NDEMANGA YA YBOP: Ofufuza adapanga ndikuyesa chida chatsopano chowunikira, kutengera njira ya ICD-11 Gaming Disorder ya World Health Organization. Yapangidwa kuti iwone Matenda angapo ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti (chizolowezi cha khalidwe la pa intaneti) kuphatikiza "vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula."
Ndi kuphatikizidwa kwa vuto lamasewera mu ICD-11, njira zodziwira matenda zidayambitsidwa chifukwa cha vuto latsopanoli. Izi zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pazovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, zomwe zitha kugawidwa mu ICD-11 monga zovuta zina chifukwa cha zizolowezi, monga vuto la kugula pa intaneti, pa intaneti zolaula-kugwiritsa ntchito vuto, vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito ma social network, komanso vuto la kutchova njuga pa intaneti. [kutsindika kuwonjezeredwa]
ICD-11 imatchula Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD), yomwe ambiri amaganiza kuti zolaula zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha khalidwe, monga vuto lodziletsa. Vuto la Compulsive buying-shopping disorder limalembedwa ngati chitsanzo pansi pa gulu la 'zovuta zina zodziwikiratu' (6C7Y) koma popanda kusiyanitsa pakati pamitundu yapaintaneti ndi yakunja. Kusiyanitsa uku sikunapangidwenso m'mafunso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyesa kugula mokakamiza (Maraz et al., 2015; Müller, Mitchell, Vogel, & de Zwaan, 2017). Vuto logwiritsa ntchito ma social network silinaganizidwebe mu ICD-11. Komabe, pali mikangano yozikidwa paumboni pa vuto lililonse mwamagawo atatuwa kuti agawidwe ngati machitidwe osokoneza bongo (Brand et al., 2020; Gola et al., 2017; Müller et al., 2019; Stark et al., 2018; Wegmann, Müller, Ostendorf, & Brand, 2018). [kutsindika kuwonjezeredwa]
Kudalirika
Mbiri ndi zolinga
Ndi kuphatikizidwa kwa vuto lamasewera mu ICD-11, njira zodziwira matenda zidayambitsidwa chifukwa cha vuto latsopanoli. Izi zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pazovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, zomwe zitha kugawidwa mu ICD-11 monga zovuta zina chifukwa cha zizolowezi, monga vuto la kugula pa intaneti, vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. chisokonezo, ndi vuto la juga pa intaneti. Chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa zida zomwe zidalipo kale, tinali ndi cholinga chopanga njira zosasinthika komanso zachuma zamitundu yayikulu (yotheka) yogwiritsa ntchito intaneti motengera njira za ICD-11 za vuto lamasewera.
Njira
Kuwunika kwatsopano kwa zinthu 11 kwa Zofunikira pa Matenda Omwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito pa Intaneti (ACSID-11) kumayesa zizolowezi zisanu za khalidwe zomwe zili ndi zinthu zomwezo potsatira mfundo za WHO's ASSIST. ACSID-11 idaperekedwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti omwe akugwira ntchito ( N = 985) pamodzi ndi kusintha kwa Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) ndi zowunikira zaumoyo wamaganizo. Tinagwiritsa ntchito Confirmatory Factor Analyses kuti tifufuze kapangidwe ka zinthu za ACSID-11.
Results
Mapangidwe azinthu zinayi adatsimikiziridwa ndipo anali apamwamba kuposa yankho la unidimensional. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito pazovuta zamasewera komanso zovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Zambiri za ACSID-11 zolumikizidwa ndi IGDT-10 komanso miyeso yakupsinjika kwamaganizidwe.
Zokambirana ndi Zotsatira
ACSID-11 ikuwoneka kuti ndiyoyenera kuwunika kosasinthika (kuthekera) kwazovuta zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti potengera njira zodziwira matenda a ICD-11 pazovuta zamasewera. ACSID-11 ikhoza kukhala chida chothandiza komanso chachuma powerenga zizolowezi zosiyanasiyana zamakhalidwe ndi zinthu zomwezo ndikuwongolera kufananizira.
Introduction
Kugawa komanso kupezeka kosavuta kwa intaneti kumapangitsa kuti ntchito zapaintaneti ziziwoneka bwino komanso zimapereka zabwino zambiri. Kupatula phindu la anthu ambiri, machitidwe a pa intaneti amatha kukhala osalamulirika mwa anthu ena (mwachitsanzo, King & Potenza, 2019; Achinyamata, 2004). Makamaka masewerawa amakhala nkhani yokhudza thanzi la anthu (Faust & Prochaska, 2018; Rumpf et al., 2018). Pambuyo pa kuzindikira kwa 'Internet gaming disorder' mu kukonzanso kwachisanu kwa Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; Association of Psychiatric Association, 2013) monga chikhalidwe cha maphunziro owonjezereka, vuto la masewerawa tsopano likuphatikizidwa ngati matenda ovomerezeka (6C51) mu ndondomeko ya 11 ya International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11); Bungwe la World Health, 2018). Ili ndi gawo lofunikira pothana ndi zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi zobwera chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito koyipa kwaukadaulo wa digito (Billieux, Stein, Castro-Calvo, Higushi, & King, 2021). Kufalikira kwamasewera amasewera padziko lonse lapansi akuyerekezedwa ndi 3.05%, yomwe ikufanana ndi zovuta zina zamaganizidwe monga vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena zovuta zokakamiza kwambiri (Stevens, Dorstyn, Delfabbro, & King, 2021). Komabe, kuyerekeza kufalikira kumasiyana kwambiri kutengera chida chowunikira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito (Stevens et al., 2021). Pakali pano, maonekedwe a zida ndi zambiri. Njira zambiri zimatengera njira za DSM-5 za vuto lamasewera pa intaneti ndipo palibe chomwe chikuwoneka bwino.Mfumu ndi al., 2020). Zofananazo zimagwiranso ntchito pazinthu zina zosokoneza bongo pa intaneti, monga kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, malo ochezera, kapena kugula zinthu pa intaneti. Makhalidwe ovuta awa pa intaneti amatha kuchitika limodzi ndi vuto lamasewera (Burleigh, Griffiths, Sumich, Stavropoulos, & Kuss, 2019; Müller et al., 2021), koma atha kukhalanso gulu lanu. Zolinga zaposachedwa monga mawonekedwe a Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) (Mtundu, Wachinyamata, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016; Brand et al., 2019) kuganiza kuti njira zamaganizidwe zofananira zimathandizira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya (pa intaneti) machitidwe osokoneza bongo. Malingalirowa akugwirizana ndi njira zakale zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kufotokoza zofanana pakati pa zovuta zosokoneza bongo, mwachitsanzo, zokhudzana ndi njira za neuropsychological (Bechara, 2005; Robinson & Berridge, 1993), ma genetic (Blum et al., 2000), kapena zigawo zikuluzikulu (Griffiths, 2005). Komabe, chida chowunikira chambiri chazovuta (zomwe zingatheke) zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti motengera njira zomwezo kulibe. Kuwunika kofananira m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamavuto chifukwa cha zizolowezi zoyipa ndikofunikira kuti muwone zomwe zimafanana komanso zosiyana movomerezeka.
Mu ICD-11, vuto la masewera lalembedwa kupitirira vuto la kutchova juga m'gulu la 'matenda omwe amabwera chifukwa cha zizolowezi zoledzera'. Njira zodziwira matenda zomwe zaperekedwa (zonse ziwiri) ndi izi: (1) kulephera kuwongolera khalidwe (monga, kuyamba, kuchuluka, mphamvu, nthawi, kutha, nkhani); (2) kuwonjezera kufunikira kwa khalidwe mpaka momwe khalidweli limayendera patsogolo kuposa zokonda zina ndi zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku; (3) kupitiriza kapena kukulirakulira kwa khalidweli ngakhale zotsatira zake zoyipa. Ngakhale kuti sizinatchulidwe mwachindunji ngati njira zina zowonjezera, ndikofunikira kuti matendawa ayambe ku (4) kulephera kugwira ntchito m'mbali zofunika za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku (monga nkhani zaumwini, zabanja, zamaphunziro, kapena zachikhalidwe) ndi/kapena kuvutika kwakukulu ( World Health Organization, 2018 ). Chifukwa chake, zigawo zonse ziwiri ziyenera kuphatikizidwa pophunzira machitidwe omwe angakhale osokoneza bongo. Ponseponse, njira izi zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ku gulu la 'matenda ena omwe atchulidwa chifukwa cha zizolowezi zoledzera' (6C5Y), momwe vuto la kugula-kugula, vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito ma social network likhoza kugawidwa m'magulu ( Brand et al., 2020 ). Vuto logula zinthu pa intaneti lingathe kufotokozedwa ndi kugula zinthu mopitirira muyeso komanso molakwika pa intaneti komwe kumachitika mobwerezabwereza ngakhale zotsatira zake zoyipa ndipo motero kungakhale vuto linalake logwiritsa ntchito intaneti ( Müller, Laskowski, et al., 2021 ). Vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula limadziwika ndi kuchepa kwa ulamuliro pa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (pa intaneti), zomwe zimasiyana ndi machitidwe ena okakamiza kugonana ( Kraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016 ; Kraus et al., 2018 ). Vuto logwiritsa ntchito ma social network lingathe kufotokozedwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ma social network (kuphatikiza malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi mapulogalamu ena olumikizirana pa intaneti) omwe amadziwika ndi kuchepa kwa ulamuliro pa kugwiritsa ntchito, kuwonjezera kuyika patsogolo kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito ma social network ngakhale akukumana ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa ( Andreassen, 2015 ). Zizolowezi zonse zitatu zomwe zingachitike pa khalidwe zimakhala zochitika zokhudzana ndi matenda zomwe zimasonyeza kufanana ndi makhalidwe ena osokoneza bongo (monga Brand et al., 2020 ; Griffiths, Kuss, & Demetrovics, 2014 ; Müller et al., 2019 ; Stark, Klucken, Potenza, Brand, & Strahler, 2018 ).
Zida zomwe zimayesa mitundu ina ya zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti makamaka zimatengera malingaliro akale, monga mitundu yosinthidwa ya Young's Internet Addiction Test (mwachitsanzo, Laier, Pawlikowski, Pekal, Schulte, & Brand, 2013; Wegmann, Stodt, & Brand, 2015) kapena masikelo a "Bergen" kutengera zida za Griffiths (mwachitsanzo, Andreassen, Torsheim, Brunborg, & Pallesen, 2012; Andreassen et al., 2015), kapena amayesa mapangidwe osawoneka bwino potengera njira za DSM-5 za vuto lamasewera (mwachitsanzo, Lemmens, Valkenburg, & Amitundu, 2015; Van den Eijnden, Lemmens, & Valkenburg, 2016) kapena vuto la njuga (kuti muwunikenso onani Otto et al., 2020). Njira zina zam'mbuyomu zidatengedwa kuchokera kumayendedwe okhudzana ndi kutchova njuga, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena zidapangidwa mwachidziwitso (Laconi, Rodgers, & Chabrol, 2014). Zambiri mwa zida izi zikuwonetsa zofooka zama psychometric ndi zosagwirizana monga zasonyezedwa muzowunikira zosiyanasiyana (Mfumu, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar, & Griffiths, 2013; Lortie & Guitton, 2013; Petry, Rehbein, Ko, & O'Brien, 2015). Mfumu ndi al. (2020) adazindikira zida zosiyanasiyana za 32 zomwe zimayesa kusokonezeka kwamasewera, zomwe zikuwonetsa kusagwirizana mu gawo la kafukufuku. Ngakhale zida zotchulidwa komanso zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, monga Young's Internet Addiction Test (Achinyamata, 1998), osayimira mokwanira njira zodziwira matenda amasewera, ngakhale a DSM-5 kapena ICD-11. Mfumu ndi al. (2020) Mfundo inanso pa zofooka za psychometric, mwachitsanzo, kusowa kwa chitsimikizo champhamvu komanso kuti zida zambiri zidapangidwa kutengera lingaliro la kumangidwa kwaunimodal. Zimasonyeza kuti chiwerengero cha zizindikiro za munthu payekha zimawerengedwa m'malo moyang'ana pafupipafupi komanso kuchulukira kwapadera payekha. Mayeso a Masewera a Masewera a Paintaneti a Zinthu Khumi (IGDT-10; Király et al., 2017) pakadali pano akuwoneka kuti akugwira bwino njira za DSM-5 koma palibe zida zomwe zidawoneka kuti ndizoyenera (Mfumu ndi al., 2020). Posachedwapa, masikelo angapo adayambitsidwa ngati zida zowunikira zoyambira zomwe zimagwira njira ya ICD-11 pamavuto amasewera (Balhara et al., 2020; Higuchi et al., 2021; Jo et al., 2020; Paschke, Austermann, & Thomasius, 2020; Pontes et al., 2021) komanso vuto logwiritsa ntchito ma social network (Paschke, Austermann, & Thomasius, 2021). Kawirikawiri, zikhoza kuganiziridwa kuti si chizindikiro chilichonse chomwe chimakhala chofanana, mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri kapena mofanana kwambiri. Chifukwa chake zikuwoneka kuti ndizofunikira kuti zida zowunikira zizitha kujambula zonse ziwiri, zizindikiro zonse, komanso kuchuluka kwazizindikirozo. M'malo mwake, njira yamitundu yambiri ingafufuze kuti ndi chizindikiro chiti chomwe chimathandizira motsimikiza, kapena m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuti pakhale chitukuko ndi kukonzanso khalidwe lovuta, limagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuvutika kwakukulu, kapena ngati ndi nkhani yofunikira.
Mavuto omwewo komanso kusagwirizana kumawonekera poyang'ana zida zomwe zimawunika mitundu ina yamavuto omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa intaneti, monga vuto la kugula pa intaneti, vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, komanso vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Izi zomwe zitha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito intaneti sizimayikidwa mu ICD-11 mosiyana ndi zovuta zamasewera ndi njuga. Makamaka pankhani ya vuto la kutchova njuga, zida zambiri zowunikira zilipo kale, koma zambiri zilibe umboni wokwanira (Otto et al., 2020), ndipo samatsata njira za ICD-11 za vuto la kutchova njuga kapena kuyang'ana kwambiri vuto la kutchova njuga pa intaneti (Albrecht, Kirschner, & Grüsser, 2007; Dowling et al., 2019). ICD-11 imatchula Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD), yomwe ambiri amaganiza kuti zolaula zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha khalidwe, monga vuto lodziletsa. Vuto la Compulsive buying-shopping disorder limalembedwa ngati chitsanzo pansi pa gulu la 'zovuta zina zodziwikiratu' (6C7Y) koma popanda kusiyanitsa pakati pamitundu yapaintaneti ndi yakunja. Kusiyanitsa uku sikunapangidwenso m'mafunso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyesa kugula mokakamiza (Maraz et al., 2015; Müller, Mitchell, Vogel, & de Zwaan, 2017). Vuto logwiritsa ntchito ma social network silinaganizidwebe mu ICD-11. Komabe, pali mikangano yozikidwa paumboni kuti vuto lililonse mwamabvuto atatuwa ligawidwe ngati chizolowezi chosokoneza bongo (Brand et al., 2020; Gola et al., 2017; Müller et al., 2019; Stark et al., 2018; Wegmann, Müller, Ostendorf, & Brand, 2018). Kupatula kusowa kwa mgwirizano pazagawidwe komanso matanthauzo azovuta zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa intaneti, palinso zosemphana pakugwiritsa ntchito zida zowunikira (zowunikira onani Andreassen, 2015; Fernandez & Griffiths, 2021; Hussain & Griffiths, 2018; Müller et al., 2017). Mwachitsanzo, pali zida zopitilira 20 zomwe zimayenera kuyeza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta (Fernandez & Griffiths, 2021) koma palibe yomwe imafotokoza mokwanira njira za ICD-11 zamavuto chifukwa cha zizolowezi, zomwe zili pafupi kwambiri ndi njira za ICD-11 za CSBD.
Kuphatikiza apo, mavuto enaake okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti akuwoneka kuti amachitika nthawi imodzi, makamaka masewera osakhazikika komanso kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ( Burleigh et al., 2019 ; Müller et al., 2021 ). Pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa mbiri yobisika, Charzyńska, Sussman, ndi Atroszko (2021) adazindikira kuti malo ochezera a pa Intaneti osakhazikika komanso kugula zinthu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito masewera osakhazikika ndi zolaula nthawi zambiri kumachitika limodzi motsatana. Mbiriyi yomwe ili ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa matenda onse ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti inasonyeza kuti anthu anali ndi thanzi labwino kwambiri ( Charzyńska et al., 2021 ). Izi zikugogomezeranso kufunika kowunikira kwathunthu komanso kofanana pamakhalidwe osiyanasiyana ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Pakhala kuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zofanana pamavuto osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti, monga Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale ( Bőthe et al., 2018 ), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale ( Andreassen, Pallesen, & Griffiths, 2017 ) kapena Online Shopping Addiction Scale ( Zhao, Tian, & Xin, 2017 ). Komabe, masikelo awa adapangidwa potengera chitsanzo cha zigawo ndi Griffiths (2005) ndipo saphimba mfundo zomwe zikuperekedwa pano za matenda chifukwa cha machitidwe osokoneza bongo (onani World Health Organization, 2018 ).
Mwachidule, ICD-11 idapereka njira zodziwira matenda omwe amabwera chifukwa cha (makamaka pa intaneti) machitidwe osokoneza bongo, omwe ndi vuto la kutchova juga ndi vuto la masewera. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, kugula-kugula pa intaneti, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kungapatsidwe gulu la ICD-11 la 'matenda ena omwe atchulidwa chifukwa cha machitidwe osokoneza bongo' omwe njira zomwezo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ( Brand et al., 2020 ). Mpaka pano, mawonekedwe a zida zowunikira matenda awa (omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito) pa intaneti ndi osagwirizana kwambiri. Komabe, kuyeza kokhazikika kwa kapangidwe kosiyanasiyana ndikofunikira kuti tipititse patsogolo kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kufanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda chifukwa cha machitidwe osokoneza bongo. Cholinga chathu chinali kupanga chida chachifupi koma chokwanira chowunikira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda (omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito) pa intaneti omwe akuphimba njira za ICD-11 za vuto la masewera ndi vuto la kutchova juga, kuti tithandizire kuzindikira koyambirira kwa machitidwe (omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito) enieni ovuta pa intaneti.
Njira
ophunzira
Ophunzira adalembedwa ntchito pa intaneti kudzera mu gulu lothandizira anthu omwe adalipidwa payekhapayekha. Tinaphatikizapo ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ochokera kudera lolankhula Chijeremani. Tinachotsa deta yosakwanira ndi yomwe inasonyeza kuyankha mosasamala. Yomalizayi idazindikirika ndi njira zomwe zidaperekedwa mkati mwa nthawi (chinthu choyankha cholangizidwa ndi muyeso wodzidziwitsa) ndi njira zomwe zidaperekedwa pambuyo pa nthawi yoyankha (nthawi yoyankha, mawonekedwe oyankha, Mahalanobis D) ( Godinho, Kushnir, & Cunningham, 2016 ; Meade & Craig, 2012 ). Chitsanzo chomaliza chinali ndi N = ophunzira 958 (amuna 499, akazi 458, osambira m'modzi) azaka zapakati pa 16 ndi 69 ( M = 47.60, SD = 14.50). Ambiri mwa ophunzirawo anali ogwira ntchito nthawi zonse (46.3%), pantchito yopuma (yoyambirira) (20.1%), kapena ogwira ntchito nthawi yochepa (14.3%). Ena anali ophunzira, ophunzira, akazi apakhomo/amuna, kapena osagwira ntchito pazifukwa zina. Mulingo wa maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri aukadaulo unagawidwa pamwamba pa maphunziro omaliza aukadaulo m'makampani (33.6%), digiri ya yunivesite (19.0%), maphunziro omaliza kusukulu yaukadaulo (14.1%), kumaliza maphunziro ku sukulu ya masters/akademiki yaukadaulo (11.8%), ndi digiri ya polytechnic (10.1%). Ena anali mu maphunziro/ophunzira kapena analibe digiri. Chitsanzo cha zinthu zosavuta mwachisawawa chinawonetsa kufalikira kofanana kwa zinthu zazikulu za chikhalidwe cha anthu monga kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti aku Germany (onani Statista, 2021 ).
Njira
Kuunika kwa Zofunikira Pazovuta Zogwiritsa Ntchito Paintaneti: ACSID-11
Ndi ACSID-11 tinali ndi cholinga chopanga chida chowunikira matenda enaake ogwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti mwachidule koma mokwanira, komanso mosasinthasintha. Chinapangidwa kutengera chiphunzitso cha gulu la akatswiri ofufuza za chizolowezi ndi asing'anga. Zinthuzi zinachokera m'makambirano ambiri ndi misonkhano yogwirizana kutengera njira za ICD-11 za matenda omwe amabwera chifukwa cha chizolowezi, monga momwe amafotokozedwera pamasewera ndi kutchova juga, poganiza kuti pali zinthu zambiri. Zomwe zinapezeka mu Kusanthula Kolankhula Mokweza zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitsimikizire kuti zomwe zili mkati ndizovomerezeka komanso kuti zinthuzo zikhale zomveka bwino ( Schmidt et al., zomwe zaperekedwa ).
ACSID-11 ili ndi zinthu 11 zomwe zikuwonetsa njira za ICD-11 za matenda omwe amabwera chifukwa cha zizolowezi zoledzera. Zinthu zitatu zazikulu, kulephera kulamulira (IC), kupatsidwa patsogolo ntchito za pa intaneti (IP), ndi kupitiriza/kukwera (CE) kwa kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngakhale zotsatirapo zoyipa, zikuyimiridwa ndi zinthu zitatu chilichonse. Zinthu zina ziwiri zinapangidwa kuti ziwunikire kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku (FI) ndi kuvutika kwakukulu (MD) chifukwa cha ntchito za pa intaneti. Mu funso loyambirira, ophunzira adalangizidwa kuti asonyeze zomwe akuchita pa intaneti nthawi zina m'miyezi 12 yapitayi. Zochitazo (monga 'masewera', 'kugula pa intaneti', 'kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti', 'kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti', 'kutchova juga pa intaneti', ndi 'zina') zidalembedwa ndi matanthauzo ofanana ndi mayankho 'inde' kapena 'ayi'. Ophunzira omwe adayankha 'inde' ku chinthu china chokha adawunikidwa. Ena onse adalandira zinthu za ACSID-11 pazochitika zonse zomwe zidayankhidwa ndi 'inde'. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito makhalidwe ambiri iyi imachokera ku WHO's Mowa, Kusuta ndi Kulowererapo kwa Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo (ASSIST; WHO ASSIST Working Group, 2002 ), yomwe imafufuza magulu akuluakulu a kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zotsatira zake zoyipa komanso zizindikiro za khalidwe loledzera m'njira yokhazikika pa zinthu zinazake.
Mofanana ndi ASSIST, chinthu chilichonse chimapangidwa mwanjira yoti chiyankhidwe mwachindunji pa ntchitoyo. Tinagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyankhira ya magawo awiri (onani Chithunzi 1 ), momwe ophunzira ayenera kusonyeza chinthu chilichonse pa ntchito iliyonse kuchuluka kwa momwe adachitira ndi zomwe adakumana nazo m'miyezi 12 yapitayi (0: ‚sadzakhalepo', 1: ‚osowa', 2: ‚nthawi zina', 3: ‚kawirikawiri'), ndipo ngati "kawirikawiri", kuchuluka kwa zomwe zidachitika m'miyezi 12 yapitayi (0: ‚osati konse mwamphamvu', 1: ‚osati mwamphamvu', 2: ‚m'malo mwamphamvu', 3: ‚wamphamvu'). Poyesa kuchuluka kwa zomwe zidachitika komanso mphamvu ya chizindikiro chilichonse, n'zotheka kufufuza momwe zizindikirozo zimachitikira, komanso kuwongolera momwe zizindikirozo zimaonekera kupitirira kuchuluka kwa zomwe zidachitika. Zinthu za ACSID-11 (zomasulira za Chingerezi zomwe zaperekedwa) zikuwonetsedwa mu Table 1 . Zinthu zoyambirira (zachijeremani) kuphatikizapo mafunso ndi malangizo asanafike zikupezeka mu Appendix (onani Appendix A ).
Chitsanzo cha ACSID-11 (kumasulira koyambirira kwa Chijeremani koperekedwa mu Chingerezi) chomwe chikuwonetsa muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa nthawi (mizati yakumanzere) ndi mphamvu (mizati yakumanja) ya zochitika zokhudzana ndi zochitika zinazake pa intaneti. Zindikirani . Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa chitsanzo cha chinthu cha Impaired Control (IC) monga momwe chasonyezedwera A) kwa munthu amene amagwiritsa ntchito zochitika zonse zisanu pa intaneti monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu funso loyambirira (onani Zowonjezera A ) ndi B) kwa munthu amene wasonyeza kuti azigwiritsa ntchito kugula zinthu pa intaneti ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti okha.
Chidule: Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2022; 10.1556/2006.2022.00013
Zinthu za ACSID-11 screener pazovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti (kumasulira kwachingerezi komwe akufunsidwa).
| katunduyo | funso |
| IC1 | M'miyezi 12 yapitayi, kodi munali ndi vuto losunga nthawi yomwe munayamba ntchitoyo, kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji, mozama bwanji, kapena muzochitika zotani, kapena pomwe mudayimitsa? |
| IC2 | M'miyezi 12 yapitayi, munamvapo chikhumbo choyimitsa kapena kuletsa zochitikazo chifukwa mudawona kuti mukuzigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri? |
| IC3 | M'miyezi 12 yapitayi, kodi munayesapo kuyimitsa kapena kuletsa zochitikazo ndipo mwalephera nazo? |
| IP1 | M'miyezi 12 yapitayi, kodi munaikapo ntchitoyi kukhala yofunika kwambiri kuposa zina kapena zokonda zanu zatsiku ndi tsiku? |
| IP2 | M'miyezi 12 yapitayi, kodi mwasiya kuchita chidwi ndi zinthu zina zomwe munkasangalala nazo chifukwa cha ntchitoyi? |
| IP3 | M’miyezi 12 yapitayi, kodi munanyalanyaza kapena kusiya zinthu zina kapena zokonda zimene munkasangalala nazo chifukwa cha ntchitoyo? |
| CE1 | M’miyezi 12 yapitayi, kodi munapitiriza kapena kuonjezera zochitikazo ngakhale kuti zikuwopsezani kapena kukuchititsani kutaya ubwenzi ndi munthu wina wofunika kwa inu? |
| CE2 | M'miyezi 12 yapitayi, kodi munapitiliza kapena kuonjezera zochitikazo ngakhale zakubweretserani mavuto pasukulu/maphunziro/ntchito? |
| CE3 | M'miyezi 12 yapitayi, mwapitiliza kapena kuonjezera zochitikazo ngakhale zadzetsa madandaulo/matenda amthupi kapena m'maganizo? |
| Mtengo wa FI1 | Poganizira mbali zonse za moyo wanu, kodi moyo wanu wakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zomwe zachitika m'miyezi 12 yapitayi? |
| MD1 | Poganizira mbali zonse za moyo wanu, kodi ntchitoyi idakuvutitsani m'miyezi 12 yapitayi? |
Zolemba . IC = kulephera kulamulira; IP = kufunikira kwakukulu; CE = kupitiriza/kukwera; FI = kulephera kugwira ntchito; MD = kuvutika kwakukulu; Zinthu zoyambirira za ku Germany zitha kupezeka mu Appendix A.
Zinthu Khumi Zoyesa Kusokoneza Masewera pa intaneti: IGDT-10 - ASSIST mtundu
Monga muyeso wotsimikizira kutsimikizika kogwirizana, tidagwiritsa ntchito IGDT-10 ya zinthu khumi ( Király et al., 2017 ) mu mtundu wowonjezera. IGDT-10 imagwiritsa ntchito njira zisanu ndi zinayi za DSM-5 za vuto la masewera a pa intaneti ( American Psychiatric Association, 2013 ). Mu kafukufukuyu, tidakulitsa mtundu woyambirira wamasewera kuti mitundu yonse yamavuto enieni ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti ayesedwe. Kuti tigwiritse ntchito izi, ndikusunga njira yofananira, tidagwiritsanso ntchito mawonekedwe a mayankho ambiri pa chitsanzo cha ASSIST pano. Pa izi, zinthuzo zidasinthidwa kotero kuti 'masewera' adasinthidwa ndi 'ntchito'. Kenako chinthu chilichonse chidayankhidwa pazochitika zonse za pa intaneti zomwe ophunzirawo adawonetsa kale kuti azigwiritsa ntchito (kuchokera ku kusankha 'masewera', 'kugula pa intaneti', 'kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti', 'kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti', ndi 'kutchova juga pa intaneti'). Pa chinthu chilichonse, ntchito iliyonse idavoteredwa pa sikelo ya Likert ya mfundo zitatu (0 = 'never', 1 = 'times', 2 = 'frequent'). Zigoli zinali zofanana ndi mtundu woyambirira wa IGDT-10: Muyeso uliwonse unalandira zigoli za 0 ngati yankho linali 'sipanakhalepo' kapena 'nthawi zina' ndipo zigoli za 1 ngati yankho linali 'kawirikawiri'. Zinthu 9 ndi 10 zikuyimira muyeso womwewo (monga, 'kuika pachiwopsezo kapena kutaya ubale wofunikira, ntchito, kapena mwayi wamaphunziro kapena ntchito chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali pamasewera a pa intaneti') ndikuwerengera pamodzi mfundo imodzi ngati chinthu chimodzi kapena zonse ziwiri zakwaniritsidwa. Zigoli zomaliza zinawerengedwa pa ntchito iliyonse. Zitha kuyambira 0 mpaka 9 ndi zigoli zapamwamba zomwe zikusonyeza kuopsa kwa zizindikiro. Ponena za vuto la masewera, zigoli za zisanu kapena kuposerapo zimasonyeza kufunika kwachipatala ( Király et al., 2017 ).
Mafunso a Zaumoyo Wodwala-4: PHQ-4
Mafunso Okhudza Thanzi la Odwala-4 (PHQ-4; Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams, & Löwe, 2009 ) ndi muyeso wachidule wa zizindikiro za kupsinjika maganizo ndi nkhawa. Uli ndi zinthu zinayi zomwe zatengedwa kuchokera mu sikelo ya Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7 ndi gawo la PHQ-8 la kupsinjika maganizo. Ophunzira ayenera kusonyeza kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro zina pa sikelo ya Likert ya mfundo zinayi kuyambira 0 ('osati konse') mpaka 3 ('pafupifupi tsiku lililonse'). Ziwerengero zonse zimatha kukhala pakati pa 0 ndi 12 zomwe zikusonyeza kuti palibe/zochepa, zofatsa, zapakati, komanso zazikulu za kuvutika maganizo ndi zigoli kuyambira 0–2, 3–5, 6–8, 9–12, motsatana ( Kroenke et al., 2009 ).
Ubwino wamba
Kukhutitsidwa kwa moyo wonse kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Life Satisfaction Short Scale (L-1) mu mtundu woyambirira wa Chijeremani ( Beierlein, Kovaleva, László, Kemper, & Rammstedt, 2015 ) poyankhidwa pa sikelo ya Likert ya 11-point kuyambira 0 ('osakhutitsidwa konse') mpaka 10 ('okhutitsidwa kwathunthu'). Sikelo ya chinthu chimodzi ndi yotsimikizika bwino ndipo imagwirizana kwambiri ndi sikelo ya zinthu zingapo zomwe zimayesa kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo ( Beierlein et al., 2015 ). Tinafunsanso za kukhutitsidwa kwa moyo m'dera la thanzi (H-1): 'Poganizira zonse, mukukhutitsidwa bwanji ndi thanzi lanu masiku ano?' poyankhidwa pa sikelo ya 11-point yomweyo (onani Beierlein et al., 2015 ).
Kayendesedwe
Kafukufukuyu adachitika pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito chida cha kafukufuku pa intaneti cha Limesurvey®. Ma ACSID-11 ndi IGDT-10 adakhazikitsidwa m'njira yoti ntchito zomwe zidasankhidwa pazofunsidwa ndizomwe zidawonetsedwa pazinthuzo. Ophunzira adalandira maulalo amunthu payekhapayekha kuchokera kwa opereka chithandizo omwe adatsogolera ku kafukufuku wapaintaneti wopangidwa ndi ife. Pambuyo pomaliza, otenga nawo mbali adabwezeredwa kutsamba lawebusayiti kuti akalandire mayina awo. Zambiri zidasonkhanitsidwa kuyambira pa Epulo 8 mpaka Epulo 14 mu 2021.
Kusanthula kusanthula
Tinagwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kotsimikizira (CFA) kuti tiyese kukula kwake ndi kutsimikizira kwa ACSID-11. Kusanthulaku kunayendetsedwa ndi Mplus version 8.4 ( Muthén & Muthén, 2019 ) pogwiritsa ntchito kuyerekezera kwa weighted least squares means and variance adjusted (WLSMV). Kuti tiwone momwe chitsanzo chikugwirizanira, tinagwiritsa ntchito ma indices angapo, omwe ndi chi-square ( χ 2 ) test kuti tipeze exact fit, Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis fit index (TLI), Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR), ndi Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). Malinga ndi Hu ndi Bentler (1999) , ma cutoff values a CFI ndi TLI > 0.95, a SRMR < 0.08, ndi a RMSEA < 0.06 akuwonetsa kuti chitsanzo chili bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, chi-square value yogawidwa ndi madigiri a ufulu (χ 2 / df ) < 3 ndi chizindikiro china cha kuyenera kovomerezeka kwa chitsanzo ( Carmines & McIver, 1981 ). Alpha ya Cronbach ( α ) ndi Lambda-2 ya Guttman ( λ 2 ) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati miyeso yodalirika yokhala ndi ma coefficients > 0.8 (> 0.7) omwe akusonyeza mgwirizano wabwino (wovomerezeka) wamkati ( Bortz & Döring, 2006 ). Kusanthula kwa Correlation (Pearson) kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa kutsimikizika kwa convergent pakati pa miyeso yosiyanasiyana ya zomangamanga zomwezo kapena zokhudzana nazo. Kusanthula kumeneku kunayendetsedwa ndi ziwerengero za IBM SPSS (mtundu 26). Malinga ndi Cohen (1988) , mtengo wa | r | = 0.10, 0.30, 0.50 umasonyeza zotsatira zazing'ono, zapakati, zazikulu, motsatana.
Ethics
Njira zophunzirirazo zidachitika motsatira Declaration of Helsinki. Kafukufukuyu adavomerezedwa ndi komiti yamakhalidwe abwino ya gawo la Computer Science ndi Applied Cognitive Sciences ku Faculty of Engineering ya University of Duisburg-Essen. Ophunzira onse adadziwitsidwa za phunziroli ndipo onse adapereka chilolezo chodziwitsidwa.
Results
Mu chitsanzo chamakono, machitidwe enieni ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti adagawidwa motere: Masewera adawonetsedwa ndi anthu 440 (45.9%) (zaka: M = 43.59, SD = 14.66; amuna 259, akazi 180, osambira m'modzi), 944 (98.5%) mwa anthu omwe ankagula zinthu pa intaneti (zaka: M = 47.58, SD = 14.49; amuna 491, akazi 452, osambira m'modzi), 340 (35.5%) mwa anthu omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti (zaka: M = 44.80, SD = 14.96; amuna 263, akazi 76, osambira m'modzi), 854 (89.1%) mwa anthu omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti (zaka: M = 46.52, SD = 14.66; amuna 425, akazi 428, osambira m'modzi), ndi anthu 200 (20.9%) omwe ankachita juga pa intaneti. (zaka: M = 46.91, SD = 13.67; amuna 125, akazi 75, osambira 0). Ochepa mwa ophunzirawo ( n = 61; 6.3%) adawonetsa kuti adagwiritsa ntchito chinthu chimodzi chokha. Ophunzira ambiri ( n = 841; 87.8%) adagwiritsa ntchito kugula zinthu pa intaneti limodzi ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndipo 409 (42.7%) mwa iwo adawonetsanso kuti adasewera masewera a pa intaneti. Anthu 68 (7.1%) adawonetsa kuti adagwiritsa ntchito zochitika zonse zomwe zatchulidwa pa intaneti.
Poganizira kuti zovuta zamasewera ndi kutchova njuga ndi mitundu iwiri yazovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zizolowezi zomwe zimazindikirika mwalamulo ndikupatsidwa kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe tidachita nawo njuga pa intaneti kunali kochepa, tiyang'ana kaye pazotsatira za mayesowa. Njira zothanirana ndi vuto lamasewera ndi ACSID-11.
Ziwerengero zofotokozera
Ponena za vuto la masewera, zinthu zonse za ACSID-11 zili ndi mavoti pakati pa 0 ndi 3 zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zingatheke (onani Gome 2 ). Zinthu zonse zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwapakati kochepa komanso kugawa kolunjika kumanja monga momwe zikuyembekezeredwa mu chitsanzo chosakhala chachipatala. Kuvuta kumakhala kwakukulu pazinthu za Continuation/Escalation ndi Marked Distress pomwe Impaired Control (makamaka IC1) ndi Increased Priority ndizovuta kwambiri. Kurtosis ndi yayikulu kwambiri pa chinthu choyamba cha Continuation/Escalation (CE1) ndi chinthu cha Marked Distress (MD1).
Ziwerengero zofotokozera za zinthu za ACSID-11 zoyezera vuto lamasewera.
| No. | katunduyo | Mphindi | Max | M | (SD) | Skewness | Kurtosis | movutikira |
| a) | Pafupipafupi lonse | |||||||
| 01a | IC1 | 0 | 3 | 0.827 | (0.956) | 0.808 | -0.521 | 27.58 |
| 02a | IC2 | 0 | 3 | 0.602 | (0.907) | 1.237 | 0.249 | 20.08 |
| 03a | IC3 | 0 | 3 | 0.332 | (0.723) | 2.163 | 3.724 | 11.06 |
| 04a | IP1 | 0 | 3 | 0.623 | (0.895) | 1.180 | 0.189 | 20.76 |
| 05a | IP2 | 0 | 3 | 0.405 | (0.784) | 1.913 | 2.698 | 13.48 |
| 06a | IP3 | 0 | 3 | 0.400 | (0.784) | 1.903 | 2.597 | 13.33 |
| 07a | CE1 | 0 | 3 | 0.170 | (0.549) | 3.561 | 12.718 | 5.68 |
| 08a | CE2 | 0 | 3 | 0.223 | (0.626) | 3.038 | 8.797 | 7.42 |
| 09a | CE3 | 0 | 3 | 0.227 | (0.632) | 2.933 | 7.998 | 7.58 |
| 10a | Mtengo wa FI1 | 0 | 3 | 0.352 | (0.712) | 1.997 | 3.108 | 11.74 |
| 11a | MD1 | 0 | 3 | 0.155 | (0.526) | 3.647 | 13.107 | 5.15 |
| b) | Kuchuluka kwamphamvu | |||||||
| 01b | IC1 | 0 | 3 | 0.593 | (0.773) | 1.173 | 0.732 | 19.77 |
| 02b | IC2 | 0 | 3 | 0.455 | (0.780) | 1.700 | 2.090 | 15.15 |
| 03b | IC3 | 0 | 3 | 0.248 | (0.592) | 2.642 | 6.981 | 8.26 |
| 04b | IP1 | 0 | 3 | 0.505 | (0.827) | 1.529 | 1.329 | 16.82 |
| 05b | IP2 | 0 | 3 | 0.330 | (0.703) | 2.199 | 4.123 | 10.98 |
| 06b | IP3 | 0 | 3 | 0.302 | (0.673) | 2.302 | 4.633 | 10.08 |
| 07b | CE1 | 0 | 3 | 0.150 | (0.505) | 3.867 | 15.672 | 5.00 |
| 08b | CE2 | 0 | 3 | 0.216 | (0.623) | 3.159 | 9.623 | 7.20 |
| 09b | CE3 | 0 | 3 | 0.207 | (0.608) | 3.225 | 10.122 | 6.89 |
| 10b | Mtengo wa FI1 | 0 | 3 | 0.284 | (0.654) | 2.534 | 6.172 | 9.47 |
| 11b | MD1 | 0 | 3 | 0.139 | (0.483) | 3.997 | 16.858 | 4.62 |
Zolemba . N = 440. IC = kulephera kulamulira; IP = kufunikira kwakukulu; CE = kupitiriza/kukwera; FI = kulephera kugwira ntchito; MD = kuvutika kwakukulu.
Ponena za thanzi la maganizo, chitsanzo chonse ( N = 958) chili ndi chiŵerengero chapakati cha PHQ-4 cha 3.03 ( SD = 2.82) ndipo chikuwonetsa kukhutitsidwa pang'ono ndi moyo (L-1: M = 6.31, SD = 2.39) ndi thanzi (H-1: M = 6.05, SD = 2.68). Mu gulu laling'ono la masewera ( n = 440), anthu 13 (3.0%) amafika pa IGDT-10 cutoff pa milandu yokhudzana ndi matenda a masewera. Chiŵerengero chapakati cha IGDT-10 chimasiyana pakati pa 0.51 pa vuto la kugula-kugula ndi 0.77 pa vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera (onani Gome 5 ).
Kutsimikizira kotsimikizika
Chitsanzo cha zinthu zinayi
Tinayesa kapangidwe ka zinthu zinayi ka ACSID-11 pogwiritsa ntchito ma CFA angapo, chimodzi pa vuto lililonse la kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso padera kuti tipeze kuchuluka kwa ma frequency ndi mphamvu. Zinthu (1) Kulamulira Kosagwira Ntchito, (2) Kufunika Kwambiri Kowonjezeka, ndi (3) Kupitiliza/Kukula kunapangidwa ndi zinthu zitatuzi. Zinthu ziwiri zowonjezera zomwe zimayesa kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku komanso kuvutika kwakukulu chifukwa cha ntchito yapaintaneti zinapanga chinthu china (4) Kulephera Kuchita Ntchito. Kapangidwe ka zinthu zinayi ka ACSID-11 kamathandizidwa ndi deta. Zizindikiro zoyenera zimasonyeza kugwirizana bwino pakati pa mitundu ndi deta ya mitundu yonse ya matenda enaake ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti omwe amayesedwa ndi ACSID-11, omwe ndi vuto la masewera, vuto la kugula-kugula pa intaneti, ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera, vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, ndi vuto la kutchova juga pa intaneti (onani Gome 3 ). Ponena za vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndi vuto la kutchova juga pa intaneti, TLI ndi RMSEA zitha kukhala zosiyana chifukwa cha kukula kochepa kwa zitsanzo ( Hu & Bentler, 1999 ). Kuyika zinthu ndi ma covariances otsalira a ma CFA omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha zinthu zinayi akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 2. Kuti muzindikire, ena mwa ma model akuwonetsa ma values osazolowereka amodzi (mwachitsanzo, kusiyana kotsalira kwa negative kwa variable yobisika kapena ma correlations ofanana ndi kapena akulu kuposa 1).
Zofananira zamitundu inayi, yowoneka bwino, komanso yachiwiri ya CFA pazovuta zenizeni (zomwe zingatheke) zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti zoyesedwa ndi ACSID-11.
| Matenda a masewera | |||||||||||
| pafupipafupi | Mphamvu | ||||||||||
| lachitsanzo | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Chitsanzo cha zinthu zinayi | 38 | 0.991 | 0.987 | 0.031 | 0.051 | 2.13 | 0.993 | 0.990 | 0.029 | 0.043 | 1.81 |
| Unidimensional model | 27 | 0.969 | 0.961 | 0.048 | 0.087 | 4.32 | 0.970 | 0.963 | 0.047 | 0.082 | 3.99 |
| Mtundu wachiwiri wazinthu | 40 | 0.992 | 0.988 | 0.031 | 0.047 | 1.99 | 0.992 | 0.989 | 0.032 | 0.045 | 1.89 |
| Kusokonezeka kwa kugula pa intaneti | |||||||||||
| pafupipafupi | Mphamvu | ||||||||||
| lachitsanzo | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Chitsanzo cha zinthu zinayi | 38 | 0.996 | 0.994 | 0.019 | 0.034 | 2.07 | 0.995 | 0.992 | 0.020 | 0.037 | 2.30 |
| Unidimensional model | 27 | 0.981 | 0.976 | 0.037 | 0.070 | 5.58 | 0.986 | 0.982 | 0.031 | 0.056 | 3.98 |
| Mtundu wachiwiri wazinthu | 40 | 0.996 | 0.994 | 0.021 | 0.036 | 2.19 | 0.994 | 0.992 | 0.023 | 0.038 | 2.40 |
| Zolaula za pa intaneti - vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula | |||||||||||
| pafupipafupi | Mphamvu | ||||||||||
| lachitsanzo | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Chitsanzo cha zinthu zinayi | 38 | 0.993 | 0.989 | 0.034 | 0.054 | 1.99 | 0.987 | 0.981 | 0.038 | 0.065 | 2.43 |
| Unidimensional model | 27 | 0.984 | 0.979 | 0.044 | 0.075 | 2.91 | 0.976 | 0.970 | 0.046 | 0.082 | 3.27 |
| Mtundu wachiwiri wazinthu | 40 | 0.993 | 0.991 | 0.033 | 0.049 | 1.83 | 0.984 | 0.979 | 0.039 | 0.068 | 2.59 |
| Kusokonezeka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito ma social network | |||||||||||
| pafupipafupi | Mphamvu | ||||||||||
| lachitsanzo | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Chitsanzo cha zinthu zinayi | 38 | 0.993 | 0.990 | 0.023 | 0.049 | 3.03 | 0.993 | 0.989 | 0.023 | 0.052 | 3.31 |
| Unidimensional model | 27 | 0.970 | 0.963 | 0.048 | 0.096 | 8.89 | 0.977 | 0.972 | 0.039 | 0.085 | 7.13 |
| Mtundu wachiwiri wazinthu | 40 | 0.992 | 0.989 | 0.027 | 0.053 | 3.39 | 0.991 | 0.988 | 0.025 | 0.056 | 3.64 |
| Kutchova njuga pa intaneti | |||||||||||
| pafupipafupi | Mphamvu | ||||||||||
| lachitsanzo | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Chitsanzo cha zinthu zinayi | 38 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.027 | 0.059 | 1.70 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.026 | 0.049 | 1.47 |
| Unidimensional model | 27 | 0.994 | 0.992 | 0.040 | 0.078 | 2.20 | 0.991 | 0.989 | 0.039 | 0.080 | 2.28 |
| Mtundu wachiwiri wazinthu | 40 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.029 | 0.054 | 1.58 | 0.997 | 0.995 | 0.029 | 0.053 | 1.55 |
Zolemba . Zitsanzo za kukula zimasiyana pamasewera ( n = 440), kugula pa intaneti ( n = 944), kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ( n = 340), kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ( n = 854), ndi kutchova juga pa intaneti ( n = 200); ACSID-11 = Kuwunika kwa Zikhalidwe za Mavuto Enaake Ogwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti, zinthu 11.
Kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi kusiyana kwa zinthu zomwe zatsalira pa mitundu inayi ya ACSID-11 (pafupipafupi) ya (A) vuto la masewera, (B) vuto la kutchova juga pa intaneti, (C) vuto la kugula ndi kugula pa intaneti, (D) vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, ndi (E) vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito ma social network. Zindikirani . Kukula kwa zitsanzo kumasiyana pamasewera ( n = 440), kugula pa intaneti ( n = 944), kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ( n = 340), kugwiritsa ntchito ma social network ( n = 854), ndi kutchova juga pa intaneti ( n = 200); Kukula kwa mphamvu ya ACSID-11 kunawonetsa zotsatira zofanana. ACSID-11 = Kuwunika kwa Zofunikira pa Mavuto Enaake Ogwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti, Zinthu 11; Mitengo ikuyimira kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zakhazikika, kusiyana kwa zinthu, ndi kusiyana kwa zinthu. Ziwerengero zonse zinali zofunika pa p < 0.001.
Chidule: Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2022; 10.1556/2006.2022.00013
Unidimensional model
Chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, tinayesanso mayankho a unidimensional ndi zinthu zonse zomwe zimayikidwa pa chinthu chimodzi, monga momwe zakhazikitsidwira, mwachitsanzo, mu IGDT-10. Ma model a unidimensional a ACSID-11 adawonetsa kuyenera kovomerezeka, koma ndi RMSEA ndi/kapena χ 2 /df zomwe zili pamwamba pa ma cutoff omwe aperekedwa. Pa machitidwe onse, model yoyenera ma model a zinthu zinayi ndi yabwino poyerekeza ndi ma model omwe ali ndi unidimensional (onani Gome 3 ). Chifukwa chake, yankho la zinthu zinayi likuwoneka kuti ndi labwino kuposa yankho la unidimensional.
Chitsanzo chachiwiri chachiwiri ndi chitsanzo cha bifactor
Njira ina yowerengera mgwirizano waukulu ndikuphatikiza chinthu chachikulu chomwe chikuyimira kapangidwe kake, komwe kali ndi ma subdomain ogwirizana. Izi zitha kuchitika kudzera mu chitsanzo chachiwiri cha chinthu ndi chitsanzo cha bifactor. Mu chitsanzo chachiwiri cha chinthu, chinthu chachikulu (chachiwiri) chimayesedwa poyesa kufotokoza mgwirizano pakati pa zinthu zoyambirira. Mu chitsanzo cha bifactor, zimaganiziridwa kuti chinthu chachikulu chimayang'ana kufanana pakati pa madera ogwirizana ndipo, kuwonjezera apo, pali zinthu zingapo zapadera, chilichonse chomwe chimakhala ndi zotsatira zapadera pa chinthu chachikulu komanso kupitirira. Izi zimapangidwa kuti chinthu chilichonse chiloledwe kuyika pa chinthu chachikulu komanso pa chinthu chake chenicheni pomwe zinthu zonse (kuphatikiza mgwirizano pakati pa chinthu chachikulu ndi zinthu zina) zafotokozedwa kuti zili ndi orthogonal. Chitsanzo chachiwiri cha chinthu ndi chocheperako kuposa chitsanzo cha bifactor ndipo chili mkati mwa chitsanzo cha bifactor ( Yung, Thissen, & McLeod, 1999 ). Mu zitsanzo zathu, mitundu yachiwiri ya zinthu ikuwonetsa kufanana kofanana ndi mitundu inayi ya zinthu (onani Gome 3 ). Pa machitidwe onse, zinthu zinayi (zoyambira) zimalemera kwambiri pa chinthu chachikulu (choyambira chachiwiri) (onani Appendix B ), zomwe zimatsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito chigoli chonse. Monga momwe zilili ndi mitundu inayi, mitundu ina ya zinthu ziwiri imasonyeza nthawi zina zinthu zosazolowereka (monga, kusiyana kotsalira kwa chosinthika chobisika kapena maulumikizidwe ofanana ndi kapena akulu kuposa 1). Tinayesanso mitundu yowonjezera ya bifactor yomwe inasonyeza kuyenerera kwapamwamba, komabe, si machitidwe onse omwe chitsanzo chikanatha kuzindikirika (onani Appendix C ).
kudalirika
Kutengera kapangidwe ka zinthu zinayi zomwe zadziwika, tinawerengera zigoli za ACSID-11 kuchokera ku njira zomwe zili muzinthuzo komanso zigoli zapakati pa vuto lililonse (lomwe lingatheke) logwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Tinayang'ana kudalirika kwa IGDT-10 pamene tidagwiritsa ntchito njira yosiyana siyana potsatira chitsanzo cha ASSIST (kuyesa matenda angapo ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti) koyamba. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kukhazikika kwamkati kwa ACSID-11 komanso kudalirika kochepa koma kovomerezeka kwa IGDT-10 (onani Gome 4 ).
Miyezo yodalirika ya ACSID-11 ndi IGDT-10 yoyezera zovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti.
| ACSID-11 | IGDT-10 | |||||
| pafupipafupi | Mphamvu | (ASSIST mtundu) | ||||
| Mtundu wachisokonezo | α | λ2 | α | λ2 | α | λ2 |
| Masewero | 0.900 | 0.903 | 0.894 | 0.897 | 0.841 | 0.845 |
| Kugula-kugula pa intaneti | 0.910 | 0.913 | 0.915 | 0.917 | 0.858 | 0.864 |
| Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti | 0.907 | 0.911 | 0.896 | 0.901 | 0.793 | 0.802 |
| Social-network ntchito | 0.906 | 0.912 | 0.915 | 0.921 | 0.855 | 0.861 |
| Kutchova juga pa intaneti | 0.947 | 0.950 | 0.944 | 0.946 | 0.910 | 0.912 |
Zolemba . α = Alpha ya Cronbach; λ 2 = Lambda-2 ya Guttman; ACSID-11 = Kuwunika kwa Zikhalidwe za Mavuto Omwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito Pa Intaneti, Zinthu 11; IGDT-10 = Mayeso a Matenda a Masewera a Pa Intaneti a Zinthu Khumi; Kukula kwa zitsanzo kumasiyana pamasewera ( n = 440), kugula-kugula pa intaneti ( n = 944), kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ( n = 340), kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ( n = 854), ndi kutchova juga pa intaneti ( n = 200).
Gome 5 likuwonetsa ziwerengero zofotokozera za zigoli za ACSID-11 ndi IGDT-10. Pa machitidwe onse, njira za zinthu za ACSID-11 monga Kupitiliza/Kukwera ndi Kulephera kwa Ntchito ndizochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zinthu zina. Kulamulira Kosagwira Ntchito kumasonyeza kuchuluka kwapakati pa kuchuluka ndi mphamvu. Zigoli zonse za ACSID-11 ndizokwera kwambiri pa vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera, kutsatiridwa ndi vuto la kutchova juga pa intaneti ndi vuto la masewera, vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, ndi vuto la kugula ndi kugula pa intaneti. Zigoli zonse za IGDT-10 zikuwonetsa chithunzi chofanana (onani Gome 5 ).
Ziwerengero zofotokozera za chinthu komanso kuchuluka kwa ACSID-11 ndi IGDT-10 (mtundu wa ASSIST) pazovuta zina zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti.
| Masewera (n = 440) | Kugula-kugula pa intaneti (n = 944) |
Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti (n = 340) |
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma social network (n = 854) | Kutchova njuga pa intaneti (n = 200) | ||||||||||||||||
| variable | Mphindi | Max | M | (SD) | Mphindi | Max | M | (SD) | Mphindi | Max | M | (SD) | Mphindi | Max | M | (SD) | Mphindi | Max | M | (SD) |
| pafupipafupi | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ACSID-11_IC | 0 | 3 | 0.59 | (0.71) | 0 | 3 | 0.46 | (0.67) | 0 | 3 | 0.58 | (0.71) | 0 | 3 | 0.78 | (0.88) | 0 | 3 | 0.59 | (0.82) |
| ACSID-11_IP | 0 | 3 | 0.48 | (0.69) | 0 | 3 | 0.28 | (0.56) | 0 | 3 | 0.31 | (0.59) | 0 | 3 | 0.48 | (0.71) | 0 | 3 | 0.38 | (0.74) |
| ACSID-11_CE | 0 | 3 | 0.21 | (0.51) | 0 | 3 | 0.13 | (0.43) | 0 | 3 | 0.16 | (0.45) | 0 | 3 | 0.22 | (0.50) | 0 | 3 | 0.24 | (0.60) |
| ACSID-11_FI | 0 | 3 | 0.25 | (0.53) | 0 | 3 | 0.18 | (0.48) | 0 | 2.5 | 0.19 | (0.47) | 0 | 3 | 0.33 | (0.61) | 0 | 3 | 0.33 | (0.68) |
| ACSID-11_total | 0 | 3 | 0.39 | (0.53) | 0 | 3 | 0.27 | (0.47) | 0 | 2.6 | 0.32 | (0.49) | 0 | 3 | 0.46 | (0.59) | 0 | 2.7 | 0.39 | (0.64) |
| Mphamvu | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ACSID-11_IC | 0 | 3 | 0.43 | (0.58) | 0 | 3 | 0.34 | (0.56) | 0 | 3 | 0.45 | (0.63) | 0 | 3 | 0.60 | (0.76) | 0 | 3 | 0.47 | (0.73) |
| ACSID-11_IP | 0 | 3 | 0.38 | (0.62) | 0 | 3 | 0.22 | (0.51) | 0 | 3 | 0.25 | (0.51) | 0 | 3 | 0.40 | (0.67) | 0 | 3 | 0.35 | (0.69) |
| ACSID-11_CE | 0 | 3 | 0.19 | (0.48) | 0 | 3 | 0.11 | (0.39) | 0 | 2.7 | 0.15 | (0.41) | 0 | 3 | 0.19 | (0.45) | 0 | 3 | 0.23 | (0.58) |
| ACSID-11_FI | 0 | 3 | 0.21 | (0.50) | 0 | 3 | 0.15 | (0.45) | 0 | 2.5 | 0.18 | (0.43) | 0 | 3 | 0.28 | (0.57) | 0 | 3 | 0.29 | (0.61) |
| ACSID-11_total | 0 | 3 | 0.31 | (0.46) | 0 | 3 | 0.21 | (0.42) | 0 | 2.6 | 0.26 | (0.43) | 0 | 3 | 0.37 | (0.54) | 0 | 3 | 0.34 | (0.59) |
| IGDT-10_sum | 0 | 9 | 0.69 | (1.37) | 0 | 9 | 0.51 | (1.23) | 0 | 7 | 0.61 | (1.06) | 0 | 9 | 0.77 | (1.47) | 0 | 9 | 0.61 | (1.41) |
Zolemba . ACSID-11 = Kuwunika kwa Zofunikira pa Mavuto Enaake Ogwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti, Zinthu 11; IC = Kulephera Kulamulira; IP = Kufunika Kwambiri; CE = Kupitiliza/Kukwera; FI = Kulephera Kugwira Ntchito; IGDT-10 = Mayeso a Matenda a Masewera a Pa Intaneti a Zinthu Khumi.
Kusanthula kwagwirizano
Pofuna kutsimikizira kutsimikizika kwa kapangidwe kake, tinasanthula ubale pakati pa ACSID-11, IGDT-10, ndi miyeso ya thanzi labwino. Ubalewu wawonetsedwa mu Gome 6. Zigoli zonse za ACSID-11 zimagwirizana bwino ndi zigoli za IGDT-10 zokhala ndi kukula kwapakati mpaka kwakukulu, komwe ubale pakati pa zigoli za machitidwe omwewo ndi wapamwamba kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zigoli za ACSID-11 zimagwirizana bwino ndi PHQ-4, zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira zofanana ndi za IGDT-10 ndi PHQ-4. Mapangidwe ogwirizana ndi miyeso ya kukhutitsidwa kwa moyo (L-1) ndi kukhutitsidwa kwa thanzi (H-1) ndi ofanana kwambiri pakati pa kuopsa kwa zizindikiro zomwe zimayesedwa ndi ACSID-11 ndi zomwe zili ndi IGDT-10. Kugwirizana pakati pa zigoli zonse za ACSID-11 pa makhalidwe osiyanasiyana ndi zotsatira zazikulu. Kugwirizana pakati pa zigoli za factor ndi IGDT-10 kungapezeke muzinthu zowonjezera.
Kugwirizana pakati pa ACSID-11 (mafupipafupi), IGDT-10, ndi miyeso yakukhala bwino kwamaganizidwe
| 1) | 2) | 3) | 4) | 5) | 6) | 7) | 8) | 9) | 10) | 11) | 12) | |||
| ACSID-11_total | ||||||||||||||
| 1) | Masewero | 1 | ||||||||||||
| 2) | Kugula-kugula pa intaneti | r | 0.703** | 1 | ||||||||||
| (n) | (434) | (944) | ||||||||||||
| 3) | Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti | r | 0.659** | 0.655** | 1 | |||||||||
| (n) | (202) | (337) | (340) | |||||||||||
| 4) | Social-network ntchito | r | 0.579** | 0.720** | 0.665** | 1 | ||||||||
| (n) | (415) | (841) | (306) | 854 | ||||||||||
| 5) | Kutchova juga pa intaneti | r | 0.718** | 0.716** | 0.661** | 0.708** | 1 | |||||||
| (n) | (123) | (197) | (97) | (192) | (200) | |||||||||
| IGDT-10_sum | ||||||||||||||
| 6) | Masewero | r | 0.596** | 0.398** | 0.434** | 0.373** | 0.359** | 1 | ||||||
| (n) | (440) | (434) | (202) | (415) | (123) | (440) | ||||||||
| 7) | Kugula-kugula pa intaneti | r | 0.407** | 0.632** | 0.408** | 0.449** | 0.404** | 0.498** | 1 | |||||
| (n) | (434) | (944) | (337) | (841) | (197) | (434) | (944) | |||||||
| 8) | Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti | r | 0.285** | 0.238** | 0.484** | 0.271** | 0.392** | 0.423** | 0.418** | 1 | ||||
| (n) | (202) | (337) | (340) | (306) | (97) | (202) | (337) | (340) | ||||||
| 9) | Social-network ntchito | r | 0.255** | 0.459** | 0.404** | 0.591** | 0.417** | 0.364** | 0.661** | 0.459** | 1 | |||
| (n) | (415) | (841) | (306) | (854) | (192) | (415) | (841) | (306) | (854) | |||||
| 10) | Kutchova juga pa intaneti | r | 0.322** | 0.323** | 0.346** | 0.423** | 0.625** | 0.299** | 0.480** | 0.481** | 0.525** | 1 | ||
| (n) | (123) | (197) | (97) | (192) | (200) | (123) | (197) | (97) | (192) | (200) | ||||
| 11) | PHQ-4 | r | 0.292** | 0.273** | 0.255** | 0.350** | 0.326** | 0.208** | 0.204** | 0.146** | 0.245** | 0.236** | 1 | |
| (n) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (958) | |||
| 12) | L-1 | r | -0.069 | -0.080* | -0.006 | -0.147** | -0.179* | -0.130** | -0.077* | -0.018 | -0.140** | -0.170* | -0.542** | 1 |
| (n) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (958) | (958) | ||
| 13) | H-1 | r | -0.083 | -0.051 | 0.062 | -0.014 | 0.002 | -0.078 | -0.021 | 0.069 | 0.027 | -0.034 | -0.409** | 0.530** |
| (n) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (958) | (958) | ||
Zolemba . ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05. ACSID-11 = Kuwunika kwa Zofunikira pa Mavuto Enaake Ogwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti, Zinthu 11; IGDT-10 = Mayeso a Matenda a Masewera a pa Intaneti a Zinthu Khumi; PHQ-4 = Mafunso Okhudza Thanzi la Odwala-4; Kugwirizana ndi sikelo ya mphamvu ya ACSID-11 kunali kofanana.
Zokambirana ndi Zotsatira
Lipotili lidawonetsa ACSID-11 ngati chida chatsopano chowunikira mosavuta komanso momveka bwino mitundu yayikulu yamavuto omwe amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti. Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kuti ACSID-11 ndiyoyenera kulanda njira za ICD-11 za vuto lamasewera mumitundu yambiri. Malumikizidwe abwino ndi chida chowunika cha DSM-5 (IGDT-10) adawonetsanso kutsimikizika kwamanga.
Kapangidwe ka zinthu zambiri ka ACSID-11 kanatsimikiziridwa ndi zotsatira za CFA. Zinthuzi zikugwirizana bwino ndi chitsanzo cha zinthu zinayi chomwe chikuyimira zofunikira za ICD-11 (1) kulephera kulamulira, (2) kufunikira kwakukulu, (3) kupitiriza/kukwera ngakhale zotsatirapo zoyipa, komanso zigawo zina (4) kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito ndi kuvutika kwakukulu komwe kuganiziridwa kuti ndikofunikira pa machitidwe osokoneza bongo. Yankho la zinthu zinayi linawonetsa kuyenerera bwino poyerekeza ndi yankho la unidimensional. Kuchuluka kwa sikelo ndi chinthu chapadera poyerekeza ndi sikelo zina zomwe zimaphimba zofunikira za ICD-11 za vuto la masewera (onani King et al., 2020 ; Pontes et al., 2021 ). Kuphatikiza apo, kuyenerera kofanana kwa chitsanzo chachiwiri (ndi chitsanzo cha bifactor pang'ono) kukuwonetsa kuti zinthu zomwe zikuwunika zofunikira zinayi zokhudzana nazo zimaphatikizapo kapangidwe ka "vuto" lalikulu ndipo zimatsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito chigoli chonse. Zotsatira zake zinali zofanana ndi vuto la kutchova juga pa intaneti ndi matenda ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti omwe adayesedwa ndi ACSID-11 mu mtundu wa multibehavioral pa chitsanzo cha ASSIST, monga vuto la kugula-kugula pa intaneti, vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito ma social network. Pa izi, palibe zida zilizonse zomwe zimachokera ku miyezo ya WHO ya matenda omwe amabwera chifukwa cha zizolowezi zoledzera, ngakhale ofufuza amalimbikitsa gulu ili la aliyense wa iwo ( Brand et al., 2020 ; Müller et al., 2019 ; Stark et al., 2018 ). Njira zatsopano zowunikira, monga ACSID-11, zingathandize kuthana ndi zovuta za njira ndikuthandizira kusanthula mwadongosolo kwa zinthu zofanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya machitidwe osokoneza bongo (omwe angatheke).
Kudalirika kwa ACSID-11 kuli kwakukulu. Pa vuto la masewera, kusinthasintha kwamkati kumakhala kofanana kapena kokwera kuposa kwa zida zina zambiri (onani King et al., 2020 ). Kudalirika pankhani ya kusinthasintha kwamkati ndikofunikanso pamavuto ena enieni ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti omwe amayesedwa ndi ACSID-11 ndi IGDT-10. Kuchokera apa titha kunena kuti mawonekedwe oyankha ophatikizika, monga a ASSIST ( WHO ASSIST Working Group, 2002 ) ndi oyenera kuwunika pamodzi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zizolowezi zamakhalidwe. Mu chitsanzo chapano, chiwerengero chonse cha ACSID-11 chinali chapamwamba kwambiri pa vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito ma social network. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kufalikira kwakukulu kwa vutoli komwe pakadali pano kukuyerekezeredwa pa 14% m'maiko odziyimira pawokha ndi 31% m'maiko ogwirizana ( Cheng, Lau, Chan, & Luk, 2021 ).
Kutsimikizika kwa convergent kumawonetsedwa ndi mgwirizano wabwino wapakati mpaka waukulu pakati pa zigoli za ACSID-11 ndi IGDT-10 ngakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zigoli. Kuphatikiza apo, mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa zigoli za ACSID-11 ndi zizindikiro zoyezera za PHQ-4 za kupsinjika maganizo ndi nkhawa zimathandizira kutsimikizika kwa chida chatsopano chowunikira. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zapezeka kale pa mgwirizano pakati pa mavuto amisala (comorbid) ndi matenda enaake ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti kuphatikiza vuto la masewera ( Mihara & Higuchi, 2017 ; koma onani; Colder Carras, Shi, Hard, & Saldanha, 2020 ), vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ( Duffy, Dawson, & Das Nair, 2016 ), vuto la kugula-kugula ( Kyrios et al., 2018 ), vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito ma social-network ( Andreassen, 2015 ), ndi vuto la kutchova juga ( Dowling et al., 2015 ). Komanso, ACSID-11 (makamaka vuto la kutchova juga pa intaneti ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti) inali yogwirizana kwambiri ndi muyeso wa kukhutira ndi moyo. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zapezeka kale pa mgwirizano pakati pa kusokonezeka kwa thanzi ndi kuopsa kwa zizindikiro za matenda enaake ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti ( Cheng, Cheung, & Wang, 2018 ; Duffy et al., 2016 ; Duradoni, Innocenti, & Guazzini, 2020 ). Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti thanzi limakhala lofooka makamaka pamene mavuto angapo ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti amachitika nthawi imodzi ( Charzyńska et al., 2021 ). Kupezeka pamodzi kwa matenda enaake ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti sikuchitika kawirikawiri (monga Burleigh et al., 2019 ; Müller et al., 2021 ) zomwe zingafotokoze pang'ono mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa matenda omwe amayesedwa ndi ACSID-11 ndi IGDT-10 motsatana. Izi zikugogomezera kufunika kwa chida chowunikira chofanana kuti chizindikire kufanana ndi kusiyana koyenera pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda chifukwa cha makhalidwe osokoneza bongo.
Cholepheretsa chachikulu cha kafukufukuyu ndi chitsanzo chosakhala chachipatala, chochepa komanso chosayimira. Chifukwa chake, ndi kafukufukuyu, sitingawonetse ngati ACSID-11 ndi yoyenera ngati chida chodziwira matenda, chifukwa sitingathe kupereka zigoli zomveka bwino, komabe. Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe ka magawo osiyanasiyana sikanalole kupanga malingaliro okhudza kudalirika kwa mayeso ndi mayeso kapena ubale wa chifukwa pakati pa ACSID-11 ndi zosintha zotsimikizira. Chidachi chikufunika kutsimikiziridwa kwina kuti chitsimikizire kudalirika kwake komanso kuyenerera kwake. Komabe, zotsatira za kafukufuku woyambayu zikusonyeza kuti ndi chida chodalirika chomwe chingakhale choyenera kuyesa kwina. Kuti tizindikire, deta yayikulu ikufunika osati pa chipangizochi chokha, komanso pagawo lonse la kafukufuku kuti adziwe kuti ndi machitidwe ati omwe angaganizidwe kuti ndi zinthu zodziwira matenda (onani Grant & Chamberlain, 2016 ). Kapangidwe ka ACSID-11 kakuwoneka kuti kakugwira ntchito bwino monga momwe zatsimikiziridwa ndi zotsatira za kafukufukuyu. Zinthu zinayi zenizeni ndi gawo lonselo zidayimiridwa mokwanira pamakhalidwe osiyanasiyana, ngakhale chinthu chilichonse chidayankhidwa pazochitika zonse zapaintaneti zomwe zachitika nthawi zina m'miyezi khumi ndi iwiri yapitayi. Takambirana kale kuti mavuto enaake ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti angachitike nthawi imodzi, komabe, izi ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa mu maphunziro otsatira ngati chifukwa cha mgwirizano wapakati mpaka wapamwamba wa zigoli za ACSID-11 pa machitidwe onse. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zina zinthu zachilendo zitha kuwonetsa kuti pa machitidwe ena, kufotokozera kwa chitsanzo kuyenera kukonzedwanso. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito sizikugwirizana ndi mitundu yonse ya matenda omwe akuphatikizidwa. Zitha kutheka kuti ACSID-11 singaphimbe mokwanira mawonekedwe enieni a matenda omwe akuwonetsedwa muzizindikiro. Kusinthasintha kwa muyeso m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuyenera kuyesedwa ndi zitsanzo zatsopano zodziyimira pawokha kuphatikiza odwala omwe ali ndi matenda enaake ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira zake sizikuyimira anthu onse. Deta ikuyimira ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ku Germany ndipo panalibe kutsekedwa panthawi yosonkhanitsa deta; komabe, mliri wa COVID-19 uli ndi mphamvu pa kuchuluka kwa nkhawa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti (kovuta) ( Király et al., 2020 ). Ngakhale kuti sikelo ya L-1 ya chinthu chimodzi ndi yotsimikizika bwino ( Beierlein et al., 2015 ), kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo (kwa domain) kungawonekere bwino kwambiri m'maphunziro amtsogolo pogwiritsa ntchito ACSID-11.
Pomaliza, ACSID-11 idawoneka kuti ndiyoyenera kuunika kwathunthu, kosasinthasintha, komanso kuwunika kwachuma kwazizindikiro za (zomwe zingatheke) zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuphatikiza vuto lamasewera, vuto la kugula pa intaneti, vuto logwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, ma social network. -kugwiritsa ntchito vuto, komanso vuto la kutchova njuga pa intaneti potengera njira zodziwira matenda a ICD-11 pamavuto amasewera. Kuunikira kwina kwa chida chowunikira kuyenera kuchitidwa. Tikukhulupirira kuti ACSID-11 ikhoza kuthandizira kuwunika kosasinthika kwamakhalidwe oledzera pakufufuza komanso kuti zitha kukhala zothandiza pazachipatala mtsogolo.
Magwero azandalama
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, Germany Research Foundation) - 411232260.
Zopereka za olemba
SMM: Njira, Kusanthula Mwachidziwitso, Kulemba - Kukonzekera Koyambirira; EW: Conceptualization, Njira, Kulemba - Kubwereza & Kusintha; AO: Njira, Kusanthula Mwachidziwitso; RS: Conceptualization, Methodology; AM: Conceptualization, Methodology; CM: Conceptualization, Njira; KW: Conceptualization, Methodology; HJR: Conceptualization, Methodology; MB: Kulingalira, Njira, Kulemba - Kubwereza & Kusintha, Kuyang'anira.
Kusamvana kwa chidwi
Olembawo sananene zandalama kapena mikangano ina yokhudzana ndi mutu wa nkhaniyi.
Zothokoza
Ntchito ya nkhaniyi inachitika pamutu wa Research Unit ACSID, FOR2974, yothandizidwa ndi Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) - 411232260.
Zowonjezera
Zambiri zowonjezera pa nkhaniyi zingapezeke pa intaneti pa https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00013.