Yikho inkolelo evamile neyiphutha ukuthi umlutha ulingana "nokulimala" ebuchosheni, noma ukuthi umlutha uwukuthi zabangela "umonakalo" ebuchosheni. Nakuba izinto ezithile zokulutha (i-meth, utshwala) zingaba neurotoxic, ukulutha umlutha kubangelwa ukuguqulwa okuthile kwezinguquko zobuchopho ezingahloswe ngokuthi "ukulimala komqondo". Debunking the umonakalo njengomlutha i-meme, i-nicotine (elethwa ngogwayi) ithathwa ngabathile njengezinto eziluthayo kakhulu, kepha i-nicotine iyisithuthukisi sobuchopho futhi inezinye izinzuzo zezempilo ("umlutha omkhulu" kusho ukuthi iphesenti elikhulu labasebenzisi ligcina seliyimilutha). Bona izindatshana mayelana nezinzuzo ze-nicotine: I-Nicotine: Ubuchopho Obungenakwenzeka Ukuthuthukisa Imithi.
Isiyaluyalu ngokuyinhloko a ukuphazamiseka kokufunda nokukhumbula - kulezo zinguquko eziningi (kodwa hhayi zonke) ezibangelwa ukulutha umlutha zisebenzisa izindlela ezifanayo nokubandakanyeka ekufundeni nasenkumbulweni: Isiyaluyalu njenge-Disorder Learning. Lokho kusho ukuthi ubuchopho buyashintsha njengokungafuni noma ukungazenzisi kungabandakanya izinguquko ezingekho ngaphansi kwesambulela sokufunda (ukulahlekelwa kwegrey, ukunciphisa umzimba, ukunciphisa ukuxhumana okusebenzayo).
Abaphenyi bokulutha umlutha bayavuma ukuthi labo abahlakulela ukulutheka kokuziphatha babhekana nezinguquko zobuchopho ezifanayo nalezo ezinemilutha yezidakamizwa. Lokhu akusho ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwamangqamuzana nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okufanayo kuyefana kuwo wonke umuntu onomlutha. Esikhundleni salokho, kusho ukuthi zonke izidakamizwa share okuyingcosana ebuchosheni obungavamile. Izinguquko ezine ezinkulu zobuchopho zihileleka kokubili izidakamizwa nezidakamizwa zokuziphatha, njengoba kuchazwe kuleli phepha lanyatheliswa kulo nyaka I-New England Journal of Medicine: "Izinzuzo ze-Neurobiologic ezivela kwi-Brain Disease Model of Addiction (2016)“. Lokhu kubuyekezwa okumangalisayo nguMqondisi weNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) UGeorge F. Koob, kanye nomqondisi weNational Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Nora D. Volkow, akusho nje ukuthi izinguquko zobuchopho ezihilelekile ekubhekaneni nokulutha, ziphinde ziphakamise isigaba sokuqala sokuthi umlutha wezocansi ukhona:
"Siphetha ngokuthi i-neuroscience iyaqhubeka isekela uhlobo lwesifo sobuchopho. Ucwaningo lwe-neuroscience kule ndawo alugcini nje ngokunikeza amathuba amasha okuvimbela nokwelashwa kwezidakamizwa ezidakayo kanye nezidakamizwa eziphathelene nokuziphatha (isib. Ekudleni, sex, nokugembula) .... "
Ngendlela elula, futhi ebanzi kakhulu, imigomo enkulu yokuguqula ubuchopho obangelwa yi-1) Ukukwazisa, 2) Ukungahlehlisi, 3) Izijikelezo zokungasebenzi ezingasebenzi (ukungazenzisi), i-4) Izijikelezo ezingasebenzi ezingasebenzi. Yonke i-4 yalezi zinguquko zengqondo ziye zabonakala phakathi Izifundo ze-50 ezenzelwe i-neuroscience kubasebenzisi be-porn abavamile kanye nemilutha yezocansi:
- Ukukwazisa (cue-reactivity & cravings): Amasekhethi obuchopho abandakanyeka ekukhuthazeni nasekufuneni umvuzo kube nokuzwela kakhulu ezinkumbulweni noma ezinkomba ezihlobene nokuziphatha okuluthayo. Lokhu kuholela ku- ukwanda "okufunayo" noma ukuthanda ngenkathi ukuthanda noma injabulo kunciphisa. Isibonelo, izingcaphuno, njengokuvula ikhompuyutha, ukubona i-pop-up, noma yedwa, kubangela kanzima okukhulu ukungazinaki izifiso ze-pornography. Abanye bachaza impendulo ethandwa yi-porn njengoba 'ukungena emhubheni onokuphela kokuphunyuka: i-porn'. Mhlawumbe uzizwa ugijima, ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo, ngisho nokuthuthumela, futhi konke ongacabanga ngakho kungena kwi-tube yakho oyithandayo. Ukufundiswa kokubikwa kokubika noma ukucubungula-abasebenza kubasebenzisi be-porn: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25.
- Ukungahlehlisi (kunciphise ukuzwela komvuzo): Lokhu kuhilela izinguquko zamakhemikhali nezikhathi eside ezishiya umuntu kancane ukuzwela injabulo. Ukwehliswa kwemvelo kuvame ukuveza ukubekezelelana, okuyisidingo sethamo eliphakeme noma ukugqugquzela okukhulu ukufeza impendulo efanayo. Abanye abasebenzisi be-porn bachitha isikhathi esiningi ku-inthanethi, belula amaseshini ngokuhlela, ukubukela lapho kungashayi indlwabu, noma ukufuna ividiyo ephelele engaphela ngayo. Ukwehliswa kwesimo kungathatha isimo sokukhuphukela ezinhlotsheni ezintsha, kwesinye isikhathi kube nzima futhi kungaziwa, noma kuphazamise. Khumbula: ukushaqeka, ukumangala noma ukukhathazeka kungabamba i-dopamine. Ezinye izifundo zisebenzisa igama elithi "ukujwayela," okungabandakanya izindlela zokufunda noma izindlela zokulutha. Izifundo ezibika ukungafuneki noma ukujwayela kwabasebenzisi be-porn / imilutha yezocansi: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
- Izijikelezo zokungasebenzi ezingasebenzi (amandla abuthakathaka amandla + we-hyper-reactivity kuma-cues): Ukuguqulwa kokusebenza kwangaphambili kanye nokuxhuma phakathi kwesekethe lomvuzo kanye ne-lobe yangaphambili kuholela ekwehliseni ukulawula kwempembelelo, kepha izifiso ezinkulu ongazisebenzisa. Amasekhethi angasebenzi kahle asebenza njengombono wokuthi izingxenye ezimbili zobuchopho bakho zibambene ngezihluthu. Izindlela zokulutha umlutha ziyamemeza zithi 'Yebo!' ngenkathi 'ubuchopho bakho obuphakeme' busho, 'Cha, hhayi futhi!' Ngenkathi izingxenye zokulawula okuphezulu zobuchopho bakho zisesimweni esibuthakathaka izindlela zokulutha zivame ukunqoba. Izifundo ezibika "ukungazenzisi" noma umsebenzi oshintshiwe wangaphambili kubasebenzisi be-porn: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.
- Izijikelezo ezingasebenzi ezingasebenzi - okungaholela ekucindezelekeni okuncane okuholela ezifisweni nasekubuyeleni emuva ngoba kusebenze izindlela ezinamandla zokuzwela. Izifundo zibika izimpendulo zokungasebenzi kahle kubasebenzisi be-porn / imilutha yezocansi: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Ingabe lezi zinguquko kuphela zobuchopho? Cha. Ngamunye walezi zibonakaliso ezibanzi zibonisa ukuzithoba okukhulu ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali nezimo zamakhemikhali ezihlobene nomlutha—Njengoba ukuskena kwesimila somdlavuza kungakhombisi izinguquko ezihambisanayo zeselula / zamakhemikhali. Iningi lezinguquko ezicashile azikwazi ukuhlolwa kumamodeli womuntu ngenxa yokungena kobuchwepheshe obudingekayo. Kodwa-ke, zikhonjwe ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane (bheka ngoMashi, i-2018 evulwe yinhloko yeNIDA, uNora D. Volkow Kusho ukuthini Uma Sibheka Umlutha We-Brain Disorder?).
I-sensitization kukholakala ukuthi inguquko eyinhloko yobuchopho, njengoba ikwenza uyilangazelele, noma ngabe iyini, futhi ifaka phakathi izindlela ezifanayo nezesimo sokuqala kwezocansi. Buka - Ubuchopho obusakhulayo buhambisana ne-Porns Highspeed Inthanethi (i-2013), okuphathelene nesimo socansi nge-inthanethi ye-porn ngesikhathi sobusha. Eqinisweni, i- Ucwaningo lwe-Cambridge ngobuchopho bunivesithi (kanye no-20 nabanye abakhona lolu hlu) bathola ukuzwa (ukucubungula okukhulu noma ukuthanda) kubasebenzisi be-porn abacindezelayo.
Lokho kusho ukuthi umuthi ngamunye uthinta ngokuhlukile i-physiology, futhi izidakamizwa zingashintsha ubuchopho ngezindlela imikhuba yokuziphatha engazenzi ngayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidakamizwa ezinjenge-cocaine ne-meth ziphakamisa i-dopamine ephakeme kakhulu (ekuqaleni) kunamazinga atholakala ngemivuzo yemvelo. Kungenzeka impela ukuthi izidakamizwa, ngenxa yobuthi bazo, zingadala ukulimala unomphela ezinhlelweni ze-dopamine, okungezona izidakwa zokuziphatha.
Kungakho kungalungile uma amawebhusayithi noma izipikha zikusho lokho I-porn ye-intanethi ifana ne-meth noma i-crack cocaine. Ukufana okunjalo kuholela abantu ekucabangeni ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kocansi kungadala umonakalo njengokusebenzisa imeth. Kwabanye, ukukhahlela umlutha wezocansi kungaba nzima kunokukhahlela ukuluthwa yizidakamizwa, kepha lokhu akubonisi ukuthi kubangela ukulimala okukhulu kwezinzwa. Ubunzima bokuqeda umlutha bungavele buhambisane nezinga lenguquko ye-neuroplastic ebangelwe ukusetshenziswa.
Okucasula kakhulu yilabo abathi ukulutheka kokuziphatha akukwazi ukuba khona, noma ukuthi “kuyimpoqo,” kodwa hhayi imilutha yangempela. Izitatimende ezinjalo azinasisekelo sesayensi, ngoba ukushintshwa okufanayo kwamangqamuzana kubangela ukulutha kokuziphatha nokwamakhemikhali. I-master switch ebangela izinguquko ezihlobene nokulutha yiprotheni DeltaFosB. Amazinga aphezulu okusetshenziswa kwe imivuzo yemvelo (sex, ushukela, amafutha amaningi) noma ukulawulwa okungapheli kwanoma imuphi umuthi wokuhlukunyezwa kubangele ukuthi i-DeltaFosB iqoqe esikhungweni sokuvuza.
Umlutha we-neuroplasticity ungafingqwa kanje: ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo → DeltaFosB → ukuvuselelwa kwezakhi zofuzo → izinguquko ku-synapses → ukugqugquzela nokunciphisa amandla. (Bheka Ubuchopho Obumlutha ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe.) Kubonakala lokho Ukushintsha kobuchopho obuhlobene nomlutha kuholele ekugcineni ukulahlekelwa kokulawula okuphezulu (ubuzenzisi) kanye nokuphendula okuguquguqukayo okuguqukisiwe, ezinye izici ezinkulu zokulutha umlutha.
I-DeltaFosB Inhloso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukugqugquzela thina ukuthi "siyithole ngenkathi ukutholwa kulungile!" Kuyindlela yokuzilibazisa ye- ukudla futhi ukukhiqiza kabusha, esebenza kahle kwezinye izikhathi nezimo. Lezi zinsuku kwenza izidakamizwa zibe ukudla okungenamsoco futhi i-Internet ye-porn kulula njenge-1-2-3.
Qaphela ukuthi izidakamizwa eziluthayo zibangelwa ukulutha ngokweqile ngoba zikhulisa noma zivimbela izindlela kakade endaweni yokuthola imivuzo yemvelo. Yingakho i-American Society of Addiction Medicine kusho ngokungaqondile ukuthi ukudla nokulutha kobulili kuyizidakamizwa zangempela.
Ukuqwashisa izindlela zokulutha izidakamizwa kunguquko eyodwa yobuchopho engase iqhubeke kokubili izidakamizwa nezidakamizwa zokuziphatha. Ngamazwi alula, lezi zindlela zimelela izinkumbulo eziqinile, okuyinto lapho zisuswe, zenzele umjikelezo womvuzo, futhi kanjalo nezifiso.
Ngabe ukuzwela kuzophela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi? U-Eric Nestler ucabanga kanjalo. Wenza ucwaningo oluningi ngezindlela zobuchopho zokulutha. Nayi i-Q & A evela kuwebhusayithi yakhe. Ufunde ikakhulukazi iDeltaFosB, iprotheyini ne-transcript factor (okusho ukuthi ilawula ukwenziwa kwezakhi zofuzo) okukhulunywe ngenhla.
I-09. Ingabe izinguquko ebuchosheni bakho zingaguqulwa?
A. “Abukho ubufakazi bokuthi izinguquko ebuchosheni ezihambisana nokulutheka kwezidakamizwa zihlala njalo. Esikhundleni salokho, sikholelwa ukuthi lezi zinguquko zingahlehliswa, yize lokhu kungathatha isikhathi eside, imvamisa iminyaka eminingi futhi ukubuyela emuva kudinga "ukuyeka" imikhuba emibi eminingi (ukuphoqelelwa) ehambisana nokulutha. ”
Kepha izinguquko ngokuvamile zihlala isikhathi esithile esingaziwa. Kusobala ukuthi iDeltaFosB iyanqwabelana phakathi kwamazinga okudla angenhla nezenzo zocansi. Siyazibuza ukuthi ngabe izinguquko ezinhle ezitholwa abasebenzisi be-porn ngokuvamile abazibona cishe emavikini e-4-8 kungenzeka zihlobene nokwehla kwe-DeltaFosB.
Kusuka endatshaneni ebizwa nge- "The Pleasure Principle" ku Isayensi umagazini:
UNestler nozakwabo bathole okungenani i-molecule eyodwa ebonakala icacise ngokulutha, noma kunjalo. Iprotheyini, ebizwa nge- [DELTA] -FosB, yakhela endleleni yomvuzo ngemuva kokuchayeka kaningi emithini futhi inamathela isikhathi eside kunamanye amaprotheni – isikhathi esingamaviki amane kuya kwayisithupha ngemuva komthamo wokugcina. Amaprotheni akhulisa ukuzwela kwesilwane emithini futhi angaphinde abangele ukubuyela emuva uma kujovwe.
I-deltaFosB iphinda ikhiphe kumagundane adeded for wheel running (ukulutha kokuziphatha okuzungeze ukusetshenziswa kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile).
Umbuzo uthi, “Ingabe ukunqwabelana kweDeltaFosB kudala ushintsho kufayela le- izakhi zofuzo- ngubani olenga isikhathi eside kakhulu kuneDeltaFosB uqobo? Ngisho 'kuze kube phakade' kwezinye izingqondo? Uma kunjalo, ingabe lezi zinguquko zofuzo zenzeka ngokuyinhloko ngezidakamizwa hhayi ngemiklomelo yemvelo enehaba njenge-porn ye-Intanethi?
Izidakamizwa eziningi ezidakamizwa ziphulukisa futhi ekugcineni ziphila ngaphandle kokuthanda. Kodwa-ke, uma lezo zilonda ezifanayo zinikezwa izidakamizwa ezizikhethela ezimweni ezizibandakanya nokusetshenziswa kwayo, bangaki abangase bazidle, noma mhlawumbe babe izidakamizwa futhi? Kwazi bani?
Ngokusobala, izilonda ngezinye izikhathi zibuyela emuva ngemva kokuziyeka. Omunye umbono wukuthi ubuchopho babo bukhuthazwa unomphela (nguDeltaFosB) ukubhekana nokulutha, futhi ukuchayeka kuvuselela lezi zindlela ezindala. Ngaphansi kwalesi simodeli, ubuchopho buye kwaphela iguquliwe, kodwa “ukulimala” kungaba yizwi elinamandla kakhulu. Lowo owayengumlutha wezocansi angakhuthazwa (mhlawumbe abuyele emuva) ezithombeni ezingcolile noma ezihlobene futhi angadinga ukuhlala kude ne-porn. Ngokungenakuphikwa. Kepha ungathi ubuchopho bakhe bukhona yonakalisiwe? Cha
Ingcaphuno elandelayo ivela kwelinye lamaphepha kaNestler, futhi uphakamisa ukuthi iDeltaFosB ngelinye ilanga ingasetshenziswa njenge-bio-marker yezinga lokulutha nokululama.
Uma le hypothesis ilungile, iphakamisa amathuba athakazelisayo okuthi amazinga e-osBFosB kuma-nucleus accumbens noma mhlawumbe ezinye izifunda zobuchopho zingasetshenziswa njenge-biomarker ukuhlola isimo sokusebenza komjikelezo womuntu ngamunye, kanye nezinga umuntu 'ungumlutha', kokubili ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa komlutha nokuncipha kwawo kancane kancane ngesikhathi sokuhoxiswa noma ukwelashwa okwandisiwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ΔFosB njengophawu lwesimo sokulutha kuboniswe kumamodeli wezilwane. Izilwane ezisakhula zibonisa ukukhishwa okukhulu kakhulu kwe-ΔFosB uma kuqhathaniswa nezilwane ezindala, ngokuhambisana nokuba sengozini enkulu kokulutha.
Qaphela ukuthi intsha ibonisa ukuqoqwa okukhulu kweDeltaFosB. (Zenza futhi amazinga aphezulu e-dopamine.) Ukuqala izithombe ezingcolile ze-intanethi nge-11-12 mhlawumbe yisimo esibi kunazo zonke zezinzwa zethu ze-limbic.
Futhi ubone Kungani izifiso (ukugijimela) kusakazwa ngemuva kokuvuselelwa kabusha?
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