Kuphunzira kumalepheretsa CPUI-9 kukhala chida choyesa "kuwona zolaula zolaula" kapena kuledzera kwenikweni

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CHIGAWO 1: Kuyamba

Kafukufuku watsopano ( Fernandez et al. , 2017) adayesa ndikusanthula CPUI-9, yomwe idanenedwa kuti ndi "yovuta kwambiri pa zolaula" yopangidwa ndi Joshua Grubbs, ndipo adapeza kuti singathe kuwona molondola "chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula" kapena "chizolowezi chogonana chomwe chimadziwika" ( Kodi Zithunzi Zolaula za pa Intaneti Zimagwiritsa Ntchito Ziwerengero za Inventory-9 Zimasonyeza Kukakamizidwa Kwenikweni mu Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zithunzi Zolaula pa Intaneti? Kufufuza Udindo wa Kudziletsa ) . Idapezanso kuti 1/3 ya mafunso a CPUI-9 ayenera kuchotsedwa kuti abweretse zotsatira zenizeni zokhudzana ndi "kukana makhalidwe abwino", "chipembedzo", ndi "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula." Zomwe zapezekazi zimabweretsa kukayikira kwakukulu pa zomwe zapezeka kuchokera ku kafukufuku aliyense yemwe wagwiritsa ntchito CPUI-9 kapena kudalira maphunziro omwe adagwiritsa ntchito. Nkhawa ndi kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa kafukufuku watsopanoyu kumafanana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa mu ndemanga yayikulu ya YBOP iyi.

Mwachidule maphunziro a CPUI-9 ndi mitu yomwe iwo adayambitsa yathandiza ku zitsimikizo zokayikitsa zotsatirazi:

  1. "Kukhulupirira zolaula" kapena "zolaula zolaula" zitha kusiyanitsidwa ndi "zolaula zenizeni" za CPUI-9.
  2. "Machitidwe amasiku ano a zolaula" ndi ndi choyimila chimodzi chovomerezeka leni zolaula, osati zambiri pa zolaula zofufuza mafunso.
  3. Mu nkhani zina "zochitika zamakono zolaula" zinatero osati Lumikizanani molingana ndi kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa CPUI-9. Grubbs amanenetsa anthuwa monyenga "amakhulupirira" kuti amakonda zolaula.
  4. Mu maphunziro a CPUI-9, "zipembedzo" zimagwirizana ndi Total Zolemba za CPUI-9. Chifukwa cha Grubbs izi zikusonyeza kuti ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula achipembedzo okha Khulupirirani iwo ali oledzera, ndipo alibe leni zolaula.
  5. Mwa ena mwa maphunzirowa zonse "kupembedza" & "kusayanjanitsidwa mwamakhalidwe" zimagwirizana ndi Total Zolemba za CPUI-9. Chifukwa cha izi Grubbs ndi magulu ake amanena kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula achipembedzo ali ndi manyazi-amachititsa "kukhulupirira zolaula," osati chizoloŵezi chenicheni cha zolaula.

Nkhani zokhudzana ndi maphunziro osiyanasiyana a CPUI-9 zikuwerengera izi:

  • Kukhulupirira zolaula ndizo zimayambitsa mavuto anu, osati zolaula.
  • Ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula samakonda zolaula (ngakhale atakhala okwera kwambiri pa CPUI-9) - akungokhala ndi manyazi komanso kudziimba mlandu chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Mu nkhani yapadera iyi ya 2016 Psychology Today , Joshua Grubbs akufotokoza mwachidule malingaliro ake, ponena kuti chizolowezi choonera zolaula ndi manyazi achipembedzo okha:

Kutchulidwa kuti "woledzera" ndi mnzanu, kapena ngakhale nokha, sizikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe munthu amawona, atero a Joshua Grubbs, pulofesa wothandizira wa psychology ku Bowling Green University. M'malo mwake, zimakhudzana ndi kupembedza komanso malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana. Mwachidule, akuti, "Zimapangitsa manyazi."

Mosiyana ndi zomwe Grubbs adanena pamwambapa, kafukufuku wake adapeza kuti "kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe munthu amaonera" kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi chizolowezi cha zolaula (ziwerengero pa CPUI-9).

Grubbs akupitiriza:

… .Grubbs amatcha "zolaula zolaula." "Zimagwira mosiyana kwambiri ndi zizolowezi zina."

Monga momwe Fernandez et al. , 2017 akuvumbulira, CPUI-9, kwenikweni, yalephera kuwunika "kuzindikira chizolowezi cha zolaula." Ndipo chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula chimagwira ntchito mofanana ndi zizolowezi zina.

Mfundo yofunika: Zotsatira za Fernandez et al. , 2017 zikuyika mfundo zonse zochokera ku zotsatira za CPUI-9, ndi mitu yonse yomwe yatuluka, mokayikira kwambiri.

Mavuto ndi "mafunso omwe amadziwika kuti amakonda zolaula" (CPUI-9)

Kuti timvetse kufunika kwa kafukufuku watsopanoyu, choyamba tiyenera kufufuza zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti pa zolaula ( CPUI-9 ). Chofunika kudziwa:

  • CPUI-9 yagawidwa m'magawo atatu omwe ali ndi mafunso atatu aliwonse (onetsetsani mafunso a "Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe").
  • Funso lirilonse limapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya Likert ya 1 mpaka 7, pomwe 1 ili "ayi konse, "Ndipo 7 kukhala"Kwambiri. "
  • Nthawi zonse Grubbs akagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kuzolowera kuzindikira" samangotanthauza china chokha kuposa malipiro onse pa mayeso ake a CPUI-9, komabe mayeso sangathe kusiyanitsa kuzolowera "kuzindikira" ndi chizolowezi choledzeretsa.

Gawo Loyamba Kukakamizidwa

  1. Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndimakonda kwambiri zolaula pa Intaneti.
  2. Ndikumva kuti sindingalepheretse kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti.
  3. Ngakhale pamene sindikufuna kuona zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti, ndimamva kuti ndikuyandikira

Gawo la Mayesero Opeza

  1. Nthaŵi zina, ndimayesetsa kukonza ndondomeko yanga kuti ndikhale ndekha kuti ndione zolaula.
  2. Ndakana kukakhala ndi anzanga kapena kupita kuntchito zina kuti ndipeze zolaula.
  3. Ndaika zofunikira kwambiri kuti ndiziona zolaula.

Kusokonezeka Maganizo Section

  1. I manyazi mutayang'ana zolaula pa intaneti.
  2. I mumva chisoni mutayang'ana zolaula pa intaneti.
  3. I akudwala mutayang'ana zolaula pa intaneti.

Kufufuza CPUI-9 kukuwonetsa mfundo zitatu zoonekera bwino zomwe olemba a Fernandez et al ., 2017 (ndi mu ndemanga ya YBOP ):

  • CPUI-9 siyingathe kusiyanitsa pakati pa zolaula zenizeni ndi kungokhulupirira zachiwerewere ("chizolowezi chodziwika").
  • Zigawo ziwiri zoyambirira (mafunso 1-6) amayesa zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro za leni zolaula (osati "zolaula").
  • Mafunso a "Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe" (7-9) amawunika kuchuluka kwa manyazi komanso kudzimva kuti ndi wolakwa, ndipo sapezeka mumtundu uliwonse wamankhwala osokoneza bongo (mwachitsanzo, siwo).

Choyamba tipereka chidule cha Fernandez et al. , 2017 kenako ndi mavesi ochokera mu zomwe zapezeka pamodzi ndi ndemanga zathu.

CHIGAWO 2: Fernandez et al., 2017 - Kupanga & Kupeza

Kufotokozera mwachidule Fernandez et al., 2017:

Uwu unali kafukufuku wapadera chifukwa unapempha ophunzira kuti apewe zolaula pa intaneti kwa masiku 14. ( Mafukufuku ochepa okha ndi omwe apempha ophunzira kuti apewe zolaula, zomwe ndi njira imodzi yodziwira zotsatira zake.) Ophunzirawo adatenga CPUI-9 asanayambe komanso atayesa masiku 14 kuti asiye zolaula. (Dziwani: Sanapewe maliseche kapena kugonana, koma zolaula zokha.) Cholinga chachikulu cha ofufuzawo chinali kuyerekeza ziwerengero za 'asanayambe' ndi 'atatha' za magawo atatu a CPUI-9 ndi zinthu zitatu zotsatirazi :

1) Kukakamiza kwenikweni . Mfundo yakuti ophunzirawo anali kuyesera kusiya zolaula inathandiza ofufuza kuyeza kukakamiza kwenikweni (ponena za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula). Ofufuzawo adagwiritsa ntchito njira ya " kuyesa kudziletsa kolephera X kuyesa kudziletsa " kuti ayesere kukakamiza kwenikweni . Iyi ndi kafukufuku woyamba kuyerekeza kukakamiza kwenikweni ndi zigoli za anthu omwe ali pafunso la chizolowezi chogonana (CPUI-9).

2) Kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti . Kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti asanayambe kafukufukuyu.

3) Mafunso okhudza Kukana Makhalidwe Abwino . Kuwonjezera pa kutenga CPUI-9, anthu omwe Fernandez adatenga mafunso okhudza Kukana Makhalidwe Abwino, kuti ofufuza athe kugwirizanitsa zotsatira zake ndi mafunso a CPUI-9. Kukana makhalidwe oipa pa zolaula kunayesedwa ndi zinthu zinayi zomwe zidavoteredwa pa sikelo ya Likert ya 7-point kuyambira 1 ( osati konse ) mpaka 7 ( kwambiri ):

  • "Kuona zolaula pa intaneti kumavuta chikumbumtima changa,"
  • "Kuonera zolaula kumaphwanya zikhulupiriro zanga zachipembedzo,"
  • "Ndikukhulupirira kuti kuona zolaula ndizolakwika," komanso
  • "Ndikukhulupirira kuti kuona zolaula ndi tchimo."

Onani kuti mafunso atatu mwa anayi "osavomerezeka mwamakhalidwe" amaphatikizapo kupembedza.

Tiyeni tifufuze zomwe Fernandez et al. , 2017 adanena komanso zomwe zinanena za CPUI-9 ndi zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito CPUI-9.

Kodi anachita chiyani Fernandez et al., Lipoti la 2017?

Zomwe Zapezeka #1 : Kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunali kogwirizana ndi: 1) Chiwerengero chonse cha CPUI-9, 2) Mafunso a "Kukakamizidwa Kodziwika", ndi 3) kukakamizidwa kwenikweni (kuyesa kudziletsa kolephera X kuyesa kudziletsa). Komabe, kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula sikunali kogwirizana ndi zigoli pa mafunso a "Kuvutika Maganizo" 7-9 (omwe amayesa kudzimva kukhala ndi mlandu ndi manyazi).

Kumasulira: Kaya mukuziyesa bwanji, chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Komabe, mafunso odzimva kuti ndinu wolakwa komanso wamanyazi 7-9 sayenera kukhala mbali ya chizolowezi cha zolaula (kapena "chizolowezi chowonera zolaula") chifukwa sakugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Mafunso atatu a "Kuvutika Maganizo" si oyenera. Ndipotu, amasokoneza zotsatira za CPUI-9.

Mfundo 1: Kafukufuku wa Grubbs (kapena kafukufuku aliyense amene anagwiritsa ntchito CPUI-9) sanayese "kuonera zolaula" kapena "kukhulupirira zolaula" kapena "kudzitcha kuti ndi osokoneza bongo. " Ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti " kuonera zolaula " sikukutanthauza chilichonse kupatula kuchuluka kwa CPUI-9. Mutu wankhani monga "Kukhulupirira Kuti Muli ndi Zolaula Zolaula Ndi Choyambitsa Vuto Lanu la Zolaula, Zomwe Kafukufuku Wapeza" tsopano uyenera kutanthauziridwanso kuti "Kukhala ndi Zolaula Zolaula Ndi Choyambitsa Vuto Lanu la Zolaula, Zomwe Kafukufuku Wapeza." Ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti palibe chitsanzo cha sayansi cha mayeso oyesera "kuonera zolaula" , ndipo CPUI-9 sinatsimikizidwe motero.

Mfundo yachiwiri: Mafunso okhudza kudzimva ndi manyazi 7-9 alibe malo mu mafunso okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula chifukwa amasokoneza mfundo zonse za CPUI-9 kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zomwe si zachipembedzo, pomwe akukweza mfundo za ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo . Mwachitsanzo, ngati Mkristu wosakhulupirira Mulungu komanso wodzipereka ali ndi zigoli zofanana pa mafunso 1-6 a CPUI-9, ndizotsimikizika kuti Mkristuyo adzakhala ndi zigoli zambiri za CPUI-9, mafunso 7-9 atawonjezedwa - mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa chizolowezicho pamutu uliwonse.

Chotsani 3 : Kusiya mafunso odzimva kuti ndi olakwa komanso ochititsa manyazi 7-9 kumapangitsa kuti "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" (osati chipembedzo) akhale chizindikiro champhamvu kwambiri cha chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Kunena mwanjira ina, mafunso a "Kuvutika Maganizo" amagwirizana kwambiri ndi "chipembedzo" koma osati ndi "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula." Mosiyana ndi nkhani zosocheretsa, kafukufuku wa CPUI-9 adapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumagwirizana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "chizolowezi choonera zolaula."

Zomwe zapezeka #2 : Kulephera kuyesa kudziletsa kumagwirizana ndi 1) Chiwerengero chonse cha CPUI-9, ndi 2) mafunso a "Kukakamizidwa Kuzindikira" - koma osati ndi mafunso a "Kuvutika Maganizo" 7-9.

Kumasulira: Kulephera kulamulira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kukugwirizana ndi mafunso enieni a CPUI-9 1-6, koma osati ndi mafunso a kudzimva ndi manyazi 7-9.

Chotsani: Apanso, mafunso a CPUI-9 1-6 amayesa chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula, pomwe mafunso a kudzimva ndi manyazi 7-9 satero . Kuphatikizidwa kwa mafunso a "Kuvutika Maganizo" kumabweretsa zigoli zochepa za CPUI-9 kwa anthu omwe ali ndi zizolowezi zolaula komanso zigoli zapamwamba za CPUI-9 kwa anthu achipembedzo, kapena aliyense amene sangakonde kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Zomwe zapezeka #3 : "Kusavomereza makhalidwe abwino" pakugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunagwirizana kwambiri ndi 1) Chiwerengero chonse cha CPUI-9, ndi 2) mafunso a "Kuvutika Maganizo". Komabe, "kukana makhalidwe abwino" kunali kogwirizana pang'ono ndi chiwerengero cha CPUI-9 "Kukakamizidwa Kuzindikira". Mwa kuyankhula kwina, anthu omwe anali ndi chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwambiri sanapeze zotsatira zabwino pa chipembedzo.

Kumasulira: " Kusavomereza makhalidwe oipa" pa zolaula kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi mafunso a CPUI-9 okhudza kudzimva ndi manyazi 7-9. Chofunika kwambiri, mafunso 7-9 ndi chifukwa chokhacho chomwe "kusavomereza makhalidwe oipa" kumagwirizana ndi Total CPUI-9 ("kuzindikira chizolowezi cha zolaula"). Kuphatikizidwa kwa mafunso a "Kuvutika Maganizo" ndi komwe kumabweretsa chiganizo chonyenga chakuti "kukhulupirira chizolowezi cha zolaula" kumayendetsedwa ndi kusavomereza makhalidwe oipa.

Mfundo 1: Kusiya mafunso okhudza kudzimva wolakwa ndi manyazi (7-9) kumabweretsa "kusavomereza makhalidwe abwino" kosagwirizana ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula . Mafunso a "Kuvutika Maganizo" ofufuza kudzimva wolakwa ndi manyazi amachititsa aliyense amene sakufuna kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (makamaka anthu achipembedzo) kukhala ndi zigoli zambiri za CPUI-9.

Chotsatira 2: Kuphatikizapo mafunso okhudza kudzimva ndi manyazi 7-9 kumabweretsa mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa "kusavomereza makhalidwe abwino" ndi Total CPUI-9 (chizolowezi chodziwika) . Mfundo yakuti anthu achipembedzo amapambana kwambiri pa mafunso a "kusavomereza makhalidwe abwino" ndi "Kuvutika Maganizo" yapangitsa kuti pakhale zonena zosatsimikizika kuti anthu achipembedzo amatha "kudziona" okha ngati ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula (kumbukirani kuti "chizolowezi chodziwika" ndi chidule cha "chiwerengero chonse cha CPUI-9" ). Komabe, izi sizowona, chifukwa mfundo "zowonjezera" zomwe anthu achipembedzo amapeza pa mafunso 7-9 sizimayesa chizolowezi , kapena ngakhale "kuzindikira" chizolowezi. Samayesa china chilichonse koma kuvutika maganizo chifukwa cha mfundo zotsutsana.

Mfundo 3: Anthu achipembedzo amapeza bwino kwambiri pa mafunso a "kusavomereza makhalidwe abwino" komanso mafunso a "Kuvutika Maganizo". Kafukufuku wochokera ku CPUI-9 wavomereza mgwirizano pakati pa "kusavomereza makhalidwe abwino" ndi mafunso atatu a "Kuvutika Maganizo" kuti apange nthano yomwe anthu achipembedzo amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula . Komabe, mafunso awa sawunika chizolowezi cha zolaula kapena "chikhulupiriro" kapena "kuzindikira" chizolowezi, kotero sali oyenera mu chida ichi.

Mwachidule, mfundo ndi zomwe CPUI-9 inanena ndi zosalondola. Joshua Grubbs adapanga mafunso omwe sangasankhidwe, ndipo sanatsimikizidwepo, posankha "zodziwika" kuchokera ku chizolowezi chenicheni : CPUI-9. Popanda zifukwa zasayansi, adalembanso CPUI -9 yake ngati mafunso "odziwika ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula".

Popeza CPUI-9 inali ndi mafunso atatu osafunikira oyesa kudzimva kuti ndi wolakwa komanso wamanyazi, zigoli za CPUI za ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo nthawi zambiri zimakokedwa . Kupezeka kwa zigoli zapamwamba za CPUI-9 kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo kunaperekedwa kwa atolankhani ngati chonena kuti, " anthu achipembedzo amakhulupirira molakwika kuti ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula ." Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi maphunziro angapo ogwirizana ndi kusavomereza makhalidwe abwino ndi zigoli za CPUI-9 . Popeza anthu achipembedzo monga gulu amapeza zigoli zambiri pakusavomereza makhalidwe abwino, ndipo (motero) CPUI-9 yonse, zinanenedwa (popanda chithandizo chenicheni) kuti kusavomereza makhalidwe abwino kozikidwa pa chipembedzo ndiye chifukwa chenicheni cha chizolowezi choonera zolaula. Ndi kudumphadumpha kwakukulu, ndipo sikuli koyenera ngati nkhani ya sayansi.

Tsopano tipereka mavesi ochokera kwa Fernandez et al ., 2017 pamodzi ndi ndemanga ndi zithunzi zofotokozera.

GAWO 3: Zolemba za Fernandez et al., 2017 (ndi ndemanga)

Gawo lokambirana la Fernandez et al ., 2017 linali ndi zotsatira zitatu zazikulu, zotsatira zitatu za chiphunzitso, ndi zotsatira ziwiri zachipatala. Izi zikutsatira.

Choyamba chopeza chachikulu: Mafunso a CPUI-9 "Ozindikira Kukakamizidwa" amafufuza leni kukakamira osati "kukhulupirira" zolaula

Fernandez et al ., 2017 akukambirana momwe zigoli zenizeni za kukakamizidwa zimagwirizanirana ndi zigoli pa mafunso a CPUI-9 a "Kukakamizidwa Kuzindikira", koma osati ndi mafunso a "Kuvutika Maganizo".

Tapeza chithandizo chochepa cha lingaliro lathu lachiwiri, kuti kuyesa kulephera kudziletsa kungagwirizane ndi khama lodziletsa kuti tilosere zigoli zapamwamba za CPUI-9, zomwe zimawongolera kusavomereza makhalidwe abwino. Komabe, ubalewu unali wochepa pa zigoli za Perceived Compulsivity, osati zigoli za Emotional Distress ndi zigoli zonse za CPUI-9. Makamaka, pamene kuyesa kulephera kudziletsa kuli kwakukulu ndipo khama lodziletsa lili lalikulu, zigoli zambiri pa chiŵerengero cha Perceived Compulsivity subscale zimanenedweratu . Kupeza kumeneku kukugwirizana ndi lingaliro lathu lakuti sikuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi kokha komwe kumathandizira kuwona kukakamizidwa, koma kuti izi zimadaliranso pa kuyeserera kofunikira kofanana, kudziletsa . Kale, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi kumabweretsa kusiyana kwina mu CPUI-9 (Grubbs et al., 2015a; Grubbs et al., 2015c), koma kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kokha sikukwanira kuganiza kuti pali kukakamizidwa (Kor et al., 2014). Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti anthu ena amatha kuwona IP pafupipafupi, koma mwina sakuchita khama lalikulu popewa IP. Motero, mwina sanaganizepo kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kunali kokakamiza mwanjira iliyonse, chifukwa panalibe cholinga chodziletsa . Chifukwa chake, kuyambitsa kwa kafukufukuyu kwa kuyesetsa kudziletsa ngati njira yatsopano ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri. Monga momwe kunanenedweratu, pamene anthu anayesa kwambiri kupewa zolaula (monga, kuyesetsa kudziletsa kwambiri) koma adakumana ndi zolephera zambiri (monga, kuyesera kudziletsa kwambiri), izi zikugwirizana ndi zigoli zazikulu pa gawo laling'ono la Perceived Compulsivity.

CHIDULE : Choyamba, kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi mafunso a CPUI-9 akuti "Kukakamizidwa Kuzindikira" ndi kukakamizidwa kwenikweni ("kuyesa kudziletsa kwalephera X kuyesa kudziletsa").

Chachiwiri, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe anayesa kwambiri kusiya, koma mobwerezabwereza adalephera, anali ndi zigoli zapamwamba kwambiri pa mafunso a CPUI-9 akuti "Kukakamizidwa Kuzindikira". Mwachidule, mafunso a CPUI-9 1-3 amayesa kukakamizidwa kwenikweni (zilakolako ndi kulephera kulamulira kugwiritsa ntchito) m'malo mwa "kukhulupirira kuledzera." Izi zikutanthauza kuti sapereka chithandizo chilichonse pa lingaliro la "kuledzera komwe kumawonedwa."

Chachitatu, mafunso a "Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe" (kuwunika kulakwa ndi manyazi) ndiwothandiza pakuwunika zenizeni zakugonana, ndipo amangogwira ntchito kuti akope kuchuluka konse kwa CPUI-9 kwa anthu achipembedzo komanso omwe sagwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Tiyeni tichite ziwerengero zooneka. Nazi malangizo ena omvetsetsa manambala omwe ali m'matebulo ndi zithunzi zotsatirazi: Zero amatanthauza kuti palibe mgwirizano pakati pa zinthu ziwiri; 1.00 amatanthauza mgwirizano wathunthu pakati pa zinthu ziwiri. Chiwerengero chikakhala chachikulu, mgwirizano pakati pa zinthu ziwirizi umakhala wolimba. Ngati nambala ili ndi chizindikiro cha minus , zikutanthauza kuti pali mgwirizano woipa pakati pa zinthu ziwiri. (Mwachitsanzo, pali mgwirizano woipa pakati pa kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi matenda a mtima. Chifukwa chake, m'chilankhulo chabwinobwino, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kumachepetsa mwayi wa matenda a mtima. Kumbali ina, kunenepa kwambiri kumakhudzana bwino ndi matenda a mtima.)

Timayamba ndi tebulo la maubwenzi ochokera kwa Fernandez et al ., 2017. Nambala 1 ndi "kawirikawiri ka kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti" , komwe kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi mafunso a CPUI-9 akuti "Kukakamizidwa Kuzindikira" (0.47), Kuyesetsa Kudziletsa (0.28), ndi Kuyesera Kudziletsa Kolephera (0.47). Kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula sikunali kogwirizana ndi mafunso a "Kuvutika Maganizo" (0.05) ndipo kunali kogwirizana molakwika ndi "kukana makhalidwe abwino" ( - 0.14).

Zotsatira zopanda mafunso atatu a "Mavuto Amaganizo" omwe amasokoneza zotsatira zake: "Kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula" ndiye chizindikiro champhamvu kwambiri cha chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula - osati chipembedzo ! Monga momwe Fernandez et al . adanenera, kulumikizana komwe kuli pamwambapa ndikofanana ndi maphunziro onse a CPUI-9 omwe magulu a Grubbs adachita.

Mfundo yaikulu ya kafukufuku wa "zolaula zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndizosokoneza bongo" imadalira mfundo yosamveka bwino yakuti ziwerengero zonse za CPUI-9 ziyenera kugwirizana bwino ndi "maola omwe munthu amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula". Ofufuzawo amaganiza kuti - ngati ziwerengero za CPUI-9 za munthu zili pamwamba, koma "maola omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula" ali pamwamba pang'ono - munthuyo "amakhulupirira" molakwika kuti ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula. Chithunzi chosonyeza mfundo iyi:

Komabe, monga momwe Fernandez et al . ndi maphunziro ena ambiri akusonyezera, kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pakali pano ndi muyeso wosadalirika wa chizolowezi . Chofunika kwambiri, mafunso atatu a "Kuvutika Maganizo" amafooketsa kwambiri mgwirizano pakati pa kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi ziwerengero zonse za CPUI-9.

Mfundo yofunika: Palibe chinthu chonga "kukakamizidwa kozindikira" kapena "chizolowezi chowonera zolaula." Ngati wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula apeza bwino kwambiri pa mayeso okhudzana ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula, zikutanthauza kuti akukumana ndi zizindikiro za chizolowezi chenicheni. Kuphatikiza apo, sizomveka mwasayansi kuganiza kuti kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakadali pano kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chothandizira pa chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula (monga momwe kafukufuku wambiri watsimikizira).

Chotsatira chachikulu chachiwiri: Kufunikira kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti mupewe kulumikizidwa ndi mafunso a CPUI-9 "Kuzindikira Kukakamizidwa"

Fernandez et al ., 2017 akunena kuti kufunika kolimbikira kwambiri kuti munthu apewe kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi mafunso a CPUI-9 akuti "Kukakamizidwa Kuzindikira" komanso kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, koma osati ndi mafunso a "Kuvutika Maganizo":

Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, khama loletsa munthu payekha linasonyezanso ubale wabwino kwambiri wolosera ndi gawo la Perceived Compulsivity subscale (koma osati gawo la Emotional Distress subscale ndi CPUI-9 full scale) , zomwe zimalamulira zoyesayesa zoletsa munthu kulephera komanso kusavomereza makhalidwe abwino, ngakhale kuti ubalewu sunaganizidwe kuti ndi wamtengo wapatali. Mu kafukufukuyu tinaneneratu kuti anthu okhawo omwe adakumana ndi zoyesayesa zoletsa munthu kulephera ndi omwe angaganize kuti ali ndi chilakolako chochita zinthu mokakamiza kuchokera ku khalidwe lawo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti aziona kuti ali ndi chilakolako chochita zinthu mokakamiza. Komabe, tapeza kuti khama lalikulu loletsa munthu kusuta linaneneratu kuti pali zigoli zambiri pa gawo la Perceived Compulsivity subscale, ndipo kuti ubalewu unawonedwa ngakhale popanda zoyesayesa zoletsa munthu kulephera . Kupeza kumeneku kuli ndi tanthauzo lofunika kwambiri lakuti kuyesa kupewa zolaula kokha kumagwirizana ndi malingaliro a kukakamiza mwa anthu ena.

CHIDULE: Mofanana ndi zomwe zinapezeka koyamba, zigoli zapamwamba pa mafunso a CPUI-9 akuti “Perceived Compulsivity” zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi zizindikiro za kukakamizidwa kwenikweni (kufunika khama lalikulu kuti mupewe zolaula). Mwachidule, mafunso a CPUI-9 akuti “Perceived Compulsivity” amayesa kukakamizidwa kwenikweni . Komabe, kufunikira khama lalikulu kuti mupewe zolaula sikunagwirizane kwenikweni ndi kudzimva mlandu, manyazi kapena chisoni (mafunso a “Emotional Distress”). Kudzimva mlandu ndi manyazi okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula sikukhudzana kwenikweni ndi chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula, osatinso “kukhulupirira” chizolowezi cha zolaula.

Mfundo yofunika: Palibe chinthu monga "chizolowezi chongoyerekeza" kapena "chizolowezi cholaula." Mafunso a "Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe" alibe malo mu CPUI-9, kupatula kukayikira zambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo ndikupanga ziganizo zosagwirizana ndi mitu.

Chotsatira chachikulu chachitatu: Kusavomerezeka kwamakhalidwe kunali kogwirizana ndi mafunso a "Mavuto Amtima", koma osati leni kukakamiza kapena mafunso ozunguza bongo a CPUI-9 (1-6)

Kumbukirani kuti "kukana makhalidwe oipa okhudza zolaula" ndi mafunso anayi omwe si a CPUI-9, pomwe mafunso atatu a CPUI-9 a "Kuvutika Maganizo" amayesa kudzimva kuti ndi wolakwa komanso wamanyazi. Fernandez et al ., 2017 (ndi maphunziro ena a CPUI-9) adapeza kuti "kukana makhalidwe oipa okhudza zolaula" sikunali kogwirizana kwenikweni ndi chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula. Chidule:

Tinapeza kuti pamene CPUI-9 inatengedwa yonse, kusavomereza makhalidwe abwino kunali kokha chizindikiro chofunikira. Komabe, pamene inagawidwa, kusavomereza makhalidwe abwino kunaneneratu gawo linalake la CPUI-9, gawo la Emotional Distress (monga, “Ndikumva manyazi nditaonera zolaula pa intaneti”) ndipo sikunakhudze gawo la Perceived Compulsivity subscale . Izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakale wosonyeza kusavomereza makhalidwe abwino kuti zolaula zimagwirizana ndi gawo la Emotional Distress lokha osati gawo la Perceived Compulsivity kapena Access Efforts subscales (Wilt et al., 2016). Izi zikuthandiziranso kupeza kwa Wilt ndi anzake kuti kusavomereza makhalidwe abwino kumabweretsa gawo lapadera la CPUI-9, lomwe ndi gawo la maganizo (Emotional Distress), osati gawo la chidziwitso (Perceived Compulsivity) . Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kuti gawo la Emotional Distress ndi Perceived Compulsivity subscales ndi logwirizana, zomwe tapeza zikusonyeza kuti ziyenera kuchitiridwa padera chifukwa zikuwoneka kuti zimapangidwa kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana zamaganizo.

CHIDULE: Kukana makhalidwe abwino kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi mafunso atatu a "Kuvutika Maganizo", koma kunali kogwirizana pang'ono ndi mafunso a CPUI-9 a "Kukakamizidwa Kuzindikira". Izi zikutanthauza kuti "kukana makhalidwe abwino" sikukhudzana ndi chizolowezi cha zolaula, koma kumangokhala ndi liwongo ndi manyazi. Pansipa pali mgwirizano wochokera mu kafukufukuyu womwe watchulidwa mu gawo ( Wilt et al., 2016 ). Kugwirizana pakati pa "kukana makhalidwe abwino" ndi magawo atatu a CPUI-9 kwawonetsedwa:

Monga momwe zilili ndi maphunziro ena a CPUI-9, kukhulupirira kuti zolaula ndi zolakwika kapena ndi uchimo wogwirizana kwambiri ndi gawo la CPUI-9 la "Mavuto Amaganizo" (#4). Komabe pali mgwirizano wochepa kwambiri (kapena woipa) pakati pa "kusavomereza makhalidwe abwino" ndi mafunso ovomerezeka okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo a CPUI-9 ("Kuyesera Kupeza", "Kukakamizidwa Kodziwika"). Fernandez et al . akuti manyazi ndi kudzimva wolakwa (mafunso 7-9) ziyenera kufufuzidwa mosiyana ndi chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula (mafunso 1-6). Sayesa kuledzera kapena chizolowezi "chodziwika".

Mfundo yofunika: Mafunso okhudza "Kuvutika Maganizo" alibe malo mu CPUI-9, kupatula kusokoneza zigoli zambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo. Ofufuza agwiritsa ntchito ubale wachilengedwe pakati pa "kusavomereza zolaula" ndi mafunso a "Kuvutika Maganizo" ponena kuti kutsutsa makhalidwe abwino kumayambitsa "kukhulupirira chizolowezi cha zolaula" (Total CPUI-9 score). Popeza anthu achipembedzo amapeza bwino kwambiri pa "kusavomereza makhalidwe abwino" ndi "Kuvutika Maganizo," ofufuza molakwika amanena kuti chipembedzo chimayambitsa chizolowezi cha zolaula, koma zotsatira za kafukufuku sizipereka umboni wokwanira wakuti izi zili choncho.

Zomwe zimaphatikizapo #1: “Kuzindikira” zolaula ndi nthano chabe. Kusavomerezeka pamakhalidwe sikutenga nawo gawo pazovuta zolaula.

Fernandez et al ., 2017 adapeza kuti mafunso a CPUI-9 akuti "Kukakamizidwa Kuzindikira" amawunika kukakamizidwa kwenikweni , ndipo kuti kukana makhalidwe abwino sikuchita nawo chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula.

Zomwe tapeza zili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu la chiphunzitso. Choyamba, kafukufukuyu akufotokoza ubale womwe sunafufuzidwepo pakati pa chizolowezi chodziona ngati munthu ali ndi vuto la IP, monga momwe CPUI-9 imayesedwera, ndi kukakamizidwa kwenikweni. Mu chitsanzo chathu, tapeza kuti malingaliro okhudza kukakamizidwa analidi owonetsa zenizeni. Zikuwoneka kuti njira yeniyeni yokakamiza (kuyesa kudziletsa kolephera x kuyesetsa kudziletsa), ndi kuyesetsa kudziletsa yokha, zimaneneratu zigoli pa CPUI-9 Perceived Compulsivity subscale. Tapeza kuti ubalewu umakhalabe ngakhale atakhala kuti sakugwirizana ndi makhalidwe abwino. Chifukwa chake, zomwe tapeza zikusonyeza kuti mosasamala kanthu kuti munthu sakonda zolaula, zigoli za munthuyo za Perceived Compulsivity zitha kuwonetsa kukakamizidwa kwenikweni, kapena zomwe zimamuvuta kupewa IP . Tikupereka lingaliro lakuti ngakhale kukakamizidwa kwenikweni sikufanana ndi chizolowezi chenicheni, kukakamizidwa ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la chizolowezi ndipo kupezeka kwake mwa wogwiritsa ntchito IP kungakhale chizindikiro cha chizolowezi chenicheni cha IP. Chifukwa chake, zomwe zapezeka pa kafukufukuyu zikubweretsa mafunso okhudza ngati kafukufuku pa CPUI-9 mpaka pano akhoza kufotokozedwa ndi chizolowezi chenicheni, kupatula kungoganiza za chizolowezi.

CHIDULE: Pamene Fernandez ndi anzake akunena kuti “malingaliro okhudza kukakamizidwa” amatanthauza mafunso a CPUI-9 akuti “Kukakamizidwa Kodziwika”. Zigoli pa “Kukakamizidwa Kodziwika” zimagwirizana ndi kukakamizidwa kwenikweni (kuyesa kudziletsa kolephera x khama lodziletsa). Mwachidule, mafunso a CPUI-9 1-3 amayesa kukakamizidwa kwenikweni (zilakolako ndi kulephera kulamulira kugwiritsa ntchito) m'malo mwa “kukhulupirira chizolowezi cha zolaula.” Olembawo akufotokoza kukayikira kwakukulu za kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti “chizolowezi chodziwika” mofanana ndi zigoli za mayeso a CPUI-9. Pomaliza, kuyesa kukana makhalidwe abwino sikutiuza chilichonse chokhudza chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula.

Kenako tigwiritsa ntchito deta kuchokera ku pepala lina la CPUI-9 lolembedwa ndi Grubbs (" Kuchimwa monga Chizolowezi: Chipembedzo ndi Kusavomerezeka kwa Makhalidwe Abwino monga Oneneratu za Chizolowezi Chodziwika cha Zolaula "), chifukwa mutu wake wotsutsa umasonyeza kuti kusavomereza makhalidwe abwino kozikidwa pa chipembedzo kumayambitsa chizolowezi cha zolaula.

Onani kuti mafunso a "Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe" amabweretsa kulumikizana kwamphamvu pakati pa "kukana kwamakhalidwe" ndi kuchuluka kwa CPUI-9. Chidziwitso: Mafunso a "Zoyeserera Kufikira" 4-6 amayesa zizolowezi zosokoneza bongo (kulephera kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito ngakhale zovuta zoyipa), komabe sizimagwirizana ndi kusaloledwa kwamakhalidwe ndi chipembedzo.

Mfundo yofunika: Palibe chinthu chonga "chizolowezi choonera zolaula." Ngati wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula wapeza bwino pa mayeso ovomerezeka a chizolowezi choonera zolaula, zikutanthauza kuti akukumana ndi zizindikiro za chizolowezi chenicheni . Ngati mukukhulupirira kuti muli ndi chizolowezi, ndiye kuti muli ndi chizolowezi. Momwe munthu amamvera za zolaula sizikugwirizana ndi chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula. Kuti zikhale zolondola, mawu ozungulira monga "chizolowezi choonera zolaula" kapena "kukhulupirira chizolowezi choonera zolaula" ayenera kulowedwa m'malo ndi "chizolowezi choonera zolaula."

Zomwe zimaphatikizapo #2: Mafunso a 3 "Mavuto Akumtima" amaphatikizapo Total CPUI-9 ziwerengero za anthu achipembedzo pamene akuphwanya Mapu onse a CPUI-9 omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito.

Fernandez et al ., 2017 akukambirana momwe mafunso atatu a "Kuvutika Maganizo" amasinthira zotsatira zonse kuchokera ku kafukufuku aliyense amene adagwiritsa ntchito CPUI-9.

Chachiwiri, zomwe tapeza zapangitsa kuti anthu azikayikira ngati kugwiritsa ntchito Emotional Distress subscale ngati gawo la CPUI-9 n’koyenera . Monga momwe zapezekera nthawi zonse m’maphunziro ambiri (monga Grubbs et al., 2015a,c), zomwe tapeza zawonetsanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito IP pafupipafupi sikunali ndi ubale ndi Emotional Distress scores . Chofunika kwambiri, kukakamizidwa kwenikweni monga momwe zafotokozedwera mu kafukufukuyu (kuyesa kudziletsa kolephera x kuyesetsa kudziletsa) sikunali ndi ubale ndi Emotional Distress scores. Izi zikusonyeza kuti anthu omwe amakumana ndi kukakamizidwa kwenikweni pogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zawo samakhala ndi mavuto amalingaliro okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zawo.

M'malo mwake, ziwerengero za Emotional Distress zinanenedweratu kwambiri ndi kusavomereza makhalidwe abwino, mogwirizana ndi maphunziro am'mbuyomu omwe adapezanso kuyanjana kwakukulu pakati pa awiriwa (Grubbs et al., 2015a; Wilt et al., 2016). Izi zikusonyeza kuti kuvutika maganizo monga momwe CPUI-9 imayesedwera makamaka chifukwa cha kusamvana komwe kumachitika chifukwa chochita khalidwe lomwe munthu sagwirizana nalo mwamakhalidwe, ndipo sikukhudzana ndi kukakamizidwa kwenikweni. Motero, kuphatikizidwa kwa gawo la Emotional Distress ngati gawo la CPUI-9 kungasokoneze zotsatira mwanjira yoti kumawonjezera ziwerengero zonse za ogwiritsa ntchito IP omwe amatsutsa zolaula mwamakhalidwe, ndikuchepetsa ziwerengero zonse za ogwiritsa ntchito IP omwe amavomereza kuti ali ndi ziwerengero zambiri za Perceived Compulsivity, koma zosavomereza zolaula mwamakhalidwe.

Mwina chifukwa chakuti gawo la Emotional Distress linachokera pa sikelo yoyambirira ya "Guilt" yomwe idapangidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito makamaka ndi anthu achipembedzo (Grubbs et al., 2010) , ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake ndi anthu omwe si achipembedzo sikukudziwikabe chifukwa cha zomwe zapezeka pambuyo pake zokhudzana ndi sikeloyi. "Kuvutika kwambiri kwachipatala" ndi gawo lofunikira mu njira zodziwira matenda zomwe zaperekedwa pa Hypersexual Disorder ya DSM-5, pomwe muyezo wa matenda B umati "pali kuvutika kwakukulu kwachipatala ... komwe kumakhudzana ndi kuchuluka ndi mphamvu ya malingaliro ogonana awa, zilakolako, kapena machitidwe" (Kafka 2010, p. 379). Sindikukayikira kuti gawo la Emotional Distress limakhudza mtundu uwu wa kuvutika kwakukulu kwachipatala. Momwe zinthuzo zimalembedwera (monga, "Ndikumva manyazi/ndikuvutika maganizo/ndikudwala nditaonera zolaula pa intaneti") zikusonyeza kuti kuvutika sikuyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka ndi mphamvu ya malingaliro ogonana, zilakolako, kapena khalidwe, koma kungachitike chifukwa chongochita nawo khalidweli ngakhale mwanjira yosakakamiza.

CHIDULE: Ichi ndi chomwe chapezeka: Mafunso atatu a "Mavuto Amaganizo" alibe malo mu CPUI-9 , kapena mafunso aliwonse okhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana. Mafunso awa okhudza kudzimva ndi manyazi sayesa mavuto okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula molakwika kapena "kuzindikira chizolowezi." Mafunso atatuwa amawonjezera ziwerengero za Total CPUI-9 kwa anthu achipembedzo pomwe amawononga ziwerengero za Total CPUI-9 kwa anthu omwe sali achipembedzo omwe amamwa zolaula.

Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mafunso owunikira mitundu ina ya chizolowezi nthawi zambiri samakhala ndi mafunso okhudza kudzimva ndi manyazi. Ndithudi , palibe amene amafunsa funso limodzi mwa magawo atatu okhudza kudzimva ndi manyazi. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo za DSM-5 zochokera ku Alcohol Use Disorder zili ndi mafunso 11. Komabe palibe funso lililonse lomwe limafufuza kudzimva chisoni kapena kudzimva chisoni mutamwa mowa kwambiri. Komanso mafunso a DSM-5 Gambling Addiction alibe funso limodzi lonena za kudzimva chisoni, kudzimva chisoni kapena manyazi.

Mfundo yofunika: Chotsani mafunso atatu a "Kuvutika Maganizo" ndi zonena zonse ndi maubwenzi omwe adachokerapo zimasowa. Tiyeni tiwone momwe mafunso atatu a "Kuvutika Maganizo" amasinthira zotsatira za CPUI-9.

Chiganizo #1: Choyamba, zanenedwa mobwerezabwereza kuti "maola ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" sanali ogwirizana ndi "chizolowezi choonera zolaula" (Zolemba zonse za CPUI-9). Sizowona chifukwa maulumikizidwe ochokera ku kafukufuku wa Grubbs wa "Kupanduka" akuwulula:

Ndipotu, maola ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi chizindikiro champhamvu cha chizolowezi chogonana ndi zolaula (Total CPUI-9) kuposa chipembedzo. Izi zokha zikutsutsana ndi mitu yambiri yomwe idayambitsidwa ndi kafukufuku wa CPUI-9 wa "chizolowezi chodziwika".

Ngakhale kuti pali mgwirizano pakati pa chipembedzo ndi ziwerengero za Total CPUI-9, izi zimapangidwa makamaka ndi mafunso atatu a "Emotional Distress". Deta iyi (yotengedwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku wa Grubbs wa "Transgression" #2 ) ikuwonetsa momwe mafunso atatu a "Emotional Distress" amachepetsera kwambiri mgwirizano pakati pa maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi ziwerengero za Total CPUI-9:

Monga mukuonera kuwonetsa zolaula (monga kuyesedwa ndi mafunso 1-6) kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi magulu a zolaula.

Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito Total CPUI-9 molakwika kumabweretsa Chidziwitso #2: kuti kukhala wachipembedzo kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi "chizolowezi chowonera zolaula." Kugwirizana kumeneku kumatanthauziridwanso kuti " anthu achipembedzo amakhulupirira molakwika kuti ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula. " Nether ndi yowona chifukwa chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula, kwenikweni, chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, ndipo sichikugwirizana ndi chipembedzo. Kuyerekeza mgwirizano pakati pa machitidwe oledzera a CPUI-9 ("Access Efforts') ndi Religiosity kapena Hours of porn use kukuwonetsa kuti chipembedzo sichikugwirizana ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula:

Kugwirizana komwe kwatchulidwa pamwambapa ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimachokera m'nkhaniyi yonse: Chipembedzo sichikugwirizana ndi chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula! Apanso, mafunso a "Kuyesera Kufikira" 4-6 amawunika machitidwe oyambira a chizolowezi (kulephera kulamulira ngakhale zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri). Mu gawoli tikupereka zifukwa zinayi zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo angapezere zambiri pa mafunso enieni a chizolowezi cha CPUI-9 1-6.

Ngati anthu okonda zachipembedzo anali ndi mwayi waukulu wokonda zolaula, kupembedza kuyenera kugwirizana kwambiri ndi chizolowezi chenicheni cha zolaula. Sizili choncho. Kunena mwanjira ina, anthu omwe ali ndi chizolowezi kwambiri sapeza zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pa chipembedzo.

Zomwe zimaphatikizapo #3: Kukakamizidwa kwenikweni (kuyesayesa kuyesa kudziletsa x kudziletsa) kumayenderana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "kuzindikira kukakamiza"

Fernandez et al ., 2017 akufotokoza zomwe zimaonekera kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la zolaula: kuyesetsa kwambiri kusiya, koma nthawi zonse kulephera, kumavumbula kuzama kwa chilakolako chanu.

Chachitatu, kafukufukuyu adayambitsa khama loletsa kugonana ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pomvetsetsa momwe malingaliro okhudza kukakamiza kugonana angakulire. Zadziwika kuti m'mabuku, kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito IP kwafufuzidwa popanda kuganizira kuchuluka kwa kuyesetsa kwa ophunzira kudziletsa. Zomwe zapezeka mu kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kuti khama loletsa kugonana lokha, komanso likakumana ndi zoyesayesa zoletsa kugonana zomwe zalephera, limaneneratu kukakamiza kwakukulu komwe kumawonedwa . Takambirana za zovuta pakuletsa kugonana kapena kulakalaka zolaula ngati kufotokozera komwe kungachitike momwe khama loletsa kugonana lokha linganenere kukakamiza kwakukulu komwe kumawonedwa, chifukwa vuto lomwe limakumana nalo lingawululire munthuyo kuti pakhoza kukhala kukakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Komabe, pakadali pano, njira yeniyeni yomwe khama loletsa kugonana limagwirizanirana ndi kukakamiza komwe kumawonedwa sikudziwikabe ndipo ndi njira yofufuzira zambiri.

CHIDULE: Zigoli zapamwamba pa CPUI-9 "Kukakamizidwa Kodziwika" zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi zizindikiro za kukakamizidwa kwenikweni (kufunika kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti mupewe zolaula, koma osatha kutero). Mwachidule, chomwe chimatchedwa "kukakamizidwa kodziwika" chikugwirizana ndi kukakamizidwa kwenikweni.

Mfundo yofunika: Ngati mukukhulupirira kuti mumakonda zolaula (chifukwa mukuzigwiritsa ntchito mokakamiza), ndinu osokoneza bongo. Maphunziro onse amtsogolo akuyenera kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mawu osalondola komanso opota monga "zolaula zolaula" kapena "kukhulupirira zachiwerewere" ngati wothandizira pazambiri za CPUI-9.

Monga zolimbitsa thupi molondola timachotsa mawu omwe amadzazidwa kuchokera m'maphunziro ochepa omwe amadziwika kuti ndi osokoneza bongo, kuti owerenga amvetsetse zomwe apezazi molondola:

Leonhardt ndi ena , 2017 anati :

"Zikuwoneka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amada nkhawa ndi maubale chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito pokhapokha ngati amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi chizolowezi chomangogwiritsa ntchito mopondereza."

Leonhardt et al., 2017 ndi mawu olondola:

Zithunzi zolaula zimangodetsa nkhawa za ubale zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwawo.

Grubbs et al., 2015 anati :

"Zomwe apezazi zikutsimikizira zomwe anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti zolaula pa intaneti zimawathandiza kukhala ndi nkhawa m'maganizo mwa anthu ena."

Grubbs et al., 2015 ndi mawu olondola:

Kuledzera kwa zolaula zolaula pa Intaneti zikugwirizana ndi kuvutika maganizo.

Zotsatira zachipatala #1:

Fernandez et al ., 2017 akusonyeza kuti madokotala angakhulupirire odwala akamanena kuti ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula.

Pomaliza, zomwe tapeza zikupereka tanthauzo lofunika kwambiri pa chithandizo cha anthu omwe amanena kuti ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula pa intaneti. Pali umboni m'mabuku omwe akusonyeza kuti pakhala anthu ambiri omwe amanena kuti ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula (Cavaglion, 2008, 2009; Kalman, 2008; Mitchell, Becker-Blease, & Finkelhor, 2005; Mitchell & Wells, 2007). Madokotala ogwira ntchito ndi anthu omwe amanena kuti ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula ayenera kutenga malingaliro awa mozama, m'malo mokayikira za kulondola kwa malingaliro awa . Zomwe tapeza zikusonyeza kuti ngati munthu akuwona kukakamizidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito IP yake, ndizotheka kuti malingaliro awa akhoza kuwonetsa zenizeni.

Mofananamo, madokotala ayenera kuzindikira kuti "kukakamizidwa kozindikira" kungawoneke ngati lingaliro lothandiza kukhala nalo, ngati lingalirolo likuwonetsa zenizeni. Anthu omwe amakumana ndi kukakamizidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito IP yawo angapindule podziwa kuti ndi okakamiza, ndipo angagwiritse ntchito chidziwitsochi pa khalidwe lawo kuti asankhe ngati akufunika kuchitapo kanthu kuti asinthe khalidwe lawo. Anthu omwe sakudziwa ngati kugwiritsa ntchito IP yawo ndi kokakamiza kapena ayi akhoza kudziyesa okha ngati zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu, ndi cholinga chodziletsa (kwa masiku 14 kapena ayi). Kuyesera kwa khalidwe kotereku kungapereke njira yothandiza yotsimikizira kuti malingaliro akhazikika mu zenizeni, kudzera mu kuphunzira kochitika.

CHIDULE: Popeza chomwe chimatchedwa "kukakamizidwa kodziwika" chikufanana ndi kukakamizidwa kwenikweni mu Fernandez et al ., 2017, odwala omwe amati ali ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula, kwenikweni amakhala ndi chizolowezi choonera zolaula. Ngati pali kukayikira kulikonse pakupezeka kwa chizolowezi chenicheni, madokotala ayenera kupempha kasitomala kuti ayesere kupewa zolaula kwa nthawi yayitali.

Mfundo yofunika: "Kuledzera kodziwika" kulibe ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake sikuyenera kuloledwa m'magulu asayansi. Odwala ayenera kukhulupiriridwa, mosasamala kanthu za tsankho la dokotala kapena kuchuluka kwa CPUI-9. Mabungwe monga AASECT, omwe alengeza mwalamulo kuti kuledzera kwa zolaula kulibe, akhoza kuvulaza odwala ndi anthu onse.

Zotsatira zachipatala #2:

Kuchokera ku zokambirana za Fernandez et al ., 2017:

Chofunika kwambiri, zomwe tapeza zikusonyeza kuti kudziyesa nokha mwanzeru pankhani ya kukakamizidwa kungakhale kolondola ngakhale munthuyo atakana zolaula mwamakhalidwe . Madokotala sayenera kufulumira kunyalanyaza kudziyesa mwanzeru kwa anthu omwe amakana zolaula mwamakhalidwe ngati kutanthauzira kopitirira muyeso chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zawo zamakhalidwe abwino.

Kumbali ina, madokotala ayenera kukumbukira kuti kuvutika maganizo komwe kumakhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula komwe makasitomala amakumana nako, makamaka omwe sakonda zolaula, kumawoneka kosiyana ndi kudziyesa mwanzeru kwa kukakamizidwa. Kuvutika maganizo, makamaka momwe kumayesedwera ndi CPUI-9, sikuti kumachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito IP mokakamiza, ndipo kuyenera kuonedwa ngati vuto losiyana.

Mofananamo, odwala amafunikanso kuzindikira kuti munthu akhoza kukhala ndi chilakolako chenicheni pa ntchito yawo ya IP popanda kwenikweni kumverera maganizo monga manyazi kapena kupsinjika kumene kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi IP.

CHIDULE: Choyamba, madokotala ayenera kulemekeza kudziyesa kwa odwala (ngakhale achipembedzo) akakhala kuti amakonda zolaula popanda umboni wokwanira wotsutsa. Madokotala sayenera kulola tsankho lawo kapena malingaliro a wodwala kuti akhudze mayeso awo. Chachiwiri, "kuvutika maganizo" komwe kumayesedwa ndi mafunso atatu a CPUI-9 okhudza kudzimva ndi manyazi sikukhudzana ndi zolaula zenizeni, kapena chizolowezi chodziwika. Madokotala akulimbikitsidwa kuti apewe kusakaniza chizolowezi chenicheni kapena chodziwika cha zolaula ndi kudzimva ndi manyazi - monga momwe maphunziro a CPUI-9 achitira.

Mfundo yofunika: Kusavomerezeka pamakhalidwe kulibe vuto lililonse kapena zolaula. Amanena kuti chikhalidwe ndi chomwe chimapangitsa kuti anthu azichita zolaula chifukwa cha CPUI-9 kugwiritsa ntchito mafunso osayenera komanso amanyazi ("Mavuto Akumtima") kuti aone ngati ali ndi vuto. Madokotala amavulaza odwala ponena kuti zovuta zawo zokhudzana ndi zolaula zimadza chifukwa chosavomerezeka pamakhalidwe, manyazi kapena kudzimva ngati ali ndi vuto chifukwa chokakamizidwa.

GAWO 4: Malingaliro Omaliza

Ndikofunikira kuganizira momwe chida cholakwika ngati CPUI-9 chinakwezedwera kufika paudindo woterewu pankhani ya kugonana ndi nkhani zina zokhudzana nazo. Monga momwe Fernandez et al. akusonyezera, kafukufuku wa CPUI-9 si sayansi yeniyeni. Komanso CPUI-9 sinatsimikizidwepo kuti imatha kusiyanitsa chizolowezi chenicheni ndi "chomwe chimaonedwa". Komabe zomwe zanenedwa kuchokera ku zomwe zapezeka pa CPUI-9 zalembedwa ngati zoona zenizeni komanso zokhutiritsa m'magulu ena (omwe malingaliro awo omwe zonenazi zimawoneka kuti zikugwirizana nawo).

Kodi chikuchitika n’chiyani kwenikweni? Monga momwe Fernandez ndi anzake akunenera, CPUI-9 ikuwoneka kuti cholinga chake ndi kupanga zonena zokhudza anthu achipembedzo - makamaka, cholinga chake ndi kusokoneza zotsatira za "chizolowezi chodziwika" pankhani ya chipembedzo ndikupeza mfundo zazikulu. Kaya magulu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito CPUI-9 adafuna izi kapena ayi, zonena za "chizolowezi chodziwika" zakwaniritsa cholinga ichi bwino kwambiri, ndipo sizosadabwitsa kuti iwo omwe amasangalala ndi zotsatira zotere amapeza kuti zonenazo ndi zosangalatsa komanso zoyenera kulengezedwa nthawi zonse.

Wopanga CPUI-9 ndi wakale wachipembedzo, ndipo sizingatheke kuti wayamba, mwadala kapena mosadziwa, kunyoza mbiri ya makolo ake okhwima achipembedzo monga iye kudzera mu kafukufuku wake. Nkhani zina zazikulu, zomwe zimamugwira mawu kwambiri, zapita patsogolo, zikusonyeza kuti zomwe adapeza "zomwe amaona kuti ndi chizolowezi" ndi umboni wakuti nkhawa iliyonse yokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula imathandizira (kapena kuyambitsa) kukhulupirira chizolowezi cha zolaula. Mawu osachirikizidwa awa amakhumudwitsa kwambiri ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (kaya ndi achipembedzo kapena osapembedza) omwe akuvutika ndi zizindikiro zazikulu zosiyanasiyana, ndikuyesera kumvetsetsa zotsatira za zolaula. Ambiri mwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe si achipembedzo masiku ano alibe manyazi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zawo, kupatulapo nkhawa yawo yoti sangathe kulamulira kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zawo akamayesa kutero.

Mwatsoka, otsutsa ochepa akuoneka kuti akufuna kufufuza zomwe kafukufuku wa CPUI-9 amanena komanso kutanthauzira kwake kwakukulu kumachokera. M'malo mwake, akatswiri ambiri a zamaganizo ndi atolankhani amavomereza kuti zigoli pa chida chopotoka kwambirichi, kwenikweni, ndi umboni wa "chizolowezi chodziwika bwino. " Komabe ngakhale mutaganizira pang'ono, zimakhala zoonekeratu kuti palibe chigoli chimodzi (ndipo osati chigoli pafunso lopotoka kwambiri monga CPUI-9) chomwe chingawulule kusiyana pakati pa "chizolowezi chodziwika" ndi chizolowezi chenicheni, osatchulanso zifukwa zomwe zikunenedwa.

Zonsezi zikutanthauza kuti ntchito monga Fernandez ndi anzake ndi yofunika kwambiri. Zonena zodziwika bwino monga za deta ya CPUI-9 sizoyenera pokhapokha ngati chipangizo chomwe chilipo chayesedwa ndipo zotsatira zake zafufuzidwa mosamala kuti zipeze mafotokozedwe ena omveka bwino. Chifukwa cha Fernandez ndi anzake tsopano zikuwoneka kuti, monga chida chofufuzira, CPUI-9 ndi yolakwika komanso yosadalirika. Monga wasayansi wodalirika komanso wophunzira, wopanga wakeyo mosakayikira amaona izi.