Kuphunzira kumalepheretsa CPUI-9 kukhala chida choyesa "kuwona zolaula zolaula" kapena kuledzera kwenikweni

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CHIGAWO 1: Kuyamba

Phunziro latsopano (Fernandez et al., 2017) adayesedwa ndikuwunika CPUI-9, funso loti "adazindikira zolaula" lopangidwa ndi Joshua Grubbs, ndikuwona kuti silingathe kuwunika molondola "zolaula" or "Zolaula zolaula" (Kodi Zithunzi Zolaula Zimagwiritsa Ntchito Zowonjezera-Zithunzi za 9 Zimasonyeza Kukhumudwa Kwenizeni pa Zithunzi Zolaula Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito? Kufufuza Ntchito Yodziletsa). Inapezanso kuti 1/3 pamafunso a CPUI-9 ayenera kusiyidwa kuti abweretse zotsatira zoyenera zokhudzana ndi "kusayanjana mwamakhalidwe", "kupembedza", komanso "maola owonera zolaula." Zomwe zapezazi zikubweretsa kukayikira kwakukulu pazomaliza zomwe zatengedwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku aliyense yemwe wagwiritsa ntchito CPUI-9 kapena kudalira maphunziro omwe adazigwiritsa ntchito. Zambiri mwazofufuza ndi kutsutsidwa kwatsopano zikufanana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwazi YBOP yambani.

Mwachidule maphunziro a CPUI-9 ndi mitu yomwe iwo adayambitsa yathandiza ku zitsimikizo zokayikitsa zotsatirazi:

  1. "Kukhulupirira zolaula" kapena "zolaula zolaula" zitha kusiyanitsidwa ndi "zolaula zenizeni" za CPUI-9.
  2. "Machitidwe amasiku ano a zolaula" ndi ndi choyimila chimodzi chovomerezeka leni zolaula, osati zambiri pa zolaula zofufuza mafunso.
  3. Mu nkhani zina "zochitika zamakono zolaula" zinatero osati Lumikizanani molingana ndi kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa CPUI-9. Grubbs amanenetsa anthuwa monyenga "amakhulupirira" kuti amakonda zolaula.
  4. Mu maphunziro a CPUI-9, "zipembedzo" zimagwirizana ndi Total Zolemba za CPUI-9. Chifukwa cha Grubbs izi zikusonyeza kuti ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula achipembedzo okha Khulupirirani iwo ali oledzera, ndipo alibe leni zolaula.
  5. Mwa ena mwa maphunzirowa zonse "kupembedza" & "kusayanjanitsidwa mwamakhalidwe" zimagwirizana ndi Total Zolemba za CPUI-9. Chifukwa cha izi Grubbs ndi magulu ake amanena kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula achipembedzo ali ndi manyazi-amachititsa "kukhulupirira zolaula," osati chizoloŵezi chenicheni cha zolaula.

Nkhani zokhudzana ndi maphunziro osiyanasiyana a CPUI-9 zikuwerengera izi:

  • Kukhulupirira zolaula ndizo zimayambitsa mavuto anu, osati zolaula.
  • Ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula samakonda zolaula (ngakhale atakhala okwera kwambiri pa CPUI-9) - akungokhala ndi manyazi komanso kudziimba mlandu chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

mu izi 2016 yodabwitsa Psychology Today nkhani, Joshua Grubbs akufotokozera mwachidule malingaliro ake, akudzinenera kuti kuonera zolaula ndizosachita manyazi kuposa chipembedzo:

Kutchulidwa kuti "woledzera" ndi mnzanu, kapena ngakhale nokha, sizikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe munthu amawona, atero a Joshua Grubbs, pulofesa wothandizira wa psychology ku Bowling Green University. M'malo mwake, zimakhudzana ndi kupembedza komanso malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana. Mwachidule, akuti, "Zimapangitsa manyazi."

Mosiyana ndi zomwe Grubbs ananena pamwambapa, maphunziro ake adapeza kuti "kuchuluka kwa zolaula zomwe munthu amawona" ndi kwambiri zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chogonana (zolemba pa CPUI-9).

Grubbs akupitiriza:

… .Grubbs amatcha "zolaula zolaula." "Zimagwira mosiyana kwambiri ndi zizolowezi zina."

As Fernandez et al., 2017 ikuwulula, CPUI-9 yalephera kuwunika "zolaula." Ndipo leni zolaula amagwira ntchito mofanana kwambiri ndi zovuta zina.

Zotsatira: Zotsatira za Fernandez et al., Malo a 2017 onse zovomerezeka zochokera ku zotsatira za CPUI-9, ndi mitu yonse yotsatira, mosakayikira.

Mavuto ndi "mafunso omwe amadziwika kuti amakonda zolaula" (CPUI-9)

Kuti timvetsetse kufunikira kwa kafukufukuyu tifunika kaye kuwunika Zolaula Zaku Cyber ​​Gwiritsani Ntchito Inventory (CPUI-9). Chofunika kukumbukira:

  • CPUI-9 yagawidwa m'magawo atatu omwe ali ndi mafunso atatu aliwonse (onetsetsani mafunso a "Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe").
  • Funso lirilonse limapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya Likert ya 1 mpaka 7, pomwe 1 ili "ayi konse, "Ndipo 7 kukhala"Kwambiri. "
  • Nthawi zonse Grubbs akagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kuzolowera kuzindikira" samangotanthauza china chokha kuposa malipiro onse pa mayeso ake a CPUI-9, komabe mayeso sangathe kusiyanitsa kuzolowera "kuzindikira" ndi chizolowezi choledzeretsa.

Gawo Loyamba Kukakamizidwa

  1. Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndimakonda kwambiri zolaula pa Intaneti.
  2. Ndikumva kuti sindingalepheretse kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti.
  3. Ngakhale pamene sindikufuna kuona zithunzi zolaula pa intaneti, ndimamva kuti ndikuyandikira

Gawo la Mayesero Opeza

  1. Nthaŵi zina, ndimayesetsa kukonza ndondomeko yanga kuti ndikhale ndekha kuti ndione zolaula.
  2. Ndakana kukakhala ndi anzanga kapena kupita kuntchito zina kuti ndipeze zolaula.
  3. Ndaika zofunikira kwambiri kuti ndiziona zolaula.

Kusokonezeka Maganizo Section

  1. I manyazi mutayang'ana zolaula pa intaneti.
  2. I mumva chisoni mutayang'ana zolaula pa intaneti.
  3. I akudwala mutayang'ana zolaula pa intaneti.

Kufufuza CPUI-9 kumawunikira mfundo zitatu zomwe zikuwonekera poyera ndi olemba a Fernandez et al., 2017 (ndi mu YBOP yambani):

  • CPUI-9 siyingathe kusiyanitsa pakati pa zolaula zenizeni ndi kungokhulupirira zachiwerewere ("chizolowezi chodziwika").
  • Zigawo ziwiri zoyambirira (mafunso 1-6) amayesa zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro za leni zolaula (osati "zolaula").
  • Mafunso a "Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe" (7-9) amawunika kuchuluka kwa manyazi komanso kudzimva kuti ndi wolakwa, ndipo sapezeka mumtundu uliwonse wamankhwala osokoneza bongo (mwachitsanzo, siwo).

Tiyamba kupereka mwachidule mwachidule Fernandez et al., 2017 ikutsatiridwa ndi zidule za zomwe zapeza ndi ndemanga zathu.

CHIGAWO 2: Fernandez et al., 2017 - Kupanga & Kupeza

Kufotokozera mwachidule Fernandez et al., 2017:

Uku kunali phunziro lapadera muja lomwe linawafunsa ophunzira kuti asiye zolaula pa intaneti masiku a 14. (Maphunziro ochepa chabe afunsapo ophunzira kuti azipewa zolaula, zomwe ndi njira imodzi yosawonetsera zotsatira zake.) Ophunzira adatenga CPUI-9 musanafike ndipo atatha kuyesa zolaula pa tsiku la 14. (Zindikirani: Iwo sanalekerere maliseche kapena kugonana, zolaula zokha.) Cholinga chachikulu cha ochita kafukufuku chinali kufananiza 'kale' ndi 'pambuyo' zambiri za Zigawo za 3 ya CPUI-9 kwa zotsatirazi Zosintha za 3:

1) Zovuta zenizeni. Mfundo yakuti ophunzira akuyesera kusiya zolaula inalola ofufuza kufufuza leni kukakamiza (ponena za kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula). Ofufuzawa anagwiritsa ntchito njira "analephera kudziletsa kuti ayambe kudziletsa"Kuti muyese leni kukakamiza. Ichi ndi phunziro loyamba kufanizira leni kukakamira kuzambiri pamitu yapa zolaula (CPUI-9).

2) Kawirikawiri amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa Intaneti. Zolemba za ogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi zolaula asanaphunzire.

3) Mafunso osadziwika a makhalidwe abwino. Kuwonjezera pa kutenga CPUI-9, Za Fernandez anthu adatenga funso lachikhalidwe chosavomerezeka, kotero akatswiri angagwirizanitse zotsatira zake ndi mafunso a CPUI-9. Kusayera mwatsatanetsatane zolaula kunayesedwa ndi zinthu zinayi zomwe zawerengedwa pa 7-Point Likert scale kuchokera ku 1 (ayi konse) kwa 7 (Kwambiri):

  • "Kuona zolaula pa intaneti kumavuta chikumbumtima changa,"
  • "Kuonera zolaula kumaphwanya zikhulupiriro zanga zachipembedzo,"
  • "Ndikukhulupirira kuti kuona zolaula ndizolakwika," komanso
  • "Ndikukhulupirira kuti kuona zolaula ndi tchimo."

Onani kuti mafunso atatu mwa anayi "osavomerezeka mwamakhalidwe" amaphatikizapo kupembedza.

Tiyeni tiwone chiyani Fernandez et al., 2017 inanena ndi zomwe zinanenapo za CPUI-9 ndi zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira ntchito CPUI-9.

Kodi anachita chiyani Fernandez et al., Lipoti la 2017?

Zotsatira #1: Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kawirikawiri kunkagwirizana ndi: 1) Chiwerengero cha CPUI-9, 2) Mafunso "Okhudzidwa ndi Kukhumudwa", ndi 3) leni kukakamiza (kusayesayesa kuyesayesa X kudziletsa). Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula nthawi zambiri kunali osagwirizana kuti mupeze mayankho a "Mavuto Akumtima" mafunso 7-9 (omwe amawunika kulakwa ndi manyazi).

Translation: Ziribe kanthu momwe iwe ukuyezera izo, leni Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi zolaula. Komabe, kudziimba mlandu komanso manyazi mafunso 7-9 sayenera kukhala gawo lazowonetsa zolaula (kapena ngakhale "kuwonera zolaula") chifukwa sizigwirizana ndi zolaula. Mafunso atatu "Mavuto Akumtima" sali ake. M'malo mwake, amasokoneza zotsatira za CPUI-3.

Chotsani 1: Kafukufuku wa Grubbs (kapena kafukufuku aliyense yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito CPUI-9) sanayeseze "zolaula" kapena "kukhulupirira zolaula" kapena "kudziyesa okha osokoneza bongo." Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti "anazindikira zolaula zolaula"Sichiwonetsa china choposa chiwerengero chonse cha CPUI-9. Mutu waukulu monga "Kukhulupirira Kuti Iwe Uli Ndi Chizoloŵezi Cholaula Ndicho Chifukwa cha Vuto Lako La Zolaula, Kuphunzira Kumapeza" ayenera tsopano kutanthauziridwa mofanana monga "Kukhala ndi Chizolowezi Choonera Zolaula Ndi Chimene Chikuchititsa Vuto Lanu Lophunzira, Kupeza Kumapezeka." Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti palibe chitsogozo cha sayansi cha kuyesa "kuyerekezera" kuyerekezera, ndipo CPUI-9 siinavomerezedwe motere.

Chotsani 2: Mafunso olakwa & manyazi 7-9 alibe malo pazofunsira zolaula chifukwa amapewa kuchuluka kwa CPUI-9 otsika kwambiri kwa osagwiritsa ntchito zolaula achipembedzo, pomwe kukweza Zosangalatsa za ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati Mkhristu amene sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu komanso ali ndi mbiri yofanana pa mafunso a CPUI-9 1-6, zili zowona kuti Mkhristuyo akhoza kukhala ndi zochuluka kwambiri za CPUI-9, pambuyo poti mafunso 7-9 awonjezedwa - mosasamala kanthu za digiri zosokoneza bongo pamutu uliwonse.

Tengera kwina 3: Kusiya mafunso olakwa ndi manyazi 7-9 kumabweretsa "maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" (osati chipembedzo) pokhala wolosera zamatsenga mwamphamvu. Kunena mwanjira ina, mafunso akuti "Mavuto Akumtima" amayenderana kwambiri ndi "kupembedza" koma osati ndi "maola olaula." Mosiyana ndi nkhani zonyenga, Mafukufuku a CPUI-9 apezeka kuti mapulogalamu apamwamba oonera zolaula amagwirizanitsidwa ndi otchedwa "kuonera zolaula."

Zotsatira #2: Kulephera kudziletsa kuyanjana ndi 1) Chiwerengero chonse cha CPUI-9, ndi 2) mafunso "Kuzindikira Kukakamizidwa" - koma osati ndi "Mavuto Akumtima" mafunso 7-9.

Translation: Kulephera kulamulira kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi CPUI-9 leni mafunso osokoneza bongo 1-6, koma osati ndi zolakwa & mafunso amanyazi 7-9.

Tengera kwina: Apanso, mafunso a CPUI-9 1-6 amayesa leni zolaula, pomwe kudziimba mlandu komanso manyazi mafunso 7-9 satero. Kuphatikizidwa kwa mafunso a "Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe" kumabweretsa kutali m'munsi Zolemba za CPUI-9 zowononga zolaula ndi kutali Apamwamba Nkhani za CPUI-9 za anthu achipembedzo, kapena aliyense amene sakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Zotsatira #3: "Kusavomerezeka mwamakhalidwe" pazogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi 1) Chiwerengero chonse cha CPUI-9, ndi 2) Mafunso "Amavuto Amtima". Komabe, "kukana kwamakhalidwe" kunali kogwirizana pang'ono ndi CPUI-9 "Kuzindikira Kukakamizidwa" zambiri. Mwanjira ina, nkhani zovuta kwambiri sizinalembedwe pamwamba pazipembedzo.

Kutembenuza: "Khalidwe loipa "zolaula zimayenderana kwambiri ndi zolakwa za CPUI-9 komanso mafunso amanyazi 7-9. Chofunika kwambiri, mafunso 7-9 ndi okha chifukwa "kukana kwamakhalidwe" ogwirizana ndi Total CPUI-9 ("zolaula"). Kuphatikizidwa kwa mafunso a "Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe" ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azinena zabodza kuti "kukhulupirira zolaula" kumayendetsedwa ndi kusavomerezeka pamakhalidwe.

Chotsani 1: Kusiya mafunso olakwa ndi manyazi (7-9) kumabweretsa "kukanidwa mwamakhalidwe" osagwirizana ndi zolaula. "Mavuto Akumtima" mafunso owona za kudziimba mlandu ndi manyazi amachititsa munthu aliyense amene sakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (makamaka anthu achipembedzo) kukhala ndi maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri a CPUI-9.

Chotsani 2: Kuphatikizidwa kwa mafunso amlandu komanso manyazi 7-9 kumabweretsa kulumikizana kwamphamvu pakati pa "kukana kwamakhalidwe" ndi Total CPUI-9 (chizolowezi chodziwika). Zoti anthu achipembedzo amadzipanikiza kwambiri ndi "zosavomerezeka pamakhalidwe" komanso "Mavuto Amtima" zapangitsa kuti anthu azinena kuti anthu achipembedzo ali ndi mwayi woti "adziwone" okha omwe amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula (kumbukirani kuti "chizolowezi chomwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo" ndichidule "Chiwerengero chonse cha CPUI-9"). Komabe, izi sizowona, chifukwa "zowonjezera" mfundo zomwe anthu achipembedzo amapeza pa mafunso 7-9 musayambe kuledzera, kapena ngakhale "kuzindikira" kwa chizolowezi. Sayesa kalikonse koma kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe chifukwa chotsutsana.

Chotsani 3: Anthu achipembedzo amatenga nawo mbali kwambiri pamafunso "osavomerezeka pamakhalidwe" komanso mafunso "Mavuto Amtima". Kafukufuku wa CPUI-9 adalandira mgwirizano pakati pa "makhalidwe osayenerera" ndi mafunso a 3 "Mavuto Akumtima" popanga nthano zomwe anthu achipembedzo okha Khulupirirani iwo amamwa zolaula. Komabe, mafunso awa samayesa kuledzera kapena "kukhulupirira" kapena "kulingalira" kwa chizolowezi choledzeretsa, kotero iwo sali m'malo mwa chida ichi.

Mwachidule, ziganizo ndi zonena zomwe zinayambitsidwa ndi CPUI-9 ndizosafunikira kwenikweni. Joshua Grubbs anapanga funso loti silingathe, ndipo sizinayambe zitsimikizirika, poyang'ana "zodziwika" kuchokera ku chizoloŵezi chenicheni: CPUI-9. Ndi zero sayansi yolingalira he alembedwanso CPUI-9 yake ndi "kafukufuku wovuta kuonera zolaula".

Chifukwa CPUI-9 imaphatikizapo mafunso osokoneza bongo a 3 owona za kudziimba ndi manyazi, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula a CPUI ambiri amakhala osunthika mmwamba. Kukhalapo kwa mapepala apamwamba a CPUI-9 kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula achipembedzo kenaka kudyetsedwa kwa wailesi monga chonena kuti, "anthu achipembedzo amakhulupirira kuti amamwa zolaula"Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi maphunziro angapo Kugwirizana ndi makhalidwe a CPUI-9. Popeza kuti anthu achipembedzo monga gulu amalephera kukonda makhalidwe, ndipo (motero) CPUI-9, ilo linatchulidwa (popanda chithandizo chenichenicho) chotsutsana ndi makhalidwe achipembedzo ndicho koona chifukwa cha zolaula zolaula. Izi ndizomwe zimatuluka, ndipo sizinayesedwe ngati za sayansi.

Tsopano tiwongolera zolemba zina Fernandez et al., 2017 pamodzi ndi ndemanga ndi kufotokoza mafano.

GAWO 3: Zolemba za Fernandez et al., 2017 (ndi ndemanga)

Gawo lokambirana la Fernandez et al., 2017 inali ndi zotsatira zazikulu zitatu, zotsatila zitatu zogwirizana, komanso zofunikira ziwiri. Amatsatira.

Choyamba chopeza chachikulu: Mafunso a CPUI-9 "Ozindikira Kukakamizidwa" amafufuza leni kukakamira osati "kukhulupirira" zolaula

Fernandez et al., 2017 kukambirana momwe leni kuchuluka kwa kukakamira kumayenderana ndi zambiri pamafunso a CPUI-9 a "Perceived Compulsivity", koma osati ndi "Mavuto Akumtima".

Tapeza chithandizo chamaganizo chachidziwitso chathu chachiwiri, kuyesa kulephera kudziletsa kumagwirizanitsa ndi kudziletsa kuti tidziwe zapamwamba za CPUI-9, kutengera khalidwe losavomerezeka. Komabe, Ubale umenewu unali wokhazikika kuzinthu zodzikakamiza zomwe zinkachitika, osati zovuta zaumtima ndi CPUI-9 full scale scores. Mwachindunji, pamene kuyesayesa kusayesayesa kumakhala kwakukulu ndi kudziletsa kumakhala kwakukulu, zolemba zapamwamba zokhudzana ndi kukakamizidwa kumangokhalako zatsimikiziridwa. Zomwe tikupezazi zikugwirizana ndi malingaliro athu kuti sizowonongeka kambirimbiri zolaula zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu aziona kuti kulimbikitsana, koma kuti izi zidalanso ndi kusintha kofanana, kudziletsa. Poyamba, maphunziro akhala adawonetsa kuti zolaula nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito nkhani zosiyana pakati pa CPUI-9 (Grubbs et al., 2015a; Grubbs et al., 2015c), koma kawirikawiri zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito payekha sizingakwanire kupezeka kwa kukakamizika (Kor et al., 2014). Phunziroli likuwonetsa kuti anthu ena amawona IP kawirikawiri, koma mwina sangachite khama kwambiri posiya IP. Momwemo, iwo sakanamvepo kuti ntchito yawo inali yopanikiza mwanjira iliyonse, chifukwa panalibe cholinga chosiya. Potero, phunziro loyamba la kudziletsa ngati kusinthika kwatsopano ndikofunikira. Monga ananenedweratu, pamene anthu adayesetsa mwamphamvu kupewa zolaula (ie, kudziletsa kwambiri) koma anali ndi zolephera zambiri (mwachitsanzo, kutaya kwakukulu kuleka kudziletsa), izi zikugwirizana ndi zambiri zokhudzana ndi Kukhumudwa kovomerezeka.

SUMMARY: Choyamba, kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi mafunso a CPUI-9 "Kuzindikira Kumakakamiza" ndi leni kukakamiza ("analephera kudziletsa kuti ayambe kudziletsa").

Chachiwiri, ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula omwe adayesayesa zolimba kuti asiye, koma adalephera mobwerezabwereza, anali ndi ziwonetsero zabwino kwambiri pamafunso a CPUI-9 "Perceived Compulsivity". Mwachidule, mafunso a CPUI-9 amawunika 1-3 leni kukakamira (kulakalaka komanso kulephera kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito) m'malo mokhala "kukhulupirira kusuta." Izi zikutanthauza kuti samachirikiza lingaliro la "chizolowezi choledzeretsa."

Chachitatu, mafunso a "Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe" (kuwunika kulakwa ndi manyazi) ndiwothandiza pakuwunika zenizeni zakugonana, ndipo amangogwira ntchito kuti akope kuchuluka konse kwa CPUI-9 kwa anthu achipembedzo komanso omwe sagwiritsa ntchito zolaula.

Tiyeni tichite ziwerengero zowoneka. Nazi malingaliro omvetsetsa chiwerengero m'matawuni ndi zithunzi: Zero zikutanthauza kuti palibe mgwirizano pakati pa mitundu iwiri; 1.00 imatanthauza mgwirizano wathunthu pakati pa mitundu iwiri. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi kusiyana kwa 2. Ngati nambala ali nayo opanda chizindikiro, zikutanthauza kuti pali kulumikizana kolakwika pakati pazinthu ziwiri. (Mwachitsanzo, pali kulumikizana kolakwika pakati pa zolimbitsa thupi ndi matenda amtima. Chifukwa chake, mchilankhulo choyenera, limbitsa thupi kumachepetsa mwayi wa matenda a mtima. Koma, kunenepa kwambiri kuli kulumikizana bwino ndi matenda a mtima.)

Timayambira ndi gome la mgwirizano Fernandez et al., 2017. Nambala 1 ndi "kuchuluka kwa zolaula pa intaneti", zomwe zimagwirizana mwamphamvu ndi mafunso a CPUI-9 "Perceived Compulsivity" (0.47), Abstinence Effort (0.28), ndi Mayeso Oletsa Kudziletsa (0.47). Pafupipafupi zolaula zinali osagwirizana mafunso a "Chisoni" (0.05) ndi zoipa yolumikizidwa ndi "kusayanjanitsidwa mwamakhalidwe" (-0.14).

Zotsatira zopanda mafunso a 3 a "Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe" zomwe zimapangitsa zotsatira zake: "Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pafupipafupi" ndiye chiwonetsero champhamvu kwambiri cha zolaula - osati kupembedza! Monga Fernandez et al. adanena, malumikizidwe omwe ali pamwambapa ndi ofanana ndi maphunziro onse a CPUI-9 omwe magulu a Grubbs adachita.

Cholinga chachikulu cha maphunziro "oonera zolaula" chimakhazikika chidziwitso chopanda maziko kuti ziwerengero zonse za CPUI-9 ziyenera kulumikizana bwino ndi "zolaula zomwe zilipo". Ofufuzawo amaganiza kuti - ngati ziwerengero za CPUI-9 za munthu ndizokwera kwambiri, komabe "maola awo ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula" amangotsika pang'ono - mwamabodza "amakhulupirira" kuti amakonda zolaula. Chithunzi chowonekera cha izi:

Komabe, monga Fernandez et al. ndi maphunziro ena ambiri Fotokozerani, msinkhu wamagwiritsa ntchito zolaula ndi chizoloŵezi chosakhulupirika. Chofunika kwambiri, mafunso a 3 "Emotional Disress" amachepetsa kulumikizana pakati pamagwiritsidwe kake ndi kuchuluka kwa Total CPUI-9.

Mfundo yofunika: Palibe chinthu monga "chizolowezi chongoyerekeza" kapena "chizolowezi cholaula." Ngati wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amapeza mayeso okwanira zolaula, zikutanthauza kuti akukumana ndi zizindikilo zosokoneza bongo. Kuphatikiza apo, sizogwirizana ndi zasayansi kuganiza kuti zolaula zomwe zilipo masiku ano zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati wothandizira leni zolaula (monga momwe kafukufuku ambiri athandizira).

Chotsatira chachikulu chachiwiri: Kufunikira kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti mupewe kulumikizidwa ndi mafunso a CPUI-9 "Kuzindikira Kukakamizidwa"

Fernandez et al., 2017 akuwonetsa kuti pakufunika kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti mupewe kulumikizana mwamphamvu ndi mafunso a CPUI-9 "Kuzindikira Kukakamizidwa" komanso pafupipafupi zolaula, koma osati ndi mafunso a "Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe":

Chochititsa chidwi, Khama lodziletsa ngati munthu wodziwonetsera yekha linasonyezeranso mgwirizano wofunika kwambiri wokhudzana ndi kukakamizidwa kumangokhalapo (koma osati Chisokonezo cha Emotional Distcale ndi CPUI-9 full scale), kulamulira chifukwa cholephera kudziletsa ndi kusayenerera khalidwe, ngakhale kuti ubalewu sunali wophiphiritsira. Ife tinaneneratu mu phunziro lino kuti anthu okhawo omwe anadziwona kale analephera kuyesayesa kudziletsa angapangitse kukakamizika ku khalidwe lawo, kuwonetsa ku lingaliro la kukakamiza. Komabe, tinapeza kuti kudziletsa kwakukulu kunaneneratu zapamwamba kwambiri pazinthu zodzikakamiza zomwe zinkachitika, ndipo kuti ubale umenewu unawonekere ngakhale kuti wadziletsa kuti asayambe kudziletsa. Kupeza uku ali ndi cholinga chofunika kuti kuyesera kupeŵa zolaula mkati mwachokha chikugwirizana ndi malingaliro a kukakamiza mwa anthu ena.

SUMMARY: Zofanana ndi zomwe adapeza koyambirira, kuchuluka kwakukulu pamafunso a CPUI-9 "Perceived Compulsivity" omwe amagwirizana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a leni kukakamizidwa (kufuna kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti mupewe zolaula). Mwachidule, mafunso a CPUI-9 "Anazindikira Kukakamizidwa" amafufuza leni kukakamizidwa. Komabe, kufunikira kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti mupewe zolaula sikunakhudze kwenikweni kudziimba mlandu, manyazi kapena chisoni (mafunso "Mavuto Akumtima"). Kudziimba mlandu komanso manyazi ozungulira zolaula sizikukhudzana kwenikweni leni zolaula, osatinso "kukhulupirira" za zolaula.

Mfundo yofunika: Palibe chinthu monga "chizolowezi chongoyerekeza" kapena "chizolowezi cholaula." Mafunso a "Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe" alibe malo mu CPUI-9, kupatula kukayikira zambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula zachipembedzo ndikupanga ziganizo zosagwirizana ndi mitu.

Chotsatira chachikulu chachitatu: Kusavomerezeka kwamakhalidwe kunali kogwirizana ndi mafunso a "Mavuto Amtima", koma osati leni kukakamiza kapena mafunso ozunguza bongo a CPUI-9 (1-6)

Kumbukirani kuti "kunyalanyaza zolaula" ndi kuchuluka kwa mafunso 4 osakhala a CPUI-9, pomwe mafunso atatu a "CPUs-3" a CPUI-9 amawunika mlandu komanso manyazi. Fernandez et al., 2017 (ndi maphunziro ena a CPUI-9) adapeza kuti "kunyalanyaza zolaula" sikukhudzana kwenikweni leni zolaula. The excerpt:

Tapeza kuti pamene CPUI-9 imatengedwa kwathunthu, kukanidwa ndi khalidwe ndilo lokhalo lodziwika bwino. Komabe, pamene zongowonongeka, makhalidwe osayenerera amatsutsika kokha pa CPUI-9, Emotional Distress subscale (mwachitsanzo, "Ndikuchita manyazi nditatha kuona zolaula pa intaneti") ndipo sindinakhudzidwe ndi Kukhumudwa Kwachidziwitso. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wammbuyo omwe amasonyeza kuti khalidwe lachiwerewere limakhala losavomerezana ndi zovuta zokhudzana ndi zowawa zokhazokha zomwe sizingatheke koma sizinali zovuta kugonjera kapena kuyesayesa zowonjezera (Wilt et al., 2016). izi Komanso amapereka chithandizo kuti Wilt ndi anzake azipeza kuti makhalidwe osakondweretsa ma akaunti a mbali yapadera ya CPUI-9, yomwe ndi mbali ya maganizo (Emotional Distress), mmalo mwa chidziwitso (Chodziwika kuti Chokakamizidwa). Kotero, ngakhale Mavuto Akumtima ndi Kukhudzidwa Kwambiri Kukhudzidwa ndizogwirizana, zomwe tapeza zimasonyeza kuti amafunika kuti azichitiridwa mosiyana pamene akuwoneka kuti apangidwa kudzera m'maganizo osiyanasiyana.

SUMMARY: Kusavomerezeka kwamakhalidwe kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi mafunso a "Mavuto Akumtima" a 3, koma amangogwirizana pang'ono ndi mafunso a CPUI-9 "Anazindikira Kukakamizidwa". Izi zikutanthauza kuti "kunyalanyaza" sikugwirizana ndi zolaula, koma kungolakwa komanso manyazi. Pansipa pali kulumikizana kochokera mu kafukufuku yemwe adatchulidwa mu chidule (Wilt et al., 2016). Maubwenzi apakati pa "kusavomerezeka pamakhalidwe" ndi magawo atatu a CPUI-9 awonetsedwa:

Monga momwe zilili ndi maphunziro ena a CPUI-9, kukhulupirira kuti zolaula ndizolakwika kapena zoyipa zogwirizana kwambiri ndi gawo la "Mavuto Akumtima" a CPUI-9 (# 4). Komabe pali kulumikizana kocheperako (kapena koyipa) pakati pa "kukana kwamakhalidwe" ndi mafunso ovomerezeka a CPUI-9 ("Kuyeserera Kupeza", "Kuzindikira Kukakamizidwa"). Fernandez et al. akuti manyazi & kudziimba mlandu (mafunso 7-9) amafunika kufufuzidwa mosiyana ndi zolaula (mafunso 1-6). Samayesa kuledzera kapena "kuzindikira" kusuta.

Mfundo yofunika: Mafunso a "Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe" alibe malo mu CPUI-9, kupatula kukayikira zambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Ochita kafukufuku agwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kwachilengedwe pakati pa "zolaula zosavomerezeka" ndi mafunso a "Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe" kuti kunena kuti kukana kwamakhalidwe kumayambitsa "kukhulupirira zolaula" (Chiwerengero cha CPUI-9). Popeza anthu achipembedzo amakhala ndi mbiri "yosavomerezeka" komanso "Kupsinjika Mtima," ofufuza amanenera zabodza chipembedzo zimayambitsa zolaula, koma zotsatira zophunzira zimapereka umboni wosonyeza kuti izi ndi zoona.

Zomwe zimaphatikizapo #1: “Kuzindikira” zolaula ndi nthano chabe. Kusavomerezeka pamakhalidwe sikutenga nawo gawo pazovuta zolaula.

Fernandez et al., 2017 adapeza kuti mafunso a CPUI-9 "Anazindikira Kukakamizidwa" amafufuza leni kukhumudwa, ndipo kukana khalidwe labwino sikuli ndi mbali yowonongeka.

Zomwe timapeza zimakhala ndi zofunikira zitatu. Choyamba, phunziroli likuwonetseratu mgwirizano womwe unalipo kale pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa IP, monga momwe zilili ndi CPUI-9, ndi kuvomereza kwenikweni. Mu chitsanzo chathu, ife tinapeza kuti malingaliro akuti kukakamiza anali kwenikweni kusonyeza chenicheni. IKuwoneka ngati njira yeniyeni yokakamiza (kusayesayesa kuyesayesa x kudziletsa), ndi kudziletsa paokha, kuneneratu zambiri za CPUI-9 Zokakamizidwa Zomwe zikudziwika. Tapeza kuti ubale umenewu unagwiridwa ngakhale atakhala ndi chizoloŵezi chotsutsana. Motero, zomwe tapeza zikusonyeza kuti mosasamala kanthu kuti munthu amatsutsana ndi makhalidwe olaula, khalidwe lodzikakamiza lodziwika bwino lingakhale lowonetsa kuti ali wokakamizidwa, kapena kuti akuvutika ndi kupezeka ku IP. Timakondweretsa kuti ngakhale kuvomereza kwenikweni sikukufanana ndi kuledzeretsa, kukakamizidwa ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi kupezeka kwake kwa wogwiritsa ntchito IP kungakhale chizindikiro cha kuledzera kwenikweni kwa IP. Choncho, zofukufuku zomwe zikuchitika pakali pano zimabweretsa mafunso okhudza ngati kafukufuku wa CPUI-9 kufikira lero akhoza kuwerengedwa ndi kuledzera kwenikweni, mopanda kungozindikira kuti ali oledzeretsa.

SUMMARY: Liti Fernandez et al. akuti "malingaliro okakamiza" amatanthauza mafunso a CPUI-9 "Kuzindikira Kukakamizidwa". Zambiri pa "Kuzindikira Kukakamizidwa" zogwirizana ndi leni kukakamiza (kusayesayesa kuyesayesa x kudziletsa). Mwachidule, mafunso a CPUI-9 1-3 amayesa leni kukakamira (kulakalaka komanso kulephera kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito) m'malo mokhulupirira "zolaula." Olembawo akusonyeza kukayikira kwakukulu pogwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "chizolowezi chomwa mowa mwauchidakwa" mofanana ndi mayeso a CPUI-9. Pomaliza, kuwunika zosavomerezeka sikutiuza chilichonse chokhudza zolaula.

Kenako timagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zalembedwa papepala lina la CPUI-9 lolembedwa ndi Grubbs ("Kupepesa Monga Chizolowezi: Kukhulupirira Zipembedzo ndi Kusayendetsa Makhalidwe Monga Otsutsa a Kulimbana Ndi Zolaula"), Monga mutu wake wokakamira ukuwonetsa kuti kusavomerezeka kwazipembedzo kumayambitsa zolaula.

Onani kuti mafunso a "Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe" amabweretsa kulumikizana kwamphamvu pakati pa "kukana kwamakhalidwe" ndi kuchuluka kwa CPUI-9. Chidziwitso: Mafunso a "Zoyeserera Kufikira" 4-6 amayesa zizolowezi zosokoneza bongo (kulephera kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito ngakhale zovuta zoyipa), komabe sizimagwirizana ndi kusaloledwa kwamakhalidwe ndi chipembedzo.

Mfundo yofunika: Palibe chinthu monga "zolaula zolaula." Ngati wogwiritsa ntchito zolaula atapeza mayeso ovomerezeka a zolaula, zikutanthauza kuti akukumana ndi zizindikilo za leni kuledzera. Ngati mukukhulupirira kuti ndinu osokoneza bongo, mwasokonekera. Momwe munthu amawonera zamakhalidwe azolaula sizikukhudzana kwenikweni ndi zolaula. Kunena zowona, mawu ozungulira monga "zolaula zolaula" kapena "kukhulupirira zolaula" ayenera kulowedwa m'malo molondola "zolaula."

Zomwe zimaphatikizapo #2: Mafunso a 3 "Mavuto Akumtima" amaphatikizapo Total CPUI-9 ziwerengero za anthu achipembedzo pamene akuphwanya Mapu onse a CPUI-9 omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito.

Fernandez et al., 2017 ikukambirana momwe mafunso a 3 "Mavuto Akumtima" akutsutsa zotsatira zonse kuchokera ku phunziro lililonse lomwe linagwiritsa ntchito CPUI-9.

Chachiwiri, zomwe tinazipeza zimakayikira za kuyenerera kwa kuphatikiza kwa Emotional Distress subscale monga gawo la CPUI-9. Monga momwe mwapezeka nthawi zonse pa maphunziro ambiri (mwachitsanzo, Grubbs et al., 2015a, c), zomwe tinazipeza zinasonyezanso kuti nthawi zambiri kugwiritsa ntchito IP sikunali mgwirizano ndi zovuta za mumtima.. Chofunika kwambiri, kudzikakamiza kwenikweni monga momwe anagwiritsira ntchito phunziroli (kusayesayesa kuyesa kudziletsa) kusakhala ndi ubale ndi zovuta za mumtima. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu omwe amakumana ndi zovuta zowonongeka pa zolaula zawo samangokhala ndi nkhawa yokhudzana ndi zolaula.

M'malo mwake, Mavuto Akumtima ambiri amanenedwa kwambiri ndi kukanidwa kwa makhalidwe, mogwirizana ndi maphunziro apitalo zomwe zinapezekanso pakati pa awiri (Grubbs et al., 2015a; Wilt et al., 2016). Izi zikusonyeza kuti kupsinjika maganizo monga momwe kuwerengedwera ndi CPUI-9 kumawerengedwa makamaka chifukwa cha dissonance kumverera chifukwa chochita khalidwe limene khalidwe limodzi silikugwirizana, ndipo silikugwirizana ndi kukakamiza kwenikweni. Zowonjezera, kuphatikizapo Chisokonezo cha Emotional subscale monga gawo la CPUI-9 kungapangitse zotsatira mwazimene zimasokoneza chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito IP omwe samatsutsa zolaula, ndipo amachititsa kuti chiwerengero chonse cha malonda a IP ogwiritsa ntchito omwe afika pamwamba Kuchita zovuta, koma khalidwe loipa la zolaula.

TIye akhoza kukhala chifukwa Chisokonezo cha Emotional Distcale chinali chochokera pachiyero "Cholungama" choyambirira chomwe chinapangidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito makamaka ndi anthu achipembedzo (Grubbs et al., 2010), komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu omwe si achipembedzo kumakhalabe osatsimikizika chifukwa cha zotsatira zotsatizana zokhudzana ndi izi. "Kuvutika maganizo kwambiri" ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri mu njira zomwe zimapangidwira za Hypersexual Disorder ya DSM-5, kumene chiwerengero cha B chimanena kuti "pali vuto lalikulu laumunthu ... lomwe limagwirizanitsidwa ndi mafupipafupi ndi mphamvu za malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana, kapena makhalidwe "(Kafka 2010, p. 379). IneNdimakayikira kuti nkhawa ya Emotional Distcale imagonjetsa matendawa. Momwe zinthu zimagwiritsidwira ntchito (mwachitsanzo, "Ndimachita manyazi / kupsinjika / kudwala pambuyo poona zolaula pa intaneti") zikusonyeza kuti kukhumudwa sikuyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu za kugonana, zofuna, kapena khalidwe, koma zingabweretse kungoyamba kuchita khalidwe ngakhale mwachangu.

SUMMARY: izi ndi ndi Kupeza maziko: Mafunso a 3 "Mavuto Akumtima" musakhale nawo mu CPUI-9, kapena mafunso aliwonse okhudzana ndi zolaula. Mafunso olakwa ndi amanyazi awa osati onaninso zovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kapena "lingaliro lakumwa." Mafunso awa a 3 amakokomeza kuchuluka kwa ma CPUI-9 a anthu achipembedzo pomwe amafafaniza ziwerengero za CPUI-9 za omwe siopembedza.

Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti mafunso amafunsidwe amitundu ina samakhala ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi kudziimba mlandu komanso manyazi. Ndithudi, palibe apange gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mafunso awo okhudza kulakwa ndi manyazi. Mwachitsanzo, njira za DSM-5 zochokera kwa Alcohol Use Disorder muli ndi mafunso a 11. Komabe palibe mafunso omwe amafufuza chisoni kapena kudziimba mlandu pambuyo pa kumwa mowa. Kapena DSM-5 Kutchova Juga muli ndi funso limodzi lokhudzidwa, kudziimba mlandu kapena manyazi.

Zotsatira: Chotsani mafunso atatu "Opsinjika Mtima" ndi zonena zonse ndi malumikizanidwe omwe adazikwanira asoweka. Tiyeni tiwone momwe mafunso atatu a "Kukhumudwa Kwamaganizidwe" amafunsira zotsatira za CPUI-3.

Lembani #1: Choyamba, adanenedwa mobwerezabwereza kuti "maola olaula" anali osagwirizana ndi "zolaula" zomwe zimawonetsedwa (Zolemba zonse za CPUI-9). Ndizo si zoona monga mgwirizano wotengedwa kuchokera Kafukufuku wa "Grgbs" a Grubbs amavumbulutsa:

Ndipotu, maola ambiri owonetsera zolaula ndi wamphamvu wolosera zamatsenga (CPUI-9) kuposa zachipembedzo. Izi zokha zimayambitsa mitu yambiri yopangidwa ndi maphunziro a CPUI-9 omwe amadziwika kuti ndi osokoneza bongo.

Pomwe pali kulumikizana pakati pa kupembedza ndi zambiri za CPUI-9, zimapangidwa ndi mafunso atatu "Mavuto Akumtima". Izi (zotengedwa kuchokera Grubbs's "Transgression" kafukufuku # 2) akuwulula momwe mafunso a 3 "Mavuto Akumtima" amafotokozera motsutsana kwambiri pakati pa zolaula ndi maola onse a CPUI-9:

Monga mukuonera kuwonetsa zolaula (monga kuyesedwa ndi mafunso 1-6) kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi magulu a zolaula.

Kotero, kugwiritsa ntchito Total CPUI-9 molakwika kumatsogolera Lembani #2: kuti kukhala wachipembedzo kumakhudzana kwambiri ndi "zolaula zomwe timaona." Kuphatikizana uku kumasuliridwa kuti "anthu achipembedzo amakhulupirira kuti amamwa zolaula.”Nether ndi zowona monga momwe zilili zolaula, ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi zolaula, komanso osati zokhudzana ndi chipembedzo. Kuyerekeza mgwirizano pakati pa machitidwe osokoneza bongo a CPUI-9 ("Kuyeserera Kupeza ') ndi Chipembedzo kapena Maola ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula akuwonetsa kuti chipembedzo sichikhudzana ndi zolaula:

Kugwirizana kwapamwamba ndiko chofunikira kwambiri kuchotsa nkhani yonseyi: Chipembedzo sichikukhudzana kwenikweni ndi zolaula! Apanso, mafunso a "Kuyesetsa Kupeza" ma 4-6 amayesa machitidwe osokoneza bongo (kulephera kuwongolera ngakhale atakumana ndi zovuta zoyipa). M'chigawo chino timapereka zifukwa zinayi zomwe ziwonetsero zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula zikhoza kulemba kwambiri pa CPUI-9 mafunso ovuta kwambiri a 1-6.

Ngati anthu achipembedzo amatha "kumverera" ndi zolaula, zipembedzo ziyenera kugwirizana kwambiri ndi zolaula. Sizitero. Kunena mwanjira ina, anthu omwe ali osokoneza bongo kwambiri amatero osati Malipiro apamwamba muzipembedzo.

Zomwe zimaphatikizapo #3: Kukakamizidwa kwenikweni (kuyesayesa kuyesa kudziletsa x kudziletsa) kumayenderana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "kuzindikira kukakamiza"

Fernandez et al., 2017 akufotokoza zomwe zikuwoneka kwa oledzera: kuyesera kuti asiye, komabe mosalekezabe, kumasonyeza kukula kwanu.

Chachitatu, phunziroli linayambitsa kudziletsa ngati kusintha kofunikira pozindikira mmene malingaliro angakwaniritsire. Zikudziwika kuti m'mabuku, mafupipafupi a ntchito ya IP akhala akufufuzidwa mosaganizira anthu omwe ali nawo 'magawo osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi kudziletsa. Zofufuza zaposachedwapa zikuwonetsa kuti kudziletsa paokha, ndipo pakuyankhulana ndi kuyesayesa kumayesayesa kudziletsa, kumalosera kukakamizidwa kwakukulu koyenera. Takhala tikukambilana za zovuta za kupeŵa kapena kulakalaka zolaula monga momwe tingatanthauzire momwe kudziletsa paokha kunganeneretu kukhumudwa kwakukulu, chifukwa vuto lomwe lingakhalepo lingasonyeze kwa munthu kuti pangakhale kukakamizidwa pa zolaula zawo . Komabe, pakalipano, njira yeniyeni yomwe khama lokhazikika likukhudzana ndi kukakamizidwa kumangokhala losatsimikizika ndipo ndi njira yopitiliza kufufuza.

SUMMARY: zambiri zapamwamba pa CPUI-9 "Kuzindikira Kukakamizidwa" zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a leni kukakamizidwa (kufuna kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti mupewe zolaula, koma osatha kutero). Mwachidule, zomwe zimadziwika kuti "kukakamizidwa kuzindikira" ndizofanana leni kukakamiza.

Mfundo yofunika: Ngati mukukhulupirira kuti mumakonda zolaula (chifukwa mukuzigwiritsa ntchito mokakamiza), ndinu osokoneza bongo. Maphunziro onse amtsogolo akuyenera kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mawu osalondola komanso opota monga "zolaula zolaula" kapena "kukhulupirira zachiwerewere" ngati wothandizira pazambiri za CPUI-9.

Monga zolimbitsa thupi molondola timachotsa mawu omwe amadzazidwa kuchokera m'maphunziro ochepa omwe amadziwika kuti ndi osokoneza bongo, kuti owerenga amvetsetse zomwe apezazi molondola:

Leonhardt et al., 2017 adanena:

"Zikuwoneka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula amada nkhawa ndi maubale chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito pokhapokha ngati amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi chizolowezi chomangogwiritsa ntchito mopondereza."

Leonhardt et al., 2017 ndi mawu omveka bwino:

Zithunzi zolaula zimangodetsa nkhawa za ubale zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwawo.

Grubbs et al., 2015 anati:

"Zomwe apezazi zikutsimikizira zomwe anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti zolaula pa intaneti zimawathandiza kukhala ndi nkhawa m'maganizo mwa anthu ena."

Grubbs et al., 2015 ndi mawu omveka bwino:

Kuledzera kwa zolaula zolaula pa Intaneti zikugwirizana ndi kuvutika maganizo.

Zotsatira zachipatala #1:

Fernandez et al., 2017 ikusonyeza kuti madokotala akhoza kukhulupirira odwala pamene amati iwo ali oledzera ku zolaula.

Potsirizira pake, zomwe tapezazi zimatithandiza kwambiri pa chithandizo cha anthu omwe amanena kuti ali ndi vuto loonera zolaula pa intaneti. Pali umboni wakuti m'mabukuwa akusonyeza kuti pakhala pali chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha anthu omwe amanena kuti ali ndi vuto loonera zolaula (Cavaglion, 2008, 2009; Kalman, 2008; Mitchell, Becker-Blease, & Finkelhor, 2005; Mitchell & Wells, 2007). Madokotala omwe amagwira ntchito ndi anthu omwe amaonetsa kuti akulowerera ku zolaula amafunika kudziganizira mozama, m'malo mokayikira kuti zolondolazi ndi zolondola.. Zomwe tapeza zimasonyeza kuti ngati munthu akuzindikira kuti akukakamizidwa pa ntchito yake ya IP, ndiye kuti izi zikhoza kukhala zenizeni zenizeni.

Mofananamo, odwala ayenera kuzindikira kuti "kukhudzidwa kwakukulu" kungawonedwe ngati lingaliro lothandiza kuti, ngati lingaliro likuwonetsa zenizeni. Anthu omwe amakakamizidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito IP angapindule mwa kudzidziŵa kuti ali okhwima, ndipo akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito kuzindikira izi pa khalidwe lawo kuti adziwe ngati akufunikira kuthana ndi kusintha kusintha khalidwe lawo. Anthu omwe sadziwa kuti ntchito yawo ya IP ndizokakamiza kapena ayi, akhoza kudziyesa ngati akugwiritsidwa ntchito pa phunziroli, ndi kudziletsa monga cholinga (tsiku la 14 kapena ayi). Kuyesera kotereku kungapereke njira yothandiza kutsimikizira kuti malingalirowa amakhazikitsidwa kwenikweni, kupyolera mu kuphunzira maphunziro.

SUMMARY: Popeza zomwe zimadziwika kuti "kukakamizidwa kuzindikira" zikufanana ndi kukakamizidwa kwenikweni mu Fernandez et al., 2017, odwala omwe amati amadwala zolaula, amatha kuledzera. Ngati pali kukaikira kulikonse za kukhalapo kwachidakwa, odwala ayenera kukhala ndi kasitomala kuti ayese kupewa zolaula kwa nthawi yaitali.

Mfundo yofunika: "Zizolowezi zomwe timaziona" kulibe ndipo momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito sayenera kuloledwa ndi asayansi. Odwala ayenera kukhulupiliridwa, mosasamala kanthu za kukondera kwa wodwalayo kapena kuchuluka kwa CPUI-9. Mabungwe monga AASECT, omwe adalengeza mwachidwi kuti kuledzera kwa zolaula kulibe, kumatha kuvulaza odwala komanso anthu.

Zotsatira zachipatala #2:

Kuchokera ku Fernandez et al., Kukambirana kwa 2017:

Chofunika kwambiri, zomwe tapeza zimasonyeza kuti kudzidzimva nokha kudzikakamiza kwa chidziwitso kungakhale kolondola ngakhale ngati munthuyo sakuvomereza zolaula. Madokotala sayenera kuthamangira kukana kudzifufuza okhaokha kwa anthu omwe amatsutsa zolaula ndi makhalidwe otere chifukwa cha zikhulupiliro zawo.

Komabe, odwala akuyenera kukumbukira kuti kuvutika maganizo komwe kumakhudzana ndi zolaula zomwe ogula makasitomala amagwiritsa ntchito, makamaka omwe amatsutsa makhalidwe olaula, amawoneka kuti ndi osiyana ndi kudziyesa kudzidzimva kwa kudzikweza. Kusokonezeka maganizo, mofanana ndi momwe ikuyenderedwera ndi CPUI-9, sikuti zimakhala chifukwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito kwapomveka kwa IP, ndipo zimayenera kuchitidwa ngati vuto losiyana.

Mofananamo, odwala amafunikanso kuzindikira kuti munthu akhoza kukhala ndi chilakolako chenicheni pa ntchito yawo ya IP popanda kwenikweni kumverera maganizo monga manyazi kapena kupsinjika kumene kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi IP.

SUMMARY: Choyamba, azachipatala ayenera kudzilemekeza (ngakhale achipembedzo) podziona ngati ali ndi chizolowezi chowonera zolaula popanda umboni wamphamvu wotsutsana nawo. Achipatala sayenera kulola kukondera kwawo kapena malingaliro amunthu wodwalayo kutsogolera kuwunika kwawo. Chachiwiri, "kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe" koyesedwa ndi atatu a CPUI-9 olakwa & mafunso amanyazi kulibe kanthu kochita zolaula, kapena kuzindikira, kusuta. Madokotala akulimbikitsidwa kuti asapewe kusokoneza zolaula zenizeni kapena zooneka kuti ndizolakwa komanso manyazi - monga momwe maphunziro a CPUI-9 achitira.

Mfundo yofunika: Kusavomerezeka pamakhalidwe kulibe vuto lililonse kapena zolaula. Amanena kuti chikhalidwe ndi chomwe chimapangitsa kuti anthu azichita zolaula chifukwa cha CPUI-9 kugwiritsa ntchito mafunso osayenera komanso amanyazi ("Mavuto Akumtima") kuti aone ngati ali ndi vuto. Madokotala amavulaza odwala ponena kuti zovuta zawo zokhudzana ndi zolaula zimadza chifukwa chosavomerezeka pamakhalidwe, manyazi kapena kudzimva ngati ali ndi vuto chifukwa chokakamizidwa.

GAWO 4: Malingaliro Omaliza

Ndikofunikira kulingalira momwe chida chopanda pake monga CPUI-9 chinakwera kufika ku malo oterewa mu gawo la zachiwerewere ndi nkhani zowonjezera. Monga Fernandez et al. mawonetsero, gulu la CPUI-9 lafukufuku si sayansi yamphamvu. Ngakhalenso CPUI-9 siinayambe yatsimikiziridwa kuti ikutha kusiyanitsa zenizeni ndi "kuzindikiritsa" kuledzera. Komabe zifukwa zochokera ku zotsatira za CPUI-9 zakhala zosalephera, choonadi cholimbikitsana m'magulu ena (omwe maumboniwa akuwonekera akuwathandiza).

Kodi nchiyani chomwe chikuchitikadi? Monga Fernandez et al. akuti, CPUI-9 ikuwoneka kuti ikukonzekera kubweretsa madandaulo okhudza anthu achipembedzo - makamaka pofuna kupotoza "zotsatira zoledzeretsa" zotsatira pazinthu zachipembedzo ndikujambula zozama kwambiri. Kaya magulu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito CPUI-9 amawunikira bwanji zotsatirazi, zonena za "mankhwala osokoneza bongo" zakhala zikukwaniritsidwa bwino, ndipo sizosadabwitsa kuti iwo omwe amasangalala ndi zotsatira zoterozo Pezani ziganizo zabwino komanso zoyenera kulengeza.

Wopanga chipangizo cha CPUI-9 ndi wachipembedzo, ndipo sizingatheke kuti wapanga, mosamala kapena mosadziŵa, kuti asokoneze mwakuya mwambo wachipembedzo monga wake mwa kufufuza kwake. Nkhani zina zambiri, zimamutchula mochulukirapo, zakhala zikupita patsogolo, zogwirizana ndi kuti "zizoloŵezi zake" zomwe amapeza ndi umboni wakuti aliyense Kuganizira za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumapangitsa kuti (kapena ngakhale kupanga) chikhulupiliro cha zolaula. Chigwirizanochi sichikuthandizira kwambiri anthu ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula (kaya ndi achipembedzo kapena osakhulupirira) amene akudwala zizindikiro zoopsa, ndikuyesera kumvetsetsa zotsatira za zolaula. Ambiri mwa osagwiritsa ntchito zipembedzo masiku ano sakhala ndi manyazi ngati akugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, pokhapokha kuvutika kwawo chifukwa cholephera kuwonetsa zolaula zawo pamene ayesa kuchita zimenezo.

Chomvetsa chisoni n'chakuti, ochepa chabe akuwongolera kufufuza malo omwe CPUI-9 amafufuza komanso kutanthauzira kwake kwakukulu. M'malo mwake, akatswiri ambiri a zamaganizo ndi olemba nkhani amatenga malingaliro amtengo wapatali omwe chidziwitso cha chida chopotoka kwambiricho, ndizo umboni wa manyazi-wochokera ku "chizolowezi choledzeredwa."Koma ngakhale pang'onong'ono chabe, zikuwoneka kuti palibe ndemanga imodzi (ndipo ndithudi siyi mphambu pafunso lopotozedwa mozama monga CPUI-9) lingathe kuwulula kusiyanitsa pakati pa" kuzindikiritsidwa "ndi chizolowezi chenicheni, osawerengera kuti ndikutanthauza kutali -kuphunzitsa zifukwa zomwe akunenedwa.

Zonsezi zikutanthauza kuti ntchito monga Fernandez et al. ndi zofunika. Malingaliro otchuka kwambiri monga awo okhudza CPUI-9 deta sangavomerezedwe pokhapokha ngati chida chogwiritsira ntchito chimene apuma chiyesedwa ndipo zotsatira zimayesedwa mosamalitsa kwa zina, kufotokozera momveka bwino. Zikomo Fernandez et al. tsopano zikuwonekera kuti, monga chipangizo chofufuzira, CPUI-9 ndi yopanda pake komanso yosakhulupirika. Monga asayansi wodalirika ndi wophunzira, wozilenga wake mwiniwake mosakayikira akuwona izi.