YBOP NTCHITO: Ofufuza adapanga ndikuyesa chida chatsopano chowunikira, kutengera njira ya World Health Organisation ya ICD-11 Gaming Disorder. Zapangidwa kuti ziwunikire zovuta zingapo zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (zokonda pa intaneti) kuphatikizapo "vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula."
Ndi kuphatikizidwa kwa vuto lamasewera mu ICD-11, njira zodziwira matenda zidayambitsidwa chifukwa cha vuto latsopanoli. Izi zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pazovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, zomwe zitha kugawidwa mu ICD-11 monga zovuta zina chifukwa cha zizolowezi, monga vuto la kugula pa intaneti, pa intaneti zolaula-kugwiritsa ntchito vuto, vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito ma social network, komanso vuto la kutchova njuga pa intaneti. [kutsindika kuwonjezeredwa]
ICD-11 imatchula Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD), yomwe ambiri amaganiza kuti zolaula zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha khalidwe, monga vuto lodziletsa. Vuto la Compulsive buying-shopping disorder limalembedwa ngati chitsanzo pansi pa gulu la 'zovuta zina zodziwikiratu' (6C7Y) koma popanda kusiyanitsa pakati pamitundu yapaintaneti ndi yakunja. Kusiyanitsa uku sikunapangidwenso m'mafunso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyesa kugula mokakamiza (Maraz et al., 2015; Müller, Mitchell, Vogel, & de Zwaan, 2017). Vuto logwiritsa ntchito ma social network silinaganizidwebe mu ICD-11. Komabe, pali mikangano yozikidwa paumboni pa vuto lililonse mwamagawo atatuwa kuti agawidwe ngati machitidwe osokoneza bongo (Brand et al., 2020; Gola et al., 2017; Müller et al., 2019; Stark et al., 2018; Wegmann, Müller, Ostendorf, & Brand, 2018). [kutsindika kuwonjezeredwa]
Kudalirika
Mbiri ndi zolinga
Ndi kuphatikizidwa kwa vuto lamasewera mu ICD-11, njira zodziwira matenda zidayambitsidwa chifukwa cha vuto latsopanoli. Izi zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pazovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, zomwe zitha kugawidwa mu ICD-11 monga zovuta zina chifukwa cha zizolowezi, monga vuto la kugula pa intaneti, vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. chisokonezo, ndi vuto la juga pa intaneti. Chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa zida zomwe zidalipo kale, tinali ndi cholinga chopanga njira zosasinthika komanso zachuma zamitundu yayikulu (yotheka) yogwiritsa ntchito intaneti motengera njira za ICD-11 za vuto lamasewera.
Njira
Kuwunika kwazinthu zatsopano za 11 za Zovuta Zogwiritsa Ntchito Paintaneti (ACSID-11) zimayesa zizolowezi zisanu zamakhalidwe ndi zinthu zomwezo potsatira mfundo za WHO's ASSIST. ACSID-11 idaperekedwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (N = 985) pamodzi ndi kusinthidwa kwa Mayeso a Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) ndi zowunikira zamaganizidwe. Tidagwiritsa ntchito Confirmatory Factor Analyzes kusanthula mawonekedwe a ACSID-11.
Results
Mapangidwe azinthu zinayi adatsimikiziridwa ndipo anali apamwamba kuposa yankho la unidimensional. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito pazovuta zamasewera komanso zovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Zambiri za ACSID-11 zolumikizidwa ndi IGDT-10 komanso miyeso yakupsinjika kwamaganizidwe.
Zokambirana ndi Zotsatira
ACSID-11 ikuwoneka kuti ndiyoyenera kuwunika kosasinthika (kuthekera) kwazovuta zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti potengera njira zodziwira matenda a ICD-11 pazovuta zamasewera. ACSID-11 ikhoza kukhala chida chothandiza komanso chachuma powerenga zizolowezi zosiyanasiyana zamakhalidwe ndi zinthu zomwezo ndikuwongolera kufananizira.
Introduction
Kugawa komanso kupezeka kosavuta kwa intaneti kumapangitsa kuti ntchito zapaintaneti ziziwoneka bwino komanso zimapereka zabwino zambiri. Kupatula phindu la anthu ambiri, machitidwe a pa intaneti amatha kukhala osalamulirika mwa anthu ena (mwachitsanzo, King & Potenza, 2019; Achinyamata, 2004). Makamaka masewerawa amakhala nkhani yokhudza thanzi la anthu (Faust & Prochaska, 2018; Rumpf et al., 2018). Pambuyo pa kuzindikira kwa 'Internet gaming disorder' mu kukonzanso kwachisanu kwa Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; Association of Psychiatric Association, 2013) monga chikhalidwe cha maphunziro owonjezereka, vuto la masewerawa tsopano likuphatikizidwa ngati matenda ovomerezeka (6C51) mu ndondomeko ya 11 ya International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11); Bungwe la World Health, 2018). Ili ndi gawo lofunikira pothana ndi zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi zobwera chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito koyipa kwaukadaulo wa digito (Billieux, Stein, Castro-Calvo, Higushi, & King, 2021). Kufalikira kwamasewera amasewera padziko lonse lapansi akuyerekezedwa ndi 3.05%, yomwe ikufanana ndi zovuta zina zamaganizidwe monga vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena zovuta zokakamiza kwambiri (Stevens, Dorstyn, Delfabbro, & King, 2021). Komabe, kuyerekeza kufalikira kumasiyana kwambiri kutengera chida chowunikira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito (Stevens et al., 2021). Pakali pano, maonekedwe a zida ndi zambiri. Njira zambiri zimatengera njira za DSM-5 za vuto lamasewera pa intaneti ndipo palibe chomwe chikuwoneka bwino.Mfumu ndi al., 2020). Zofananazo zimagwiranso ntchito pazinthu zina zosokoneza bongo pa intaneti, monga kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, malo ochezera, kapena kugula zinthu pa intaneti. Makhalidwe ovuta awa pa intaneti amatha kuchitika limodzi ndi vuto lamasewera (Burleigh, Griffiths, Sumich, Stavropoulos, & Kuss, 2019; Müller et al., 2021), koma atha kukhalanso gulu lanu. Zolinga zaposachedwa monga mawonekedwe a Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) (Mtundu, Wachinyamata, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016; Brand et al., 2019) kuganiza kuti njira zamaganizidwe zofananira zimathandizira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya (pa intaneti) machitidwe osokoneza bongo. Malingalirowa akugwirizana ndi njira zakale zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kufotokoza zofanana pakati pa zovuta zosokoneza bongo, mwachitsanzo, zokhudzana ndi njira za neuropsychological (Bechara, 2005; Robinson & Berridge, 1993), ma genetic (Blum et al., 2000), kapena zigawo zikuluzikulu (Griffiths, 2005). Komabe, chida chowunikira chambiri chazovuta (zomwe zingatheke) zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti motengera njira zomwezo kulibe. Kuwunika kofananira m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamavuto chifukwa cha zizolowezi zoyipa ndikofunikira kuti muwone zomwe zimafanana komanso zosiyana movomerezeka.
Mu ICD-11, vuto lamasewera limalembedwa kupitilira vuto la njuga m'gulu la 'zovuta chifukwa cha zizolowezi'. Njira zowunikira (zonse ziwiri) ndi: (1) kulephera kuwongolera khalidwe (mwachitsanzo, kuyambira, mafupipafupi, mphamvu, nthawi, kuthetsa, nkhani); (2) kukulitsa kutsogoza koperekedwa ku khalidwelo kufikira mmene khalidwelo lingakhalire patsogolo pa zokonda zina ndi zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku; (3) kupitiriza kapena kukwera kwa khalidweli ngakhale zotsatira zake zoipa. Ngakhale kuti sizinatchulidwe mwachindunji ngati njira zowonjezera, ndizovomerezeka kuti mudziwe kuti khalidweli limatsogolera ku (4) kuwonongeka kwa ntchito pazochitika zofunika pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku (mwachitsanzo, zaumwini, zabanja, zamaphunziro, kapena zamagulu) ndi / kapena kuvutika kwakukulu (Bungwe la World Health, 2018). Chifukwa chake, zigawo zonse ziwirizi ziyenera kuphatikizidwa pophunzira zomwe zitha kukhala zosokoneza bongo. Ponseponse, izi zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pagulu la 'zovuta zina zodziwika chifukwa cha zizolowezi' (6C5Y), momwe vuto la kugula, kusokoneza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, komanso vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti litha kukhala m'magulu (Brand et al., 2020). Kusokonezeka kogula pa intaneti kungatanthauzidwe ndi kugula mopambanitsa, kolakwika pa intaneti kwa zinthu zogula zomwe zimachitika mobwerezabwereza ngakhale zili ndi zotsatira zoyipa motero zimatha kukhala vuto linalake logwiritsa ntchito intaneti (Müller, Laskowski, et al., 2021). Vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula limadziwika ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (pa intaneti), zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi zikhalidwe zina zokakamiza zogonana (Kraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016; Kraus et al., 2018). Vuto logwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti limatha kutanthauzidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri malo ochezera a pa Intaneti (kuphatikiza malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi njira zina zolumikizirana pa intaneti) zomwe zimadziwika ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu pakugwiritsa ntchito, kuchulukirachulukira komwe kumaperekedwa pakugwiritsa ntchito, komanso kupitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera ngakhale kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa (Andreassen, 2015). Zokonda zonse zitatu zomwe zimatha kukhala ndi khalidwe zimapanga zochitika zokhudzana ndichipatala zomwe zimasonyeza kufanana ndi makhalidwe ena osokoneza bongo (mwachitsanzo, Brand et al., 2020; Griffiths, Kuss, & Demetrovics, 2014; Müller et al., 2019; Stark, Klucken, Potenza, Brand, & Strahler, 2018).
Zida zomwe zimayesa mitundu ina ya zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti makamaka zimatengera malingaliro akale, monga mitundu yosinthidwa ya Young's Internet Addiction Test (mwachitsanzo, Laier, Pawlikowski, Pekal, Schulte, & Brand, 2013; Wegmann, Stodt, & Brand, 2015) kapena masikelo a "Bergen" kutengera zida za Griffiths (mwachitsanzo, Andreassen, Torsheim, Brunborg, & Pallesen, 2012; Andreassen et al., 2015), kapena amayesa mapangidwe osawoneka bwino potengera njira za DSM-5 za vuto lamasewera (mwachitsanzo, Lemmens, Valkenburg, & Amitundu, 2015; Van den Eijnden, Lemmens, & Valkenburg, 2016) kapena vuto la njuga (kuti muwunikenso onani Otto et al., 2020). Njira zina zam'mbuyomu zidatengedwa kuchokera kumayendedwe okhudzana ndi kutchova njuga, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena zidapangidwa mwachidziwitso (Laconi, Rodgers, & Chabrol, 2014). Zambiri mwa zida izi zikuwonetsa zofooka zama psychometric ndi zosagwirizana monga zasonyezedwa muzowunikira zosiyanasiyana (Mfumu, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar, & Griffiths, 2013; Lortie & Guitton, 2013; Petry, Rehbein, Ko, & O'Brien, 2015). Mfumu ndi al. (2020) adazindikira zida zosiyanasiyana za 32 zomwe zimayesa kusokonezeka kwamasewera, zomwe zikuwonetsa kusagwirizana mu gawo la kafukufuku. Ngakhale zida zotchulidwa komanso zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, monga Young's Internet Addiction Test (Achinyamata, 1998), osayimira mokwanira njira zodziwira matenda amasewera, ngakhale a DSM-5 kapena ICD-11. Mfumu ndi al. (2020) Mfundo inanso pa zofooka za psychometric, mwachitsanzo, kusowa kwa chitsimikizo champhamvu komanso kuti zida zambiri zidapangidwa kutengera lingaliro la kumangidwa kwaunimodal. Zimasonyeza kuti chiwerengero cha zizindikiro za munthu payekha zimawerengedwa m'malo moyang'ana pafupipafupi komanso kuchulukira kwapadera payekha. Mayeso a Masewera a Masewera a Paintaneti a Zinthu Khumi (IGDT-10; Király et al., 2017) pakadali pano akuwoneka kuti akugwira bwino njira za DSM-5 koma palibe zida zomwe zidawoneka kuti ndizoyenera (Mfumu ndi al., 2020). Posachedwapa, masikelo angapo adayambitsidwa ngati zida zowunikira zoyambira zomwe zimagwira njira ya ICD-11 pamavuto amasewera (Balhara et al., 2020; Higuchi et al., 2021; Jo et al., 2020; Paschke, Austermann, & Thomasius, 2020; Pontes et al., 2021) komanso vuto logwiritsa ntchito ma social network (Paschke, Austermann, & Thomasius, 2021). Kawirikawiri, zikhoza kuganiziridwa kuti si chizindikiro chilichonse chomwe chimakhala chofanana, mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri kapena mofanana kwambiri. Chifukwa chake zikuwoneka kuti ndizofunikira kuti zida zowunikira zizitha kujambula zonse ziwiri, zizindikiro zonse, komanso kuchuluka kwazizindikirozo. M'malo mwake, njira yamitundu yambiri ingafufuze kuti ndi chizindikiro chiti chomwe chimathandizira motsimikiza, kapena m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuti pakhale chitukuko ndi kukonzanso khalidwe lovuta, limagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuvutika kwakukulu, kapena ngati ndi nkhani yofunikira.
Mavuto omwewo komanso kusagwirizana kumawonekera poyang'ana zida zomwe zimawunika mitundu ina yamavuto omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa intaneti, monga vuto la kugula pa intaneti, vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, komanso vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Izi zomwe zitha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito intaneti sizimayikidwa mu ICD-11 mosiyana ndi zovuta zamasewera ndi njuga. Makamaka pankhani ya vuto la kutchova njuga, zida zambiri zowunikira zilipo kale, koma zambiri zilibe umboni wokwanira (Otto et al., 2020), ndipo samatsata njira za ICD-11 za vuto la kutchova njuga kapena kuyang'ana kwambiri vuto la kutchova njuga pa intaneti (Albrecht, Kirschner, & Grüsser, 2007; Dowling et al., 2019). ICD-11 imatchula Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD), yomwe ambiri amaganiza kuti zolaula zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha khalidwe, monga vuto lodziletsa. Vuto la Compulsive buying-shopping disorder limalembedwa ngati chitsanzo pansi pa gulu la 'zovuta zina zodziwikiratu' (6C7Y) koma popanda kusiyanitsa pakati pamitundu yapaintaneti ndi yakunja. Kusiyanitsa uku sikunapangidwenso m'mafunso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyesa kugula mokakamiza (Maraz et al., 2015; Müller, Mitchell, Vogel, & de Zwaan, 2017). Vuto logwiritsa ntchito ma social network silinaganizidwebe mu ICD-11. Komabe, pali mikangano yozikidwa paumboni kuti vuto lililonse mwamabvuto atatuwa ligawidwe ngati chizolowezi chosokoneza bongo (Brand et al., 2020; Gola et al., 2017; Müller et al., 2019; Stark et al., 2018; Wegmann, Müller, Ostendorf, & Brand, 2018). Kupatula kusowa kwa mgwirizano pazagawidwe komanso matanthauzo azovuta zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa intaneti, palinso zosemphana pakugwiritsa ntchito zida zowunikira (zowunikira onani Andreassen, 2015; Fernandez & Griffiths, 2021; Hussain & Griffiths, 2018; Müller et al., 2017). Mwachitsanzo, pali zida zopitilira 20 zomwe zimayenera kuyeza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta (Fernandez & Griffiths, 2021) koma palibe yomwe imafotokoza mokwanira njira za ICD-11 zamavuto chifukwa cha zizolowezi, zomwe zili pafupi kwambiri ndi njira za ICD-11 za CSBD.
Kuphatikiza apo, zovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti zikuwoneka kuti zitha kuchitika, makamaka masewera osokonezeka komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (Burleigh et al., 2019; Müller et al., 2021). Pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula mbiri yobisika, Charzyńska, Sussman, and Atroszko (2021) adazindikira kuti kusokonekera kwa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi kugula zinthu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito masewera osagwirizana ndi zolaula nthawi zambiri kumachitika limodzi motsatana. Mbiriyo kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwazovuta zonse zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti zikuwonetsa kukhala ndi thanzi labwino (Charzyńska et al., 2021). Izi zikugogomezeranso kufunikira kowunika mozama komanso kofanana pamakhalidwe osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti. Pakhala pali kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zofanana pazovuta zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, monga Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (Bőthe et al., 2018), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (Andreassen, Pallesen, & Griffiths, 2017) kapena Online Shopping Addiction Scale (Zhao, Tian, & Xin, 2017). Komabe, masikelo awa adapangidwa pamaziko a zigawo zachitsanzo ndi Griffiths (2005) ndipo musafotokozere zomwe zikufunsidwa zamavuto chifukwa cha zizolowezi zoyipa (cf. Bungwe la World Health, 2018).
Mwachidule, ICD-11 ikufuna njira zodziwira zovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha (makamaka pa intaneti) zizolowezi, zomwe ndi vuto la kutchova njuga komanso vuto lamasewera. Kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta zolaula pa intaneti, kugula pa intaneti, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kutha kuperekedwa ku gawo laling'ono la ICD-11 'zovuta zina zodziwika chifukwa cha zizolowezi' zomwe zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito.Brand et al., 2020). Mpaka pano, mawonekedwe a zida zowunikira izi (zomwe zingatheke) zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ndizosagwirizana kwambiri. Komabe, kuyeza kosasinthasintha kwa mapangidwe osiyanasiyana ndikofunikira kuti tipititse patsogolo kafukufuku wazofanana ndi kusiyana pakati pazovuta zosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha zizolowezi. Cholinga chathu chinali kupanga chida chachifupi koma chokwanira chowunikira mitundu yosiyanasiyana (yotheka) yogwiritsa ntchito intaneti yomwe ikukhudza njira za ICD-11 za vuto lamasewera komanso vuto la juga, kuti tithandizire kuzindikira (zomwe zingatheke) zovuta zina zapaintaneti.
Njira
ophunzira
Omwe adatenga nawo gawo adalembedwa pa intaneti kudzera pagulu lothandizira othandizira omwe adalipidwa aliyense payekhapayekha. Tidaphatikizanso anthu omwe amalankhula Chijeremani kuchokera kumadera olankhula Chijeremani. Sitinaphatikizepo ma dataset osakwanira ndi omwe akuwonetsa kuyankha mosasamala. Chotsatiracho chinazindikiridwa ndi mkati mwa muyeso (chinthu choyankhidwa ndi kudzidziwitsa nokha) ndi post-hoc (nthawi yoyankha, njira yoyankhira, Mahalanobis D) njira (Godinho, Kushnir, & Cunningham, 2016; Meade & Craig, 2012). Chitsanzo chomaliza chinali cha N = 958 otenga nawo mbali (499 amuna, 458 akazi, 1 osiyanasiyana) pakati pa 16 ndi 69 zaka zakubadwa (M = 47.60, SD = 14.50. Ambiri omwe adatenga nawo gawo adagwira ntchito nthawi zonse (46.3%), pantchito (yoyambirira) yopuma pantchito (20.1%), kapena yanthawi yochepa (14.3%). Enawo anali ophunzira, ophunzitsidwa, amayi apakhomo/-amuna, kapena osalembedwa ntchito pazifukwa zina. Mlingo wamaphunziro apamwamba kwambiri unagawidwa pamaphunziro omaliza a ntchito zamakampani (33.6%), digiri ya kuyunivesite (19.0%), omaliza maphunziro asukulu yantchito (14.1%), omaliza maphunziro kusukulu yaukadaulo/ukadaulo (11.8%) , ndi digiri ya polytechnic (10.1%). Enawo anali amaphunziro/ophunzira kapena analibe digiri. Zitsanzo zosavuta zachisawawa zikuwonetsa kugawa kofananira kwamitundu yayikulu ya anthu monga kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti aku Germany (cf. Ziwerengero, 2021).
Njira
Kuunika kwa Zofunikira Pazovuta Zogwiritsa Ntchito Paintaneti: ACSID-11
Ndi ACSID-11 tinali ndi cholinga chopanga chida chowunikira zovuta zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti mwachidule koma momveka bwino, komanso mosasinthasintha. Linapangidwa kutengera chiphunzitso cha gulu la akatswiri ofufuza zosokoneza bongo ndi asing'anga. Zinthuzo zidatengedwa pazokambitsirana zingapo ndimisonkhano yogwirizana kutengera njira za ICD-11 zamavuto chifukwa cha zizolowezi, monga amafotokozera zamasewera ndi njuga, potengera mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Zotsatira za Talk-Aloud Analysis zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhathamiritsa zowona komanso kumvetsetsa kwazinthuzo (Schmidt et al., adatumizidwa).
ACSID-11 ili ndi zinthu 11 zomwe zimagwira njira ya ICD-11 yazovuta chifukwa chazolowera. Njira zazikuluzikulu zitatu, kuwongolera (IC), kuchulukitsidwa kwazomwe zimaperekedwa pa intaneti (IP), ndi kupitiliza/kukwera (CE) kwa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngakhale zili ndi zotsatira zoyipa, zimayimiridwa ndi zinthu zitatu chilichonse. Zinthu ziwiri zowonjezera zidapangidwa kuti ziwone kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku (FI) komanso kupsinjika (MD) chifukwa cha zomwe zimachitika pa intaneti. Pofunsatu, otenga nawo mbali adalangizidwa kuti awonetse zomwe achita pa intaneti zomwe akhala akugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zina m'miyezi 12 yapitayi. Zochita (ie, 'masewera', 'kugula pa intaneti', 'kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zapaintaneti', 'kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti', 'kutchova njuga pa intaneti', ndi 'zina') zandandalikidwa ndi matanthauzo ogwirizana ndi mayankho oti 'inde'. ' kapena 'ayi'. Ophunzira omwe adayankha kuti 'inde' ku chinthu 'china' adawonetsedwa. Ena onse adalandira zinthu za ACSID-11 pazochita zonse zomwe zidayankhidwa ndi 'inde'. Njira yamitundu yambiriyi imachokera ku Mayeso a WHO a Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening (ASSIST; WHO ASIST Working Group, 2002), yomwe imayang'anira magulu akuluakulu azinthu zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ndi zotsatira zake zoipa komanso zizindikiro za khalidwe losokoneza bongo mosasinthasintha pa zinthu zinazake.
Mofanana ndi ASSIST, chinthu chilichonse chimapangidwa m'njira kuti chitha kuyankhidwa mwachindunji pazochitikazo. Tinagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a magawo awiri (onani Chith. 1), momwe ophunzira akuyenera kuwonetsa chinthu chilichonse pazochitika zilizonse mochuluka motani adakhala ndi zokumana nazo m'miyezi 12 yapitayi (0: , 'never', 1: 'kawirikawiri', 2: 'nthawi zina', 3: 'nthawi zambiri'), ndipo ngati "kawirikawiri", kwambiri chokumana nacho chilichonse chinali m'miyezi 12 yapitayi (0: , 'osati kwambiri', 1: 'osati kwambiri', 2: 'm'malo mwake', 3: 'champhamvu'). Pofufuza pafupipafupi komanso kukula kwa chizindikiro chilichonse, n'zotheka kufufuza zochitika za chizindikiro, komanso kulamulira momwe zizindikiro zowopsya zimawonekera kupitirira nthawi zambiri. Zinthu za ACSID-11 (zomasulira zachingerezi zomwe zaperekedwa) zikuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 1. Zinthu zoyambilira (zachijeremani) kuphatikiza zofunsa kale ndi malangizo zitha kupezeka mu Zowonjezera (onani Zowonjezera A).
Chitsanzo cha chinthu cha ACSID-11 (kumasulira kwachingerezi kwachingerezi kwachinthu choyambirira cha ku Germany) kuwonetsa kuyeza kwa mafupipafupi (mizati yakumanzere) ndi mphamvu (zazazamanja) za zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika zapaintaneti. zolemba. Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa chinthu chachitsanzo cha factor Impaired Control (IC) monga chikuwonetsedwa A) kwa munthu yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito zochitika zonse zisanu pa intaneti monga momwe zasonyezedwera pafunso (onani Zowonjezera A) ndi B) kwa munthu amene wasonyeza kuti amagwiritsa ntchito kugula zinthu pa intaneti komanso malo ochezera a pa Intaneti okha.
Citation: Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2022; 10.1556/2006.2022.00013
Zinthu za ACSID-11 screener pazovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (kumasulira kwachingerezi komwe akufunsidwa).
| katunduyo | funso |
| IC1 | M'miyezi 12 yapitayi, kodi munali ndi vuto losunga nthawi yomwe munayamba ntchitoyo, kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji, mozama bwanji, kapena muzochitika zotani, kapena pomwe mudayimitsa? |
| IC2 | M'miyezi 12 yapitayi, munamvapo chikhumbo choyimitsa kapena kuletsa zochitikazo chifukwa mudawona kuti mukuzigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri? |
| IC3 | M'miyezi 12 yapitayi, kodi munayesapo kuyimitsa kapena kuletsa zochitikazo ndipo mwalephera nazo? |
| IP1 | M'miyezi 12 yapitayi, kodi munaikapo ntchitoyi kukhala yofunika kwambiri kuposa zina kapena zokonda zanu zatsiku ndi tsiku? |
| IP2 | M'miyezi 12 yapitayi, kodi mwasiya kuchita chidwi ndi zinthu zina zomwe munkasangalala nazo chifukwa cha ntchitoyi? |
| IP3 | M’miyezi 12 yapitayi, kodi munanyalanyaza kapena kusiya zinthu zina kapena zokonda zimene munkasangalala nazo chifukwa cha ntchitoyo? |
| CE1 | M’miyezi 12 yapitayi, kodi munapitiriza kapena kuonjezera zochitikazo ngakhale kuti zikuwopsezani kapena kukuchititsani kutaya ubwenzi ndi munthu wina wofunika kwa inu? |
| CE2 | M'miyezi 12 yapitayi, kodi munapitiliza kapena kuonjezera zochitikazo ngakhale zakubweretserani mavuto pasukulu/maphunziro/ntchito? |
| CE3 | M'miyezi 12 yapitayi, mwapitiliza kapena kuonjezera zochitikazo ngakhale zadzetsa madandaulo/matenda amthupi kapena m'maganizo? |
| Mtengo wa FI1 | Poganizira mbali zonse za moyo wanu, kodi moyo wanu wakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zomwe zachitika m'miyezi 12 yapitayi? |
| MD1 | Poganizira mbali zonse za moyo wanu, kodi ntchitoyi idakuvutitsani m'miyezi 12 yapitayi? |
zolemba. IC = kuwongolera kosokoneza; IP = kuchuluka kofunikira; CE = kupitiriza / kukwera; FI = kuwonongeka kwa ntchito; MD = kuvutika kwakukulu; Zinthu zoyambirira zaku Germany zitha kupezeka mu Zowonjezera A.
Zinthu Khumi Zoyesa Kusokoneza Masewera pa intaneti: IGDT-10 - ASSIST mtundu
Monga muyeso wotsimikizika wosinthika, tidagwiritsa ntchito zinthu khumi IGDT-10 (Király et al., 2017) mu mtundu wowonjezera. IGDT-10 imagwiritsa ntchito njira zisanu ndi zinayi za DSM-5 pazovuta zamasewera pa intaneti (Association of Psychiatric Association, 2013). Mu kafukufukuyu, tidakulitsa mtundu wamasewera oyambilira kuti mitundu yonse yazovuta zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti ziyesedwe. Kuti tikwaniritse izi, komanso kuti njirayo ikhale yofanana, tidagwiritsanso ntchito njira yoyankhira zochita zambiri pa chitsanzo cha ASSIST apa. Pachifukwa ichi, zinthuzo zidasinthidwa kotero kuti 'masewera' adasinthidwa ndi 'ntchitoyo'. Nkhani iliyonse idayankhidwa pazochita zonse zapaintaneti zomwe otenga nawo gawo adawonetsa kale kuti azigwiritsa ntchito (kuchokera pa 'masewera', 'kugula pa intaneti', 'kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti', 'kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti', ndi 'kutchova njuga pa intaneti' ). Pachinthu chilichonse, ntchito iliyonse idavotera pamlingo wa Likert wa mfundo zitatu (0 = 'palibe', 1 = 'nthawi zina', 2 = 'nthawi zambiri'). Kugoletsa kunali kofanana ndi mtundu woyambirira wa IGDT-10: Mulingo uliwonse udalandira mphambu 0 ngati yankho silinali 'konse' kapena 'nthawi zina' komanso 1 ngati yankho linali 'nthawi zambiri'. Zinthu 9 ndi 10 zikuyimira njira yofananira (ie, 'kuyika pachiwopsezo kapena kutaya ubale wofunikira, ntchito, kapena mwayi wophunzira kapena ntchito chifukwa chochita nawo masewera a pa intaneti') ndikuwerengera limodzi mfundo imodzi ngati chinthu chimodzi kapena zonse zakwaniritsidwa. Chiwerengero chomaliza chinawerengedwa pa ntchito iliyonse. Itha kukhala kuyambira 0 mpaka 9 yokhala ndi ziwonetsero zapamwamba zosonyeza kuopsa kwa zizindikiro. Ponena za vuto lamasewera, ziwerengero zisanu kapena kupitilira apo zikuwonetsa kufunika kwachipatala (Király et al., 2017).
Mafunso a Zaumoyo Wodwala-4: PHQ-4
Mafunso a Odwala Odwala-4 (PHQ-4; Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams, & Löwe, 2009) ndimuyeso wachidule wa zizindikiro za kupsinjika maganizo ndi nkhawa. Zili ndi zinthu zinayi zotengedwa ku Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale ndi PHQ-8 module for depression. Ophunzira ayenera kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro zina pamlingo wa Likert wa 0-point kuyambira 3 ('ayi konse') mpaka 0 ('pafupifupi tsiku lililonse'). Chiwerengero chonsecho chikhoza kukhala pakati pa 12 ndi 0 kusonyeza kuti palibe / zochepa, zofatsa, zochepetsetsa, komanso zovuta kwambiri za kuvutika maganizo ndi zambiri kuchokera ku 2-3, 5-6, 8-9, 12-XNUMX, motsatira (Kroenke et al., 2009).
Ubwino wamba
Kukhutitsidwa kwa moyo wonse kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Life Satisfaction Short Scale (L-1) mu mtundu woyambirira waku Germany (Beierlein, Kovaleva, László, Kemper, & Rammstedt, 2015) adayankhidwa pamlingo wa 11-point Likert kuyambira 0 ('osakhutitsidwa konse') mpaka 10 ('kukhutitsidwa kwathunthu'). Sikelo ya chinthu chimodzi imatsimikiziridwa bwino ndipo imagwirizana kwambiri ndi zinthu zingapo zoyesa kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo (Beierlein et al., 2015). Tidafunsanso za chikhutiro chenicheni cha moyo pazaumoyo (H-1): 'Zinthu zonse zikaganiziridwa, ndinu okhutitsidwa bwanji ndi thanzi lanu masiku ano?' idayankhidwa pamlingo womwewo wa mfundo 11 (cf. Beierlein et al., 2015).
Kayendesedwe
Kafukufukuyu adachitika pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito chida cha kafukufuku pa intaneti cha Limesurvey®. Ma ACSID-11 ndi IGDT-10 adakhazikitsidwa m'njira yoti ntchito zomwe zidasankhidwa pazofunsidwa ndizomwe zidawonetsedwa pazinthuzo. Ophunzira adalandira maulalo amunthu payekhapayekha kuchokera kwa opereka chithandizo omwe adatsogolera ku kafukufuku wapaintaneti wopangidwa ndi ife. Pambuyo pomaliza, otenga nawo mbali adabwezeredwa kutsamba lawebusayiti kuti akalandire mayina awo. Zambiri zidasonkhanitsidwa kuyambira pa Epulo 8 mpaka Epulo 14 mu 2021.
Kusanthula kusanthula
Tinagwiritsa ntchito confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) kuti tiyese kukula kwa ACSID-11. Kuwunikaku kudayendetsedwa ndi mtundu wa Mplus 8.4 (Muthén & Muthén, 2019) pogwiritsa ntchito masikweya olemedwa njira ndi kuyerekezera kosinthika (WLSMV). Kuti tiyese kukwanira kwachitsanzo, tidagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zingapo, zomwe ndi chi-square (χ 2) kuyesa kukwanira kwenikweni, Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis fit index (TLI), Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR), ndi Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). Malinga ndi Hu ndi Bentler (1999), ma cutoff values a CFI ndi TLI> 0.95, a SRMR <0.08, and for RMSEA <0.06 akuwonetsa kukwanira kwachitsanzo chabwino. Kuphatikiza apo, mtengo wa chi-square wogawidwa ndi magawo aufulu (χ2/df) <3 ndi chizindikiro china chovomerezeka chovomerezeka (Carmines & McIver, 1981). Cronbach's alpha (α) ndi Guttman's Lambda-2 (λ 2) adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati miyeso yodalirika ndi ma coefficients> 0.8 (> 0.7) akuwonetsa kusasinthika kwamkati kwabwino (kovomerezeka).Bortz & Döring, 2006). Kusanthula kwamalumikizidwe (Pearson) adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa kutsimikizika kosinthika pakati pamiyeso yosiyana ya zomanga zomwezo kapena zogwirizana. Kusanthula uku kunayendetsedwa ndi IBM Ziwerengero za SPSS (chithunzi 26). Malinga ndi Cohen (1988), mtengo |r| | = 0.10, 0.30, 0.50 imasonyeza zotsatira zazing'ono, zapakati, zazikulu, motero.
Ethics
Njira zophunzirirazo zidachitika motsatira Declaration of Helsinki. Kafukufukuyu adavomerezedwa ndi komiti yamakhalidwe abwino ya gawo la Computer Science ndi Applied Cognitive Sciences ku Faculty of Engineering ya University of Duisburg-Essen. Ophunzira onse adadziwitsidwa za phunziroli ndipo onse adapereka chilolezo chodziwitsidwa.
Results
Muchitsanzo chaposachedwa, machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti adagawidwa motere: Masewera adawonetsedwa ndi 440 (45.9%) anthu (zaka: M = 43.59, SD = 14.66; 259 amuna, 180 akazi, 1 osiyanasiyana), 944 (98.5%) mwa anthu omwe amagula pa intaneti (zaka: M = 47.58, SD = 14.49; 491 amuna, 452 akazi, 1 osiyanasiyana), 340 (35.5%) mwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti (zaka: M = 44.80, SD = 14.96; 263 amuna, 76 akazi, 1 osiyanasiyana), 854 (89.1%) mwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti (zaka: M = 46.52, SD = 14.66; 425 amuna, 428 akazi, 1 osiyanasiyana), ndi 200 (20.9%) anthu omwe amachita nawo njuga pa intaneti (zaka: M = 46.91, SD = 13.67; 125 amuna, 75 akazi, 0 osiyanasiyana). Ochepa omwe akutenga nawo mbali (n = 61; 6.3%) adawonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito imodzi yokha. Ambiri omwe atenga nawo mbali (n = 841; 87.8%) adagwiritsanso ntchito kugula pa intaneti limodzi ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndipo 409 (42.7%) mwa iwo adawonetsanso kusewera masewera a pa intaneti. Makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu asanu ndi atatu (7.1%) mwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo adawonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zonse zomwe zatchulidwa pa intaneti.
Poganizira kuti zovuta zamasewera ndi kutchova njuga ndi mitundu iwiri yazovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zizolowezi zomwe zimazindikirika mwalamulo ndikupatsidwa kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe tidachita nawo njuga pa intaneti kunali kochepa, tiyang'ana kaye pazotsatira za mayesowa. Njira zothanirana ndi vuto lamasewera ndi ACSID-11.
Ziwerengero zofotokozera
Pankhani ya vuto lamasewera, zinthu zonse za ACSID-11 zili ndi mavoti pakati pa 0 ndi 3 omwe amawonetsa kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe zingatheke (onani Gulu 2). Zinthu zonse zikuwonetsa zikhalidwe zotsika kwambiri komanso kugawa kokhotakhota monga momwe zimayembekezeredwa mu zitsanzo zosakhala zachipatala. Zovuta ndizokwera kwambiri pazinthu Zopitilira / Kukwera ndi Zowonetsa Kusautsidwa pomwe Kuwongolera Kusakhazikika (makamaka IC1) ndi Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri Kuchulukitsitsa ndizovuta kwambiri. Kurtosis ndiyokwera kwambiri pachinthu choyamba cha Continuation/Escalation (CE1) ndi Marked Distress item (MD1).
Ziwerengero zofotokozera za zinthu za ACSID-11 zoyezera vuto lamasewera.
| No. | katunduyo | Mphindi | Max | M | (SD) | Skewness | Kurtosis | movutikira |
| a) | Pafupipafupi lonse | |||||||
| 01a | IC1 | 0 | 3 | 0.827 | (0.956) | 0.808 | -0.521 | 27.58 |
| 02a | IC2 | 0 | 3 | 0.602 | (0.907) | 1.237 | 0.249 | 20.08 |
| 03a | IC3 | 0 | 3 | 0.332 | (0.723) | 2.163 | 3.724 | 11.06 |
| 04a | IP1 | 0 | 3 | 0.623 | (0.895) | 1.180 | 0.189 | 20.76 |
| 05a | IP2 | 0 | 3 | 0.405 | (0.784) | 1.913 | 2.698 | 13.48 |
| 06a | IP3 | 0 | 3 | 0.400 | (0.784) | 1.903 | 2.597 | 13.33 |
| 07a | CE1 | 0 | 3 | 0.170 | (0.549) | 3.561 | 12.718 | 5.68 |
| 08a | CE2 | 0 | 3 | 0.223 | (0.626) | 3.038 | 8.797 | 7.42 |
| 09a | CE3 | 0 | 3 | 0.227 | (0.632) | 2.933 | 7.998 | 7.58 |
| 10a | Mtengo wa FI1 | 0 | 3 | 0.352 | (0.712) | 1.997 | 3.108 | 11.74 |
| 11a | MD1 | 0 | 3 | 0.155 | (0.526) | 3.647 | 13.107 | 5.15 |
| b) | Kuchuluka kwamphamvu | |||||||
| 01b | IC1 | 0 | 3 | 0.593 | (0.773) | 1.173 | 0.732 | 19.77 |
| 02b | IC2 | 0 | 3 | 0.455 | (0.780) | 1.700 | 2.090 | 15.15 |
| 03b | IC3 | 0 | 3 | 0.248 | (0.592) | 2.642 | 6.981 | 8.26 |
| 04b | IP1 | 0 | 3 | 0.505 | (0.827) | 1.529 | 1.329 | 16.82 |
| 05b | IP2 | 0 | 3 | 0.330 | (0.703) | 2.199 | 4.123 | 10.98 |
| 06b | IP3 | 0 | 3 | 0.302 | (0.673) | 2.302 | 4.633 | 10.08 |
| 07b | CE1 | 0 | 3 | 0.150 | (0.505) | 3.867 | 15.672 | 5.00 |
| 08b | CE2 | 0 | 3 | 0.216 | (0.623) | 3.159 | 9.623 | 7.20 |
| 09b | CE3 | 0 | 3 | 0.207 | (0.608) | 3.225 | 10.122 | 6.89 |
| 10b | Mtengo wa FI1 | 0 | 3 | 0.284 | (0.654) | 2.534 | 6.172 | 9.47 |
| 11b | MD1 | 0 | 3 | 0.139 | (0.483) | 3.997 | 16.858 | 4.62 |
zolemba. N = 440. IC = kusokoneza ulamuliro; IP = kuchuluka kofunikira; CE = kupitiriza / kukwera; FI = kuwonongeka kwa ntchito; MD = kuvutika maganizo.
Pankhani ya thanzi la maganizo, chitsanzo chonse (N = 958) ali ndi chiwerengero cha PHQ-4 cha 3.03 (SD = 2.82) ndikuwonetsa kukhutitsidwa kwapakatikati ndi moyo (L-1: M = 6.31, SD = 2.39) ndi thanzi (H-1: M = 6.05, SD = 2.68. M'gulu lamasewera (n = 440), anthu 13 (3.0%) afika pa IGDT-10 cutoff pamilandu yokhudzana ndi zovuta zamasewera. Kutanthauza kwa IGDT-10 kumasiyana pakati pa 0.51 pamavuto ogula ndi 0.77 pamavuto ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti (onani Gulu 5).
Kutsimikizira kotsimikizika
Chitsanzo cha zinthu zinayi
Tidayesa mawonekedwe azinthu zinayi a ACSID-11 pogwiritsa ntchito ma CFA angapo, amodzi pazovuta zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti komanso padera kuti azitha kuwerengera pafupipafupi komanso mwamphamvu. Zinthu (1) Zowonongeka Zowonongeka, (2) Kuwonjezeka Kwambiri Kwambiri, ndi (3) Kupitiliza / Kukula kunapangidwa ndi zinthu zitatu. Zinthu ziwiri zowonjezera zoyezera kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku komanso kupsinjika kodziwika chifukwa cha zochitika zapaintaneti zidapanga chinthu chowonjezera (4) Kuwonongeka kwa Ntchito. Mapangidwe anayi a ACSID-11 amathandizidwa ndi deta. Ma index oyenerera akuwonetsa kukwanirana kwabwino pakati pa mitundu ndi ma data amitundu yonse yamavuto ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti omwe ayesedwa ndi ACSID-11, omwe ndi vuto lamasewera, vuto la kugula pa intaneti, ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti. chisokonezo, ndi vuto la kutchova njuga pa intaneti (onani Gulu 3). Ponena za vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti komanso vuto la kutchova njuga pa intaneti, TLI ndi RMSEA zitha kukondera chifukwa chamiyeso yaying'ono (Hu & Bentler, 1999). Zomwe zimayikidwa komanso zotsalira zotsalira za ma CFA omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wazinthu zinayi akuwonetsedwa mu Chith. 2. Kuti muzindikire, mitundu ina imawonetsa mikhalidwe yosiyana (mwachitsanzo, kusiyana kotsalira kotsalira kwa zosinthika zobisika kapena zolumikizana zofanana kapena zokulirapo kuposa 1).
Zofananira zamitundu inayi, yowoneka bwino, komanso yachiwiri ya CFA pazovuta zenizeni (zomwe zingatheke) zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti zoyesedwa ndi ACSID-11.
| Matenda a masewera | |||||||||||
| pafupipafupi | Mphamvu | ||||||||||
| lachitsanzo | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Chitsanzo cha zinthu zinayi | 38 | 0.991 | 0.987 | 0.031 | 0.051 | 2.13 | 0.993 | 0.990 | 0.029 | 0.043 | 1.81 |
| Unidimensional model | 27 | 0.969 | 0.961 | 0.048 | 0.087 | 4.32 | 0.970 | 0.963 | 0.047 | 0.082 | 3.99 |
| Mtundu wachiwiri wazinthu | 40 | 0.992 | 0.988 | 0.031 | 0.047 | 1.99 | 0.992 | 0.989 | 0.032 | 0.045 | 1.89 |
| Kusokonezeka kwa kugula pa intaneti | |||||||||||
| pafupipafupi | Mphamvu | ||||||||||
| lachitsanzo | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Chitsanzo cha zinthu zinayi | 38 | 0.996 | 0.994 | 0.019 | 0.034 | 2.07 | 0.995 | 0.992 | 0.020 | 0.037 | 2.30 |
| Unidimensional model | 27 | 0.981 | 0.976 | 0.037 | 0.070 | 5.58 | 0.986 | 0.982 | 0.031 | 0.056 | 3.98 |
| Mtundu wachiwiri wazinthu | 40 | 0.996 | 0.994 | 0.021 | 0.036 | 2.19 | 0.994 | 0.992 | 0.023 | 0.038 | 2.40 |
| Zolaula za pa intaneti - vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula | |||||||||||
| pafupipafupi | Mphamvu | ||||||||||
| lachitsanzo | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Chitsanzo cha zinthu zinayi | 38 | 0.993 | 0.989 | 0.034 | 0.054 | 1.99 | 0.987 | 0.981 | 0.038 | 0.065 | 2.43 |
| Unidimensional model | 27 | 0.984 | 0.979 | 0.044 | 0.075 | 2.91 | 0.976 | 0.970 | 0.046 | 0.082 | 3.27 |
| Mtundu wachiwiri wazinthu | 40 | 0.993 | 0.991 | 0.033 | 0.049 | 1.83 | 0.984 | 0.979 | 0.039 | 0.068 | 2.59 |
| Kusokonezeka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito ma social network | |||||||||||
| pafupipafupi | Mphamvu | ||||||||||
| lachitsanzo | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Chitsanzo cha zinthu zinayi | 38 | 0.993 | 0.990 | 0.023 | 0.049 | 3.03 | 0.993 | 0.989 | 0.023 | 0.052 | 3.31 |
| Unidimensional model | 27 | 0.970 | 0.963 | 0.048 | 0.096 | 8.89 | 0.977 | 0.972 | 0.039 | 0.085 | 7.13 |
| Mtundu wachiwiri wazinthu | 40 | 0.992 | 0.989 | 0.027 | 0.053 | 3.39 | 0.991 | 0.988 | 0.025 | 0.056 | 3.64 |
| Kutchova njuga pa intaneti | |||||||||||
| pafupipafupi | Mphamvu | ||||||||||
| lachitsanzo | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Chitsanzo cha zinthu zinayi | 38 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.027 | 0.059 | 1.70 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.026 | 0.049 | 1.47 |
| Unidimensional model | 27 | 0.994 | 0.992 | 0.040 | 0.078 | 2.20 | 0.991 | 0.989 | 0.039 | 0.080 | 2.28 |
| Mtundu wachiwiri wazinthu | 40 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.029 | 0.054 | 1.58 | 0.997 | 0.995 | 0.029 | 0.053 | 1.55 |
zolemba. Zitsanzo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamasewera (n = 440), kugula pa intaneti (n = 944), kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti (n = 340), kugwiritsa ntchito ma social network (n = 854), ndi kutchova njuga pa intaneti (n = 200); ACSID-11 = Kuunika kwa Zofunikira Pazovuta Zogwiritsa Ntchito Paintaneti, zinthu 11.
Kuchulukitsidwa kwazinthu ndi zotsalira zotsalira zamitundu inayi ya ACSID-11 (mafupipafupi) a (A) vuto lamasewera, (B) vuto la juga pa intaneti, (C) vuto la kugula pa intaneti, (D) zolaula pa intaneti , ndi (E) vuto la social-network-use. zolemba. Zitsanzo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamasewera (n = 440), kugula pa intaneti (n = 944), kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti (n = 340), kugwiritsa ntchito ma social network (n = 854), ndi kutchova njuga pa intaneti (n = 200); Kuchuluka kwa ACSID-11 kunawonetsa zotsatira zofanana. ACSID-11 = Kuunika kwa Zofunikira pazovuta Zogwiritsa Ntchito Paintaneti, zinthu 11; Makhalidwe amayimira kuyika kwazinthu zokhazikika, ma factor covariances, ndi ma covariance otsalira. Zoyerekeza zonse zinali zofunika pa p <0.001.
Citation: Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2022; 10.1556/2006.2022.00013
Unidimensional model
Chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, tidayesanso mayankho osagwirizana ndi zinthu zonse zomwe zidayikidwa pachinthu chimodzi, monga zakhazikitsidwa, mwachitsanzo, mu IGDT-10. Mitundu yowoneka bwino ya ACSID-11 idawonetsa zoyenera, koma ndi RMSEA ndi/kapena χ2/df kukhala pamwamba pa zodulidwa zomwe zaperekedwa. Pamakhalidwe onse, mtunduwo umagwirizana ndi mitundu inayi ndi yabwino poyerekeza ndi mitundu yofananira (onani Gulu 3). Chifukwa chake, yankho lazinthu zinayi likuwoneka kuti ndilabwino kuposa yankho la unidimensional.
Chitsanzo chachiwiri chachiwiri ndi chitsanzo cha bifactor
Njira ina yowerengera zolumikizirana zazikulu ndikuphatikiza chinthu chonsecho chomwe chimayimira mapangidwe onse, omwe amakhala ndi ma subdomain ogwirizana. Izi zitha kukhazikitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yachiwiri yachiwiri komanso mtundu wa bifactor. Muchitsanzo chachiwiri chachiwiri, chinthu chachikulu (chachiwiri) chimapangidwa pofuna kufotokozera kugwirizanitsa pakati pa zinthu zoyamba. Muchitsanzo cha bifactor, zimaganiziridwa kuti chiwongoladzanja chimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofanana pakati pa madera ogwirizana komanso kuti, kuwonjezera apo, pali zinthu zambiri zapadera, zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira zapadera komanso kupitirira pazochitika zonse. Izi zimatsatiridwa kuti chinthu chilichonse chiloledwe kunyamula pachinthu chonsecho komanso pazomwe zimapangidwira pomwe zinthu zonse (kuphatikiza kulumikizana pakati pa zinthu zambiri ndi zinthu zina) zimafotokozedwa kuti ndi orthogonal. Mtundu wachiwiri wa dongosolo lachiwiri ndi wovuta kwambiri kuposa chitsanzo cha bifactor ndipo umakhala mkati mwa chitsanzo cha bifactor (Yung, Thissen, & McLeod, 1999). M'zitsanzo zathu, mitundu yachiwiri yachiwiri imawonetsa kukwanira kofanana ndi zitsanzo zazinthu zinayi (onani Gulu 3). Pamakhalidwe onse, zinthu zinayi (zoyamba) zimadzaza kwambiri pa (yachiwiri) chinthu chachikulu (onani Zowonjezera B), zomwe zimalola kugwiritsa ntchito chiwongola dzanja chonse. Monga momwe zilili ndi zitsanzo zazinthu zinayi, zina mwazotsatira zachiwiri zimasonyeza zinthu zosiyana nthawi ndi nthawi (mwachitsanzo, kusiyana kotsalira kotsalira kwa zosinthika zobisika kapena zogwirizanitsa zofanana kapena zazikulu kuposa 1). Tidayesanso mitundu yofananira ya bifactor yomwe idawonetsa kukwanira bwino, komabe, osati pamakhalidwe onse omwe mtunduwo ungadziwike (onani Zowonjezera C).
kudalirika
Kutengera mawonekedwe azinthu zinayi zomwe zazindikirika, tidawerengera kuchuluka kwa ACSID-11 kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zidalipo komanso kuchuluka kwapang'onopang'ono pa vuto lililonse (lotheka) logwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Tidayang'ana kudalirika kwa IGDT-10 pomwe tidagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana kutsatira chitsanzo cha ASSIST (kuwunika zovuta zingapo zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti) koyamba. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kusasinthika kwamkati kwa ACSID-11 komanso kutsika komanso kudalirika kovomerezeka kwa IGDT-10 (onani Gulu 4).
Miyezo yodalirika ya ACSID-11 ndi IGDT-10 yoyezera zovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti.
| ACSID-11 | IGDT-10 | |||||
| pafupipafupi | Mphamvu | (ASSIST mtundu) | ||||
| Mtundu wachisokonezo | α | λ2 | α | λ2 | α | λ2 |
| Masewero | 0.900 | 0.903 | 0.894 | 0.897 | 0.841 | 0.845 |
| Kugula-kugula pa intaneti | 0.910 | 0.913 | 0.915 | 0.917 | 0.858 | 0.864 |
| Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti | 0.907 | 0.911 | 0.896 | 0.901 | 0.793 | 0.802 |
| Social-network ntchito | 0.906 | 0.912 | 0.915 | 0.921 | 0.855 | 0.861 |
| Kutchova juga pa intaneti | 0.947 | 0.950 | 0.944 | 0.946 | 0.910 | 0.912 |
zolemba. α = alpha ya Cronbach; λ 2 = Lambda-2 ya Guttman; ACSID-11 = Kuunika kwa Zofunikira Pazovuta Zogwiritsa Ntchito Paintaneti, zinthu 11; IGDT-10 = Zinthu Khumi Zoyesa Kusokoneza Masewera pa intaneti; Zitsanzo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamasewera (n = 440), kugula pa intaneti (n = 944), kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti (n = 340), kugwiritsa ntchito ma social network (n = 854), ndi kutchova njuga pa intaneti (n = 200).
Gulu 5 ikuwonetsa ziwerengero zofotokozera za ACSID-11 ndi IGDT-10. Pamakhalidwe onse, njira za ACSID-11 factor Continuation/ Escalation and Functional Impairment ndizotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zina. Factor Impaired Control ikuwonetsa mayendedwe apamwamba kwambiri pama frequency ndi kulimba. Ziwerengero zonse za ACSID-11 ndizokwera kwambiri pazovuta zogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti, zotsatiridwa ndi vuto la kutchova njuga pa intaneti ndi vuto lamasewera, vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, komanso vuto la kugula pa intaneti. Zotsatira za IGDT-10 zikuwonetsa chithunzi chofananira (onani Gulu 5).
Ziwerengero zofotokozera za chinthu komanso kuchuluka kwa ACSID-11 ndi IGDT-10 (mtundu wa ASSIST) pazovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti.
| Masewera (n = 440) | Kugula-kugula pa intaneti (n = 944) | Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti (n = 340) | Kugwiritsa ntchito ma social network (n = 854) | Kutchova njuga pa intaneti (n = 200) | ||||||||||||||||
| variable | Mphindi | Max | M | (SD) | Mphindi | Max | M | (SD) | Mphindi | Max | M | (SD) | Mphindi | Max | M | (SD) | Mphindi | Max | M | (SD) |
| pafupipafupi | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ACSID-11_IC | 0 | 3 | 0.59 | (0.71) | 0 | 3 | 0.46 | (0.67) | 0 | 3 | 0.58 | (0.71) | 0 | 3 | 0.78 | (0.88) | 0 | 3 | 0.59 | (0.82) |
| ACSID-11_IP | 0 | 3 | 0.48 | (0.69) | 0 | 3 | 0.28 | (0.56) | 0 | 3 | 0.31 | (0.59) | 0 | 3 | 0.48 | (0.71) | 0 | 3 | 0.38 | (0.74) |
| ACSID-11_CE | 0 | 3 | 0.21 | (0.51) | 0 | 3 | 0.13 | (0.43) | 0 | 3 | 0.16 | (0.45) | 0 | 3 | 0.22 | (0.50) | 0 | 3 | 0.24 | (0.60) |
| ACSID-11_FI | 0 | 3 | 0.25 | (0.53) | 0 | 3 | 0.18 | (0.48) | 0 | 2.5 | 0.19 | (0.47) | 0 | 3 | 0.33 | (0.61) | 0 | 3 | 0.33 | (0.68) |
| ACSID-11_total | 0 | 3 | 0.39 | (0.53) | 0 | 3 | 0.27 | (0.47) | 0 | 2.6 | 0.32 | (0.49) | 0 | 3 | 0.46 | (0.59) | 0 | 2.7 | 0.39 | (0.64) |
| Mphamvu | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ACSID-11_IC | 0 | 3 | 0.43 | (0.58) | 0 | 3 | 0.34 | (0.56) | 0 | 3 | 0.45 | (0.63) | 0 | 3 | 0.60 | (0.76) | 0 | 3 | 0.47 | (0.73) |
| ACSID-11_IP | 0 | 3 | 0.38 | (0.62) | 0 | 3 | 0.22 | (0.51) | 0 | 3 | 0.25 | (0.51) | 0 | 3 | 0.40 | (0.67) | 0 | 3 | 0.35 | (0.69) |
| ACSID-11_CE | 0 | 3 | 0.19 | (0.48) | 0 | 3 | 0.11 | (0.39) | 0 | 2.7 | 0.15 | (0.41) | 0 | 3 | 0.19 | (0.45) | 0 | 3 | 0.23 | (0.58) |
| ACSID-11_FI | 0 | 3 | 0.21 | (0.50) | 0 | 3 | 0.15 | (0.45) | 0 | 2.5 | 0.18 | (0.43) | 0 | 3 | 0.28 | (0.57) | 0 | 3 | 0.29 | (0.61) |
| ACSID-11_total | 0 | 3 | 0.31 | (0.46) | 0 | 3 | 0.21 | (0.42) | 0 | 2.6 | 0.26 | (0.43) | 0 | 3 | 0.37 | (0.54) | 0 | 3 | 0.34 | (0.59) |
| IGDT-10_sum | 0 | 9 | 0.69 | (1.37) | 0 | 9 | 0.51 | (1.23) | 0 | 7 | 0.61 | (1.06) | 0 | 9 | 0.77 | (1.47) | 0 | 9 | 0.61 | (1.41) |
zolemba. ACSID-11 = Kuunika kwa Zofunikira pazovuta Zogwiritsa Ntchito Paintaneti, zinthu 11; IC = kuwongolera kosokoneza; IP = kuchuluka kofunikira; CE = kupitiriza / kukwera; FI = kuwonongeka kwa ntchito; IGDT-10 = Zinthu Khumi Zoyeserera Zamasewera pa intaneti.
Kusanthula kwagwirizano
Monga muyeso wa kutsimikizika kwamanga, tidasanthula kulumikizana pakati pa ACSID-11, IGDT-10, ndi miyeso yaumoyo wamba. Zogwirizana zikuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 6. Ziwerengero zonse za ACSID-11 zimayenderana bwino ndi ma IGDT-10 okhala ndi makulidwe apakatikati mpaka akulu, pomwe kulumikizana pakati paziwopsezo zamakhalidwe omwewo ndipamwamba kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira za ACSID-11 zimagwirizana bwino ndi PHQ-4, zokhala ndi zotsatira zofanana ndi zomwe IGDT-10 ndi PHQ-4 zimachitira. Njira zolumikizirana ndi miyeso yokhutitsidwa ndi moyo (L-1) komanso kukhutitsidwa ndi thanzi (H-1) ndizofanana kwambiri pakati pa kuuma kwazizindikiro komwe kumayesedwa ndi ACSID-11 komanso ndi IGDT-10. Kulumikizana pakati pa kuchuluka kwa ACSID-11 pamakhalidwe osiyanasiyana kumakhala ndi zotsatira zazikulu. Kulumikizana pakati pa factor scores ndi IGDT-10 zitha kupezeka pazowonjezera.
Kugwirizana pakati pa ACSID-11 (mafupipafupi), IGDT-10, ndi miyeso yakukhala bwino kwamaganizidwe
| 1) | 2) | 3) | 4) | 5) | 6) | 7) | 8) | 9) | 10) | 11) | 12) | |||
| ACSID-11_total | ||||||||||||||
| 1) | Masewero | 1 | ||||||||||||
| 2) | Kugula-kugula pa intaneti | r | 0.703** | 1 | ||||||||||
| (n) | (434) | (944) | ||||||||||||
| 3) | Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti | r | 0.659** | 0.655** | 1 | |||||||||
| (n) | (202) | (337) | (340) | |||||||||||
| 4) | Social-network ntchito | r | 0.579** | 0.720** | 0.665** | 1 | ||||||||
| (n) | (415) | (841) | (306) | 854 | ||||||||||
| 5) | Kutchova juga pa intaneti | r | 0.718** | 0.716** | 0.661** | 0.708** | 1 | |||||||
| (n) | (123) | (197) | (97) | (192) | (200) | |||||||||
| IGDT-10_sum | ||||||||||||||
| 6) | Masewero | r | 0.596** | 0.398** | 0.434** | 0.373** | 0.359** | 1 | ||||||
| (n) | (440) | (434) | (202) | (415) | (123) | (440) | ||||||||
| 7) | Kugula-kugula pa intaneti | r | 0.407** | 0.632** | 0.408** | 0.449** | 0.404** | 0.498** | 1 | |||||
| (n) | (434) | (944) | (337) | (841) | (197) | (434) | (944) | |||||||
| 8) | Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti | r | 0.285** | 0.238** | 0.484** | 0.271** | 0.392** | 0.423** | 0.418** | 1 | ||||
| (n) | (202) | (337) | (340) | (306) | (97) | (202) | (337) | (340) | ||||||
| 9) | Social-network ntchito | r | 0.255** | 0.459** | 0.404** | 0.591** | 0.417** | 0.364** | 0.661** | 0.459** | 1 | |||
| (n) | (415) | (841) | (306) | (854) | (192) | (415) | (841) | (306) | (854) | |||||
| 10) | Kutchova juga pa intaneti | r | 0.322** | 0.323** | 0.346** | 0.423** | 0.625** | 0.299** | 0.480** | 0.481** | 0.525** | 1 | ||
| (n) | (123) | (197) | (97) | (192) | (200) | (123) | (197) | (97) | (192) | (200) | ||||
| 11) | PHQ-4 | r | 0.292** | 0.273** | 0.255** | 0.350** | 0.326** | 0.208** | 0.204** | 0.146** | 0.245** | 0.236** | 1 | |
| (n) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (958) | |||
| 12) | L-1 | r | -0.069 | -0.080* | -0.006 | -0.147** | -0.179* | -0.130** | -0.077* | -0.018 | -0.140** | -0.170* | -0.542** | 1 |
| (n) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (958) | (958) | ||
| 13) | H-1 | r | -0.083 | -0.051 | 0.062 | -0.014 | 0.002 | -0.078 | -0.021 | 0.069 | 0.027 | -0.034 | -0.409** | 0.530** |
| (n) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (958) | (958) | ||
zolemba. ** p <0.01; * p <0.05. ACSID-11 = Kuunika kwa Zofunikira pazovuta Zogwiritsa Ntchito Paintaneti, zinthu 11; IGDT-10 = Zinthu Khumi Zoyesa Kusokoneza Masewera pa intaneti; PHQ-4 = Mafunso Okhudza Thanzi la Odwala-4; Zogwirizana ndi ACSID-11 intensity scale zinali zofanana.
Zokambirana ndi Zotsatira
Lipotili lidawonetsa ACSID-11 ngati chida chatsopano chowunikira mosavuta komanso momveka bwino mitundu yayikulu yamavuto omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kuti ACSID-11 ndiyoyenera kulanda njira za ICD-11 za vuto lamasewera mumitundu yambiri. Malumikizidwe abwino ndi chida chowunika cha DSM-5 (IGDT-10) adawonetsanso kutsimikizika kwamanga.
Zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti zamitundu yambiri za ACSID-11 zidatsimikiziridwa ndi zotsatira za CFA. Zinthuzo zimagwirizana bwino ndi chitsanzo cha zinthu zinayi zomwe zikuyimira ndondomeko ya ICD-11 (1) kulamulira kosalekeza, (2) kuwonjezeka kwakukulu, (3) kupitiriza / kukwera ngakhale zotsatirapo zoipa, komanso zowonjezera zowonjezera (4) kuwonongeka kwa ntchito ndi zowawa zozindikirika kuti ziganizidwe kuti ndizofunikira pamakhalidwe oledzera. Njira yazinthu zinayi idawonetsa kukwanira kwapamwamba poyerekeza ndi yankho la unidimensional. Kuchuluka kwa sikelo ndi gawo lapadera poyerekeza ndi masikelo ena omwe amakhudza ICD-11 pazovuta zamasewera (cf. Mfumu ndi al., 2020; Pontes et al., 2021). Kuwonjezera apo, kufanana kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa chitsanzo chachiwiri (ndi gawo lina la bifactor) kumasonyeza kuti zinthu zomwe zikuyang'ana njira zinayi zokhudzana ndi zomwe zimapangidwira zimakhala ndi "zovuta" zomwe zimapangidwira ndipo zimatsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero chonse. Zotsatira zake zinali zofanana ndi vuto la kutchova njuga pa intaneti komanso zovuta zina zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa intaneti zomwe zimayesedwa ndi ACSID-11 mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yachitsanzo cha ASSIST, chomwe ndi vuto la kugula pa intaneti, vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, ma social-networks- kugwiritsa ntchito vuto. Kwa omalizawa, palibe zida zilizonse zotengera njira za WHO zamavuto chifukwa cha zizolowezi, ngakhale ofufuza amalimbikitsa gulu ili kwa aliyense wa iwo (Brand et al., 2020; Müller et al., 2019; Stark et al., 2018). Njira zatsopano zatsatanetsatane, monga ACSID-11, zitha kuthandiza kuthana ndi zovuta zamakina ndikuthandizira kusanthula mwadongosolo pazofanana komanso kusiyana pakati pamitundu yosiyanasiyana (yotheka) mikhalidwe yosokoneza bongo.
Kudalirika kwa ACSID-11 ndikokwera. Pazovuta zamasewera, kusasinthika kwamkati kumafanana kapena kukulirapo kuposa zida zina zambiri (cf. Mfumu ndi al., 2020). Kudalirika potengera kusasinthika kwamkati ndikwabwino kwa zovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti zomwe zimayesedwa ndi ACSID-11 ndi IGDT-10. Kuchokera apa titha kunena kuti mayankho ophatikizika, monga a ASSIST (WHO ASIST Working Group, 2002) ndi oyenera kuwunika kophatikizana kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamakhalidwe oledzera. Pachitsanzo chamakono, chiwerengero chonse cha ACSID-11 chinali chapamwamba kwambiri pa vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito ma social network. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kufalikira kwakukulu kwa zochitikazi zomwe panopa zikuyerekeza 14% kwa mayiko omwe ali payekha ndi 31% kwa mayiko ogwirizana (Cheng, Lau, Chan, & Luk, 2021).
Kutsimikizika kosinthika kumawonetsedwa ndi kulumikizana kwapakatikati mpaka kwakukulu pakati pa zigoli za ACSID-11 ndi IGDT-10 ngakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zigoli. Kuphatikiza apo, kulumikizana kwapakati pakati pa kuchuluka kwa ACSID-11 ndi PHQ-4 kuyeza zizindikiro za kukhumudwa ndi nkhawa kumathandizira kutsimikizika kwa chida chatsopano chowunikira. Zotsatira zake zimagwirizana ndi zomwe zapezedwa m'mbuyomu pamayanjano pakati pa (comorbid) zovuta zamaganizidwe ndi zovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuphatikiza vuto lamasewera (Mihara & Higuchi, 2017; koma onani; Cold Carras, Shi, Hard, & Saldanha, 2020), vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula (Duffy, Dawson, & Das Nair, 2016), vuto la kugula-kugula (Kyrios et al., 2018), vuto logwiritsa ntchito ma social network (Andreassen, 2015), ndi vuto lakutchova njuga (Dowling et al., 2015). Komanso, ACSID-11 (makamaka vuto la kutchova njuga pa intaneti komanso vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti) idalumikizidwa mosagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zapezedwa m'mbuyomu pamayanjano pakati pa kufooka kwa thanzi komanso kuopsa kwa zovuta zinazake zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (Cheng, Cheung, & Wang, 2018; Duffy et al., 2016; Duradoni, Innocenti, & Guazzini, 2020). Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kukhala ndi thanzi labwino kumasokonekera makamaka pakachitika zovuta zingapo zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (Charzyńska et al., 2021). Kuphatikizika kwa zovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti sikochitika kawirikawiri (mwachitsanzo, Burleigh et al., 2019; Müller et al., 2021) zomwe zingafotokozere pang'ono kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pazovuta zomwe zimayesedwa ndi ACSID-11 ndi IGDT-10 motsatana. Izi zikugogomezera kufunikira kwa chida chowunikira chofananira kuti mudziwe zofanana ndi zosiyana movomerezeka pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamavuto chifukwa cha zizolowezi.
Cholepheretsa chachikulu cha kafukufuku wamakono ndi chitsanzo chosachiritsika, chaching'ono komanso chosayimira. Choncho, ndi phunziroli, sitingathe kusonyeza ngati ACSID-11 ndi yoyenera ngati chida chodziwira matenda, popeza sitingathe kupereka zizindikiro zomveka bwino, komabe. Kuphatikiza apo, mapangidwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana sanalole kupanga malingaliro okhudzana ndi kudalirika kwa kuyesanso kapena maubale oyambitsa pakati pa ACSID-11 ndi zosintha zovomerezeka. Chidacho chimafunikira kutsimikiziridwa kwina kuti chitsimikizire kudalirika kwake ndi kuyenerera kwake. Komabe, zotsatira za phunziro loyambali zikusonyeza kuti ndi chida chodalirika chomwe chingakhale choyenera kuyesedwa mopitirira. Kuti muzindikire, deta yokulirapo ndiyofunikira osati pachida ichi chokha, komanso kuti gawo lonse la kafukufuku lidziwe kuti ndi makhalidwe ati omwe angaganizidwe kuti ndi mabungwe ozindikira (cf. Grant & Chamberlain, 2016). Mapangidwe a ACSID-11 akuwoneka kuti akugwira ntchito bwino monga kutsimikiziridwa ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wamakono. Zinthu zinayi zenizeni komanso madera onse adayimilira mokwanira pamakhalidwe osiyanasiyana, ngakhale chinthu chilichonse chidayankhidwa pazowonetsa zonse zomwe zidachitika pa intaneti nthawi zina m'miyezi khumi ndi iwiri yapitayo. Takambirana kale kuti zovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti zitha kuchitika, komabe, izi ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa m'maphunziro otsatiridwa ngati chifukwa chakulumikizana kwapakati mpaka kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa ACSID-11 pamakhalidwe onse. Kuphatikiza apo, zosintha zanthawi zina zitha kuwonetsa kuti pamakhalidwe ena mafotokozedwe amtunduwu amayenera kukonzedwa. Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito sizogwirizana kwenikweni ndi mitundu yonse yamavuto omwe angaphatikizidwe. Zitha kukhala zotheka kuti ACSID-11 singathe kuphimba mokwanira mawonekedwe azizindikiro zazizindikiro. Kusasinthika kwa miyeso m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuyenera kuyesedwa ndi zitsanzo zatsopano zodziyimira pawokha kuphatikiza odwala omwe ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira zake sizikuyimira kuchuluka kwa anthu. Zomwe zimayimira pafupifupi ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ku Germany ndipo panalibe kutsekeka panthawi yosonkhanitsa deta; komabe, mliri wa COVID-19 ukhoza kukhudza kupsinjika komanso (zovuta) kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (Király et al., 2020). Ngakhale sikelo ya chinthu chimodzi L-1 ndiyotsimikizika bwino (Beierlein et al., 2015), (mwachindunji) kukhutitsidwa kwa moyo kumatha kujambulidwa mozama mu maphunziro amtsogolo pogwiritsa ntchito ACSID-11.
Pomaliza, ACSID-11 idawoneka kuti ndiyoyenera kuunika kwathunthu, kosasinthasintha, komanso kuwunika kwachuma kwazizindikiro za (zomwe zingatheke) zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuphatikiza vuto lamasewera, vuto la kugula pa intaneti, vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, ma social network. -kugwiritsa ntchito vuto, komanso vuto la kutchova njuga pa intaneti potengera njira zodziwira matenda a ICD-11 pamavuto amasewera. Kuunikira kwina kwa chida chowunikira kuyenera kuchitidwa. Tikukhulupirira kuti ACSID-11 ikhoza kuthandizira kuwunika kosasinthika kwamakhalidwe oledzera pakufufuza komanso kuti zitha kukhala zothandiza pazachipatala mtsogolo.
Magwero azandalama
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, Germany Research Foundation) - 411232260.
Zopereka za olemba
SMM: Njira, Kusanthula Mwachidziwitso, Kulemba - Kukonzekera Koyambirira; EW: Conceptualization, Njira, Kulemba - Kubwereza & Kusintha; AO: Njira, Kusanthula Mwachidziwitso; RS: Conceptualization, Methodology; AM: Conceptualization, Methodology; CM: Conceptualization, Njira; KW: Conceptualization, Methodology; HJR: Conceptualization, Methodology; MB: Kulingalira, Njira, Kulemba - Kubwereza & Kusintha, Kuyang'anira.
Kusamvana kwa chidwi
Olembawo sananene zandalama kapena mikangano ina yokhudzana ndi mutu wa nkhaniyi.
Zothokoza
Ntchito ya nkhaniyi inachitika pamutu wa Research Unit ACSID, FOR2974, yothandizidwa ndi Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) - 411232260.
Zowonjezera
Zowonjezera pazomwe nkhaniyi zitha kupezeka pa intaneti pa https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00013.
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