pomwe:
Zolaula, malingaliro ogonana komanso kugonana kosagwirizana ndi achinyamata ku Spain (2024)
Zitsanzo zazikulu za anthu 2,346 azaka 18-35.
Amuna omwe amadya zolaula anali ndi makhalidwe apamwamba apakatikati a [Kugonana Kwaudani] kuposa omwe sanatero.
Makhalidwe abwino a [Benevolent Sexism] adawonedwa kukhala otsika kwa akazi onse [β(95%CI):-2.16(-2.99;-1.32)] ndi amuna [β(95%CI):-4.30(-5.75;- 2.86)] amene ankakonda zolaula poyerekeza ndi omwe sanadye.
Introduction
Tsambali likusonkhanitsa zofukufuku zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu ambiri azikonda zachiwerewere amanena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumalimbikitsa maganizo osiyana ndi akazi (tsambali lili ndi zochepa chabe zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kuti zikhale zosiyana ndi amuna).
Tiyeni tiyambe ndi kafukufuku wa 2016 yemwe adalimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa tsambali - "Kodi Zithunzi Zolaula Zimakhudzadi “Kudana ndi Akazi”? Ogwiritsa Ntchito Zolaula Amakhala Ndi Maganizo Osiyanasiyana Amuna Kapena Akazi Oposa Osiyanasiyana Omwe Amayimira Chitsanzo cha ku America. ” Adatchulidwa kwambiri ndi olimbikitsa zolaula Ndi umboni wamphamvu kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumabweretsa magwero ambiri ogonana. Kwenikweni, kafukufuku uyu wa Taylor Kohut (ngati a Pepala la Kohut la 2017) amapereka chitsanzo chothandizira cha momwe mungapangire njira kuti mukwaniritse zotsatira.
Kuphunzira kwa Taylor Kohut kunakhazikitsidwa zosiyana monga: (1) Kuthandizira kuchotsa pakati, (2) Kuzindikira akazi, (3) Akazi omwe ali ndi maudindo, (4) Kukhulupirira kuti moyo wabanja umavutika pamene mkazi ali ndi ntchito yokhazikika, komanso zosamveka (5) Kugwira zochulukira malingaliro olakwika pa banja lachikhalidwe. Ziribe kanthu zomwe mumakhulupirira, zosavuta kuwona anthu achipembedzo angafike patali m'munsi pa kuwunika kwa Taylor Kohut kagawo kakang'ono ka 5 ka "egalitarianism".
Chinsinsi: nzika zakunja, zomwe zimakonda kukhala zowolowa manja, zafika patali miyeso yapamwamba yogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuposa anthu achipembedzo. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirazi ndi kunyalanyaza zosiyana siyana, wolemba woyambitsa Taylor Taylor adadziwa kuti adzathera ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula akukweza pamwamba pa phunziro lake losankhidwa mosamala la "zosiyana."Ndiye iye anasankha dzina limene linamenyera izo zonse. Phunziroli la 2018 Gary Wilson akuwonetsa choonadi cha maphunziro a 5 okayikitsa komanso osocheretsa, kuphatikizapo maphunziro a Kohut: Kafukufuku Wosaka: Zoona Kapena Zopeka?
Taylor Kohut ali ndi mbiri yakufalitsa maphunziro 'opanga' omwe adapangidwa kuti apeze zovuta zochepa kapena zovuta zomwe zimadza chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula. Mu phunziro la 2017, Kohut akuwoneka kuti wasiya chitsanzocho kuti apange zotsatira zomwe anali kufuna. Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku ambiri amasonyeza kuti ang'onoang'ono omwe amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula amagwiritsira ntchito zolaula, mu phunziro ili, 95% ya amayiwa ankagwiritsa ntchito zolaula pawokha (85% ya amayi adagwiritsa ntchito zolaula chiyambireni chiyanjano)! Zoona zake: Deta yopanda malire kuchokera kufukufuku waukulu kwambiri ku United States (General Social Survey) inanena kuti 2.6% yokha ya amayi adayendera "webusaiti yolaula" mwezi watha.
Zatsopano za Kohut webusaiti ndipo lake yesetsani kusonkhanitsa ndalama Fotokozani kuti akhoza kukhala ndi cholinga. Zokonda za a Kohut zawonekeranso mwachidule m'kalemba kakang'ono ka Komiti Yoyimirira pa Zaumoyo Ponena ndi Motion M-47 (Canada). Munthawi yayifupi Kohut ndi othandizana nawo ali ndi mlandu wongotenga maphunziro ena pomwe akunama molakwika momwe kafukufuku wapangiridwenso pazotsatira zolaula. Kulongosola kwawo kosokonekera komanso koseketsa kwa maphunziro a mitsempha yofalitsidwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumapangitsa kukayikira ngati akukonda. Mu 2019 Kohut adatsimikiza zokonda zake zoyendetsedwa pomwe adalumikizana ndi ogwirizana nawo poyesera kuti asakhale chete YourBrainOnPorn.com. Kohut ndi abwenzi ake ku www.realyourbrainonporn.com achita kuphwanya malamulo kosamaloledwa ndi kuphwanya malamulo.
Chowonadi chiri chakuti pafupifupi kafukufuku aliyense wofufuza zolaula ndi kugonana (malingaliro a kugonana) awonetsa kuti kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kumagwirizana ndi malingaliro okhudza akazi omwe onse omasuka ndi owonetsetsa amawoneka ngati ovuta kwambiri. (Chonde onani kuti maphunziro onsewa adanena zomwe zasintha maganizo. Kafukufuku yemwe sananene za kulumikizana kwa malingaliro sanaphatikizidwe, ngakhale atanena ulalo pakati pa zolaula ndi nkhanza zenizeni. Za maphunziro amenewo, mwawona Zofufuza zolumikiza zolaula zimakhudzana ndi zachiwerewere, nkhanza zogonana, komanso kukakamiza kugonana (imayankha zonena za mitengo yakugwiririra & zolaula.
Mndandanda wamaphunziro oyenera ndi kusanthula kwa meta (mndandandawu umayamba ndikuwunika mabuku ndi kusanthula meta):
Media ndi Sexualization: Boma la Kafukufuku Wofufuza, 1995-2015. (2016) - Kuwerengera mabukuwa. Chidule:
Zofuna zogonana zogonana zazimayi zimakhala zochitika kawirikawiri m'ma TV ambiri, kufunsa mafunso zokhudzana ndi zomwe zingakhudzidwe ndi zomwe zilipo pa zomwe amayi ena amamva komanso zomwe amai amaonera. Cholinga cha ndemangayi chinali kupanga zofufuza zoyenera za zotsatira zoyezetsa zolaula. Cholinga chake chinali pa kafukufuku wofalitsidwa m'mabuku a chinenero cha Chingerezi pakati pa 1995 ndi 2015. Zonse za 109 zolemba zomwe zili ndi maphunziro a 135 zinayankhidwa. Zomwe anapezazi zinapereka umboni wosatsutsika wakuti ma laboratory komanso maulendo onse, zomwe zimachitika tsiku ndi tsiku, zimakhudzana ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa kusakhutira thupi, kudzikonda kwambiri, kuthandizidwa kwambiri ndi zikhulupiliro za kugonana komanso zikhulupiliro zokhudzana ndi kugonana, komanso Kulekerera kwambiri chiwawa chogonana kwa amayi. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kufotokozera mwachidziwitso ku zinthu izi kumapangitsa amayi ndi abambo kukhala ndi lingaliro lochepa la luso la amai, chikhalidwe, ndi umunthu.
Zaka zambiri za kafukufuku zasanthula zotsatira za kufotokozedwa ndi zochitika zogonana zogonana m'mafilimu. Pali meta imodzi yokha yomwe ikuwonetsedwa pamutu uwu, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kufotokozera "mafilimu opanga mafilimu" sikungathandize kwenikweni pa chiwerewere. Pali zifukwa zingapo zoperewera pa kafukufuku wamakono, ndipo cholinga cha kusanthula kamvekedwe kake ndiko kuyesa mayanjano pakati pa zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi momwe ogwiritsira ntchito ndi khalidwe la chiwerewere.
Kufufuzira kwapadera kwa mabuku kunkachitidwa kuti mupeze nkhani zofunikira. Kuphunzira kulikonse kunkapezeka ndi mayanjano pakati pa kugonana ndi zochitika zogonana ndi chimodzi mwa zotsatira zisanu ndi chimodzi kuphatikizapo malingaliro a kugonana (malingaliro ololera, ochita zogwirizana ndi anzawo, ndi ziphunzitso zogonana) ndi zizolowezi zogonana (khalidwe lachiwerewere, zaka za kugonana, ndi khalidwe logonana).
Zonsezi, kufotokoza metawu kumasonyeza mgwirizano wogwirizana komanso wolimba pakati pa mafilimu ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi makhalidwe omwe amachititsa zotsatira zambiri ndi mauthenga ambiri. Mafilimu amasonyeza kuti chiwerewere ndi chofala kwambiri, chisangalalo, ndipo sichiwopsa [3], ndipo kusanthula kwathu kumasonyeza kuti kupanga wojambula pazokambirana kungagwirizane, mwa mbali, poyang'ana mitundu iyi. Zomwe tapezazo zikusiyana kwambiri ndi kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu, zomwe zinanena kuti zotsatira zamalonda zokhudzana ndi kugonana zinali zochepa kapena palibe [4]. Kufufuza koyambirira komwe kunagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito 38 kukula ndikumvetsetsa kuti mafilimu "osangalatsa" anali ochepa komanso okhudzana ndi khalidwe lachiwerewere (r = .08), pomwe metaanalysis yamakono imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuposa nthawi ya 10 kuchuluka kwa kukula kwake (n = 394) ndipo anapeza zotsatira pafupifupi kawiri kukula kwake (r = .14).
Choyamba, tapeza mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa zogonana ndi achinyamata komanso achinyamata ndikulolera kugonana ndi malingaliro okhudza kugonana kwa anzawo.
Chachiwiri, kufotokozera zokhudzana ndi kugonana kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuvomereza kwambiri nthano zochigwiriridwa.
Pomalizira, kufotokozera za kugonana kunapezeka kuti kuneneratu makhalidwe a chiwerewere kuphatikizapo zaka za kugonana, zochitika za kugonana, komanso khalidwe loopsa la kugonana. Zotsatirazi zinasintha njira zambiri ndipo zimapereka chithandizo chotsimikiziridwa kuti mauthenga amathandizira pa zochitika za kugonana kwa achinyamata.
Ngakhale kufotokozedwa kwa meta kunasonyeza zotsatira zazikulu zokhudzana ndi kugonana pankhani ya kugonana ndi makhalidwe pazochitika zosiyanasiyana zosangalatsa, zotsatirazi zinayesedwa ndi zochepa zosiyana. Chodabwitsa kwambiri, zotsatira zofunikira kwa mibadwo yonse zinkawoneka; Komabe, zotsatira zake zinali zazikulu kwambiri kwa achinyamata ngati achinyamata akuluakulu, mwinamwake zikuwonetsa kuti okalamba omwe ali okalamba ali ndi zofanana kwambiri, zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi kusiyana ndi achinyamata [36, 37]. Komanso, zotsatira zake zinali zamphamvu kwa amuna poyerekeza ndi akazi, mwinamwake chifukwa chakuti kuyesa kugonana kumagwirizana ndi mchitidwe wa kugonana wamwamuna [18] ndipo chifukwa amtundu wamwamuna amalanga mocheperapo kusiyana ndi zilembo zachikazi zogonana [38].
Zotsatira izi zimakhudza kwambiri thanzi la achinyamata komanso achikulire omwe akuthupi komanso m'maganizo. Kuzindikira kuchuluka kwa zochitika zogonana ndi anzawo komanso kuloleza zachiwerewere kumatha kukulitsa kukakamizidwa kwamkati kuyesa kuyesa [39]. Pakafukufuku wina, kuwonetsedwa pazinthu zokhudzana ndi kugonana ali mwana kunawoneka kuti kupititsa patsogolo kugonana ndi miyezi 9e17 [40]; komanso, kuyesa koyambirira kumatha kuwonjezera ngozi zamaganizidwe ndi thanzi [37].
Zotsatira zochepa zomwe zimawoneka pano zikufanana ndi zomwe zinafukufuku m'maganizo a zamaganizo monga momwe ma TV akukhudzira chiwawa [41], khalidwe lachikhalidwe [42], ndi thupi labwino [43]. Pazifukwa izi, ngakhale kuti ma TV akugwiritsa ntchito mauthenga ndi gawo limodzi chabe la zosiyana pakati pa zotsatira za chidwi, ofalitsa amachitanso mbali yofunikira. Kuyerekezera uku kumasonyeza kuti zolaula zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndizochepa, koma zimakhala zofunikira pa chitukuko cha khalidwe la kugonana ndi khalidwe la achinyamata ndi achinyamata akuluakulu.
Ndemanga YBOP: Pali mbiri yosangalatsa yokhudzana ndi pepalali. (Onani mwachidule kuchokera kumapeto ake kumapeto kwa Abstract). The Abstract ikuti kusanthula kamodzi kokha pamutuwu ndi komwe kwasindikizidwa. Nyuzipepalayi inapeza kuti, "Zomwe atolankhani amakhudza pazakugonana kwa achinyamata zinali zochepa chifukwa cha kukula kwake." Idalembedwa ndi Christopher J. Ferguson kuti: Kodi Mafilimu Amakonda Kulimbikitsa Kugonana Achinyamata? Kufufuza kwa Meta-Methodist ndi Methodological (2017)
Kwa zaka zambiri, Ferguson wakhala akutsutsa malingaliro a intaneti, pomwe akuyesetsa mwakhama kusunga Internet Gaming Disorder kuchokera ku ICD-11. (Iye anataya ilo mu 2018, koma ntchito yake ikupitirira pazambiri.) Ndipotu, Ferguson ndi Nicole Prause anali olemba-mgwirizano pamapepala aakulu omwe akuyesa kulepheretsa kuledzera kwa intaneti. (Zomveka zawo zinalembedwa m'mapepala angapo ndi akatswiri, nkhani iyi Journal Za Zizolowezi Zochita Makhalidwe.) Pano, olemba meta akufotokozera momwe Ferguson akudandaulira zosankha zake zimabweretsa zotsatira zake.
Zithunzi Zolaula ndi Maganizo Othandiza Chiwawa kwa Akazi: Kubwereza za Relationship in Nonexperimental Studies (2010) - Kuwerengera mabukuwa. Chidule:
Kafukufuku wamakono anachitidwa kuti adziwe ngati maphunziro omwe sanagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu omwe adawonetsa zochitika zowononga zolaula komanso malingaliro awo akuthandizira chiwawa cha amayi. Kusanthula kwa meta kunakonza mavuto ndi kusanthula kwa meta komwe kunatulutsidwa kale ndi kuwonjezera zofufuza zatsopano. Mosiyana ndi kafukufuku woyamba, Zotsatira zamakono zikuwonetsa mgwirizano wabwino kwambiri pakati pa zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi malingaliro othandizira chiwawa cha amayi mu maphunziro osaphunzira. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, malingaliro amenewa anapezeka kuti akugwirizanitsa kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zowononga zachiwerewere kusiyana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zosachita zachiwerewere, ngakhale kuti chiyanjanochi chinapezedwanso kukhala chofunika.
Maphunziro otsalawa adatchulidwa mwadongosolo:
Zithunzi Zolaula ndi Kugonana ndi Kugonjetsedwa Kwachiwerewere (1982) - Ndemanga:
Anafufuza zotsatira za kupitilira kuwonetsa zolaula pa zikhulupiliro zokhudzana ndi kugonana pakati pa anthu onse komanso zomwe zimakhudza amayi makamaka. Ndinapeza zimenezo Kuwonetsa zolaula kwakukulu kunachititsa kuti asamvere chifundo amayi ngati ogwiriridwa ndi amayi ambiri.
Kuwonetsa zolaula ndi malingaliro okhudza akazi ndi kugwiriridwa: Kuyanjana kwa mgwirizano (1986) - Ndemanga:
Poyerekeza ndi gulu lomwe linayang'ana filimu yolamulira, anthu omwe amawonetsedwa filimu yowopsya anavomera zambiri ndi zinthu Kuvomereza nkhanza za amayi kusiyana ndi zomwe ankalamulira. Komabe, mosiyana ndi maulosi, panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu awiriwa pakuvomerezedwa kwa nthano za kugwiriridwa, ngakhale kuti panali chizoloŵezi chotsogolera.
Mu Studies 3 ndi 4, anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti amuna ambiri amakhala ndi makhalidwe abwino. Mu Studies 5 ndi 6, Kukhala ndi chidziwitso chochuluka kwa amuna ndizinanso zowonjezera zomwe zimapanga mafotokozedwe achiwerewere a akazi pokhapokha. Potsiriza, mu Phunziro 7, Anthu ambiri amaona kuti kusiyana pakati pa amai ndi abambo pambuyo powonera kanema wamakono kapena kugonanas; anthu otsika kwambiri amadziwa kusiyana kwakukulu pambuyo poona kugonana kapena achikondi. TKafukufukuyu akusonyeza kuti kuwonetsa zolaula kumakhudzana ndi njira zazikulu komanso zofunikira zowunikira maumuna, abambo, ndi kugonana.
Kugonana ndi zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito: Kufotokozera zotsatira (past) zotsatira (2004) - Ichi ndi chapamwamba, koma chosangalatsa. Chidule:
Phunziro 1 linasonyeza kusiyana pakati pa kugonana kwa masiku ano ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kotero kuti anthu omwe amawonetsa zolaula nthawi zambiri amasonyeza maganizo ochepa ogonana. Phunziro 2 linapeza mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa zolaula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chiwerewere chabwino, kotero kuti anthu omwe amawonetsa zolaula nthawi zambiri amasonyeza kugonana kwabwino. Maphunziro athu amathandiza kuzindikira zowonjezereka zopezeka pa kafukufuku wakale pa zolaula zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito komanso malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amayi.
Kafukufukuyu anafufuza achinyamata a 804, anyamata ndi atsikana, kuyambira zaka 14 mpaka zaka za 19, akupita ku masukulu apamwamba a kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Italy. Zolinga zikuluzikulu zinali: (i) kufufuza mgwirizano pakati pa mazunzo okhudzana ndi kugonana ndi chiwawa ndi mgwirizano pakati pa zolaula (kuwerenga magazini ndi mafilimu kapena mavidiyo) ndi kugonana kosayenera pakati pa achinyamata; (ii) kufufuza kusiyana pakati pa maubwenziwa ndi ubale ndi zaka; ndi (iii) kufufuza zinthu (zolaula, chiwerewere ndi zaka) zomwe zingathe kulimbikitsa kugonana kosayenera. Zomwe anapezazi zikusonyeza kuti chiwawa chogwirirana ndi chogonana ndi kugonana kosayenera ndi zolaula zinagwirizanitsidwa.
Kafukufukuyu adachitidwa kuti afufuze za chizoloŵezi cha kugonana kwa azimayi, kugonana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, kugonana komanso chiwerewere cha nkhanza za kugonana kwa achinyamata, ndikuzindikiritsa ubale pakati pa izi. Ophunzirawo anali ophunzira a 690 ochokera ku masukulu awiri apakati ndi masukulu atatu apamwamba ku Seoul. Kugonana kwa pa Intaneti, kugonana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, kugonana ndi chiwerewere cha chiwawa cha kugonana kwa achinyamata anali osiyana malinga ndi makhalidwe ambiri. Kugonana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, kugonana ndi chilolezo cha chiwawa cha kugonana achinyamata ali ndi vuto lotayirira pa Intaneti.
Phunziroli linapangidwa kuti lifufuze ngati achinyamata ali ndi zochitika zogonana zogonana zikhulupiriro zowonjezereka kuti akazi ndi zinthu zogonana [kujambulidwa pazithunzi za achinyamata a 745 Dutch omwe ali ndi 13 mpaka 18]. Kuonjezera makamaka, tinaphunzira ngati mgwirizano wa pakati pa amai ndi zochitika zogonana ndi zochitika zogonana ndi zosiyana siyana (mwachitsanzo, zolaula, zosaoneka momveka bwino, kapena zomveka bwino) komanso zosiyana siyana (mwachitsanzo, zojambula ndi zojambula ) zingakhale bwino kutchulidwa ngati zowonjezera kapena zodziwika bwino. Kuwonetsa zinthu zolaula pa mafilimu pa intaneti ndi njira yokhayo yokhudzana ndi zikhulupiliro zomwe amayi ali nazo zinthu zogonana pogonana, momwe kugwiritsira ntchito mitundu ina ya kugonana kunayendetsedwa. Mgwirizano pakati pa kugonana ndi zochitika zogonana ndi zochitika zogonana ndi ziganizo za amayi monga zinthu zogonana sizinafanane ndi atsikana ndi anyamata
Kugwiritsira ntchito cyberpornography ndi anyamata ku Hong Kong correlates ena a maganizo (2007) - Ndemanga:
Kafukufukuyu anafufuzira kuchuluka kwa zithunzi zolaula zoonera zithunzi komanso kugwirizana pakati pa achinyamata a ku China ku Hong Kong. Komanso, anthu omwe adanena kuti ali nawo Kuwonera zolaula zambiri pa intaneti kunapezeka polemba mapepala apamwamba pa zovomerezeka zogonana asanalowe m'banja ndi kuchitidwa zachipongwe zogonana.
Zolumikizana zogwiritsira ntchito komanso zokhudzana ndi kugonana zokhudzana ndi kugonana zomwe zanenedwa poyera zokhudzana ndi kugonana m'magazini akuluakulu, mafilimu owonedwa ndi X, ndi intaneti zinafufuzidwa pa kafukufuku wa achinyamata oyambirira (zaka zapakati pa zaka = 13.6 zaka; N = 967).
Kufufuza kwa nthawi yaitali kunasonyeza kuti kuyang'ana kwa msinkhu kwa amuna kunaneneratu malingaliro ochepa omwe amachititsa kuti azikhala ndi amai, zizoloŵezi zogonana zowonongeka, kuchitidwa nkhanza zogonana, kugonana ndi kugonana komanso kugonana zaka ziwiri kenako. Kuwonekera koyambirira kwa akazi kunaneneratu kuti pang'onopang'ono malingaliro amtundu wa amai omwe amatsatira, ndi kugonana ndikamwa komanso kugonana.
Cholinga cha phunziro lino chinali kufotokoza zachitukuko mu chiyanjano chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa pakati pa achinyamata ndi zovuta zogonana pa Intaneti (SEIM) ndi malingaliro a amayi monga zinthu zogonana. Pogwiritsa ntchito deta kuchokera ku kafukufuku wa mawonekedwe atatu pakati pa achinyamata a 962 Dutch, machitidwe olinganiza mofanana poyamba anasonyeza kuti kufotokoza kwa ZOYENERA ndi malingaliro a amayi monga zinthu za kugonana zinali ndi mphamvu zogwirizana pakati pawo. Tamatsogoleredwa ndi ZOYENERA pamaganizo a amayi monga zinthu zogonana sizinafanane ndi amuna. Komabe, kutsogolera mwachindunji kwa malingaliro a amayi monga zinthu zogonana pazowonekera kwa ZOONA zinali chabe chofunikira kwa anyamata achichepere. Kuwonjezeranso kwina kunasonyeza kuti, mosasamala kanthu za chikhalidwe cha anyamata, kukonda kuwona kuti akuwoneka kuti akutsutsana ndi zomwe akukhulupirira kuti amayi ali ndi zinthu zogonana, komanso zotsatira za zikhulupilirozi pazomwe zilipo.
Kafukufukuyu akufufuza ophunzira a ku koleji a ku Japan (N = 476) kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolaula (SEM) ndi mayanjano Maganizo a amayi monga zinthu zogonana ndi malingaliro ololera kugonana. Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti ophunzira a ku koleji a ku Japan ankagwiritsa ntchito kusindikizira mobwerezabwereza monga gwero la SEM lotsatiridwa ndi intaneti ndi TV / kanema / DVD. Amuna omwe amagwiritsa ntchito SEM amagwiritsa ntchito SEM kwambiri kuposa akazi. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kugonana kwapakati kunayanjanitsa ubale pakati pa SEM ndi malingaliro a amayi monga zinthu zogonana, pamene kufotokoza kwa SEM muzofalitsa zamagulu kunali ndi mgwirizano wachindunji ndi anthu a ku Japan omwe amagonana nawo.
Tidagwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wochokera kumaiko awiri omwe amafufuza mafunde awiri pakati pa achinyamata a 1,445 achi Dutch komanso achikulire a 833 achi Dutch, poyang'ana zikhulupiriro zabodza kuti azimayi amakana zogonana (mwachitsanzo, lingaliro loti amayi amati "ayi" pomwe akufuna kugonana). Pomalizira, akuluakulu, koma osati achinyamata, adakopeka ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi chikhulupiliro cha amayi.
Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa 62% ya anthu omwe ali achibale awo ku yunivesite ya Midwestern pophunzitsa zithunzi zolaula, kuwona mphamvu, komanso kukhala okonzeka kuthandizira kuthekera kugwiriridwa. Zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti amuna omwe amaonerera zolaula sangachitepo kanthu ngati munthu wotsalira, afotokoze chizoloŵezi chofuna kugwiriridwa, ndipo amakhulupirira kwambiri kugwiriridwa.
Zithunzi zolaula komanso kugonana pakati pa ma Heterosexuals (2013) - Ndemanga:
Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha achinyamata akuluakulu a Denmark ndi zojambula zosawerengeka, kafukufukuyu adafufuzira zotsatira za kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zakale, kuyerekezera zolaula zosadziletsa, kuyembekezera kuti zowonongeka, ndi umunthu (mwachitsanzo, kuvomereza) malingaliro ogonana (ie, maganizo) kwa amayi, nkhanza ndi zachiwerewere). Komanso, kugonana kwaukwati kunayesedwa. Zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti, pakati pa anthu, anawonjezeka kale Kuwonetsa zolaula kunagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro ochepa okhudzana ndi akazi komanso kugonana kosayenera. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kuvomereza kwapafupi kunapezeka kuti kuneneratu mozama maganizo a chiwerewere. Zotsatira zovuta zowonongeka pa zolaula zinapezeka chifukwa cha kugonana kosayenera pakati pa anthu ogwirizana ndi anthu komanso kugonana kwabwino pakati pa akazi.
Kafukufukuyu anayesedwa ngati kuyang'ana pazithunzi zapakati pazimayi zimachititsa achinyamata achikulire kuti akhulupirire kwambiri zikhulupiriro zachipatala Gary Brooks mawu akuti "matenda a centerfold." Matenda a centerfold ali ndi zikhulupiriro zisanu: voyeurism, kuchepetsa kugonana, kuchepetsa kugonana, chiwerewere, ndi kugonana kosagwirizana. Zakale zowonjezereka zofalitsa zamasewero zinkakondana kwambiri ndi zikhulupiliro zonse zisanu. Zomwe zakhala zikuchitika pakadali pano zinkalimbikitsanso kwambiri kugonana, kugwirizanitsa amuna, ndi zikhulupiliro za kugonana kosagwirizana ndi amuna. amene amawona zovuta zofalitsa mobwerezabwereza. Zotsatirazi zinapitiliza maola pafupifupi 48.
Kafukufuku wathu adafufuzanso njira yomwe ingathandize anthu kuti azitha kuchitira ena chifundo. Deta la dziko lonse linagwiritsidwa ntchito. Deta inasonkhanitsidwa ku 2006, 2008, ndi 2010 kuchokera ku 190 akuluakulu omwe akukalamba kuyambira 19 mpaka 88 pazotsatira. Kuonera zithunzi zolaula kunayikidwa kudzera pa mafilimu oonera zolaula. Malingaliro okhudzana ndi chigamulo chotsatira anali olembedwa kudzera mwa otsutsa kuti agwire ndi kukweza malingaliro omwe amathandiza amayi. Mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu pa zowonongeka, kuyang'ana zolaula koyambirira kunanenedwa kutsutsidwa kumene kumakhala kovomerezeka kuchitapo kanthu ngakhale atatha kuyendetsa kachitidwe kazengerezedwe kazitsulo ndi zovuta zina zomwe zingatheke. Gender sanayese bwino gululi. Mwachizoloŵezi, zotsatira izi zikusonyeza zimenezo Zithunzi zolaula zingakhale zachikhalidwe zomwe zimafooketsa chithandizo cha mapulogalamu othandizira amayi.
Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kuwunika zomwe zidanenedwa (mwachitsanzo, kusamvana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komanso masitayilo aphatikizi) ndi zotulukapo (mwachitsanzo, ubale wosauka komanso kukhutira ndi kugonana) kwa zolaula zomwe amuna amagwiritsa ntchito pakati pa anyamata achikulire a 373 ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Zotsatira zavumbula izi zochitika zolaula zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zovuta zogwiritsira ntchito zolaula zinkakhudzana ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amai ndi abambo, mikangano yowonjezera komanso yowopsya, khalidwe losauka la ubale, komanso kukhutira kochepa pa kugonana. Kuonjezera apo, zotsatirazi zinaperekedwa chithandizo cha njira yophatikiziridwa yotsatizana yomwe kugwirizana kwa amuna ndi akazi kumagwirizana ndi zotsatira zaukwati mwachindunji ndi mwachindunji kupyolera muzithunzi zojambulidwa ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Model ya Confluence yokhudza zachiwerewere (Malamuth, Addison, & Koss, 2000) imati zolaula zimagwiritsa ntchito, zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti zimalimbikitsa kukakamiza azimayi popereka mafano azimayi omvera, zimagwira ntchito limodzi ndi chiwerewere (SP) komanso nkhanza za amuna (HM) , zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala achiwerewere, kuti athetse vuto logonana ndi akazi. Kafukufuku wa intaneti (N = Amuna akuluakulu a 183) anafotokozera zotsatira za kafukufuku wamtundu wina wa kale, kotero kuti amuna omwe anali apamwamba mu HM ndi SP anali okayikitsa kuti azikakamiza kugonana nthawi zambiri, m'malo mochita zolaula. Pofufuza malo atsopano, phunziroli linapezanso kuti HM ndi SP pamodzi adali ndi mphamvu zowononga zachiwawa zokhudzana ndi kugonana, poyerekeza ndi zosagwirizana ndi zachiwawa zogonana, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti amuna omwe ali pachiopsezo chachikulu chogonana amawononga mitundu yambiri yogonana kusiyana ndi amuna pa chiopsezo chochepa.
Kuphunzira Kwambiri kwa Zithunzi Zolaula Kugwiritsa Ntchito ndi Maonekedwe Akazi pa Akazi (2015) - Ndemanga:
Kafukufukuyu akufufuza mayanjano pakati pa zolaula ndi kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi pakati pa anthu akuluakulu a US. Kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zolaula kumagwirizana ndi msinkhu kuti udziŵe momwe angaganizire za amuna. Mwachindunji, zolaula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwe zimagwedezeka zimatanthauzira kwambiri kugonana m'maganizo awiri pa okalamba-koma osati kwa akuluakulu.
Zithunzi za achinyamata omwe amawoneka pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zolaula pa Intaneti: Kuphunzira kwa nthawi yaitali (2015) - Amawonetsa kulumikizana pakati pazogwiritsira ntchito zachiwawa ndikuwunika kwamakhalidwe achimuna ndi achikazi. Chidule:
Kafukufuku wamakono awiri pakati pa achinyamata a 1557 a ku Dutch adalankhula ndi aphunzitsiwa podziwa kuti ali ndi chikondi, chiwongolero-iwo ndi chiwawa-ZOYENERA. Achinyamata achichepere kawirikawiri ankakonda kukhala ndi chikondi CHOYAMBA, pamene achikulire achikulire ndi achinyamata omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba a maphunziro amapangidwa mobwerezabwereza kuulamulirika-ZOYENERA. Anyamata achimuna achimuna ndi atsikana achikazi ambiri amapezeka ku chiwawa.
'Nthaŵi zonse mumakhala pamaso panu': Maganizo a achinyamata pa zolaula (2015) - Ndemanga:
Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti achinyamata ambiri amawonetsedwa zolaula mwadala komanso mosadziwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi nkhawa ndi zikhalidwe za amuna ndi akazi zomwe zimalimbikitsa mphamvu amuna ndikugonjera azimayi. Chiyanjano pakati pa zolaula, ziyembekezo zakugonana kwa anyamata ndi kukakamizidwa kwa atsikana kuti azichita zomwe akuwonedwa, zawululidwa.
Kodi Chikoka N'chiyani? Zithunzi Zolaula Gwiritsani Ntchito Zolinga Zokhudzana ndi Kulimbana Kwawo (2015) - Ndemanga:
Tapeza kuti zifukwa zambiri zoonerera zolaula zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukhudzidwa ndi mtima wofuna kuloŵerera monga woimirira, ngakhale atatha kuyang'anira kuonera zolaula. Phunziroli likuphatikizana ndi ena poti pali kugwirizana pakati pa zolaula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zachiwawa zogonana.
Maganizo Ogonana Amuna Okhudzidwa Okhudzana ndi Kugonana Owerenga Masabata makumi asanu ndi awiri (2015) - Ndemanga:
Mafotokozedwe okhudzana ndi kugonana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ambiri amachititsa kuti anthu azikhala olimba kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, amuna, amphamvu, olamulira, okhwima) ndi akazi (mwachitsanzo, amayi ndi ofooka komanso osafooka, osasamala, amtendere, osayenerera, kutengeka ndi maganizo). Kafukufukuyu akufufuza mayina pakati pa zowonjezera makumi asanu ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri (Shade-One) zomwe zimaphatikizapo zikhalidwe zomwe zimaphatikizapo ziwonetsero za amuna ndi akazi komanso zikhulupiliro zakugonana pakati pa akazi a 715 a zaka za 18-24. Kusanthula kunavumbulutsa mayanjano pakati pa owerenga makumi asanu a Shades ndi chiwerewere, monga momwe amayeza kudzera mu Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. Amayi omwe amati amawerenga makumi asanu a Shades anali ndi malingaliro apamwamba, okoma mtima, komanso okonda zachiwerewere. Kuphatikiza apo, iwo omwe adamasulira makumi asanu a Shades ngati "achikondi" anali ndi malingaliro apamwamba komanso okondana.
Kusanthula kuyesa kwa amai achichepere poona nkhope ya amuna pambuyo poyang'ana mafano opangira zosiyana (2015) - Akazi omwe amaloledwa kumalo osungirako zolaula amakhala ndi chivomerezo chachikulu cha amuna omwe amawayang'ana pazogonana.
Kafukufukuyu adayesa momwe amayi achichepere amaganizira momwe amuna angayang'anire atakumana ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana. Kufotokozera momveka bwino kunagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuchuluka kwa zovala. Azimayi omwe amavomerezedwa kumalo osungirako zizindikiro amodzi akuwonekera kuti amavomereza kwambiri amuna omwe akuwoneka kuti akuwoneka bwino kwambiri pomwe amayi akuwonekera kumalo ochepa omwe amatha kufotokozera komanso atangoyang'ana ola limodzi la 48.. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi malingaliro akuti ziwonetsero zambiri za azimayi zomwe zimawonetsa matupi azimayi, zimalimbikitsa uthenga womwe amatumiza kuti azimayi akuyenera kuwonedwa ndi ena. Amanenanso kuti ngakhale kuwonetsetsa mwachidule pazenera zapakatikati kumatha kukhala ndi malingaliro osasunthika pamalingaliro azimayi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Kutsogozedwa ndi malingaliro azakugonana komanso zodziwika bwino pazolemba za Wright zokhudzana ndi kugonana, kuyambitsa, njira yogwiritsira ntchito njira zachiwerewere, Kafukufukuyu adati amuna akakhala kuti ali ndi ziwonetsero zambiri, adzaganiziranso za amayi ngati zinthu zomwe zimapezeka kuti amuna azigonana. (zolemba zenizeni zogonana), komanso kuti malingaliro olakwika awa onena za amai angathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwitsa maganizo okhudza chiwawa chogonana ndi amayi (zolemba za kugonana).
Zambiri zidasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kwa amuna anzawo omwe amakopeka ndi akazi (N = 187). Mogwirizana ndi ziyembekezo, mayanjano omwe amuna amakhala nawo pofalitsa nkhani ndi malingaliro othandizira nkhanza kwa amayi anali ogwirizana ndi malingaliro awo azimayi ngati zinthu zogonana. Makamaka, kuwonekera pafupipafupi m'magazini azikhalidwe za amuna zomwe zimalimbikitsa akazi, mapulogalamu enieni a TV omwe amayenera akazi, ndi zolaula zinaneneratu zotsutsana zowonjezereka za amayi, zomwe zinaneneratu kuti kulimbikitsana kwachiwawa kwa amayi.
Owona zolaula osayang'ana 'sangakhale ndi malingaliro abwino kwa akazi' (2016) - Ndemanga:
Omwe amawonetsa zithunzi zolaula, monga zithunzi za amayi amaliseche ndi aakazi amaliseche, sangathe kuganiza mozama za akazi ndipo amatha kusiya zolaula zomwe zimapezeka m'manyuzipepala, malonda ndi ma TV. Zotsatirazo zikuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe nthawi zambiri ankawona zithunzi zolaula zosaoneka zosavuta zinkatha kufotokozera izi monga zolaula kuposa anthu omwe anali ndi zochepa zoonekera pa zithunzizi. Anthu omwe anatsutsidwa ku mafanowa anali oposa ena kuti avomereze nthano zoberekera. Komanso, anthu omwe nthawi zambiri ankawona zithunzizi sankakhala ndi malingaliro abwino kwa amayi.
Ukadaulo watsopano wapangitsa kuti zolaula zizipezeka kwa achinyamata, ndipo umboni wochulukirapo wazindikiritsa ubale pakati pakuwona zolaula komanso zachiwawa kapena nkhanza mwa anyamata. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zotsatira za kafukufuku wamkulu wa achinyamata 4,564 azaka 14 mpaka 17 m'maiko asanu aku Europe omwe akuwunikira ubale womwe ulipo pakati pakuwonera zolaula za pa intaneti nthawi zonse, kukakamizidwa kugonana ndi kuzunzidwa komanso kutumizidwa ndikulandila zithunzi zogonana, zomwe zimadziwika kuti "kutumizirana zolaula . ” Kuphatikiza pa kafukufukuyu, yemwe adamalizidwa m'sukulu, zoyankhulana 91 zidachitika ndi achinyamata omwe adakumana ndi nkhanza pakati pawo komanso kuzunzidwa m'mabwenzi awo.
Mitengo yowonera zolaula pa intaneti nthawi zonse inali yayikulu kwambiri pakati pa anyamata ndipo ambiri adasankha kuwona zolaula. Kuchita zachinyamata mokakamiza komanso kuzunza anyamata kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndikuwonera zolaula pa intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, anyamata omwe nthawi zonse ankaonera zolaula pa Intaneti anali ndi mwayi waukulu kuti azikhala ndi maganizo oipa. Kuyankhulana kwabwino kumasonyeza kuti, ngakhale kuti kutumizirana zithunzi zolaula kumakhala kozolowereka ndipo achinyamata ambiri amawoneka bwino, amatha kuberekana zolaula monga kulamulira ndi kuchititsidwa manyazi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito Masewera a Pakompyuta pa Moyo Wonse, Kugonana kwa Anthu, Kuchitira Zachiwerewere Kugonana, ndi Rape Myth Acceptance: Kulima Kwambiri (2016) Osati zolaula, koma osati kutali. Chidule:
Mu phunziro ili, tinkachita kafukufuku (N = 351) a akuluakulu abambo ndi akazi ndipo tinagwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chofanana kuti tiganizire mgwirizano pakati pa masewera a masewera a pakompyuta, khalidwe lachiwerewere, kugonana kosavomerezeka, ndi chiyeso choyamba (chiwerengero cha zifukwa zabodza zoberekera) ndi Zotsatira zazomwe kulima (RMA). Tinapeza chithandizo cha mtundu wachitukuko, zomwe zikuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa masewero a pakompyuta ndi RMA kudzera mwaukali ndi chiwerewere. Ngakhale kuti zotsatilazi sizingatanthauzidwe molakwika, timakambirana zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mabungwewa komanso zomwe zikutsogolera zofufuza.
Kuphunzira kwa nthawi yayitali pakati pa 1,947 13-25 wa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, tinayamba kukambirana ndi okalambawa pofufuza momwe maphunziro a kujambula zolaula amatha kusukulu kuti athetsere Kugwirizana kwa nthawi yaitali pakati pa kugonana ndi zolaula pa Intaneti (ZOONA) ndi malingaliro a amayi ngati zinthu zogonana. Njira yothandizira njira ziwiri inayamba: Mgwirizano pakati pa SEIM ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana anafookera, ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri adaphunzira kuchokera ku maphunziro okhudzana ndi kugonana. Palibe kusiyana pakati pa amuna kapena akazi. Phunziro ili limapereka umboni woyamba pa zomwe zimachitika pa maphunziro a zamasewera pofuna kuchepetsa zotsatira zosavomerezeka.
Zaka zoyamba zolaula zimapanga malingaliro a amuna pa akazi (2017) - Ndemanga:
Ophunzira (N = 330) anali amuna apamwamba kwambiri ku yunivesite yayikulu, kumadzulo, kuyambira zaka 17-54 (M = 20.65, SD = 3.06). Ophunzira ambiri amadziwika kuti ndi Oyera (84.9%) ndi amphatikiza (92.6). Atapereka chilolezo chodziwitsidwa, ophunzira adatsiriza phunzirolo pa intaneti.
Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti zaka zochepa zoyambirira Kuwonerera zolaula kunaneneratu kuti kulimbikitsidwa kwa mphamvu za Akazi ndi zikhalidwe za amuna a Playboy. Kuonjezera apo, mosasamala kanthu za momwe amuna akuonera zolaula poyamba (mwachitsanzo, mwadzidzidzi, mwangozi, kapena kukakamizidwa), ophunzira amatsatira mofanana ndi Mphamvu pamwamba pa Akazi ndi Playboy mzimayi wachizolowezi. Pali zifukwa zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingamvetsetse mgwirizano umenewu, koma zotsatira zimasonyeza kufunika kokambirana za msinkhu wa chiwonetsero m'makonzedwe a chipatala ndi amuna.
Zoposa Magazini: Kufufuza Maulalo Pakati Pa Magazi A Magazi, Kuvomerezeka Kwa Rape, ndi Rc Proclivity (2017) - Ndemanga:
Kuwonetsedwa m'magazini ena opangidwa ndi anyamata achichepere-mags-posachedwa kwalumikizidwa ndi machitidwe ndi malingaliro omwe amanyoza amayi, kuphatikiza nkhanza zogonana. Pakafukufuku wapano, gulu la amuna achikulire aku Spain adakumana ndi zokutira za anyamata achichepere pomwe gulu lachiwiri lidawululidwa pachikuto cha magazini osalowerera ndale. Zotsatira zidawonetsa kuti, poyerekeza ndi omwe anali mgulu lachiwiri, omwe akutenga nawo gawo pamagulu azamatsenga omwe adawonetseranso kuvomereza nthano zakugwiririra ndikuloleza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa magaziniwa akuti zachiwerewere zimakhala zongopeka.
Kugonana Kwachinyengo Kutsindika: Kuwunika Zotsatira za Kugonana, Kugonjetsedwa Kwagwirizano Mbiri, Zithunzi Zolaula, ndi Kudziletsa (2018) - Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kumakhudzana ndi kuvomereza Prostution Myth (kuti imapatsa mphamvu amayi) - Ndemanga:
Azimayi ogulitsa malonda a kugonana akhala akulakwira kuchokera kwa olabadira oyambirira ndi kuzunzidwa kwa ogula ndi ogulitsa. Ufulu wa amayi kuti achoke malonda a kugonana angasokonezedwe ndi chisokonezo kuchokera ku chiwerewere kukhulupirika kwachinyengo komwe kwakhala kozoloweretsa kugonana ndi chiwawa kwa amayi. Gender, maganizo okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amayi, kuchuluka kwa zolaula, ndi kuchepetsa kudziletsa kwambiri kunaneneratu kuti uhule umakhala womvera.
Kulamulira kwakukulu ndi kupeŵa chikhalidwe chazimayi kunali kuneneratu kuti amuna amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zolaula. Maganizo olepheretsa amuna ndi ziphunzitso zotsutsana ndi matenda a heterosexist ananeneratu kuti zovuta zowononga ndi zolaula zimagwiritsira ntchito komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kuti zitha kukhumudwa. Kuwonjezera apo, kupeŵa amuna kuti asagwirizane ndi chikhalidwe chazimayi kunaneneratu kuti zolaula zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito ndi kuthetsa mavuto.
Zomwe zimayambitsa zowonongeka ndi zolaula zomwe zimawonetsedwa mwa amuna pa zomwe zimachitidwa kwa amayi: kukakamizidwa, kugonana, kusankhana (2018) - Kafukufuku wosavuta kuyesera komwe amuna omwe anali ndi zibwenzi adakumana ndi mitundu iwiri ya zolaula: zolaula zonyansa (mwachitsanzo, zosagwirizana ndi zachiwawa, zonyansa, zonyansa), zolaula (zosagwirizana, zosasokoneza, zosagwirizana, zogwirizana). Ndikudabwitsidwa kuti kafukufukuyu adapeza kusiyana poganizira za 2, ndipo maphunzirowa anali anyamata azaka zaku koleji (ambiri mwina amawonera zolaula zonyansa). Zolemba:
Phunziro laposachedwapa, amuna a 82 omwe ali ndi zaka zoyambirira zapitazo anapatsidwa mwachindunji chimodzi mwa zinthu zitatu (kuononga, kutayika, kapena kulamulira); mkati mwa chikhalidwe chirichonse chomwe iwo anapatsidwa kuti apenyere limodzi la magawo awiri a mphindi zochepa za 10: zolaula zowononga (mwachitsanzo, zopanda chilema, zosokoneza, zonyansa), zolaula zowonongeka (mwachitsanzo, zosaononga, zosayera, zachiwerewere), chizolowezi cholamulira.
Kuwonetsera ku zovuta (vs. kuipitsa) kunapangitsa kuti azioneka ngati woganiza zolaula [komanso] kuonekera pa erotica (vs. kulamulira) kunayambanso kusankhana kwakukulu kwa mkazi wonyenga, ngakhale kuti omnibus kwa womalizayo sanali wofunikira. Kuwonetsera zolaula zoipa (vs. kusinthika kapena kulamulira) kunachititsa kuti zikhulupiliro zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere zamphamvu kwambiri ndi zowonjezereka kwambiri zazimayi zomwe zili mu kanema.
Zotsutsa za kugonana kwa amuna ocheperako kugonana amuna ena (2019) - Zolemba:
Chifukwa cha kugwirizana pakati pa zochitika zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi zotsatira zolakwika za umoyo waumphawi ndi amuna omwe ali ochepa, ndikofunika kufufuza kuti ndi amuna ati amene angayambe kuchita zachiwerewere. Tinafufuza zowonongeka za kugonana kwa amuna ochepa ogonana ndi amuna ena (mwachitsanzo, kuchita zofufuza za thupi, kupanga zofuna zapathengo zosafuna kugonana), kuphatikizapo kuyang'ana pa maonekedwe, kugonana pakati pa abambo, abambo, amuna, akazi, abambo, amuna ndi akazi, zolaula , ndi kusamvana kwa amuna pakati pa amuna ndi akazi amuna ndi akazi okhaokha. Zomwe tapeza zidawunikira kuti kuonekera, kuchitapo kanthu m'dera la LGBTQ, ndi zolaula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso khalidwe lochepetsera chikondi pakati pa amuna zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi kugonana kwa amuna ena.
Kujambula zithunzi zolaula komanso zovuta: Kuona kudzichepetsa (2019) - Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula zovuta kunali kokhudzana ndi chikhumbo chokhala ndi mphamvu pa akazi. Osakhala ofanana kwambiri. Zolemba:
Kuwongolera makanema oonera zolaula, kudziwa zachipembedzo, komanso magonedwe, Kapangidwe kazofanizira kamangidwe kakuwulula mphamvu pa azimayi ndi zikhalidwe zamasewera omwe amasewera chifukwa chokhudzana ndi kuwonera zolaula, pomwe kuwongolera malingaliro ndi machitidwe opambana anali ogwirizana ndi kuwonera zolaula. Mwa mabungwe awa, mphamvu pamiyambo ya akazi idatulutsa zotsatira zoyenda motsata magawo onse…
Kugwirizana komweku kumatsimikiziranso ubale wabwino pakati pa kufanana ndi chikhalidwe cha osewera ndikuwona zolaula zovuta, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu kwa iwo otsika kudzikweza. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti kuwonera zolaula za abambo kumatha kumalumikizidwa ndi zikhalidwe zawo.
Mgwirizano pakati pa Pakati pa Zithunzi Zolaula ndi Achinyamata Achibwenzi Achinyamata Akuluakulu a 10 High School Students (2019) - Kafukufuku adanenanso kuti kuwonera zolaula zachiwawa kumakhudzana ndi kuvomereza nthano zogwiririra komanso malingaliro ocheperako pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Komabe, zomwe anapeza kwambiri ndi phunziroli zinali:
Kuwonetsedwa zolaula zachiwawa kumalumikizidwa ndi mitundu yonse ya TDV, ngakhale mawonekedwe anali osiyana ndi jenda. Anyamata omwe adawonetsedwa zolaula anali 2-3 nthawi zambiri kuti afotokozere za chiwonongeko cha TDV ndikuzunzidwa komanso kuzunzidwa kwakuthupi kwa TDV, pomwe atsikana omwe adawonetsedwa pazithunzi zachiwawa anali atadutsa nthawi ya 1.5 poyerekeza ndikuwopseza TDV poyerekeza ndi anzawo omwe sanawonetse poyera.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa amafotokoza momwe kuchita zolaula pa intaneti, mwachitsanzo, kuyang'ana pazinthu zolaula pa intaneti komanso kulandira mayankho olakwika pa media, zikugwirizana ndi kuvomereza kwamalingaliro azakugonana pakati pa achinyamata. Mwachindunji, imafufuza kafukufuku wakale wovomereza nkhambakamwa zachiwerewere pakuwona nyumba yomwe ikukhudzana ndi zikhulupiriro izi, mwachitsanzo, kukana kupita ku metoo-kayendedwe.
Zotsatira zakuwonetsa kuti kuwonetsedwa pazinthu zapaintaneti zolaula, koma osalandira mayankho olakwika pa media, zinali zokhudzana ndi kukana kwamayendedwe ambiri komanso kuvomereza nthano zakugwiriridwa kudzera mwa malingaliro a akazi ngati zogonana. Kudzidalira sikunagwire ntchito ngati mkhalapakati wovomerezeka m'mayanjano omwe awunikira. Kukhala ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikunawongolere maubale omwe anali nawo.
Pepala ili linagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka mayeso asanachitike mayeso kuti afotokozere zomwe zimapangitsa azimayi otenga nawo mbali (N = 242). Mwakugwiritsa ntchito buku la Attitude kuelekea Women Scale ndi Attidence kwa Men pamenepa zidapezeka kuti akazi samakumana ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa akazi ena, atangotulutsa kumene. Komabe, akuwonetsa kusintha kwa zikhulupiriro zawo zachimuna zomwe zidawonetsera zachiwerewere, ndimikhulupiliro yabwino yazizindikiro zomwe zikuwonetsa kukondana, zochitika zolaula, komanso, pachithunzi chosonyeza kugwiriridwa. Zomwe apezazi zimawunikiridwa ndikuyankhidwa chifukwa cha chiphunzitso cha Gender-Schema Theory, Objecifying Theory komanso The Display.
Zolaula komanso njira zochotsetsa anthu omwe amagonana nawo (2020) - Makamaka maphunziro azimayi. Chidule:
Pakufufuza, 266 ophunzira (78.2% azimayi; Mage = 30.79, SD = 8.89) adayankha pazomwe zakhala zikuchitika, ngati ali pachibwenzi, kaya amagwiritsa ntchito zolaula za pa intaneti komanso kuchuluka kwa momwe amaganizira ndi anzawo omwe amagonana. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti anthu omwe amawononga zolaula amangochita zala amuna awo ogonana koma pokhapokha asali pachibwenzi. Zotsatirazi ndizothandiza chifukwa kudzipatula kumabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa monga kusala, kuchita chiwawa, kulanga mwankhanza komanso kuletsa kuchita zinthu mosavomerezeka. Tikadziwa zikachitika, timakhala ndi mwayi wopanga njira zoti zisasokonezedwe.
Kuthandizana ndi amuna anzawo komanso kuchitiridwa zachipongwe: ubale wapakati pa mbiri yayikulu, kutenga nawo mbali pasukulu yasekondale komanso kuchita zadama. - Zithunzi zolaula zimakhudzana kwambiri ndi izi: Mwayi Wogwiriridwa, Kugwiriridwa, Kugonana, komanso Kudana ndi Akazi. Tebulo lokhala ndi zolumikizana zoyambira. # 8 ndizogwiritsira ntchito zolaula:
Chitsanzo cha Kukhudzika Kugonana: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndi Achinyamata Achinyamata (2020) - Sanyamata a giredi 10 amapeza kuti kuwonetsa zachiwawa zachigawenga kumayenderana ndi kuchitira nkhanza zachiwerewere m'miyezi 6 yapitayo, komanso kulumikizana ndi kugonana, Kuvomereza nthano zakugwiriridwa, Kuchita zachiwawa zambiri, Kubera anthu osokoneza bongo, Kukhala ndi abwenzi ochulukira. Gome:
Kuwonetsa Zolaula Pakati pa Achichepere A Eritrea: Kafukufuku Wofufuza (2021) - Ndemanga:
Zotsatira za ANOVA zikuwonetsa kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pamalingaliro okhudzana ndi azimayi pakati pa omwe anafunsapo omwe adaonera zolaula chaka chatha ndi omwe adayankha omwe sanatero. Makamaka, omwe adayankha omwe adawona zolaula chaka chatha adakhala ndi malingaliro olakwika, osakondera azimayi.
Tidapezanso kuti zachiwerewere komanso zachiwerewere zinali zogwirizana ndi zolaula ndi kutumizirana zolaula. Chifukwa chake, anyamata ndi atsikana omwe ali ndi malingaliro azakugonana adadya zolaula ndipo adachita zikhalidwe zochulukirapo zolaula.
Chifukwa chake, zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa izi Atsikana omwe amawononga zolaula zambiri adazunza anzawo. Kuphatikiza apo, anyamata ndi atsikana okonda zachiwerewere omwe amadzitumizira zolaula amatumiza owonera pa intaneti kwambiri.
Zomwe zimanenedweratu za nkhanza zakugonana: Kuyesa mizati inayi ya Confluence Model mu zitsanzo zazikulu za amuna aku koleji (2021) - Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwambiri kunali kokhudzana ndi zovuta zambiri kuphatikiza nkhanza zachimuna, kukhudzana ndi nkhanza zogonana, kukakamiza kugonana, komanso zolakwa zosakhudzana ndi kugonana:
Zithunzi zolaula ndi kugonana kopanda umunthu
Deta yochokera kumayiko a 13 idapezeka, ndi zotsatira zamalingaliro kuchokera kwa otenga nawo mbali oposa 45,000 ndi zotsatira zamakhalidwe kuchokera kwa otenga nawo mbali a 60,000. Kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira yosagwirizana ndi kugonana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi; pakati pa achinyamata ndi akuluakulu; ndi kudutsa mayiko, nthawi, ndi njira. Zotsatira zoyankhulirana zinali zogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso chogonana chogonana kuti kuonera zolaula kumabweretsa malingaliro ogonana, zomwe zimawonjezera mwayi wochita zachiwerewere. Kusanthula kosokoneza sikunagwirizane ndi chiphunzitso cha libertarian cha maganizo a zolaula kuti chifukwa chokha chomwe kumwa zolaula kumayenderana ndi khalidwe logonana lopanda umunthu ndi chifukwa chakuti anthu omwe ali kale opanda umunthu m'malingaliro awo okhudzana ndi kugonana amatha kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula ndikuchita zachiwerewere.
Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kutsutsa angakhale oyenera:
Pamene 'iye' akukhala 'icho' (2019) (cholengeza munkhani)
Kuwunika njira zokhudzana ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana zomwe zimapititsa kutsogolo kwa fanizo (2019) (kuphunzira kwathunthu)
;
