MAFUNSO: izi Kuphunzira kwatsopano (zolemba m'munsimu) akunenedwa kuti ndi "kubwereza kolephera" koyeserera kotchulidwa kwambiri mu 1989, motero kutsimikizira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula sikukhudza ubale wapamtima.
Choyamba, ndizosamveka kunena kuti maphunziro oyesera angasonyeze ngati kuona zithunzi zolaula kwenikweni zimayambitsa Zotsatira zolakwika zoipa. "Zofufuza komwe anyamata a ku koleji amawona ochepa Playboy Zomwe zili mu phunziroli sizingakuuzeni kanthu za zotsatira za mwamuna wanu maliseche ku mavidiyo ovuta tsiku ndi tsiku kwa zaka kumapeto.
Zoonadi, phunziro lililonse la amuna limanenanso kuti kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumagwirizana osauka kugonana kapena kukondana. Mulimonse, Phunziro la 70 limagwirizanitsa zolaula zimagwiritsira ntchito zochepetsera kugonana komanso kukondana. Pa maphunzirowa a 70, 8 ndi maphunziro a kutalika kwa nthawi. Pakadali pano maphunziro asanu ndi awiri omwe akhala akutalika kwa nthawi yaitali akhala akufalitsidwa. onse adanena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumakhudza ubale wosauka / zotsatira za kugonana:
- Zimene Achinyamata Amasonyeza pa Nkhani Zogonana pa Intaneti Nkhani ndi Kukhutira Pagonana: Phunziro Lakale (2009).
- Chikondi Chimene Sichikhalitsa: Zolaula Zogwiritsira Ntchito ndi Kudzipereka Kwambiri kwa Wokondedwa Wanu Wachikondi (2012).
- Kuonera zolaula pa Intaneti ndi khalidwe la ubale: Kuphunzira kwa nthawi yaitali mkati ndi pakati pa zotsatira zothandizira kusintha, kukhutira ndi kugonana komanso zolaula zomwe zilipo pakati pa atsopano (2015).
- Mpaka pa Zithunzi Zimatipangitsa Kukhala Mbali? Zotsatira za Zithunzi Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito Kutha kwa Banja, (2016).
- Kodi Kuonera Zithunzi Zolaula Kumachepetsa Makhalidwe Abanja Panthaŵi? Umboni wochokera ku Longitudinal Data (2016).
- Kodi Zithunzi Zolaula Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito N'zotheka Kwambiri Kugonana Kwachikondi? Umboni wochokera ku Longitudinal Data (2017).
- Zithunzi Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito Maanja ndi Kugawanika: Umboni Wochokera ku Two-Wave Panel Data (2017).
Kupita ku phunziro la 2017 ndi zotsatira zake zochotsedwa mosavuta: Kodi kusokonezeka kwa kutentha kwa thupi kumachepetsa kukopa ndi kukonda amuna omwe ali ndi zibwenzi? Kenrick, Gutierres, ndi Goldberg (1989).
Phunziro la 2017 linayesa kufotokoza phunziro 1989 zomwe zimawululira abambo ndi amai muubwenzi wokhulupirika ndi zithunzi zolaula za amuna kapena akazi anzawo. Kafukufuku wa 1989 adapeza kuti amuna omwe adakumana ndi maliseche Playboy Zowonongeka zapakati zimakweza zibwenzi zawo ngati zochepetsetsa ndipo zimapereka chikondi chochepa kwa wokondedwa wawo. Pamene zofufuza za 2017 zinalephera kufotokoza zofufuza za 1989, timauzidwa kuti phunziro la 1989 linali lolakwika, ndipo kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula sikungachepetse chikondi kapena chilakolako. Omwe! Osati mofulumira kwambiri.
Kutengera "kulephera" chifukwa chikhalidwe chathu chakhala "zolaula". Ofufuza a 2017 sanapemphe ophunzira aku koleji a 1989 omwe anakulira akuwonera MTV pambuyo pa sukulu. M'malo mwake omvera awo adakulira pazithunzi za PornHub zamagulu achifwamba komanso makanema oonera.
Mu 1989 ophunzira angapo a koleji adawona kanema ya X? Osati ochuluka kwambiri. Ndi angati ophunzira a koleji a 1989 amatha kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu iliyonse yotsutsa maliseche, kuyambira msinkhu, kulakwitsa kuzipangizo zovuta zowonongeka mu gawo limodzi? Palibe. Chifukwa cha zotsatira za 2017 zikuwonekera: kufotokozera mwachidule ku chithunzi chodalirika cha Playboy Phokoso lalikulu ndikulumidwa kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi zomwe amuna aku koleji ku 2017 akhala akuyang'anira zaka. Ngakhale olemba adavomereza kusiyana kwadziko ndi malo awo oyambirira:
1) Choyamba, ndikofunikira kunena kuti phunziro lapachiyambi linasindikizidwa mu 1989. Panthawiyo, kufotokozera zachiwerewere sikungakhalepo, koma lero, kufanana ndi zithunzi zopanda phokoso kuli kofala kwambiri, ndipo kotero kuti kuwonetsedwa pakati pa malo osasangalatsa sikungakhale kokwanira kuwonetsa kusiyana komwe kunayambika poyamba. Chifukwa chake, zotsatira za maphunziro omwe akupezeka pano akusiyana ndi phunziro lapachiyambi chifukwa chosiyana, kufikako, ngakhale kuvomerezedwa ndi zochitikazo tsopano.
Nthaŵi yosawerengeka ya ndondomeko yopanda tsankho ngakhale David Ley ankadzikakamiza kuwonetsa momveka bwino:
Zitha kukhala kuti chikhalidwe, amuna, komanso zachiwerewere zasintha kwambiri kuyambira 1989. Ndi amuna achikulire ochepa masiku ano omwe sanawonepo zolaula kapena akazi amaliseche - maliseche komanso zachiwerewere ndizofala m'ma media ambiri, kuyambira Game ya mipando kutsitsa mafuta, komanso m'maiko ambiri, amayi amaloledwa kupita pamwamba. Chifukwa chake ndizotheka kuti amuna omwe aphunzira posachedwapa aphunzira kuphatikiza zamaliseche komanso zachiwerewere zomwe amaziwona pa zolaula komanso media zatsiku ndi tsiku m'njira zomwe sizimakhudza kukopa kwawo kapena kukonda anzawo. Mwinanso amuna omwe anali mu kafukufuku wa 1989 sanadziwidwe kwambiri za kugonana, maliseche, komanso zolaula.
Kumbukirani kuti kuyesera sikukutanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti sanatero zokopa za amuna zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi okondedwa awo. Zimangotanthawuza kuti kuyang'ana pa "centerfolds" sikungakhudze mwamsanga masiku ano. Amuna ambiri amavomereza kuti ndi ovuta Kuwonjezeka kwa kukopa kwa okondedwa pambuyo posiya zolaula pa intaneti. Ndipo, ndithudi, palinso umboni wautali wotchulidwa pamwambapa ukuwonetsa zotsatira zosokoneza za kuonera zolaula pa maubwenzi.
Pomalizira, nkofunika kuzindikira kuti olemba a pepalayi ndi anzawo a Taylor Kohut ku yunivesite ya Western Ontario. Gulu ili la akatswiri, loyendetsedwa ndi William Fisher, lakhala likufalitsa kafukufuku wokayikitsa, omwe nthawi zonse amabala zotsatira zomwe zikuoneka kuti pamwamba pazomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikutsutsana ndi mabuku akuluakulu okhudzana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ku zotsatira zoipa zambiri. Komanso, onse awiri a Kohut ndi Fisher adagwira ntchito zazikuru pakugonjetsedwa Chigamulo 47 ku Canada.
Pano pali maphunziro awiri atsopano kuchokera ku Kohut, Asodzi ndi ogwira ntchito ku Western Ontario omwe anapeza mitu yoyamba ndi yosocheretsa:
Pakafukufuku wawo wa 2017, Kohut, Fisher ndi Campbell akuwoneka kuti adasokoneza mtunduwo kuti apange zotsatira zomwe amafuna. Pomwe maphunziro ambiri akuwonetsa kuti ocheperako azimayi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula, mu phunziroli 95% ya azimayi adadzigwiritsa ntchito zolaula pawokha (85% ya azimayi adagwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuyambira pachiyambi cha chibwenzi). Mitengoyi ndiyokwera kwambiri kuposa amuna azaka za koleji, ndipo ndiyokwera kwambiri kuposa kafukufuku wina aliyense wolaula! Mwanjira ina, ofufuzawo akuwoneka kuti asokoneza mtundu wawo kuti apange zotsatira zomwe amafuna. Zoona zake: Kafukufuku wopangidwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku wamkulu kwambiri ku US (General Social Survey) adanenanso kuti ndi azimayi 2.6% okha omwe adayendera "tsamba lachiwerewere" mwezi watha.
Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wa Kohut adangofunsa mafunso "otseguka" pomwe maphunziro amatha kutsutsana pazokhudza zolaula. Ofufuzawo adawerenga mayimbidwewo ndipo adaganiza, pambuyo pake, ndi mayankho ati omwe anali "ofunikira" (agwirizane ndi nkhani yomwe amafuna?). Mwanjira ina, kafukufukuyu sanagwirizanitse kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndi cholinga chilichonse, kusanthula kwakusintha kwa kugonana kapena kukhutira ndiubwenzi (monga adachitira pafupifupi maphunziro a 60 omwe amasonyeza ntchito zolaula pogwirizana ndi zotsatira zoipa pa maubwenzi). Zonse zomwe zidalembedwa mu pepalazo zidaphatikizidwa (kapena zosasulidwa) pa luntha losavomerezeka la olembawo.
Olemba a Taylor Kohut anapanga zosiyana monga: Thandizo kwa (1) Kuchotsa mimba, (2) Chizindikiritso chachikazi, (3) Amayi omwe ali ndi maudindo amphamvu, (4) Chikhulupiriro chakuti moyo wa banja umakhalapo pamene mkazi ali ndi ntchito yanthawi zonse, komanso osakwanira (5) Maganizo oipa pa banja lachikhalidwe. Anthu ambiri, omwe amakhala ophweka, amakhala kutali miyeso yapamwamba yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuposa anthu achipembedzo. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirazi ndi kunyalanyaza zosiyana siyana, wolemba woyambitsa Kohut ndi olemba anzake adadziwa kuti adzathera ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula polemba mwatsatanetsatane kuti phunziroli ndilo "zosiyana."Ndiye olembawo anasankha dzina limene linayipeza izo zonse. Zoona, izi zotsutsana zikutsutsana ndi pafupifupi zofalitsa zina zofalitsidwa. (Onani Mndandanda wa maphunziro oposa 25 okhudzana ndi zolaula amagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro ogonana, zovuta komanso zochepa zosiyana.)
Zindikirani: Phunziroli la 2018 likuwonetsa choonadi kumbuyo kwa maphunziro a 5 okayikitsa komanso osocheretsa, kuphatikizapo maphunziro awiri omwe takambiranapo: Kafukufuku Wosaka: Zoona Kapena Zopeka?
Leonhardt et al., 2019 adilesi yamapepala
ZOLEMBA: Mu 2018 the Zilembedwa Zotsatira Zogonana lofalitsidwa Leonhardt et al., 2018 ndipo adafunsira ndemanga. Kuwulula zamtanthauzidwe zomwe zimapezeka m'magazini a sexology, 4 yama 6 ndemanga anali "Akatswiri" a RealYBOP Samuel Perry, Taylor Kohut, Nicole Prause & David Ley (ngakhale Ley kapena Prause siophunzira, ndipo Ley sanatulutse kafukufuku woyambirira). (RealYBOP ikuyesa kutseka pakutsutsa kwa YBOP pakuba chizindikiro cha YBOP.)
RealYBOP ndi akatswiri ake akuchita nawo ntchito yolimbikitsa zolaula (Ley ali kulipidwa ndi xHamster). Poyesa kukakamiza zolaula ndi kusokoneza anthu, iwo amatchula mosamala mapepala omwe amatenga zipatso ngati Balzarini et al., 2017 - monga Nicole Prause adachitira ndemanga yake yovuta
Mu 2019, Leonhardt et al. ikuyankha ndemanga zonse 6 ndi "Zida zakugonana ndi Khwalala: Zolinga, Kusiyanitsa, ndi Reflexivity — Kuyankha Ndemanga (2019).”Nayi nkhani (yosasinthika, koma yotsutsa) yomwe olemba amalankhula Balzarini et al., 2017 ndi Prause zomwe amakonda kuchita posankha kutchera kwambiri:
Prause (2019) yatchulapo kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana wowonetsa kukayikira ngati kugwiritsa ntchito zachiwerewere, ndizogwirizanitsidwa ndi zotsatira zazovuta zazitali. Chimodzi mwa maphunziro angapo omwe Prause adachita nawo chidwi Balzarini, Dobson, Chin, ndi Campbell's (2017) kulephera kubwereza kafukufuku wakale (Kenrick, Gutierrez, & Goldberg, 1989). Poyeserera kobwereza, pamitundu ingapo yoyendetsedwa bwino, adapeza kuti kuwonera zolaula sikunapangitse kuti amuna azinena zokopa zochepa kapena kukonda okondedwa wawo. Kafukufukuyu ndiwabwino kwambiri, ngakhale zimaphatikizapo zolephera zofunikira. Kafukufukuyu adapereka umboni kuti iwo omwe adawona maliseche 16 apakatikati kwamasekondi 15 iliyonse sanapangitse wina kunena zakuchepa kapena kukondana ndi mnzake. Tikukhulupirira kuti izi zitha kugwirizanitsidwa ndi zomwe timanena kuti zoyambitsa zolaula ndizobisika komanso ndizovuta kuzizindikira pokhapokha kuwerengera pafupipafupi kagwiritsidwe ntchito (mwachitsanzo, Wright et al., 2018, 2019), ndi / kapena kuphatikiza oyang'anira angapo zomwe zimapangitsa chidwi chamakalata (Leonhardt et al., 2018.
Mosiyana ndi izi, Vandenbosch (2018) adatchulapo maphunziro ena owonjezera pothandizira lingaliro lathu loti kugwiritsa ntchito njira zachiwerewere nthawi zambiri sikugwirizana ndi kutsatira chikhalidwe cha kugonana kwanthawi yayitali. Tikuwonjezera kuti maphunziro owonjezera angapo okhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, kulumikizana kwakutali, kuwunika, kuyesera) zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi zomwe tanena, popeza kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula adalumikiza ndikudzipereka kocheperako (Lambert, Negash, Stillman, Olmstead, & Fincham, 2012) ndikuchepetsa kuchotsera (mwachitsanzo, kutsika kwakukulu, pambuyo pake kumalandirira mphotho zazing'ono, zaposachedwa; Negash, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016). Kusanthula kwaposachedwa kwapezanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumalumikizidwa ndi chiwerewere chapamwamba (Tokunaga et al., 2019). Maphunzirowa sayenera kutengedwa ngati umboni wotsimikizika kuti zachiwerewere sizikugwirizana ndi kugonana kwakanthawi chifukwa alinso ndi zovuta zomwe takhala tikukambirana nthawi yayitali, koma zimawonjezera chidaliro pazazonena zathu.
Kudalirika
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.11.003
Mfundo
- Kenrick et al. (1989)
- Amuna ndi akazi omwe amasonyeza kuti ali pachibwenzi ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo
- Pambuyo poyesa kuwonetsa kuwerengera kokongola ndi chikondi kwa wokondedwa
- Zotsatira za maphunziro oyambirira ndi obwerezabwereza anali meta-kufufuzidwa
- Pakati pa maphunziro atatuwa sitinapeze chithandizo cha kupeza koyambirira.
Kenrick, Gutierres, ndi Goldberg (1989; Phunziro 2) adawonetsa kuti amuna, koma osati akazi, omwe ali pachibwenzi chomwe amawonetsedwa ndi zithunzi zolaula za amuna kapena akazi anzawo adanenanso zakuchepa kwa okondedwa awo (XNUMX)d = 0.91) ndi chikondi chochepa kwa wokondedwa wawo (d = 0.69) kuposa amuna omwe ali ndi zithunzi zaluso. Kafukufukuyu ali ndi tanthauzo pakumvetsetsa zomwe zingachitike chifukwa chokhala ndi zibwenzi muubwenzi, koma sizinachitike. Tinachita zolemba zitatu zolembetsedwa kale, zopatsa mphamvu kwambiri, ndikuwunika zomwe taphunzira poyambirira ndi kubwereza. Sitinapeze chithandizo pakupezeka koyambirira kuti kuwonekera pazithunzi zokopa za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa amuna pazakugonana kapena kukondana ndi anzawo.
Mfundo Zowonjezera: Zipangizo Zamkatimo; Erotica; Chikoka chogwirizana; Chikondi; Kupempha; Reproducibility
☆ Kafukufukuyu adathandizidwa ndi ndalama zoperekedwa kwa Lorne Campbell ndi a Sciences Social and Humanities Research Council ku Canada [perekani nambala 122848].
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