zimavomereza nkhanza pakati pa anthu kuposa omwe adawonetsedwa. Komabe, mosiyana ndi zomwe zidanenedweratu, panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu awiriwa pakuvomereza kwawo nthano za kugwiriridwa, ngakhale kuti panali chizolowezi cholosera.
Mu Maphunziro 3 ndi 4, amuna omwe ali ndi chilakolako chogonana kwambiri anali ndi mwayi waukulu woganiza kuti amuna ambiri amachita zinthu zachimuna kuposa amuna omwe ali ndi chilakolako chogonana kwambiri . Mu Maphunziro 5 ndi 6, amuna omwe ali ndi chilakolako chogonana kwambiri analinso ndi mwayi waukulu wopereka mafotokozedwe a akazi mwachibadwa . Pomaliza, mu Phunziro 7, amuna omwe ali ndi chilakolako chogonana kwambiri ankazindikira kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi akaonera makanema anyimbo ogonana kapena ogonana/achiwawa ; amuna omwe ali ndi chilakolako chogonana chochepa ankazindikira kusiyana kwakukulu akaonera makanema ogonana kapena achikondi. Kafukufukuyu akusonyeza kuti kuonera zolaula kumakhudzana ndi njira zazikulu komanso zofunika zomvetsetsa amuna, akazi, ndi maubwenzi a amuna ndi akazi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito chiwerewere ndi zolaula: Kufotokozera zotsatira zakale (zopanda pake) (2004) - Ichi ndi chachilendo, koma chosangalatsa. Chidule:
Kafukufuku woyamba adawonetsa mgwirizano wosiyana pakati pa kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi masiku ano ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, kotero kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri sankasonyeza malingaliro okonda kugonana. Kafukufuku wachiwiri adapeza mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi kugonana kwabwino, kotero kuti anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri ankasonyeza khalidwe la kugonana kwabwino. Kafukufuku wathu akupereka chidziwitso pa zomwe zapezeka kafukufuku wakale wokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi malingaliro okonda akazi.
Kafukufukuyu adafufuza achinyamata 804, anyamata ndi atsikana, azaka zapakati pa 14 ndi 19, omwe amapita kusukulu zosiyanasiyana za sekondale kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Italy. Zolinga zazikulu zinali: (i) kufufuza ubale pakati pa mitundu yochita zachipongwe ndi chiwawa komanso ubale pakati pa zolaula (kuwerenga magazini ndi kuonera mafilimu kapena makanema) ndi kugonana kosafunikira pakati pa achinyamata; (ii) kufufuza kusiyana kwa maubwenzi awa pankhani ya jenda ndi zaka; ndi (iii) kufufuza zinthu (zolaula, jenda ndi zaka) zomwe zimalimbikitsa kugonana kosafunikira. Zomwe zapezekazi zasonyeza kuti chiwawa chochita zachipongwe ndi kugonana kosafunikira komanso kugonana kosafunikira ndi zolaula zinali zogwirizana.
Kafukufukuyu adachitika kuti afufuze za chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti, kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, malingaliro ogonana komanso chilolezo cha nkhanza zogonana mwa achinyamata, komanso kuzindikira ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa zinthuzi. Ophunzirawo anali ophunzira 690 ochokera m'masukulu awiri apakati ndi masukulu atatu apamwamba ku Seoul. Kukonda kugonana pa intaneti, kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, malingaliro ogonana komanso chilolezo cha nkhanza zogonana mwa achinyamata zinali zosiyana malinga ndi makhalidwe onse. Kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, malingaliro ogonana komanso chilolezo cha nkhanza zogonana mwa achinyamata zidakhudzidwa ndi chizolowezi chogonana pa intaneti.
Kafukufukuyu adapangidwa kuti afufuze ngati kuwonetsedwa kwa achinyamata ku malo owonetsera zachiwerewere kukugwirizana ndi zikhulupiriro zolimba kuti akazi ndi zinthu zogonana [kafukufuku wa pa intaneti wa achinyamata 745 aku Dutch azaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 18]. Mwachindunji, tidaphunzira ngati mgwirizano pakati pa malingaliro a akazi ngati zinthu zogonana ndi kuwonetsedwa kuzinthu zogonana zosiyanasiyana (monga, zosawonetsa zachiwerewere, zosawonetsa pang'ono, kapena zowonekera) komanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana (monga, zowonera ndi zomvera-zowonera) zitha kufotokozedwa bwino ngati zosonkhanitsa kapena zotsatizana. Kuwonetsedwa kuzinthu zogonana m'mafilimu apa intaneti ndiye muyeso wokhawo wowonetsera wokhudzana kwambiri ndi zikhulupiriro kuti akazi ndi zinthu zogonana mu chitsanzo chomaliza cha regression , momwe kuwonetsedwa kuzinthu zina zogonana kunayang'aniridwa. Ubale pakati pa kuwonetsedwa ku malo owonetsera zachiwerewere ndi malingaliro a akazi ngati zinthu zogonana sunasiyane kwa atsikana ndi anyamata.
Kafukufukuyu adafufuza kufalikira kwa kuonera zolaula pa intaneti komanso ubale wake ndi maganizo a anyamata achichepere aku China ku Hong Kong. Kuphatikiza apo, ophunzira omwe adanena kuti anali ndi zithunzi zolaula zambiri pa intaneti adapezeka kuti adapeza zigoli zambiri pazifukwa zololera kugonana asanakwatirane komanso kulekerera kuzunzidwa pogonana.
Zolumikizana zogwiritsira ntchito komanso zokhudzana ndi kugonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana zomwe zanenedwa poyera zokhudzana ndi kugonana m'magazini akuluakulu, mafilimu owonedwa ndi X, ndi intaneti zinafufuzidwa pa kafukufuku wa achinyamata oyambirira (zaka zapakati pa zaka = 13.6 zaka; N = 967).
Kusanthula kwa nthawi yayitali kunasonyeza kuti kuonekera msanga kwa amuna kunaneneratu kuti palibe kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi , miyambo yogonana yololera, nkhanza zogonana, komanso kugonana mkamwa ndi kugonana patatha zaka ziwiri. Kuonekera msanga kwa akazi kunaneneratu kuti palibe kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi , komanso kugonana mkamwa ndi kugonana.
Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kufotokoza chifukwa chomwe chinayambitsa ubale womwe unakhazikitsidwa kale pakati pa kuwonetsedwa kwa achinyamata ku zinthu zogonana pa intaneti (SEIM) ndi malingaliro okhudza akazi ngati zinthu zogonana . Potengera deta yochokera ku kafukufuku wa mafunde atatu pakati pa achinyamata 962 aku Dutch, chitsanzo cha structural equation poyamba chinawonetsa kuti kuwonetsedwa ku SEIM ndi malingaliro okhudza akazi ngati zinthu zogonana zinali ndi mphamvu yofanana. Zotsatira za SEIM mwachindunji pa malingaliro okhudza akazi ngati zinthu zogonana sizinasiyane malinga ndi jenda . Komabe, mphamvu yachindunji ya malingaliro a akazi ngati zinthu zogonana pa kuwonetsedwa ku SEIM inali yofunika kwambiri kwa achinyamata aamuna okha. Kusanthula kwina kunawonetsa kuti, mosasamala kanthu za jenda la achinyamata, kukonda SEIM kunayambitsa mphamvu ya kuwonetsedwa ku SEIM pa zikhulupiriro zawo kuti akazi ndi zinthu zogonana, komanso momwe zikhulupirirozi zimakhudzira kuwonetsedwa ku SEIM.
Kafukufukuyu adafufuza momwe ophunzira aku koleji aku Japan (N = 476) amagwiritsira ntchito zinthu zogonana (SEM) komanso momwe amaonera akazi ngati zinthu zogonana komanso malingaliro olola kugonana. Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti ophunzira aku koleji aku Japan amagwiritsa ntchito zofalitsa nkhani nthawi zambiri ngati gwero la SEM kutsatiridwa ndi intaneti ndi wailesi yakanema/kanema/DVD. Amuna omwe adatenga nawo mbali adagwiritsa ntchito SEM kwambiri kuposa akazi. Kuphatikiza apo, kuganizira kwambiri za kugonana kunayambitsa ubale pakati pa kuwonetsedwa ku SEM ndi malingaliro a akazi ngati zinthu zogonana, pomwe kuwonetsedwa ku SEM m'manyuzipepala kunali ndi mgwirizano mwachindunji ndi malingaliro olola kugonana a ophunzira aku Japan.
Tinagwiritsa ntchito deta kuchokera ku kafukufuku wa ma wave awiri woimira dziko lonse pakati pa achinyamata 1,445 aku Dutch ndi akuluakulu 833 aku Dutch, poyang'ana kwambiri chikhulupiriro chachilendo chakuti akazi amachita zinthu zotsutsana ndi kugonana (monga lingaliro lakuti akazi amakana kugonana) pamene akufunadi kugonana. Pomaliza, akuluakulu, koma osati achinyamata, anali pachiwopsezo cha SEIM pa zikhulupiriro zoti akazi amachita zinthu zotsutsana ndi kugonana.
Kafukufukuyu adafufuza 62% ya anthu ochokera ku yunivesite ya anthu onse ku Midwestern pa chizolowezi chawo choonera zolaula, mphamvu ya anthu omwe akuyang'ana, komanso kufunitsitsa kwawo kuthandiza anthu omwe akuyang'ana zolaula. Zotsatira zake zasonyeza kuti amuna omwe amaonera zolaula nthawi zambiri salowererapo ngati anthu omwe akuyang'ana zolaula, amanena kuti ali ndi chilakolako chofuna kugwiririra, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhulupirira nthano zongopeka za kugwiririra.
Zithunzi Zolaula ndi Maganizo Okhudza Kugonana Pakati pa Anthu Ogonana (2013) - Chidule:
Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha achinyamata achikulire aku Denmark chozikidwa pa kuthekera ndi kapangidwe koyesera mwachisawawa, kafukufukuyu adafufuza zotsatira za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zakale, kuwonetsedwa koyeserera ku zolaula zopanda chiwawa, kuwona kuti zolaula ndi zenizeni, ndi umunthu (mwachitsanzo, kuvomereza) pa malingaliro ogonana (mwachitsanzo, malingaliro okhudza akazi, nkhanza komanso zabwino). Kuphatikiza apo, kuyanjana pakati pa chilakolako cha kugonana kunayesedwa. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti, pakati pa amuna, kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zakale kunalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro osalingana kwa akazi komanso nkhanza kwambiri . Kuphatikiza apo, kuvomereza kochepa kunapezeka kuti kumaneneratu kwambiri malingaliro apamwamba a kugonana. Zotsatira zazikulu za kuwonetsedwa koyeserera ku zolaula zinapezeka pa nkhanza pakati pa omwe ali ndi malingaliro ochepa komanso nkhanza pakati pa akazi.
Kafukufuku woyesererayu adayesa ngati kuwonetsedwa zithunzi za akazi pakati kumachititsa anyamata achichepere kukhulupirira kwambiri zikhulupiriro za katswiri wa zamaganizo Gary Brooks akuti "matenda a pakati." Matenda a pakati amakhala ndi zikhulupiriro zisanu: kuonera anthu akugonana, kuchepetsa kugonana, kutsimikizira kuti amuna ndi akazi ndi amuna, kugonjetsa amuna, ndi kugonana kosagwirizana ndi ubale. Kuwonetsedwa m'mbuyomu kuzinthu zowonetsera zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana ndi malingaliro a anthu ena kunali kogwirizana ndi zikhulupiriro zonse zisanu za matenda a pakati. Kuwonetsedwa posachedwapa ku zinthu zowonetsera zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana ndi maganizo a anthu akugonana kunalimbikitsa nthawi yomweyo kuchepetsa kugonana, kutsimikizira kuti amuna ndi akazi ndi amuna, komanso zikhulupiriro za amuna osagwirizana ndi ubale zomwe amuna amaona kuti zinthu sizikugwirizana ndi ubale wawo kawirikawiri. Zotsatirazi zinapitirira kwa maola pafupifupi 48.
Kafukufuku wathu adafufuza gwero lomwe lingayambitse chikoka cha anthu lomwe nthawi zambiri limaganiziridwa kuti limachepetsa chifundo ndi chifundo kwa akazi: zolaula. Deta ya gulu la dziko lonse idagwiritsidwa ntchito. Deta idasonkhanitsidwa mu 2006, 2008, ndi 2010 kuchokera kwa akuluakulu 190 azaka zapakati pa 19 ndi 88 poyambira. Kuonera zolaula kudawonetsedwa kudzera mu kuonera mafilimu olaula. Malingaliro okhudza kuchitapo kanthu motsimikiza adawonetsedwa kudzera mu kutsutsa machitidwe olemba anthu ntchito ndi kukwezedwa pantchito omwe amakomera akazi. Mogwirizana ndi malingaliro ophunzirira pazachikhalidwe pa zotsatira za atolankhani, kuonera zolaula m'mbuyomu kunaneneratu kutsutsa kuchitapo kanthu motsimikiza ngakhale atalamulira malingaliro am'mbuyomu okhudza kuchitapo kanthu motsimikiza komanso zovuta zina zomwe zingachitike. Jenda silinachepetse mgwirizanowu. Mwachidule, zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti zolaula zitha kukhala chikoka cha anthu chomwe chimafooketsa chithandizo cha mapulogalamu othandizira akazi.
Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kufufuza zinthu zomwe zinayambika (monga kusamvana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komanso njira zolumikizirana) ndi zotsatira zake (monga kusamvana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komanso kukhutitsidwa pogonana) zomwe amuna amagwiritsa ntchito pogonana pakati pa amuna 373 achinyamata ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Zomwe zapezeka zawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta zinali zokhudzana ndi kusamvana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, njira zopewera komanso zodetsa nkhawa, kusamvana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, komanso kukhutitsidwa pang'ono pogonana. Kuphatikiza apo, zomwe zapezekazi zinapereka chithandizo cha chitsanzo chogwirizana chomwe kusamvana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kunalumikizidwa ndi zotsatira za ubale mwachindunji komanso mwanjira ina kudzera mu njira zolumikizirana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.
Chitsanzo cha Confluence cha nkhanza zogonana (Malamuth, Addison, & Koss, 2000) chimanena kuti zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito, zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti zimalimbikitsa kukakamiza akazi kugonana kudzera mu kuwonetsa zithunzi za akazi ogonjera, zimagwira ntchito limodzi ndi chiwerewere (SP) ndi nkhanza za amuna (HM), zomwe zikusonyeza zoopsa za nkhanza zogonana, kuti zipange nkhanza zogonana zotsutsana ndi akazi. Kafukufuku wozikidwa pa intaneti ( N = amuna akuluakulu 183) adabwereza zotsatira za kafukufuku wakale wa Confluence Model, kotero kuti amuna omwe anali ndi HM ndi SP wambiri anali ndi mwayi wonena za kukakamizidwa kugonana pamene nthawi zambiri, m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kawirikawiri. Pofufuza mfundo zatsopano, kafukufukuyu adapezanso kuti HM ndi SP pamodzi anali ziwonetsero zamphamvu za kugwiritsa ntchito njira zogonana zachiwawa, poyerekeza ndi njira zogonana zopanda chiwawa, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti amuna omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha nkhanza zogonana amadya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zogonana kuposa amuna omwe ali pachiwopsezo chochepa.
Kafukufukuyu adafufuza mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi malingaliro osagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi m'gulu la anthu akuluakulu aku US. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunagwirizana ndi zaka kuti kudziwiretu malingaliro okhudza amuna ndi akazi. Makamaka, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa wave one kunaneneratu malingaliro ambiri okhudza amuna ndi akazi pa wave yachiwiri kwa akuluakulu—koma osati achinyamata—akuluakulu.
Zotsatira za achinyamata omwe akukumana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zolaula pa intaneti: Kafukufuku wa nthawi yayitali (2015) - Akuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachiwawa ndi kuwunika kwa malingaliro okhwima amuna ndi akazi. Chidule:
Kafukufuku wa mawaya awiri omwe alipo pakati pa achinyamata 1557 aku Dutch adathetsa mavutowa pophunzira za SEIM yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri chikondi, ulamuliro komanso chiwawa. Achinyamata achichepere nthawi zambiri ankakumana ndi SEIM yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri chikondi, pomwe achinyamata achikulire ndi achinyamata omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba ankakumana ndi SEIM yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri ulamuliro. Anyamata ndi atsikana omwe ali ndi akazi ambiri ankakumana ndi SEIM yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri chiwawa.
'Nthawi zonse zimakhala pamaso panu': malingaliro a achinyamata pa zolaula (2015) - Chidule:
Zomwe zapezeka zikusonyeza kuti achinyamata ambiri amaonera zolaula mwadala komanso mosadziwa. Kuphatikiza apo, akuda nkhawa ndi miyambo yokhudza amuna ndi akazi yomwe imalimbitsa mphamvu za amuna ndi akazi kuposa akazi. Kugwirizana pakati pa kuwonetsa zolaula, ziyembekezo za kugonana kwa anyamata ndi atsikana komanso kukakamizidwa kwa atsikana kuti atsatire zomwe akuonera kwawululidwa.
Tapeza kuti zifukwa zambiri zoonerera zolaula zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukhudzidwa ndi mtima wofuna kuloŵerera monga woimirira, ngakhale atatha kuyang'anira kuonera zolaula. Phunziroli likuphatikizana ndi ena poti pali kugwirizana pakati pa zolaula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zachiwawa zogonana.
Kufotokozera amuna ndi akazi za amuna ndi akazi zachisawawa m'chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino kumalimbitsa malingaliro okhwima okhudza umuna (monga amuna ngati amphamvu, olamulira, aluso, komanso aukali) ndi akazi (monga akazi ngati ofooka komanso ofooka, osadzidalira, amtendere, osaganiza bwino, komanso oyendetsedwa ndi malingaliro). Kafukufukuyu adafufuza mgwirizano pakati pa mndandanda wa nkhani zongopeka za Fifty Shades - njira imodzi yotchuka yachikhalidwe yomwe imaphatikizapo kuyimira udindo wachikhalidwe pakati pa amuna ndi akazi - komanso zikhulupiriro zachisawawa pakati pa akazi 715 azaka zapakati pa 18-24. Kusanthula kunavumbula mgwirizano pakati pa owerenga a Fifty Shades ndi kusankhana mitundu, monga momwe zimayesedwera kudzera mu Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. Akazi omwe adanena kuti adawerenga Fifty Shades anali ndi milingo yayikulu ya kusankhana mitundu, kusankhana mitundu, komanso kusankhana mitundu. Kuphatikiza apo, omwe adatanthauzira Fifty Shades ngati "achikondi" anali ndi milingo yayikulu ya kusankhana mitundu komanso kusankhana mitundu.
Kusanthula koyesera kwa momwe akazi achichepere amaonera nkhope ya amuna atatha kuwona zithunzi zapakati zomwe zimawonetsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana (2015) - Akazi omwe amawonetsa zinthu zapakati amavomereza kwambiri amuna omwe amawayang'ana mogonana.
Kafukufukuyu adayesa momwe akazi achichepere amaonera nkhope ya amuna atatha kuwonetsedwa pakati pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zosonyeza maliseche. Kuwonetsa maliseche kunagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuchuluka kwa kuvula zovala. Akazi omwe adawonetsedwa pakati pa zinthu zambiri adavomereza kwambiri kuwonekera kwa amuna kuposa akazi omwe adawonetsedwa pang'ono pakati pa zinthu zomwe sizinali zoonekera bwino atangowonetsedwa komanso pambuyo pa maola 48. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti zithunzi zambiri za akazi zomwe zimawonetsedwa m'manyuzipepala zimawonetsa matupi a akazi, uthenga womwe amatumiza ndi wamphamvu wakuti akazi ndi okongola kuti ena awaone . Amanenanso kuti ngakhale kuwonetsedwa pang'ono pakati pa zinthu zosonyeza maliseche kungakhale ndi zotsatira zosakhalitsa pa malingaliro a akazi okhudza kugonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Motsogozedwa ndi malingaliro a zolemba zenizeni komanso zosamveka bwino zokhudzana ndi kugonana mu buku la Wright lotchedwa "sex script acquisition", "activation", "application model" la "sex media socialization", kafukufukuyu adapereka lingaliro lakuti amuna akamawona zithunzi zambiri zomwe zimawoneka ngati zolondola, amaona akazi ngati zinthu zomwe zimalimbikitsa amuna kugonana (sex scripting), ndipo lingaliro lopanda umunthu limeneli pa akazi lingagwiritsidwe ntchito podziwitsa anthu za nkhanza zogonana kwa akazi (sex scripting abstract).
Deta inasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kwa amuna aku koleji omwe amakopeka ndi akazi (N = 187). Mogwirizana ndi ziyembekezo, mgwirizano pakati pa kukhudzidwa kwa amuna ndi nkhani zolimbikitsa nkhanza kwa akazi ndi malingaliro ochirikiza nkhanza kwa akazi unayambitsidwa ndi malingaliro awo okhudza akazi ngati zinthu zogonana. Makamaka, kuchuluka kwa kuwonedwa kwa magazini a moyo wa amuna omwe amachirikiza akazi, mapulogalamu enieni a pa TV omwe amachirikiza akazi, ndi zolaula kunaneneratu malingaliro ambiri olakwika okhudza akazi, omwe, nawonso, adaneneratu malingaliro amphamvu othandizira nkhanza kwa akazi.
Owonera zolaula zofewa 'sangakhale ndi malingaliro abwino pa akazi' (2016) - Chidule:
Anthu omwe amaonera zithunzi zolaula zofewa kwambiri, monga zithunzi za akazi amaliseche komanso osavala bwino, saganiza bwino za akazi ndipo mwina sakonda zolaula zofewa zomwe zimapezeka m'manyuzipepala, m'manyuzipepala komanso m'manyuzipepala. Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti anthu omwe amaonera zithunzi zolaula zofewa kwambiri sankatha kuzifotokoza ngati zolaula kuposa anthu omwe anali ndi zithunzi zochepa. Anthu omwe analibe chidwi ndi zithunzizi anali ndi mwayi woti azivomereza nthano zogwiririra . Kuphatikiza apo, anthu omwe analibe chidwi ndi zithunzizi nthawi zambiri anali ndi mwayi wochepa woti aziona akazi ngati abwino.
Ukadaulo watsopano wapangitsa kuti zolaula zizipezeka kwa achinyamata, ndipo umboni wochulukirapo wazindikiritsa ubale pakati pakuwona zolaula komanso zachiwawa kapena nkhanza mwa anyamata. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zotsatira za kafukufuku wamkulu wa achinyamata 4,564 azaka 14 mpaka 17 m'maiko asanu aku Europe omwe akuwunikira ubale womwe ulipo pakati pakuwonera zolaula za pa intaneti nthawi zonse, kukakamizidwa kugonana ndi kuzunzidwa komanso kutumizidwa ndikulandila zithunzi zogonana, zomwe zimadziwika kuti "kutumizirana zolaula . ” Kuphatikiza pa kafukufukuyu, yemwe adamalizidwa m'sukulu, zoyankhulana 91 zidachitika ndi achinyamata omwe adakumana ndi nkhanza pakati pawo komanso kuzunzidwa m'mabwenzi awo.
Chiwerengero cha anyamata oonera zolaula pa intaneti nthawi zonse chinali chokwera kwambiri ndipo ambiri anasankha kuonera zolaula. Kukakamiza ndi nkhanza kwa anyamata kunagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi kuonera zolaula pa intaneti nthawi zonse. Kuphatikiza apo, anyamata omwe amaonera zolaula pa intaneti nthawi zonse anali ndi mwayi waukulu wokhala ndi malingaliro oipa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi . Mafunso ofunsidwa bwino adawonetsa kuti, ngakhale kuti kutumiza zithunzi zolaula kumakhala kozolowereka ndipo kumaonedwa bwino ndi achinyamata ambiri, kumatha kubwerezanso zithunzi zolaula monga kulamulira ndi kunyoza.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Masewera a Pakanema Moyo Wonse, Kuukirana Pakati pa Anthu, Kugonana Kwankhanza, ndi Kuvomereza Bodza la Kugwiriridwa: Maganizo Okhudza Kulima (2016) Si zolaula, koma sizili kutali nazo. Chidule:
Mu kafukufukuyu, tinachita kafukufuku (N = 351) wa amuna ndi akazi akuluakulu ndipo tinagwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha equation kuti tifufuze ubale pakati pa anthu omwe amadya masewera apakanema, nkhanza pakati pa anthu, nkhanza pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, ndi zotsatira za kugwiririra (chiwerengero cha milandu yabodza yokhudza kugwiririra) ndi zotsatira za kulimidwa kwa gulu lachiwiri (RMA). Tapeza chithandizo cha chitsanzo cha kulima chomwe chimaganiziridwa kuti ndi chogwirizana, chomwe chikusonyeza ubale pakati pa anthu omwe amadya masewera apakanema ndi RMA kudzera mu nkhanza pakati pa anthu komanso nkhanza pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Ngakhale kuti zomwe zapezekazi sizingatanthauzidwe chifukwa cha izi, tikukambirana za zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha mayanjano awa ndi malangizo amtsogolo ofufuzira.
Mu kafukufuku wa nthawi yayitali pakati pa achinyamata azaka 1,947 azaka 13-25, tinayamba kuthana ndi vutoli pofufuza kuthekera kwa maphunziro ophunzirira za zolaula m'masukulu kuti tichepetse ubale wautali pakati pa kuwonetsedwa pazinthu zogonana pa intaneti (SEIM) ndi malingaliro a akazi ngati zinthu zogonana . Zotsatirapo ziwiri zinawonekera: Ubale pakati pa SEIM ndi malingaliro osankhana amuna ndi akazi unayamba kufooka, ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri adaphunzira kuchokera ku maphunziro ophunzirira za zolaula. Palibe kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kapena zaka komwe kunachitika. Chifukwa chake kafukufukuyu akupereka umboni woyamba wa gawo la maphunziro ofalitsa nkhani pochepetsa zotsatira zoyipa za atolankhani.
Zaka zoyamba kuonera zolaula zimapanga momwe amuna amaonera akazi (2017) - Chidule:
Ophunzira (N = 330) anali amuna apamwamba kwambiri ku yunivesite yayikulu, kumadzulo, kuyambira zaka 17-54 (M = 20.65, SD = 3.06). Ophunzira ambiri amadziwika kuti ndi Oyera (84.9%) ndi amphatikiza (92.6). Atapereka chilolezo chodziwitsidwa, ophunzira adatsiriza phunzirolo pa intaneti.
Zotsatira zake zinasonyeza kuti zaka zochepa zowonera zolaula koyamba zinkasonyeza kuti amuna azitsatira kwambiri mphamvu pa akazi komanso miyambo ya amuna ya Playboy . Kuphatikiza apo, mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wa momwe amunawo ankaonera zolaula koyamba (monga mwadala, mwangozi, kapena mokakamizidwa), ophunzirawo ankatsatira mofanana mphamvu pa akazi komanso miyambo ya amuna ya Playboy. Pali mafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana kuti amvetsetse ubale umenewu, koma zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kufunika kokambirana za zaka zomwe akazi amaonera zolaula m'malo azachipatala ndi amuna.
Kuona magazini ena olembedwa ndi anyamata achichepere - magazini a anyamata - posachedwapa kwagwirizanitsidwa ndi makhalidwe ndi malingaliro onyoza akazi, kuphatikizapo nkhanza zogonana. Mu kafukufukuyu, gulu la amuna achikulire aku Spain linawonetsedwa pa chikuto cha magazini ya anyamata pomwe gulu lachiwiri linawonetsedwa pa chikuto cha magazini yosalowerera ndale. Zotsatira zake zasonyeza kuti, poyerekeza ndi ophunzira m'gulu lachiwiri, ophunzira omwe anawonetsedwa pa chikuto cha magazini ya anyamata omwe anasonyezanso kuti akuvomereza kwambiri nkhani zogonana ndipo anavomereza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito magazini otere kunanena kuti anthu ambiri anali ndi chilakolako chogonana.
Kuvomereza Nthano ya Uhule: Kuwunika Zotsatira za Kugonana, Mbiri ya Kuzunzidwa Pogonana, Zolaula, ndi Kudziletsa (2018) - Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zokhudzana ndi kuvomereza Nthano ya Uhule (kuti imapatsa mphamvu akazi) - Chidule:
Akazi omwe akuchita malonda ogonana akumana ndi milandu yokhudza ozunzidwa ndi omwe adayankha koyamba komanso kuzunzidwa ndi ogula ndi ogulitsa. Kuthekera kwa akazi kutuluka mu malonda ogonana kungakhudzidwe kwambiri ndi tsankho lochokera ku kutsata nthano za uhule zomwe zapangitsa kuti nkhanza zogonana zibwerere m'mbuyo komanso nkhanza kwa akazi. Jenda, malingaliro owonjezereka okhudza akazi, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amaonera zolaula, komanso kusowa kudziletsa kunaneneratu kwambiri kutsatira nthano za uhule.
Kodi Umuna Wachikhalidwe Umagwirizana Bwanji ndi Kuonera Zolaula Zovuta kwa Amuna ndi Akazi? (2018) - Chidule:
Kulamulira kwakukulu ndi kupewa malingaliro a akazi zinali zikusonyeza kuti amuna azigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zolaula. Maganizo a amuna oletsa kugonana komanso malingaliro a amuna ndi akazi osiyana analosera mavuto olamulira pogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndikugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti apewe malingaliro oipa. Kuphatikiza apo, kupewa maganizo a akazi kwa amuna kunalosera kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso komanso mavuto olamulira.
Zotsatira zoyesera za kuwonetseredwa kwa zolaula zonyansa poyerekeza ndi zolaula mwa amuna pa momwe amachitira akazi: kutsutsa, kusankhana mitundu, kusankhana mitundu (2018) - Kafukufuku wosowa kwambiri pomwe amuna osaphunzira adakumana ndi mitundu iwiri ya zolaula: zolaula zonyansa (monga, zopanda chiwawa, zonyoza, zonyoza), zolaula zonyansa (monga, zosanyoza, zopanda chiwawa, zovomerezeka). Ndadabwa kuti kafukufukuyu adapeza kusiyana poganizira za chaka cha 2018, ndipo anthu omwe adaphunzira anali anyamata azaka zaku koleji (ambiri mwina amaonera zolaula zonyansa). Zidule:
Phunziro laposachedwapa, amuna a 82 omwe ali ndi zaka zoyambirira zapitazo anapatsidwa mwachindunji chimodzi mwa zinthu zitatu (kuononga, kutayika, kapena kulamulira); mkati mwa chikhalidwe chirichonse chomwe iwo anapatsidwa kuti apenyere limodzi la magawo awiri a mphindi zochepa za 10: zolaula zowononga (mwachitsanzo, zopanda chilema, zosokoneza, zonyansa), zolaula zowonongeka (mwachitsanzo, zosaononga, zosayera, zachiwerewere), chizolowezi cholamulira.
Kuonera zolaula ( motsutsana ndi kunyoza) kunapangitsa kuti wochita sewero la zolaula asaone ngati wolakwa [ndipo] kuwonetsa zolaula ( motsutsana ndi kulamulira) kunapangitsanso tsankho lalikulu kwa mkazi wongopeka, ngakhale kuti kuonera zolaula zonyoza sikunali kofunikira. Kuonera zolaula zonyoza ( motsutsana ndi kulamulira) kunapangitsa kuti anthu azikhulupirira kwambiri zachiwerewere komanso kuti mkaziyo anali wolakwa kwambiri.
Zoneneratu za amuna ocheperapo pankhani yogonana ndi amuna ena (2019) - Zolemba:
Popeza pali mgwirizano pakati pa zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi zotsatira zoyipa zamaganizo ndi thanzi la maganizo kwa amuna achichepere ogonana, ndikofunikira kufufuza amuna omwe ali ndi mwayi wochita zinthu zokhudzana ndi kugonana. Tinafufuza zomwe zikusonyeza kuti amuna achichepere ogonana ndi amuna ena amaona kuti kugonana ndi kosayenera (monga kuchita kuwunika thupi, kuchita zinthu zosayenera zogonana), kuphatikizapo kuyang'ana kwambiri maonekedwe, kutenga nawo mbali m'gulu la akazi ogonana ndi amuna okhaokha, amuna ogonana ndi amuna okhaokha, amuna ogonana ndi akazi okhaokha, amuna osintha amuna ndi akazi, amuna osintha amuna ndi akazi komanso akazi okhaokha (LGBTQ), kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, komanso mkangano pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pakati pa amuna 450 ogonana ndi amuna ndi akazi okhaokha. Zomwe tapeza zasonyeza kuti kufunika kwa maonekedwe, kutenga nawo mbali m'gulu la LGBTQ, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso khalidwe losaletsa chikondi pakati pa amuna zinali zokhudzana kwambiri ndi kugonana ndi amuna ena.
Kuonera zolaula movutikira komanso movutikira: Udindo wodzidalira (2019) - Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula movutikira kunali kogwirizana ndi chikhumbo chokhala ndi mphamvu pa akazi. Sikunali kofanana kwenikweni. Zidule:
Kulamulira pafupipafupi kuonera zolaula, kudziwika kwachipembedzo, ndi kugonana, kuyerekezera kapangidwe ka equation kunawonetsa mphamvu pa akazi ndi miyambo ya playboy monga momwe zimagwirizanirana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuonera zolaula zovuta, pomwe kulamulira maganizo ndi miyambo yopambana zinali zokhudzana ndi kuonera zolaula zovuta. Mwa maubwenzi awa, mphamvu pa miyambo ya akazi idapereka zotsatira zabwino nthawi zonse m'mbali zonse…
Kuyanjana komwe kunachitikanso kunawonetsa ubale wabwino pakati pa kutsatira miyambo ya anyamata okonda kugonana ndi kuonera zolaula zovuta , zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu omwe sadzidalira azidziona kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri. Zomwe zapezeka zikusonyeza kuti kuonera zolaula kwa amuna kungakhale kogwirizana ndi momwe amasonyezera umuna wawo wachikhalidwe.
Mgwirizano Pakati pa Kuonera Zithunzi Zolaula Zachiwawa ndi Chiwawa cha Achinyamata mu Ophunzira a Giredi 10 a Sukulu ya Sekondale (2019) - Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti kuonera kwambiri zolaula zachiwawa kunali kogwirizana ndi kuvomereza nthano za kugwiriridwa komanso malingaliro ochepa okhudza kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Komabe, zomwe kafukufukuyu adapeza zinali:
Kuwonetsedwa zolaula zachiwawa kumalumikizidwa ndi mitundu yonse ya TDV, ngakhale mawonekedwe anali osiyana ndi jenda. Anyamata omwe adawonetsedwa zolaula anali 2-3 nthawi zambiri kuti afotokozere za chiwonongeko cha TDV ndikuzunzidwa komanso kuzunzidwa kwakuthupi kwa TDV, pomwe atsikana omwe adawonetsedwa pazithunzi zachiwawa anali atadutsa nthawi ya 1.5 poyerekeza ndikuwopseza TDV poyerekeza ndi anzawo omwe sanawonetse poyera.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa amafotokoza momwe kuchita zolaula pa intaneti, mwachitsanzo, kuyang'ana pazinthu zolaula pa intaneti komanso kulandira mayankho olakwika pa media, zikugwirizana ndi kuvomereza kwamalingaliro azakugonana pakati pa achinyamata. Mwachindunji, imafufuza kafukufuku wakale wovomereza nkhambakamwa zachiwerewere pakuwona nyumba yomwe ikukhudzana ndi zikhulupiriro izi, mwachitsanzo, kukana kupita ku metoo-kayendedwe.
Zotsatira zakuwonetsa kuti kuwonetsedwa pazinthu zapaintaneti zolaula, koma osalandira mayankho olakwika pa media, zinali zokhudzana ndi kukana kwamayendedwe ambiri komanso kuvomereza nthano zakugwiriridwa kudzera mwa malingaliro a akazi ngati zogonana. Kudzidalira sikunagwire ntchito ngati mkhalapakati wovomerezeka m'mayanjano omwe awunikira. Kukhala ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikunawongolere maubale omwe anali nawo.
Pepalali linagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kakale ka asanayambe mayeso kuti lifotokoze momwe nkhaniyi imakhudzira azimayi omwe akutenga nawo mbali (N= 242). Pogwiritsa ntchito Attitudes towards Women Scale ndi Attitudes towards Men scale, zinapezeka kuti akazi sanakumane ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa maganizo awo kwa akazi ena, akawonetsedwa. Komabe, akuwonetsa kusintha kwa zikhulupiriro zawo zachimuna zankhanza pa makanema owonetsa nkhanza zogonana, ndi zikhulupiriro zabwino pa makanema owonetsa kuyanjana kosangalatsa, chiwonetsero chachikondi chogonana, komanso, pa chithunzi chowonetsa kugwiriridwa. Zomwe zapezekazi zikuwunikidwanso ndikukambidwa poganizira za Gender-Schema Theory, Sexual Objectification Theory ndi Empathetic Viewer Theory.
Zithunzi zolaula ndi njira yochotsera ulemu kwa ogonana nawo (2020) - Ambiri mwa anthu omwe amakhudzidwa ndi akazi. Chidule:
Mu kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi ubale, ophunzira 266 ( 78.2% ya akazi; MAge = 30.79, SD = 8.89) adayankha za kuchuluka kwa anthu, kaya anali pachibwenzi kapena ayi, kaya adagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti kapena ayi komanso momwe amaganizira kuti malingaliro oyamba ndi achiwiri ndi a ogonana nawo ndi otani. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti anthu omwe amaonera zolaula amachotsa umunthu wa ogonana nawo koma pokhapokha ngati sali pachibwenzi chachikondi. Zotsatirazi ndizofunikira chifukwa kuchotsera umunthu wa anthu kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoopsa monga kusankhana mitundu, chiwawa, zilango zovuta komanso kuletsa khalidwe loipa. Tikadziwa nthawi yomwe zimachitika, timakhala ndi mwayi wopanga njira zochepetsera izi.
Chithandizo cha amuna ndi nkhanza zogonana: ubale pakati pa anthu otchuka, kutenga nawo mbali pamasewera akusukulu yasekondale ndi khalidwe lochitira zachiwerewere (2020) - Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula mopitirira muyeso kumagwirizana bwino ndi miyeso ya: Kuthekera kwa Kugwiriridwa, Kugwiriridwa, Ufulu Wogonana, ndi Udani kwa Akazi. Gome lokhala ndi maubwenzi oyambira. #8 ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula:
Chitsanzo cha Kugonana kwa Amuna ndi Akazi: Kugwiritsa Ntchito ndi Amuna Achinyamata (2020) - Kafukufuku wa anyamata a giredi 10 adapeza kuti kuwonetsa zolaula zachiwawa kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchita nkhanza zogonana popanda kukhudzana m'miyezi 6 yapitayi, pamodzi ndi nkhanza zogonana, Kuvomereza nthano zogwiririra, Kuchita nkhanza zambiri, Kunyoza anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, Kukhala ndi abwenzi ankhanza kwambiri.
Kuonera Zolaula Pakati pa Achinyamata a ku Eritrea: Kafukufuku Wofufuza (2021) - Chidule:
Zotsatira za ANOVA zomwe zikusonyeza kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu omwe adayankhapo za zolaula chaka chatha ndi omwe sanatero. Makamaka, anthu omwe adayankhapo za zolaula chaka chatha anali ndi malingaliro oipa komanso osafanana pa akazi.
Tinapezanso kuti nkhanza komanso zabwino zokhudzana ndi kugonana zinali zogwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula komanso kutumizirana mauthenga olaula. Chifukwa chake, anyamata ndi atsikana omwe ali ndi malingaliro olaula kwambiri anali kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri ndipo amachita zinthu zambiri zolaula.
Chifukwa chake, zotsatira zathu zikusonyeza kuti atsikana omwe amaonera zolaula zambiri pa intaneti amatsata kwambiri akazi awo . Kuphatikiza apo, anyamata ndi atsikana ambiri okonda kugonana omwe amachita zinthu zambiri zotumizirana zolaula nthawi zambiri ankayang'anira akazi awo pa intaneti.
Zomwe zimanenedweratu za nkhanza zakugonana: Kuyesa mizati inayi ya Confluence Model mu zitsanzo zazikulu za amuna aku koleji (2021) - Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwambiri kunali kokhudzana ndi zovuta zambiri kuphatikiza nkhanza zachimuna, kukhudzana ndi nkhanza zogonana, kukakamiza kugonana, komanso zolakwa zosakhudzana ndi kugonana:
Zithunzi zolaula ndi kugonana kopanda umunthu
Deta yochokera kumayiko a 13 idapezeka, ndi zotsatira zamalingaliro kuchokera kwa otenga nawo mbali oposa 45,000 ndi zotsatira zamakhalidwe kuchokera kwa otenga nawo mbali a 60,000. Kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira yosagwirizana ndi kugonana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi; pakati pa achinyamata ndi akuluakulu; ndi kudutsa mayiko, nthawi, ndi njira. Zotsatira zoyankhulirana zinali zogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso chogonana chogonana kuti kuonera zolaula kumabweretsa malingaliro ogonana, zomwe zimawonjezera mwayi wochita zachiwerewere. Kusanthula kosokoneza sikunagwirizane ndi chiphunzitso cha libertarian cha maganizo a zolaula kuti chifukwa chokha chomwe kumwa zolaula kumayenderana ndi khalidwe logonana lopanda umunthu ndi chifukwa chakuti anthu omwe ali kale opanda umunthu m'malingaliro awo okhudzana ndi kugonana amatha kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndikuchita zachiwerewere.
Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kutsutsa angakhale oyenera:
Pamene 'iye' akukhala 'icho' (2019) (cholengeza kwa atolankhani)
Kuwunika mayankho a mitsempha ku zolinga za anthu ndi zinthu zomwe zilibe cholinga kuti tizindikire njira zopezera chilakolako chogonana zomwe zimapitirira fanizo (2019) (kafukufuku wathunthu)