NDEMANGA: Kafukufuku watsopanoyu ( chidule pansipa) akuonedwa ngati "kubwerezabwereza kolephera" kwa kuyesera komwe kunatchulidwa kwambiri mu 1989, motero kutsimikizira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula sikukhudza kwambiri ubale wapamtima.
Choyamba, n’zosamveka kunena kuti maphunziro oyesera angasonyeze ngati kuonera zolaula kumayambitsadi zotsatirapo zoipa paubwenzi.” Mayesero omwe anyamata a ku koleji amaonera zinthu zingapo zapakati pa Playboy (monga momwe zilili mu kafukufukuyu) sangakuuzeni chilichonse chokhudza zotsatira za mwamuna wanu kuseweretsa maliseche ndi mavidiyo ovuta tsiku ndi tsiku kwa zaka zambiri.
Zoona zake n'zakuti, kafukufuku aliyense wokhudza amuna wanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zambiri kumakhudzana ndi kusakhutira ndi kugonana kapena ubale. Zonse pamodzi, maphunziro opitilira 70 amalumikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi kusakhutira pang'ono ndi kugonana . Mwa maphunziro 70 awa a ubale, 8 ndi maphunziro a nthawi yayitali omwe amawongolera zosintha kapena maphunziro omwe anthu amapewa zolaula. Mpaka pano maphunziro asanu ndi awiri a ubale wa nthawi yayitali afalitsidwa omwe akuwonetsa zotsatira zenizeni za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zonse. Onse anena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhudzana ndi zotsatira zoyipa za ubale/kugonana:
- Zimene Achinyamata Amasonyeza pa Nkhani Zogonana pa Intaneti Nkhani ndi Kukhutira Pagonana: Phunziro Lakale (2009).
- Chikondi Chimene Sichikhalitsa: Zolaula Zogwiritsira Ntchito ndi Kudzipereka Kwambiri kwa Wokondedwa Wanu Wachikondi (2012).
- Kuonera zolaula pa Intaneti ndi khalidwe la ubale: Kuphunzira kwa nthawi yaitali mkati ndi pakati pa zotsatira zothandizira kusintha, kukhutira ndi kugonana komanso zolaula zomwe zilipo pakati pa atsopano (2015).
- Mpaka pa Zithunzi Zimatipangitsa Kukhala Mbali? Zotsatira za Zithunzi Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito Kutha kwa Banja, (2016).
- Kodi Kuonera Zithunzi Zolaula Kumachepetsa Makhalidwe Abanja Panthaŵi? Umboni wochokera ku Longitudinal Data (2016).
- Kodi Zithunzi Zolaula Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito N'zotheka Kwambiri Kugonana Kwachikondi? Umboni wochokera ku Longitudinal Data (2017).
- Zithunzi Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito Maanja ndi Kugawanika: Umboni Wochokera ku Two-Wave Panel Data (2017).
Kupita ku kafukufuku wa 2017 ndi zotsatira zake zomwe zimakanidwa mosavuta: Kodi kuonera zolaula kumachepetsa kukopa ndi chikondi kwa amuna okondana? Kubwerezabwereza kwa Kenrick, Gutierres, ndi Goldberg (1989).
Kafukufuku wa mu 2017 anayesa kubwereza kafukufuku wa mu 1989 womwe unawonetsa amuna ndi akazi omwe ali pachibwenzi kuti ali ndi zithunzi zolaula za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kafukufuku wa mu 1989 adapeza kuti amuna omwe adawona zithunzi za Playboy zamaliseche pakati adawona akazi awo ngati osakongola kwenikweni ndipo adanenanso kuti chikondi chawo sichichepa kwa anzawo. Popeza zomwe zapezeka mu 2017 sizinafanane ndi zomwe zapezeka mu 1989, tauzidwa kuti kafukufuku wa mu 1989 adalakwitsa, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula sikungachepetse chikondi kapena chilakolako. Eya! Osati mwachangu kwambiri.
Kutengera "kulephera" chifukwa chikhalidwe chathu chakhala "zolaula". Ofufuza a 2017 sanapemphe ophunzira aku koleji a 1989 omwe anakulira akuwonera MTV pambuyo pa sukulu. M'malo mwake omvera awo adakulira pazithunzi za PornHub zamagulu achifwamba komanso makanema oonera.
Mu 1989, ndi ophunzira angati aku koleji omwe adawonera kanema wojambulidwa ndi X? Osati ambiri. Ndi ophunzira angati aku koleji a 1989 omwe adagwiritsa ntchito nthawi iliyonse yodziseweretsa maliseche, kuyambira paunyamata, kudziseweretsa maliseche mpaka ma clip angapo olimba pa nthawi imodzi? Palibe. Chifukwa cha zotsatira za 2017 n'chodziwikiratu: kuwonetsedwa kwakanthawi kwa chithunzi chosasunthika cha Playboy pakati ndi kudabwa kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi zomwe amuna aku koleji mu 2017 akhala akuonera kwa zaka zambiri. Ngakhale olembawo adavomereza kusiyana kwa mibadwo ndi chenjezo lawo loyamba:
1) Choyamba, ndikofunikira kunena kuti phunziro lapachiyambi linasindikizidwa mu 1989. Panthawiyo, kufotokozera zachiwerewere sikungakhalepo, koma lero, kufanana ndi zithunzi zopanda phokoso kuli kofala kwambiri, ndipo kotero kuti kuwonetsedwa pakati pa malo osasangalatsa sikungakhale kokwanira kuwonetsa kusiyana komwe kunayambika poyamba. Chifukwa chake, zotsatira za maphunziro omwe akupezeka pano akusiyana ndi phunziro lapachiyambi chifukwa chosiyana, kufikako, ngakhale kuvomerezedwa ndi zochitikazo tsopano.
Ngakhale David Ley, nthawi zina ankalemba nkhani mopanda tsankho, ankaona kuti ndi bwino kufotokoza mfundo yodziwikiratu:
Mwina chikhalidwe, amuna, ndi kugonana kwasintha kwambiri kuyambira mu 1989. Amuna ochepa achikulire masiku ano sanawonere zolaula kapena akazi amaliseche—maliseche ndi zithunzi zogonana ndizofala m'manyuzipepala otchuka, kuyambira pa Game of Thrones mpaka kutsatsa mafuta onunkhira, ndipo m'maiko ambiri, akazi amaloledwa kuvala zovala zoyera. Chifukwa chake ndizotheka kuti amuna mu kafukufuku waposachedwapa aphunzira kuphatikiza maliseche ndi kugonana komwe amawona mu zolaula ndi makanema atsiku ndi tsiku mwanjira yomwe siikhudza kukopa kwawo kapena chikondi chawo kwa okondedwa awo. Mwina amuna mu kafukufuku wa 1989 anali osakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kugonana, maliseche, ndi zolaula.
Kumbukirani kuti kuyesera kumeneku sikutanthauza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti sikunakhudze kukopa kwa amuna kwa okondedwa awo. Kumangotanthauza kuti kuyang'ana "malo ozungulira" sikukhudza nthawi yomweyo masiku ano. Amuna ambiri amanena kuti kukopana kwa amuna awo kwawonjezeka kwambiri atasiya kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti . Ndipo, ndithudi, palinso umboni wautali womwe watchulidwa pamwambapa womwe ukuwonetsa zotsatira zoyipa za kuonera zolaula pa maubwenzi.
Pomaliza, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti olemba pepalali ndi anzawo a Taylor Kohut ku University of Western Ontario. Gulu la ofufuzali, lotsogozedwa ndi William Fisher, lakhala likufalitsa maphunziro okayikitsa, omwe nthawi zonse amapereka zotsatira zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikutsutsana ndi mabuku ambiri ogwirizanitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi zotsatira zoyipa zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, Kohut ndi Fisher onse adasewera gawo lalikulu pakugonjetsedwa kwa Motion 47 ku Canada.
Pano pali maphunziro awiri atsopano kuchokera ku Kohut, Asodzi ndi ogwira ntchito ku Western Ontario omwe anapeza mitu yoyamba ndi yosocheretsa:
Pakafukufuku wawo wa 2017, Kohut, Fisher ndi Campbell akuwoneka kuti adasokoneza mtunduwo kuti apange zotsatira zomwe amafuna. Pomwe maphunziro ambiri akuwonetsa kuti ocheperako azimayi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, mu phunziroli 95% ya azimayi adadzigwiritsa ntchito zolaula pawokha (85% ya azimayi adagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuyambira pachiyambi cha chibwenzi). Mitengoyi ndiyokwera kwambiri kuposa amuna azaka za koleji, ndipo ndiyokwera kwambiri kuposa kafukufuku wina aliyense wolaula! Mwanjira ina, ofufuzawo akuwoneka kuti asokoneza mtundu wawo kuti apange zotsatira zomwe amafuna. Zoona zake: Kafukufuku wopangidwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku wamkulu kwambiri ku US (General Social Survey) adanenanso kuti ndi azimayi 2.6% okha omwe adayendera "tsamba lachiwerewere" mwezi watha.
Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wa Kohut adafunsa mafunso "otseguka" okhawo omwe anthu angakambirane za zolaula. Ofufuzawo adawerenga zomwe zidalembedwa ndipo adaganiza, pambuyo pake, kuti ndi mayankho ati omwe anali "ofunikira" (ogwirizana ndi nkhani yomwe akufuna?). Mwanjira ina, kafukufukuyu sanagwirizanitse kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi kuwunika kulikonse koyenera, kwasayansi kosiyanasiyana pakukhutira ndi kugonana kapena ubale (monga momwe adachitira maphunziro pafupifupi 60 omwe akuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pokhudzana ndi zotsatira zoyipa paubwenzi ). Chilichonse chomwe chidanenedwa mu pepalalo chidaphatikizidwa (kapena kuchotsedwa) malinga ndi malingaliro a olemba.
Olemba anzake a Taylor Kohut adalemba za kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi monga: Kuthandizira (1) Kuchotsa Mimba, (2) Kuzindikira akazi, (3) Akazi omwe ali ndi maudindo apamwamba, (4) Kukhulupirira kuti moyo wabanja umasokonekera pamene mkazi ali ndi ntchito yanthawi zonse, komanso modabwitsa (5) Kukhala ndi malingaliro oipa kwambiri pa banja lachikhalidwe. Anthu akunja, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala omasuka, ali ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuposa anthu achipembedzo. Posankha izi ndikunyalanyaza zinthu zina zosatha, wolemba wamkulu Kohut ndi olemba anzake adadziwa kuti adzathera ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe adapeza zambiri pa chisankho chosankhidwa mosamala cha kafukufukuyu cha zomwe zimapanga " kufanana. " Kenako olembawo adasankha mutu womwe unapanga zonse. Zowonadi, zomwe zapezekazi zikutsutsidwa ndi kafukufuku wina aliyense wofalitsidwa. (Onani mndandanda uwu wa maphunziro opitilira 25 omwe amagwirizanitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi malingaliro osankha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kutsutsa komanso kusalingana pang'ono .)
Zindikirani: Nkhani iyi ya 2018 ikuwonetsa chowonadi cha maphunziro 5 okayikitsa komanso osokeretsa, kuphatikiza maphunziro awiri omwe angokambirana kumene: Kafukufuku wa Zolaula: Zoona Kapena Zongopeka?
Leonhardt et al., 2019 adilesi yamapepala
MAKAMBO: Mu 2018, Archives of Sexual Behavior inafalitsa Leonhardt et al., 2018 ndipo inapempha ndemanga. Povumbulutsa tsankho lomwe limapezeka m'magazini a sexology, ndemanga zinayi mwa zisanu ndi chimodzi zinali za "akatswiri" a RealYBOP Samuel Perry, Taylor Kohut, Nicole Prause & David Ley (Ley kapena Prause si akatswiri, ndipo Ley sanasindikize kafukufuku woyambirira). (RealYBOP ikuyesera kuletsa kutsutsa kwa YBOP mwa kuba chizindikiro cha YBOP. )
RealYBOP ndi akatswiri ake akugwira ntchito mwakhama polimbikitsa zolinga za makampani opanga zolaula (Ley akulipidwa ndi xHamster ). Pofuna kuletsa zolaula ndikusokoneza anthu, nthawi zonse amatchula mapepala odziwika bwino monga Balzarini et al., 2017 - monga momwe Nicole Prause adachitira mu ndemanga yake yokayikitsa.
Mu 2019, Leonhardt ndi anzake adayankha ndemanga zonse 6 ndi " Sexual Media and Sexual Quality: Aims, Distinctions, and Reflexivity—Response to Commentaries (2019) . " Nayi gawo (losatchulidwa mokwanira, koma lofunika kwambiri) momwe olembawo amalankhula ndi Balzarini ndi anzake, 2017 ndi chizolowezi chachizolowezi cha Prause chosankha kwambiri:
Prause (2019) adatchula maphunziro angapo omwe akuwonetsa kukayikira ngati kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti, kwenikweni, kumalumikizidwa ndi zotsatira zovuta kwa nthawi yayitali. Chimodzi mwa maphunziro angapo omwe Prause adawapempha chinali kulephera kwa Balzarini, Dobson, Chin, ndi Campbell (2017) kubwereza kafukufuku wakale (Kenrick, Gutierrez, & Goldberg, 1989). Mu kuyesa kobwerezabwereza, m'zitsanzo zingapo zogwira mtima, adapeza kuti kuonera zolaula sikunapangitse amuna kunena kuti sakonda kwambiri kapena sakonda wokondedwa wawo. Kafukufukuyu ndi wapamwamba kwambiri, ngakhale akuphatikizapo zoletsa zofunika. Kafukufukuyu adapereka umboni wakuti omwe adawona zithunzi 16 zamaliseche pakati pa masekondi 15 chilichonse sichinapangitse wina kunena kuti akukonda kwambiri kapena sakonda mnzake. Tikukhulupirira kuti izi zitha kuganiziridwa m'mawu athu akuti nthawi zambiri mphamvu ya zolaula imakhala yovuta kuzindikira pokhapokha ngati ikuganizira za kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito (monga Wright et al., 2018, 2019), ndi/kapena kuphatikiza kwa oyang'anira angapo omwe amachititsa kuti zolemba zikhale zovuta kwambiri (Leonhardt et al., 2018).
Mosiyana ndi izi, Vandenbosch (2018) adatchulapo maphunziro ena owonjezera pothandizira lingaliro lathu loti kugwiritsa ntchito njira zachiwerewere nthawi zambiri sikugwirizana ndi kutsatira chikhalidwe cha kugonana kwanthawi yayitali. Tikuwonjezera kuti maphunziro owonjezera angapo okhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, kulumikizana kwakutali, kuwunika, kuyesera) zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi zomwe tanena, popeza kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula adalumikiza ndikudzipereka kocheperako (Lambert, Negash, Stillman, Olmstead, & Fincham, 2012) ndikuchepetsa kuchotsera (mwachitsanzo, kutsika kwakukulu, pambuyo pake kumalandirira mphotho zazing'ono, zaposachedwa; Negash, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016). Kusanthula kwaposachedwa kwapezanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumalumikizidwa ndi chiwerewere chapamwamba (Tokunaga et al., 2019). Maphunzirowa sayenera kutengedwa ngati umboni wotsimikizika kuti zachiwerewere sizikugwirizana ndi kugonana kwakanthawi chifukwa alinso ndi zovuta zomwe takhala tikukambirana nthawi yayitali, koma zimawonjezera chidaliro pazazonena zathu.
Kudalirika
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.11.003
Mfundo
- Kenrick et al. (1989)
- Amuna ndi akazi omwe amasonyeza kuti ali pachibwenzi ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo
- Pambuyo poyesa kuwonetsa kuwerengera kokongola ndi chikondi kwa wokondedwa
- Zotsatira za maphunziro oyambirira ndi obwerezabwereza anali meta-kufufuzidwa
- Pakati pa maphunziro atatuwa sitinapeze chithandizo cha kupeza koyambirira.
Kenrick, Gutierres, ndi Goldberg (1989; Kafukufuku 2) adawonetsa kuti amuna, koma osati akazi, omwe ali pachibwenzi chodzipereka omwe amawonetsedwa zithunzi zolaula za anthu osiyana nawo amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adanena kuti anali ndi zigoli zochepa pa kukopa kwa anzawo pa kugonana ( d = 0.91) komanso anali ndi chikondi chochepa pa anzawo ( d = 0.69) kuposa amuna omwe amawonetsedwa zithunzi za zojambulajambula zosamveka bwino. Kafukufukuyu ali ndi tanthauzo pomvetsetsa zotsatira zomwe zingayambitse kugonana kwa amuna muubwenzi, koma sanabwerezedwenso. Tinachita ma replication atatu oyandikira omwe adalembetsedwa kale, ndipo tinasanthula zotsatira za maphunziro oyamba ndi obwerezabwereza. Sitinapeze chithandizo cha zomwe adapeza poyamba kuti kuwonetsedwa zithunzi zokongola za anthu osiyana nawo amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumakhudza zigoli za amuna za kukopa kwa anzawo pa kugonana kapena chikondi cha anzawo pa anzawo.
Mfundo Zowonjezera: Zipangizo Zamkatimo; Erotica; Chikoka chogwirizana; Chikondi; Kupempha; Reproducibility
☆ Kafukufukuyu adathandizidwa ndi ndalama zomwe Lorne Campbell adapereka kuchokera ku Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada [nambala ya ndalama 122848 ].