Kodi Mumachokera ku Gene Pool chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa umuna kapena ED? (2011)

Malangizo othandizira masiku ano angakhale olakwika kwa mitundu yathu

wotopa umuna

Kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zapitazi, akatswiri azakugonana akumadzulo alangiza amuna kuti azitulutsa umuna pafupipafupi momwe chikhumbochi chimakhalira, mofanana ndi kupuma pamphuno. Nthawi yomweyo, madotolo amatsimikizira anyamata kuti palibe chiopsezo chotaya umuna chifukwa amasiya akakhala ndi zokwanira.

Koma bwanji ngati malangizo awa sakuthandizidwa ndi akatswiri a zamoyo za deta? Tachita chidwi ndi mkangano womwe ukupitilira pa Amazon wokhudza zenizeni za kugonana kwa anyani ndi kukwatirana . Mkanganowu ndi malipoti ochokera kwa anyamata achichepere m'mabwalo osiyanasiyana akutipangitsa kukayikira malangizo okhazikika okhudza umuna.

Mwini, sitidandaula kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lapansi, koma ndizovuta kuti tisamvere chisoni amuna omwe tidawamvera omwe sangakwaniritse maukwati awo, osatengera kupatsa pakati akazi awo, chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zolaula kwambiri. (Bwerani mudzaganizire za izi, izi zikusonyeza njira yothanirana ndi anthu. Ingopatsani munthu aliyense padziko lapansi iPhone, ndipo mkazi aliyense azingovomereza.)

Pano tili kuti?

Zotsatira zake, ngakhale sizikutanthauza kuti ndi cholinga chenicheni, za uphungu wamba wokhudza umuna ndi zakuti anyamata ambiri achichepere amakhulupirira kuti n'kosayenera kusatulutsa umuna pafupipafupi—kamodzi patsiku. (Zoonadi, akuluakulu a boma ku England ndi Spain achita kampeni yofalitsa lingaliro ili m'masukulu.) Anyamata ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ngati munthu ali ndi thanzi labwino, kawiri, katatu kapena kanayi ayenera kukhala ndi thanzi labwino kwambiri.

Pakati pa anthu osakwanitsa zaka makumi atatu, kuseweretsa maliseche komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti ndizofanana, kotero ngati ma 4 patsiku ali athanzi… pamenepo, nthawi zambiri zolaula pa intaneti ndizonso. Zowonadi, ngakhale kutha msinkhu kwa kutha msinkhu kwa amuna ndi akazi ndikudutsa, anyamata amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zothandizira masiku ano maliseche (zolaula pa intaneti, cam-2-cam, zoseweretsa zogonana) kuti akhalebe ma geysers enieni ... mpaka atagunda khoma.

Tsopano, amuna ambiri, akafika zaka makumi awiri, akudandaula za kuchedwa kutulutsa umuna, kulephera kufika pachimake ndi akazi awo omwe samawoneka/kuchita ngati nyenyezi yawo yokonda zolaula, kulephera kugwira ntchito yogonana ndi zizindikiro zina zambiri . (Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, akasiya zolaula/kuseweretsa maliseche kwa miyezi ingapo, amanena kuti akusintha kwambiri kudzidalira, malingaliro, kuganizira kwambiri, kugonana komanso kuchita bwino pogonana.)

Ngati mukuwona zizindikiro zosafunikira, ndipo simukutsimikiza kuti mukufuna kutsitsa majini anu, ganizirani izi:

'Kupanga kwanga umuna kumayenderana ndi kuchuluka kwanga kwatsiku ndi tsiku.'

Ngakhale kuti amuna akumadzulo amaoneka kuti amaseweretsa maliseche mpaka kufika pachimake kuposa mtundu wina uliwonse wa anthu , kwenikweni anthu sanapangidwe kuti azitha kutulutsa umuna wambiri. Malinga ndi wolemba nkhani zachiwerewere Tim Birkhead:

Kuchuluka kwa umuna waumunthu ndikotsika kuposa nyama ina iliyonse yomwe yafufuzidwa pano. Chiwerengero cha umuna chomwe chimasungidwa mu epididymis ndichotsikanso. … Amuna, mosiyana [ndi anyani] ali ndi mphamvu zochepa komanso kutulutsa sikisi sikisi m'maola makumi awiri mphambu anayi ndikwanira kuthetseratu malo ogulitsa umuna a epididymal. [mas. [Chithunzi patsamba 82,84]

Ukalawu womwe umasonkhanitsidwa tsiku ndi tsiku kudzera mu maliseche watsika kuchoka pa 150 miliyoni patsiku loyamba, kufika pa 80 miliyoni patsiku lachiwiri, ndipo kufika pa 47 miliyoni patsiku lachitatu. Zimatenga masiku pafupifupi 64 kuti umuna ukule.

Ngakhale kuti ziwerengero zimasiyanasiyana pakati pa maphunziro, ndipo ndithudi pakati pa anthu, anthu ali ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha umuna, poyesa kuti chiwerengero cha umuna cha 100 miliyoni chimakhala chofunikira kuti pakhale mwayi wokhala ndi umuna. Ndi zophweka kuona momwe kuzoloŵera kawirikawiri kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kosatha ndi kuchepetsa kubereka.

Ziwerengero zopanga umuna zimasiyanasiyana, koma zikuwoneka kuti kutulutsa umuna tsiku lililonse lachitatu sikungapitirire kuchuluka kwa umuna (poganiza kuti adasinthiratu pambuyo pothira pafupipafupi). Kutulutsa umuna tsiku lililonse lachitatu ndichinthu chokwanira kuchititsa mnzanu kukhala "wokwera" ndi umuna wogwira ntchito, chifukwa chake chisinthiko chikuyenera kutikonzekeretsa moyenera. Momwemonso, umuna wochuluka kwambiri ukhoza kuwonjezera kuperewera padera chifukwa umuna wopitilira umuna umodzi umapangitsa kuti zygote isasunthike. “Tulutsani!”

'Ngati ndine wowopsa, zikutanthauza kuti ine amafunika kutulutsa umuna. '

Osati kwenikweni. Ngakhale kuti umuna wa anthu ndi wochepa poyerekeza ndi nyama zina, amuna amadzukabe chifukwa cha mwayi wodalirika wa majini mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa umuna ( Coolidge Effect ). Izi ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu azitha kugwiritsa ntchito zolaula pa intaneti (ndi chiwonetsero cha "mabwenzi" atsopano).

Khama lachiwerewere komanso chiopsezo chofuna kukhala ndi chiopsezo chokhala ndi zibwenzi ndizofala mitundu yonse. Ndipotu, amuna amphongo ambiri amawonekeratu chifukwa cha zovuta chifukwa cholimbana ndi feteleza nthawi zambiri amafuna kuti alephera.

Mwachidule, simuyenera kukhala ndi libido yayikulu, kapena kukhala wopotoza, kuti mukhale ndi vuto loti "ayi." Ubongo wamunthu wathanzi umayankha pazinthu zogonana zamtengo wapatali kapena okwatirana. Akadapanda kutero, simukadakhala kuno. M'malo mwake, ndiwe wopangidwa ndi iwo omwe amafuna kugonana kwambiri.

Koma chimachitika ndi chiyani pamene amuna achidwiwa amawoneka ngati opanda malire komanso amachititsa kugonana?

Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti zinyama zidzakonda kukondweretsa kwambiri kwa chirengedwe. Mbalame zamphongo zimakonda kusunga dzira lopambanitsa osati mazira enieni enieni. Nsomba yamphongo imakonda kukamanga khola lachikazi (zazikulu kukula = mazira ena) kusiyana ndi mkazi weniweni ndi mazira weniweni. Ndipo anthu amatha kugwa mosavuta kuti agwiritse ntchito Intaneti pamalopo m'malo mwa okwatirana enieni omwe angathe kuberekana. Mnzanga wina wamoyo wamoyo, yemwe amadziwika kwambiri zokhudzana ndi chiwerewere ndi kugonana, anati:

Tsopano, tikuyembekeza kuti kugonana kolaula kungapangitse kugonana kwenikweni kukhala njira yosauka kapena yosatheka. Komanso, amayi ali ndi zida zowonongeka zomwe zingachititsenso kugonana kwenikweni kukhala njira yosauka-ndipo makamaka ngati amuna sangakwanitse kuchita zinthu zina.

Ndikhoza kulingalira zam'tsogolo zomwe abambo ndi amai azikhala mosiyana, kudziletsa maliseche kapena zolaula. Kuberekera, ngati mukufunidwa, kudzachitidwa ndi otchire-akuganiza kuti operekera makompyuta-osaphunzira angapezeke. Tikhoza ngakhale kukhala mitundu yoyamba yomwe galimoto yoyendetsa galimoto imatsogolera ku chilakolako chokha. Sekani

Zoseketsa, komabe kafukufuku waposachedwa ku UK adanenanso kuti pakati pa amuna omwe amaonera zolaula kwa maola osachepera 10 pa sabata, makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu limodzi pa zana adavomereza kuti zingakupangitseni kukhala ndi chidwi chochepa chogonana ndi mnzanu (poyerekeza ndi 27 peresenti ya ogwiritsa ntchito pang'ono ndi 24 peresenti ya ogwiritsa ntchito pang'ono).

 'Ngakhale nditapitirira pamenepo, palibe zovuta zomwe zikubwera.'

Sungani Umuna WathuTinadabwa kuti tiphunzire kuti zoterezi zimatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyembekezereka zokhuza kubereka kwa amuna. Mu phunziro lomwe amuna adasankha nthawi zambiri za 2.4 pa tsiku kupitirira masiku khumi, umuna wawo umakhala pansi pazitsulo zisanafike miyezi isanu ndi iwiri.

Palinso chiopsezo cha kusintha kwa ubongo kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa cha zinthu zokopa kwambiri. Kusintha kwa ubongo kumatha kufooketsa chidwi cha munthuyo ndikumusiya akusangalala kwambiri ndi zinthu zogonana kwamuyaya ... monga momwe munthu wonenepa amapitirabe kugula tchipisi chifukwa magawo a mphotho muubongo wake akufuula kuti, "Zambiri!" ngakhale thupi lake likufuula kuti, "Zakwanira!"

Kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kukuchitika nthawi zambiri kumawonjezera chiopsezo chakuti anthu ambiri masiku ano omwe amamwa madzi nthawi zambiri sadzasiya “akangomaliza” monga momwe madokotala amanenera. Kuonera zolaula pa intaneti pofuna kukhutira si zachilendo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Chimodzi mwa zotsatira zake ndi kuchepa kwa umuna nthawi zonse.

 'Lingaliro loti pakhoza kukhala kutsegulidwa kochuluka ndi zamakhalidwe achipembedzo.'

Ndipotu, zikhalidwe zambiri zokhudzana ndi kugonana zakhala zikuphunzitsa anthu kuchita zinthu mosamala kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Monga tafotokozera, amuna sanasinthe kuti athe kugonana mopanda malire popanda kuvutika ndi zotsatirapo za thupi. M'mbuyomu, chilakolako cha amuna chinali choletsedwa ndi zenizeni za mwayi wogonana pomwe okwatirana atsopano anali osowa. Pambuyo pake, pamene kuchuluka kwa anthu kunakwera, mphamvu za amuna zinatetezedwa ndi miyambo yomwe inkalamulira kugonana mopitirira muyeso.

M'malo mwake, lingaliro lakumapeto kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zakusankha kuthekera kwa malire azachilengedwe zikuyimira kuchoka. Padziko lonse lapansi komanso kwazaka zikwi zambiri anthu adapanga miyambo ndi maluso osiyanasiyana kuti ateteze mphamvu za amuna. Mwachitsanzo, a Daoists achi China akale adapanga sayansi yazaumoyo wamaubwenzi komanso mgwirizano, popanda chisonyezo.

Iwo sanali okha. Pafupifupi zaka zana zapitazo, katswiri wamaphunziro aanthu A. Ernest Crawley adalemba kuti zikhalidwe zamtundu uliwonse padziko lapansi zimakhulupirira kuti kudziletsa kwakanthawi kogonana kunali koyenera pokhudzana ndi zochitika zambiri (kutengera chikhalidwe). Izi zinaphatikizapo kusaka, nkhondo, kubzala, kusodza, kukolola, kukonzekera vinyo, kuchita zamisala, maulendo, masiku oyamba aukwati, mimba, kuyamwitsa, kusamba, ndi zina zotero. Malangizo oterewa anali ofala kwambiri kotero kuti Crawley ananena kuti kudzisunga kwakanthawi ndi "chinthu chosalephera pazochitika zonse zofunika komanso mikhalidwe yovuta."

Kudziletsa nthawi ndi nthawi kunkakhulupirira kuti kumawonjezera mphamvu za amuna. Pazifukwa zomwezi, zikhalidwe zambiri zapanganso njira zopezera chikondi zomwe zimalimbikitsa kugonana pafupipafupi koma osati pafupipafupi (pokhapokha ngati pakufunika kutenga pakati).

Posachedwapa, akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amaphunzira za chikhalidwe ku Central Africa adanena kuti anthu a Aka ndi Ngandu sachita maliseche . (Alibe ngakhale mawu ofotokozera.) Zikhalidwe zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimaletsa kugonana kuyambira kubadwa kwa mwana mpaka atayamba kuyenda. Ngakhale kuti akuluakulu a amuna ndi akazi onse amakonda kugonana, nthawi zambiri amuna amakumana ndi umuna. (Komanso, palibe mmishonale wachipembedzo amene anakhudza miyambo imeneyi.)

Kodi malangizo othandizira anthu a m'zaka za zana lomaliza akuyenera anthu?

Mwina ayi. M'mawu a bwenzi lathu la chisinthiko-wamoyo,

Kusangalala ndi kutuluka kwamankhwala tsiku lililonse kangakhale kolakwika ngati mtundu wina 'wachilengedwe' / makolo. Zonse-muumboni wonse zikuwonetsa kuti kupanga umuna waumunthu sikunasinthe mopitilira muyeso pang'ono, ndipo kuseweretsa maliseche mwina sichinthu chomwe chimakhala 'chabwinobwino' tsiku lililonse, ngati sichoncho.

Zikuwoneka kuti chikhulupiriro chathu chabodza pakupanga umuna waumunthu 'wopanda malire' chinayamba makamaka chifukwa choti mphotho yaubwino wamachitidwe ogonana ndiyamphamvu kwambiri. Makamaka kwa amuna, kubereka sikutsimikizika. Ndikulimba mtima kwa chisangalalo chogonana komwe kumatipangitsa kuganiza kuti kutulutsa magazi pafupipafupi ndikopindulitsa kuposa momwe kumakhalira.

Zingatheke bwanji kuti chinachake chomwe chimamveka chachikulu chikhale chovuta?

Yankho: Kugonana kwathu kukuchitika mu chikhalidwe chosiyana kwambiri ndi chomwe chinasintha.



ZINDIKIRANI: YBOP sikuti kuseweretsa maliseche n’koipa kwa inu. Kungonena mfundo yakuti zambiri mwa zabwino zomwe zimanenedwa kuti zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kufika pachimake kapena kuseweretsa maliseche kwenikweni zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukhudzana kwambiri ndi munthu wina, osati kufika pachimake/kuseweretsa maliseche. Makamaka, kugwirizana pakati pa zizindikiro zingapo za thanzi ndi kufika pachimake (ngati ndi zoona) mwina ndi kugwirizana kokha komwe kumachokera ku anthu athanzi omwe mwachibadwa amachita zogonana kwambiri komanso kuseweretsa maliseche. Sizimayambitsa. Maphunziro oyenera:

Ubwino wa Zochita Zogonana Zosiyanasiyana pa Thanzi (2010 ) unapeza kuti kugonana kunali kogwirizana ndi zotsatira zabwino, pomwe kudziseweretsa maliseche sikunali kogwirizana ndi zotsatira zabwino pa thanzi - zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kudziseweretsa maliseche kwambiri kunali kogwirizana ndi zizindikiro zofooka pa thanzi. Mapeto a ndemangayi:

"Mogwirizana ndi njira zambiri, zitsanzo, ndi zochitika, zomwe zimafukufuku zikugwirizana kwambiri powonetsa kuti kugonana komweku (Penile-Vaginal kugonana ndi yankho labwino) kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi, ndipo nthawi zina, zimayambitsa njira zogwirizana ndi ntchito yabwino ya maganizo ndi thupi. "

"Njira zina zogonana (kuphatikizapo pamene Penile-Vaginal Sex isokonezeka, monga momwe zilili ndi kondomu kapena kusokonezeka kutali ndi penile-kumverera kwazimayi) sizimasokonezedwa, kapena nthawi zina (monga kugonana ndi kugonana ndi kugonana) zimagwirizanitsa ndi ntchito yabwino yokhudza maganizo ndi thupi . "

"Mankhwala opatsirana pogonana, maphunziro a kugonana, mankhwala opatsirana pogonana, komanso kufufuza za kugonana ayenera kufotokozera zambiri zokhudza ubwino wa thanzi la Penile-Vaginal, komanso kumawunika kwambiri momwe angayankhire."

Onaninso ndemanga iyi yachidule yokhudza maliseche ndi zizindikiro za thanzi: Kuseweretsa maliseche kumakhudzana ndi matenda amisala ndi kuwonongeka kwa prostate: Ndemanga pa Quinsey (2012)

Ndizovuta kugwirizanitsa malingaliro akuti kuseweretsa maliseche kumapangitsa chidwi ndi zomwe amuna ndi akazi apeza kuti pafupipafupi kuseweretsa maliseche kumalumikizidwa ndi zizindikilo zowopsya (Cyranowski et al., 2004; Frohlich & Meston, 2002; Husted & Edwards, 1976), osasangalala pang'ono (Das , 2007), ndi zisonyezo zina zingapo za thanzi lakuthupi ndi lamisala, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuphatikana ndi nkhawa (Costa & Brody, 2011), njira zosatetezera zamaganizidwe, kuthamanga kwa magazi kukakakamizika kupsinjika, komanso kusakhutira ndi thanzi lam'mutu ndi moyo wathunthu ( kuti muwone, onani Brody, 2010). Zimakhalanso zovuta kuwona momwe kuseweretsa maliseche kumakhalira ndi chilakolako chogonana, pomwe kuseweretsa maliseche nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi vuto logonana mwa amuna (Brody & Costa, 2009; Das, Parish, & Laumann, 2009; Gerressu, Mercer, Graham, Wellings, & Johnson, 2008; Lau, Wang, Cheng, & Yang, 2005; Nutter & Condron, 1985) ndi akazi (Brody & Costa, 2009; Das et al., 2009; Gerressu et al., 2008; Lau, Cheng, Wang, & Yang, 2006; Shaeer, Shaeer, & Shaeer, 2012; Weiss & Brody, 2009). Nthawi zambiri kuseweretsa maliseche kumalumikizidwanso ndi kusakhutira ndi maubwenzi komanso kukonda ocheperako (Brody, 2010; Brody & Costa, 2009). Mosiyana ndi izi, PVI imagwirizana kwambiri ndi thanzi labwino (Brody, 2010; Brody & Costa, 2009; Brody & Weiss, 2011; Costa & Brody, 2011, 2012), magwiridwe antchito ogonana (Brody & Costa, 2009; Brody & Weiss, 2011; Nutter & Condron, 1983, 1985; Weiss & Brody, 2009), komanso ubale wabwino kwambiri (Brody, 2010; Brody & Costa, 2009; Brody & Weiss, 2011).

Komanso, ngakhale kuti chiopsezo chochepa cha khansa ya prostate chinali chogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa kutulutsa umuna (popanda kufotokozedwa kwa khalidwe la kugonana) (Giles et al., 2003) [Komabe, onani umboni wotsutsana: " Khansa ya prostate ikhoza kugwirizanitsidwa ndi mahomoni ogonana: Amuna omwe amachita zogonana kwambiri azaka za m'ma 20 ndi 30 akhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha khansa ya prostate, kafukufuku akusonyeza ." ] , kuchuluka kwa PVI komwe kumagwirizanitsidwa makamaka ndi chiopsezo chocheperako, pomwe kuchuluka kwa maliseche nthawi zambiri kumakhudzana ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka (kuti muwunikenso nkhaniyi, onani Brody, 2010). Pachifukwa ichi, ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti maliseche kumagwirizanitsidwanso ndi mavuto ena a prostate (milingo yambiri ya antigen ya prostate ndi prostate yotupa kapena yofewa) ndipo, poyerekeza ndi umuna womwe umapezeka kuchokera ku PVI, umuna womwe umapezeka kuchokera ku maliseche uli ndi zizindikiro za ntchito yoyipa ya prostate komanso kuchotsa zinyalala zochepa (Brody, 2010). Khalidwe lokhalo logonana lomwe limagwirizana nthawi zonse ndi thanzi labwino la maganizo ndi thupi ndi PVI. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kudziseweretsa maliseche nthawi zambiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi zizindikiro za thanzi lofooka (Brody, 2010; Brody & Costa, 2009; Brody & Weiss, 2011; Costa & Brody, 2011, 2012). Pali njira zingapo zamaganizo ndi za thupi, zomwe zingakhale zotsatira za kusankha kwachilengedwe komwe kumalimbikitsa njira zaumoyo monga chifukwa ndi/kapena zotsatira za chilimbikitso chofunafuna, komanso kuthekera kopeza ndikusangalala, PVI. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusankha njira zamaganizo zomwe zimapindulitsa chilimbikitso chodziseweretsa maliseche sikungatheke chifukwa cha ndalama zambiri zomwe zingachitike ngati zingalepheretse munthu ku PVI poipangitsa kukhala yosafunikira pa moyo wabwino (Brody, 2010). Mwachionekere, kudziseweretsa maliseche kumayimira kulephera kwa njira zogonana komanso ubale wapamtima, ngakhale zitakhala zofala bwanji, ndipo ngakhale sizichitika kawirikawiri zimakhalapo ndi mwayi wopeza PVI. Pankhaniyi, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kuchuluka kwa maliseche kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusakhutira ndi mbali zingapo za moyo popanda kudalira kuchuluka kwa PVI (Brody & Costa, 2009) ndipo zikuwoneka kuti zimachepetsa ubwino wina wa PVI (Brody, 2010).

Pomaliza onani PDF iyi - Kusiyana kwa Anthu, Maganizo, ndi Ubale mu Machitidwe a Kuseweretsa Maliseche Kwaposachedwa Pakati pa Achinyamata (2014)

"Ndiye, ndi odala bwanji omwe akuyankha omwe amasewera maliseche posachedwa poyerekeza ndi omwe sanachite? Chithunzi 5 chikuwulula kuti mwa omwe anafunsidwa omwe akuti ndi "osasangalala kwambiri" ndi moyo wawo masiku ano, azimayi 68 pa 84 alionse ndi amuna XNUMX% adati adachita maliseche sabata yatha. Kuyanjana modzichepetsa ndi chisangalalo kumawonekera bwino pakati pa amuna, koma osati akazi. Cholinga chathu sikutanthauza kuti kuseweretsa maliseche kumapangitsa anthu kusasangalala. Zitha kutero, koma mawonekedwe owerengera mosiyanasiyana satilola kuti tiwunikenso izi. Komabe, ndizolondola kunena kuti amuna omwe amati ndi achimwemwe sangayerekeze kuchita maliseche posachedwa kuposa amuna osasangalala. ”

“Kuchita maliseche kumalumikizananso ndi malipoti a kudziona ngati osakwanira kapena mantha m'mabwenzi komanso zovuta pakuyenda bwino ndi anthu ena. Oseweretsa maliseche am'masiku apitawa komanso apitawa amakhala ndi ziwonetsero zazikulu kwambiri kuposa zomwe amafunsidwa omwe sananene maliseche tsiku lapitalo kapena sabata yapitayi. Ochita maliseche am'masiku apitawa komanso apitawa amakhala ndi nkhawa zambiri poyerekeza ndi omwe adayankha omwe sananene maliseche posachedwa kapena sabata lapitalo. ”