UPDATES ukuyamba DeltaFosB (M'MODZI WRITTEN ΔFosB)
- Kugonana ndi kugonana / kugonana? Tsambali likulemba Zotsatira za 41 za sayansi (MRI, fMRI, EEG, neuropsychological, mahomoni). Amathandizira kwambiri pamodzinso ndi zomwe apezazo zikuwunika zomwe zapezedwa mu kafukufuku yemwe amapezeka mu maphunziro osokoneza bongo. DeltaFosB ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri.
- Malingaliro enieni a akatswiri okhudzana ndi zolaula / kugonana? Mndandanda uwu uli Ndemanga za 21 zaposachedwa & ndemanga ndi ena mwa apamwamba a sayansi ya sayansi padziko lapansi. Zonse zothandizira mtundu wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
- Zizindikiro za kuledzera ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoopsa kwambiri? Kupitilira maphunziro a 30 omwe amafotokoza zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa zolaula (kulolerana), chizolowezi choonera zolaula, komanso zisonyezo zosiya (zizindikiro zonse ndi zizindikiro zosokoneza bongo).
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Mutu: Kodi mukutha kuona ziphunzitso izi za 5 zokhudzana ndi zolaula?
Mukamva wina akunena kuti lingaliro la chizolowezi choonera zolaula pa intaneti ndi sayansi yabodza , mwina mungamvenso nthano zodziwika bwino izi:
- Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndi "kukakamiza" osati "kuledzera"
- Ngati mukugonana pa Intaneti anali kuti zizindikiridwe, ziyenera kufufuzidwa / kutsimikiziridwa ngati chikhalidwe chosiyana ndi zovuta zina.
- Lingaliro la "kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zolaula" ndilopanda tanthauzo chifukwa palibe amene anganene pamene wogwiritsa ntchito akudutsa mzerewu.
- Monga "zolaula" sizingatanthauzidwe konse, kukhalapo kwa zolaula kuyenera kukhalabe kukayika.
- Anthu okha omwe ali ndi zikhalidwe zisanayambe (ADHD, depression, ndi zina zotero) zimagwedezeka pa zolaula.
Zikuoneka kuti sizingatheke, katswiri wina yemwe ali ndi matenda a ubongo, omwe ali ndi zaka zingapo chabe, amavomereza mfundo zonsezi zotsutsa kuti kulibe vuto la zolaula pa Intaneti.
Zotulukira zotani? DFFB (DeltaFosB)
Akatswiri a za ubongo omwe ali ndi vuto la chizolowezi choledzera avumbulutsa kuti zizolowezi zonse , za mankhwala ndi za khalidwe, zimawoneka kuti zimagawana kusintha kwakukulu kwa mamolekyulu. Mwachionekere, mtunda umasiyana, koma mu Chingerezi chosavuta (ndi zina zambiri pambuyo pake), nayi momwe izi zimagwirira ntchito:
- Mumapitirira mafuta owonjezera / zakudya zamchere, mankhwala kapena miyezo yapamwamba yogonana kuchititsa dopamine kuti ipitirire mobwerezabwereza.
- Kupitirira mowirikiza, komanso magulu a dopamine othandizira, chifukwa DFF kuti ukhale pang'onopang'ono m'madera ofunika mu ubongo wanu. (ΔFosB ndi chinthu cholembera, mwachitsanzo, mapuloteni omwe amamangiriza kwa majini anu ndi kuwasintha kapena kuwachotsa.)
- DFFB ndiye imangoyendayenda kwa kanthawi, kusintha mayankho amtundu wanu, kubweretsa ubongo, kuyima kwa thupi. Izi zimayambira kulimbikitsa, mwachitsanzo, kuyambiranso kwa mphotho yoyendetsa mphotho-koma kokha poyankha zomwe zimayenderana ndi chizolowezi chomayamba.
- Ubongo wonse umasinthidwa ndi ΔFosB nthawi zambiri zimakuchititsani kuti musamangoganizira kwambiri, kapena ngati mukuonera zolaula pa Intaneti, mumakonda kwambiri zomwe ubongo wanu umaona kuti ndi Fest Fusion.
Kusintha kwa maselo
Malinga ndi wofufuza Eric Nestler ,
[ΔFosB] ili ngati kusintha kwa mamolekyulu. … Ikangoyatsidwa, imakhalabe kwa kanthawi ndipo siimatha mosavuta. Chochitika ichi chimachitika poyankha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo nthawi zonse. Chimawonedwanso pambuyo pa kumwa kwambiri zinthu zachilengedwe ( masewera olimbitsa thupi , sucrose , zakudya zamafuta ambiri , kugonana ).
Kafukufuku wina akusonyeza kuti zimatenga milungu 6 mpaka 8 kuti DeltaFosB ichepe. Pali zambiri zoti tiphunzire. Ngakhale kuti DeltaFosB palibe, njira zodziwikiratu zidakalipo, mwina kwa moyo wonse. Kumbukirani, cholinga cha DeltaFosB ndikulimbikitsa kulumikizidwa kwa ubongo, kuti musangalale kwambiri ndi chilichonse chomwe mwakhala mukugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso. Kukumbukira kumeneku, kapena kuphunzira kozama, kumakhalapo nthawi yayitali pambuyo pa chochitikacho. Kuledzera si kuwonongeka - ndi kuphunzira kwa matenda.
Mfundo ndi yakuti aliyense ali ndi DeltaFosB, ndipo ngati izi zikuwonjezeka chifukwa cha kupitirira kwanthawi yaitali, aliyense wa ife akhoza kutha ndi kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumayambitsa kukakamiza ndi zofuna kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Ndipotu, kuyendetsa kwambiri pamene zokopa zili ponseponse zikupezeka m'zinyama zonse.
Katswiri wa zakudya za ziweto Mark Edwards anati, “Tonsefe tili ndi luso logwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri kuposa zomwe timafunikira tsiku ndi tsiku. Sindingaganize za mtundu wina umene sudya.” Anyani a Tamarin aoneka kuti akudya zipatso zambiri nthawi imodzi moti matumbo awo amadzaza ndipo posakhalitsa amatulutsa zipatso zonse zomwe akudya.
Novelty ndi mowa wambiri
Kotero ndiye kuti zokopa zomwe zili m'malo mwathu zimagwira ntchito yayikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso, ndipo zolaula zaulere komanso zatsopano za pa intaneti masiku ano ndizokopa kwambiri—makamaka kwa achinyamata. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, kafukufuku wa ΔFosB akuwonetsanso chifukwa chake kuledzera kuli pachiwopsezo chachikulu kwa iwo kuposa akuluakulu. Malinga ndi Nestler ,
Zinyama zachinyamata zimasonyeza kulowetsedwa kwakukulu kwa ΔFosB poyerekeza ndi zinyama zakale, mogwirizana ndi chiopsezo chawo chachikulu cha chizolowezi.
ΔFosB yapamwamba ndi imodzi mwa mbali yapadera ya ubongo wa achinyamata yomwe imawapangitsa kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha chizolowezi.
Ndikumvetsetsa bwino kufunika kwa osBFosB, tiyeni tiganizirenso zabodza zisanu izi:
1. BODZA: Kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndi "kukakamiza" osati "chizolowezi"
Uwu ndi "kusiyana kopanda kusiyana," kuyambira masiku omwe akatswiri ofufuza ankasiyanitsa zizolowezi za khalidwe ("kukakamiza") ndi zizolowezi za mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kalankhulidwe kameneka kanayamba kafukufuku asanayambe kusonyeza kuti momwe ubongo umagwirira ntchito kumbuyo kwa zonsezi ndi chimodzimodzi. Mwatsoka, ena amalakwitsabe ngati kusonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu.
Monga momwe zakhalira, palibe njira ziwiri zosiyana kapena magulu a kusintha kwa mamolekyu: imodzi yokakamiza ndi ina yoledzera. Pali gulu limodzi la zochitika za muubongo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu apitirize kumwa mopitirira muyeso, ndi woyambitsa wamkulu m'modzi: ΔFosB.
Kaya chizolowezi ndi cha khalidwe kapena cha mankhwala, kuchuluka kwa ΔFosB komwe kumawonjezeka kumagwirizana ndi kuopsa kwa kusintha kwa ubongo chifukwa cha chizolowezi. Anthu tsiku lina akhoza kuyesa milingo yawo ya ΔFosB kuti adziwe kukula kwa chizolowezi chawo komanso kuchuluka kwa kuchira kwawo. *gulp* Malinga ndi wofufuza Eric Nestler,
Ikuwonetsa kuthekera kosangalatsa kwakuti milingo ya osBFosB mu maukosi am'magulu kapena mwina madera ena aubongo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholembera poyesa momwe ntchito yoyendetsera mphotho yake ilili, komanso momwe munthu alili 'osokoneza bongo', onse Pakukula kwa chizolowezi chomwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndikucheperachepera pang'onopang'ono pakusiya kapena kuchiritsidwa.
2. ZOTHANDIZA: Ngati muli ndi vuto la zolaula pa Intaneti anali kuti zizindikiridwe, ziyenera kufufuzidwa / kutsimikiziridwa ngati chikhalidwe chosiyana ndi zovuta zina.
Nkhani imeneyi ikuchirikizidwa ndi kukana kosayenera kwa DSM kuti igwirizane ndi sayansi yodziwika bwino ya chizolowezi choledzera. Pomaliza, mwezi uno, DSM-5 yalengeza kuti ikuganiza zosintha tanthauzo la chizolowezi kuti liphatikizepo " chizolowezi chochita zinthu mopitirira muyeso ." Ichi ndi chowongolera cholandirika, koma chosakwanira, popeza DSM-5 yaletsa nthawi yomweyo kutchulidwa konse kwa chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito intaneti komanso zolaula zambiri kuchokera m'buku loyenera mpaka kumapeto kwa pulogalamu yosinthidwa dzina "kuti muphunzire zambiri."
M'mbiri yake yonse, DSM yakhala ikuchita ngati kuti kusiyana pakati pa zizolowezi zosiyanasiyana ndiko chinsinsi chodziwira zizolowezizo. Izi ndi zopanda pake poganizira zomwe zapezeka zokhudza ΔFosB. Zoona zake n'zakuti, zomwe zizolowezi zonse zimagawana ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale matenda odalirika a zizolowezizo.
ΔFosB imayambitsa kusintha kwa maselo (imaletsa dynorphin, imawonjezera glutamate 2 receptor, imakulitsa njira za dendritic), kulembedwa kwa puloteni yomwe, pamodzi, imapanga zomwe akatswiri okonda chizolowezi amatcha kuti chizolowezi cha chizolowezi . Mwanjira ina, kukondoweza kuchokera ku chilengedwe—komwe kumawerengedwa kuti n'kofunika mokwanira kuti kukumbukiridwe—kumabweretsa kusintha kwa majini, komwe kumabweretsa kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake ndi ka michere.
Ndi kupitiriza kumwa mopitirira muyeso (ndi kuphunzira mopitirira muyeso, mwachitsanzo, kuledzera), kusintha kumeneku kumawonekera ngati machitidwe ndi zizindikiro zomwe zingatheke kuzindikirika —monga chilakolako, kukakamizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito ngakhale zotsatirapo zoyipa.
- Kugonjetsa → dopamine → ΔFosB → kusintha kwachiwerewere
3. ZABODZA: Lingaliro la "kugwiritsira ntchito zolaula zamatsenga" ndilopanda tanthauzo chifukwa palibe amene anganene pamene wogwiritsa ntchito adutsa mzere.
Funso lodziwikiratu ndi ili: "Kodi zolaula zimayamba liti kusokoneza bongo?" Yankho lake ndi losavuta: "Nthawi zonse kuchuluka kwa kukopa kumapangitsa kuti ΔFosB ichulukane komanso kusintha kwa ubongo wokhudzana ndi zosokoneza bongo."
Ngakhale kuti chizolowezi chilichonse chimakhudza ubongo m'njira zosiyanasiyana, ndi zinthu zomwe zimafanana (monga kuchuluka kwa ΔFosB ndi kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumayambitsa) zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi chizolowezi. Chifukwa chake, bungwe la American Society for Addiction Medicine (ASAM) chaka chatha linavomereza kuti chizolowezi ndi matenda amodzi (a muubongo).
Ngakhale zili choncho, olemba ndemanga ambiri omwe si a chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, omwe sakhala akutsatira zomwe zachitika posachedwapa , akupitirizabe kunena kuti popanda maphunziro olamulidwa pa anamwali oonera zolaula pa intaneti, kukhalapo kwa chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula sikungatsimikizidwe. Mawu awa angamveke ngati osamveka bwino kwa anthu osadziwa zambiri, koma tsopano ndi mtundu wawo wa sayansi yabodza.
4. ZABODZA: Popeza kuti "zolaula" sizingatanthauzidwe, kukhalapo kwa zolaula kuyenera kukhalabe kukayika.
Nthano iyi ndi nkhani yofiira. Palibe chifukwa chofotokozera "zolaula" kuti mutsimikizire kukhalapo kwa chizolowezi cha zolaula pa intaneti. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa ndi mphamvu ya kusonkhezera (ndiko kuti, kuchuluka kwa dopamine yomwe imatulutsidwa mu nucleus accumbens ya ubongo)—osati gwero la kusonkhezera kumeneko—komwe kumayambitsa kusonkhanitsa kwa ΔFosB…ndi kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumakhudzana ndi chizolowezi.
Mikangano yokhudza "chomwe chimapanga zolaula" ndi yofiira, ya neon herrings. Zilibe kanthu kaya mukudina pazithunzi za mapazi, atsikana ndi atsikana olimba mtima kapena ma suitcase. Ngati izi zimapangitsa kuti dopamine yanu iwononge njira zanu zachizolowezi zokhutitsa ndikuyambitsa unyolo wa ΔFosB, mutha kukhala ndi chizolowezi. Ngati sizitero, palibe chizolowezi.
Monga momwe ASAM adanenera, chizolowezi chimachitika chifukwa cha ubongo , osati zochita zinazake—kapena zithunzi.
5. ZOTHANDIZA: Ndi anthu okha omwe ali ndi zaka zisanafikepo amayamba kuchita zolaula.
Izi sizili zoona pa chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti kapena chizolowezi china chilichonse. Choyamba, kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha ΔFosB sikobadwa nako, kotero chizolowezi sichingapeweke. Monga momwe Alan Leshner , yemwe kale anali mkulu wa National Institute on Drug Abuse adafotokozera,
“Chibadwa chanu sichimakupangitsani kuti mukhale osokoneza bongo. Amangokupangitsani kukhala ochulukirapo, kapena osatengeka kwenikweni. Sitinapezepo jini imodzi yomwe imakulepheretsani kukhala osokoneza bongo, kapena yomwe imapangitsa kuti mukhale osuta. ”
Chachiwiri, mosasamala kanthu kuti munthu ali pachiwopsezo chotani cha chizolowezi (kaya chifukwa cha DNA yobadwa nayo kapena kuvulala), ayenera kuyanjana ndi chilengedwe, kutanthauza kuti, ayenera kumwa mopitirira muyeso ΔFosB isanayambe kusonkhanitsa muubongo. Izi zimachitika mosasamala kanthu za matenda monga ADHD, kuvutika maganizo, OCD, ndi zina zotero. Komabe, matenda oterewa amatha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha kumwa mopitirira muyeso ndikupangitsa zotsatira zake kukhala zoopsa kwambiri.
Zambiri pa DeltaFosB
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kupitiriza kumwa mopitirira muyeso kumabweretsa kusonkhanitsa kwa ΔFosB → kuyambitsa majini → kusintha kwa ma synapses → kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumakhudzana ndi chizolowezi → zilakolako, kukakamizidwa → kupitiriza kumwa mopitirira muyeso. (Onani Ubongo Woledzera kuti mudziwe zambiri.)
Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha ΔFosB kumayambitsa kukhudzidwa. Kuzindikira kumapangitsa chilichonse chomwe mukugwiritsa ntchito kukhala chofunikira kwambiri komanso chopindulitsa kuposa mphotho zina. Ichi ndi chiyambi cha chilakolako ndi kukakamizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito.
Njira zodziwikiratu zitha kuganiziridwa ngati njira yodziwikiratu ya Pavlovian pakumwa mankhwala a steroid. Zikayambitsidwa ndi malingaliro kapena zoyambitsa , njira zodziwikiratu zimaphulitsa dera lopereka mphotho, ndikuyambitsa zilakolako zovuta kuzinyalanyaza. Monga momwe madzi amayendera m'njira yosavuta kukana, momwemonso zilakolako, ndi malingaliro. Monga momwe zilili ndi luso lililonse, mukamachita zambiri mumakhala osavuta kuchita. Posakhalitsa zimakhala zokha, popanda kuganiza mozama.
Kudya mopitirira muyeso chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa ndi zinthu kungayambitse kusintha kwina kwa ubongo, monga kusayankha mokwanira ku zinthu zomwe zimakusangalatsani ( kusiya kumva bwino ). Chifukwa chiyani? Maselo amitsempha omwe amadzazidwa ndi dopamine chifukwa chodya mopitirira muyeso amati, "Kwakwanira." Maselo amitsempha omwe amalandira amaphimba "makutu" awo pochepetsa ma receptors a dopamine (D2).
Kusintha
Nthawi yomweyo, kuletsa kukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zolaula kukupangitsani kuti musamasangalale ndi zinthu zosangalatsa za tsiku ndi tsiku, kuletsa kukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zolaula kumapangitsa ubongo wanu kuti uchitepo kanthu kwambiri pa chilichonse chokhudzana ndi chizolowezi chanu. Mwanjira ina, kuletsa kukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zolaula kumaimira kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro mu overdrive, pomwe kusokoneza kumatanthauza kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro mu overdrive. Ichi ndiye maziko a zizolowezi zonse. Pakapita nthawi, njira yozungulira mbali ziwiriyi ingapangitse ubongo wanu kugunda ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito zolaula, koma osasangalala kwambiri mukapatsidwa mnzanu weniweni.
Kuphatikiza apo, popeza dopamine ya circuit yopereka mphotho imaperekanso gawo la ubongo lomwe limayang'anira ntchito ya executive ( prefrontal cortex ), posachedwa mutha kuvutika ndi kusintha kwachitatu kwa ubongo komwe kumakhudzana ndi chizolowezi. Kutaya chidwi (kuchepa kwa dopamine ndi dopamine D2 receptors) kungakhudze kwambiri prefrontal cortex yanu—kupanga zinthu zoyera zachilendo, kutayika kwa imvi, komanso kuchepa kwa kagayidwe kachakudya. Kusintha kumeneku kumatchedwa kusadziletsa . Kumabweretsa kufooketsa mphamvu yanu yolamulira chilakolako chanu ndikupatsa chizolowezi chanu mopitirira muyeso.
Kukula kwamphamvu
Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuganiza bwino kungachitike mwachangu (monga momwe makoswe amaperekera chakudya chopanda malire ku cafeteria ) kapena zingatenge zaka zambiri. Mphamvu ya kuganiza bwino ingakhale ndi gawo pa kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amazolowera zinthu zinazake. Wolemba nkhani m'nkhani Damian Thompson akufotokoza kuti,
Monga mwalamulo, kutaya zisangalalo ndi njira yachangu yozolowera. … Kusiyana pakati pa zolaula zakale ndi zolaula pa intaneti kuli ngati kusiyana pakati pa vinyo ndi mizimu. Pambuyo pazaka mazana ambiri ngati chidakhwa chochepa, eotica idasinthidwa mwadzidzidzi. Zithunzi zolaula ndizofanana ndi gin wotsika mtengo ku Georgia ku England. … Pakati pa zaka za zana la 18, madera ena amkati mwa London adavutika ndi mliri woyamba padziko lonse lapansi wauchidakwa. … Zoyipa zakomwepo pomalizira pake zidathetsedwa ndi malamulo oletsa kuthira mafuta kunyumba. Kumwa mowa wotsika mtengo atasiya kupezeka, omwa mowa mwauchidakwa adayamba chizolowezicho.
Pankhani ya zolaula pa intaneti, anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli akuyenera kuthandizana kuti asiye chizolowezichi pakati pa zinthu zambiri zomwe zimayambitsa chilakolako cha kugonana. Chifukwa cha ΔFosB, biology yawo ndi yotsutsana nawo. Si sayansi yabodza.